Ancillary Services
1
Overview of Ancillary Services
• Regulation
• Load Following
• Energy Imbalance
• Operating Reserve – Spinning
• Operating Reserve – Supplemental
• Backup Supply
2
Overview of Ancillary Services
• System Control
• Dynamic Scheduling
• Reactive Power and Voltage Control
from Generation Sources
• Real Power Transmission Losses
• Network Stability Services from
Generation Sources
• System Blackstart Capability
3
Services Descriptions
Regulation
•Adequate generation response capability (under AGC)
•Continuously balance Control Area supply resources with
minute-to-minute load variations
Load Following
•Generation and interchange capability to meet the hour-to-
hour and daily load variations not covered by Regulation
service.
4
Basic
Automatic Generation Control
PTIE AGEN
ACE Desired R/L
Unit Desired
LFC + EDC Generation
UNC Gen
Total Gen AGEN
5
Services Descriptions
Energy Imbalance
•Mismatch between the energy schedule(s) at the point of
receipt (POR) or point of delivery (POD) and the actual
metered energy flow at the POR or POD within a Control
Area’s boundaries, over a given period of time.
•The Energy Imbalance service is the provision by the Control
Area to supply the deficit energy or absorb the excess energy
involved.
.
6
Meter
Energy Imbalance
Meter
Load C
Meter
Gen A has a contract to supply power to load C but fails to
deliver all the power called for in the contract. Gen B makes
up the difference as imbalance service and is paid by the
transmission operator.
7
Services Descriptions
Operating Reserve – Spinning
•Generation capacity synchronized to the system that is
unloaded, is in excess of the quantity required
to serve current and anticipated demand.
•Able to respond immediately to serve load, and is fully
available within ten minutes.
.
8
Supplemental Reserve and
Backup Supply
9
Necessity of Spinning Reserve
50.05
50
49.95
Frequency (Hz)
49.9
49.85
49.8
49.75
49.7
49.65
49.6
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Time (Seconds)
10
Services Descriptions
Operating Reserve – Supplemental
•The provision of
(1) unsynchronized generation capacity
(2) interruptible load
Backup Supply
•Generating capacity used:
(1) to replace an outage of generation or the failure to
deliver generation due to an outage of transmission
sources;
(2) to cover that portion of the customer’s load that
exceeds its generation.
11
.
Services Descriptions
System Control
•Ensure the reliability of the Interconnection
•Minimize transmission constraints
•Coordinate restoration following a contingency or disturbance.
Dynamic Scheduling
•The service that provides for the real-time metering,
telemetering, computer software, to electronically
move a portion or all of the “watt type” services associated
with generation or load out of the Control Area into
a different Control Area.
12
System Control
13
Dynamic Scheduling
Control Area B
Control Area A
14
Services Descriptions
Reactive Power and Voltage Control
from Generation Sources
The provision of reactive power from generation sources, to
support transmission system operations, including the ability to
continually adjust transmission system voltage in response to
system changes.
Real Power Transmission Losses
Replacement of energy losses and the capacity to supply those
losses on the Transmission Provider’s transmission system
associated with transmission service.
15
Reactive Supply and
Voltage Control
3
1 4
LTC
Step-up
2
Q
16
Transmission Losses
Losses
3
1 4
LTC
Step-up
Losses
17
Services Descriptions
Network Stability Services from Generation Sources
Procurement, operation and maintenance of special equipment,
at generating plants to enable the Transmission Provider to
meet reliability requirements.
Examples include power system stabilizers (PSS) and dynamic
braking resistors.
System Blackstart Capability
Generating equipment that, following a system blackout, can
start without the availability of an outside electrical supply.
18
Ancillary Service Criteria
IOS
1. Regulation
2. Load Following
3. Energy Imbalance
4. Operating Reserves - Spinning
5. Operating Reserves - Supplemental
6. Backup Supply
7. System Control
8. Dynamic Scheduling
9. Reactive Supply & Voltage Control From Generation
10. Real Power Transmission Losses
11. Network Stability Services From Generation Sources
12. System Blackstart Capability
NERC Interconnected Operations Services working group report
19
Interconnected Operations Services
IOS
Objectives
Reliability
Continuous Generation Transmission System Emergency
&Demand Balance Security Preparedness
Post Contingency
Steady State
Regulation Reactive
Power
Spinning Network
Capabilities
Reserve Stability
Physical
Energy (Includes
Imbalance Frequency Response)
Backup Supplemental Black
Supply Reserve Start
Real Power
Losses
Capabilities
Dynamic
Control
Scheduling
System Control
NERC Interconnected Operations Services working group report
20
Costing Ancillary Services
• COST BASED VS. MARKET BASED PRICES
– COST BASED: When there is a natural monopoly - e.g., when it is
impossible to buy MVARs from outside suppliers (price set by
regulation)
– MARKET BASED: When there are ample suppliers that are
competing for your business (price set by the market)
21
Basic Quantification
• Regulation and Load Following MW
• Energy Imbalance MWh
• Operating Reserve - Spinning MW capacity
• Operating Reserve - Supplemental MW capacity
• Backup Supply MW/minute
• System Control, Dynamic Scheduling Hours
• Reactive Supply and Voltage Control from Generation MVAR
• Real Power Transmission Losses MWh
• Network Stability Services from Generation Sources Hours
• System Blackstart Capability MW capacity
Brandon Kirby & Eric Hirst, “Electric Power Ancillary Services”, ORNL
22
Step 1Determine the amount of each ancillary
service needed to support a transaction
• Transaction:
– MW
– Start time
– End Time
– Source location
– Delivery location
• Examples of Ancillary Service Amounts
– Amount per MW of transaction
– Amount per MWh of the transaction
– Impact of the transaction on the transmission system
23
STEP 2 - Identify the equipment necessary to
supply this service
• Regulation and Load Following On Line Generation
• Energy Imbalance Generators, fuel
• Operating Reserve - Spinning On Line Gen capacity
• Operating Reserve - Supplemental On Line Gen capacity
• Backup Supply Off Line Generation
• System Control, Dynamic Scheduling Computers, Comm, facilities
• Reactive Supply and Voltage Control On Line Generation
• Real Power Transmission Losses Generators, fuel
• Network Stability Services Stabilizers, braking resistor
• System Blackstart Capability Off Line Generation
24
STEP 3 - Calculate the annualized capital cost for
the equipment identified for each ancillary service
in STEP 2
STEP 4 - Identify the fixed O&M and labor costs for
the equipment identified in STEP 2
STEP 5 - Calculate the incremental operating costs
for the equipment identified in STEP 2
STEP 6 - Calculate the annualized cost of other
equipment needed (e.g., to supply regulation, you
need control computers, communications, etc.)
STEP 7 - Sum costs in STEP 3, 4, 5, AND 6
25
STEP 8 - Divide the amount from STEP 7 ($/yr)
by the amount of each ancillary service required
to support a transaction
• Regulation and Load Following $/MW
• Energy Imbalance $/MWh
• Operating Reserve - Spinning $/MW capacity
• Operating Reserve - Supplemental $/MW capacity
• Backup Supply $/MW/minute
• System Control, Dynamic Scheduling $/Hours
• Reactive Supply and Voltage Control from Generation $/MVAR
• Real Power Transmission Losses $/MWh
• Network Stability Services from Generation Sources $/Hours
• System Blackstart Capability $/MW capacity
26
Equipment to supply service
• Regulation and Load Following On Line Generation
• Energy Imbalance Generators, fuel
• Operating Reserve - Spinning On Line Gen capacity
• Operating Reserve - Supplemental On Line Gen capacity
• Backup Supply Off Line Generation
• System Control, Dynamic Scheduling Computers, Comm, facilities
• Reactive Supply and Voltage Control On Line Generation
• Real Power Transmission Losses Generators, fuel
• Network Stability Services Stabilizers, braking resistor
• System Blackstart Capability Off Line Generation
27
Service Costs
• Regulation and Load Following $/MW
• Energy Imbalance $/MWh
• Operating Reserve - Spinning $/MW capacity
• Operating Reserve - Supplemental $/MW capacity
• Backup Supply $/MW/minute
• System Control, Dynamic Scheduling $/Hours
• Reactive Supply and Voltage Control from Generation $/MVAR
• Real Power Transmission Losses $/MWh
• Network Stability Services from Generation Sources $/Hours
• System Blackstart Capability $/MW capacity
28
Sample Costs
Service Costs (COMED) Costs (Maine Electric) Costs (ConEd NY)
Regulation and Load Following $7.32 / MW - hr $0.662 / MW - hr
Energy Imbalance Supply Customer pays 150%
of hourly marginal
cost
Energy Imbalance Purchase Customer receives
50% of hourly
marginal cost
Spinning reserve $23.08 /MW - hr $0.585 /MW - hr
Supplemental reserve $6.52 /MW - hr $0.332 /MW - hr
Backup Supply
System Scheduling, Dynamic SchedulingNO CHARGE $0.592 /MW - hr $0.618 / MW - hr
Reactive Supply and Voltage Regulation NO CHARGE $0.317 / MW - hr
Transmission Losses
Blackstart Capability $0.089 / MW - hr
29
Metering Ancillary Services
30
Metering Requirements
SERVICE METER
• Regulation and Load Following Unit Response
• Energy Imbalance MWh vs
schedule
• Operating Reserve - Spinning Unit status &
Capacity
• Operating Reserve - Supplemental Unit Status
• Backup Supply Unit Status
• System Control, Dynamic Scheduling Integrated ACE
• Reactive Supply and Voltage Control from Generation Measure Voltage
• Real Power Transmission Losses MWh
31
