See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/318753057

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM LAB MANUAL DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING Subject Code : 6511 Subject : Dynamics of Machinery Year/Semester :
III/V ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF ME...

Book · July 2017

CITATIONS READS

0 711

1 author:

S . Sathishkumar
Vel Tech - Technical University
28 PUBLICATIONS   1 CITATION   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT FOR SPECIFIC APPPLICATION View project

MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT FOR THERMO MECHANICAL STRAINED STRUCTURAL APPLICATION View project

All content following this page was uploaded by S . Sathishkumar on 28 July 2017.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

ANNA UNIVERSITY-CHENNAI -600025

LAB MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Subject Code : 6511

Subject : Dynamics of Machinery

Year/Semester : III/V

S.SATHISHKUMAR

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

VEL TECH – AVADI

CHENNAI-600062

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

ME6511 DYNAMICS LABORATORY

LTPC
0032
OBJECTIVES:

• To supplement the principles learnt in kinematics and Dynamics of Machinery.

• To understand how certain measuring devices are used for dynamic testing.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. a) Study of gear parameters.

b) Experimental study of velocity ratios of simple, compound, Epicyclic and differential gear
trains.
2. a) Kinematics of Four Bar, Slider Crank, Crank Rocker, Double crank, Double rocker,
Oscillatingcylinder Mechanisms.
b) Kinematics of single and double universal joints.
3. a) Determination of Mass moment of inertia of Fly wheel and Axle system.
b) Determination of Mass Moment of Inertia of axisymmetric bodies using Turn Table apparatus.
c) Determination of Mass Moment of Inertia using bifilar suspension and compound
Pendulum.
4. Motorized gyroscope – Study of gyroscopic effect and couple.
5. Governor - Determination of range sensitivity, effort etc., for Watts, Porter, Proell, and
Hartnell Governors.
6. Cams – Cam profile drawing, Motion curves and study of jump phenomenon
7. a) Single degree of freedom Spring Mass System – Determination of natural
Frequency and verification of Laws of springs – Damping coefficient determination.
b) Multi degree freedom suspension system – Determination of influence coefficient.
8. a) Determination of torsional natural frequency of single and Double Rotor systems.-
Undamped and Damped Natural frequencies.
b) Vibration Absorber – Tuned vibration absorber.
9. Vibration of Equivalent Spring mass system – undamped and damped vibration.
10. Whirling of shafts – Determination of critical speeds of shafts with concentrated loads.
11. a) Balancing of rotating masses. (b) Balancing of reciprocating masses.
12. a) Transverse vibration of Free-Free beam – with and without concentrated masses.
b) Forced Vibration of Cantilever beam – Mode shapes and natural frequencies.
c) Determination of transmissibility ratio using vibrating table.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
OUTCOME
 Ability to demonstrate the principles of kinematics and dynamics of machinery
 Ability to use the measuring devices for dynamic testing.

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

INDEX

S/No Experiments Page No

1 Study of Gear Parameter 4
2 Epicyclic Parameter 5
3 Kinematics of Mechanism 10
4 Kinematics of Single And Double Universal Joint 12
5 Fly Wheel and Axle System 13
6 Bifilar Suspension 15
7 Compound Pendulum 18
8 Gyroscope Couple 21
9 Undamped free vibration of spring mass system 24
10 Damped free vibration of spring mass system 27
11 Determine natural frequency of torsional vibration in 29
single rotor system
12 Determine natural frequency of torsional vibration in 31
two rotor system
13 Cam profile analysis 33
14 Balancing of rotating masses 35
15 Balancing of reciprocating masses 37
16 Transverse vibration of cantilever beam 39
17 Transverse vibration fixed beam 41
18 Vibrating setup 42
19 Trifiller suspension 44
20 Determination of whirling speed of shaft 46
21 Governors 49
Determination of Range Sensitivity and Governor Effort 50
of Watt Governor
Determination of Range Sensitivity and Governor Effort 52
of Porter Governor
Determination of Range Sensitivity and Governor Effort 54
of Proell Governor
Determination of Range Sensitivity and Governor Effort 56
of Hartnell Governor

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

STUDY OF GEAR PARAMETRS

Exp.No: Date:

Simple Gear Train

A simple gear train uses two gears, which may be of different sizes. If one of these gears is
attached to a motor or a crank then it is called the driver gear. The gear that is turned by the
driver gear is called the driven gear.

Differential gear mechanism

Idler Gear

When a simple gear train has three meshed gears, the intermediate gear between the driver gear
and the driven gear is called an idler gear.

An idler gear does not affect the gear ratio (velocity ratio) between the driver gear and the driven
gear.

Compound Gear Train

Compound gear trains involve several pairs of meshing gears. They are used where large speed
changes are required or to get different outputs moving at different speeds.
Gear ratios (or velocity ratios, VR) are calculated using the same principle as for simple gear
trains, i.e. VR = number of teeth on the driver gear divided by the number of teeth on the driven
gear. However, the velocity ratio for each pair of gears must then be multiplied together to
calculate the total velocity ratio of the gear train:

Total VR = VR1 x VR2 x VR3 x VR4….

𝐍𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐧 𝐁 𝐍𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐧 𝐃
× = 𝐆𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐑𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨
𝐍𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐧 𝐀 𝐍𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐧 𝐂

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

EPICYCLIC GEAR TRAIN

Exp.No: Date:

Objective:

The fundamental objectives of this study are:

1) Calculate and experimentally observe the angular velocity ratios of gear trains,
2) Experimentally obtain the torque ratios of gear trains,
3) Compute the efficiencies of gear trains.

Apparatus Required:

 Sanderson coupled epicyclic unit,

 Weights,
 Weight hanger.

Theory:

Gear trains of the type shown in Figures 1, 3, 4 and 5 are called epicyclic gear trains or
planetary gear trains. In these gear trains, one or more gears are carried on a rotating planet
carrier rather than on a shaft that rotates on a fixed axis. Several types of gear trains may be
shifted manually to obtain greater or lesser values of speed reduction. The shifting process,
however, is difficult to accomplish automatically with gears that rotate about fixed centers.
On the other hand, epicyclic gear trains are readily adapted to automatic control. Some
epicyclic gear trains are designed to change velocity ratios simply by using electrically or
hydraulically operated band brakes to keep one or more of the gears stationary. Other
epicyclic gear trains operating with fixed velocity ratios are selected for their compact design
and high efficiency.

A simple epicyclic gear train consists of a sun gear (S) in the center, a planet gear (P), a
planet carrier or arm (C), and an internal or ring gear (R). The sun gear, ring gear and planet
carrier all rotate about the same axis. The planet gear is mounted on a shaft that turns in the
bearing in the planet carrier and meshes with both the sun gear and the ring gear. (Figure 1)

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

Figure 1. An Epicyclic Gear train and its associated terminology

The general expressions pertaining to the gear train are given below:

Ti = input torque,

θi = input angular displacement,

To = output torque,

θo = output angular displacement, then

i
Angular velocity ratio Rv 
o

Input work = Ti xθi

Output work = Tox θo, and

Outputvork To o
Efficiency (h) = 
InputWork Ti i

If the input shaft tends to rotate in the direction of Ti, the gear train is balanced if

Ti θi = MFriction + Tox θo

If there is no friction loss, the efficiency should be 1.0 and the output work equals to input work.
The corresponding To is ideal and is equal to Ti / Rv

To =Ti / Rv

WhereTo is the ideal output torque.

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

With the existence of MFriction, The actual output torque is smaller. The smallest Toto balance the
gear train will be used to determine the system's efficiency. The efficiency can only be
determined experimentally.

Calculation of velocity ratio can be performed by either the formula method or the tabular
method. This ratio can also be experimentally obtained.

Figure 2. Schematic of a Gear Train and its balanced works.

Description of the Apparatus:

The Sanderson Coupled Epicyclic Unit consists of two standard epicyclic gear trains (Schematic
Figs. 4 and 5) for laboratory demonstration of gear system similar to ones used in automotive
applications. Pulleys fitted with protractors are attached to the input and output shaft so that
torque and velocity ratios may be determined. Torques can be applied to the shaft by adding
weights on ropes wrapped on the pulleys. Bearings are used in the entire unit to minimized
friction losses. The Sanderson Coupled Epicyclic Unit can be operated in one of two modes by
holding one of the ring gears stationary. The actual figure of the unit is shown in Fig. 3.

Figure 3. The Sanderson Coupled Epicyclic Unit

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

Experimental Procedure:

In this experiment the gear ratio is initially calculated using the formula involving the number of
teeth. The angular velocity ratios and the torque ratios of the two gear units are calculated
experimentally. The procedure is described below:
st nd
 To calculate the angular velocity of the 1 gear unit, lock the 2 gear unit using the lock
pin.
 Rotate the input shaft one full turn clockwise (as viewed from the input shaft end) and
observe the sense and magnitude of rotation of the output shaft (as viewed from in input
nd st i
shaft end). Repeat the procedure for the 2 gear unit with the 1 unit locked. From this
o
is calculated where θi is the rotation of input shaft (360°) and θ o is the rotation read at the
output shaft.
 To estimate the torque ratios lock one of the gear units and hang a weight of 250gm at the
input shaft.

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

 Start adding weights at the output shaft till equilibrium is achieved. Repeat the
procedure for the other gear unit.
 Record the weight at the output shaft for calculation purposes.

Fig-6.Prototype Different Type of Gear Train

Results:

Obtain the following results for this experiment.

1. Theoretical gear ratio (show calculations, using the number of teeth, for both gear trains).
i
2. Angular velocity ratio Rv  which is equal to the experimental angular rotation ratio.
o
3. Torque ratio defined by To / Ti .
4. Efficiency.

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

KINEMATICS OF MECHANISM

Exp.No: Date:

Four-Bar Linkage

A four-bar linkage or simply a 4-bar or four-bar is the simplest movable linkage. It consists of
four rigid bodies (called bars or links), each attached to two others by single joints or pivots to
form a closed loop.

Four-bars are simple mechanisms common in mechanical engineering machine design and fall
under the study of kinematics.

Prototypes of Inversions of Slider Crank Mechanism

If each joint has one rotational degree of freedom (i.e., it is a pivot), then the mechanism is
usually planar, and the 4-bar is determinate if the positions of any two bodies are known
(although there may be two solutions). One body typically does not move (called the ground
link, fixed link, or the frame), so the position of only one other body is needed to find all
positions. The two links connected to the ground link are called grounded links. The remaining
link, not directly connected to the ground link, is called the coupler link. In terms of mechanical
action, one of the grounded links is selected to be the input link, i.e., the link to which an external
force is applied to rotate it. The second grounded link is called the follower link, since its motion
is completely determined by the motion of the input link.

Planar four-bar linkages perform a wide variety of motions with a few simple parts. They were
also popular in the past due to the ease of calculations, prior to computers, compared to more
complicated mechanisms.

Grashof's law is applied to pinned linkages and states; The sum of the shortest and longest link
of a planar four-bar linkage cannot be greater than the sum of remaining two links if there is to
be continuous relative motion between the links. Below are the possible types of pinned, four-bar
linkages;

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

Types of four-bar linkages, s = shortest link, ℓ = longest link

Double crank or crank-crank

 It has the shortest link of the four bar mechanism configured as the fixed link or the
frame.
 If one of the pivoted links is rotated continuously, the other pivoted link will also rotate
continuously.
 If double crank mechanism is also called a drag link mechanism

Crank rocker
 It has the shortest link of the four bar mechanism configured adjacent to the frame.

 If this shortest link is continuously rotated the output link will oscillate between
limits. Thus the shortest link is called the crank; the output link is called the rocker.

Double rocker
The double rocker or rocker-rocker, it has the link opposite the shortest link of the
four bar mechanism configured as frame. In this configuration neither link
connected to the frame will be able to complete a full revolution. Thus, both input
and output links are constrained to oscillate between limits and called rocker.
However, the coupler is able to complete a full revolution.

Slider crank mechanism

When one of the pairs of a four bar chain is replaced by a sliding pair, it becomes a single slider
crank chain or simply a slider crank chain. It is also possible to replace two sliding pairs of a four
bar chain to get a double slider crank chain
In a slider may be passing through the fixed pivoted O or may be displaced. The
distance e between the fixed pivot O and the straight line path of the slider is called
the off-set and the chain so formed an off-set slider crank chain.

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

KINEMATICS OF SINGLE AND DOUBLE UNIVERSAL JOINT

Exp.No: Date:

Aim:
To study the kinematics of single and double universal joints.

Theory

A universal joint is used to connect two shafts, which are intersecting at small angle. The end of
each shaft is forked to U type and each fork provided two bearings for the arms of a cross. The
arms of the cross are perpendicular to each other. The motion is transmitted from the driving
shaft to driven shaft through a cross. The inclination of the two shafts may be constant, but in a
actual practice it varies, when the motion is transmitted. The main application of the universal
joint is found in the transmission from the gear box to the differential or back axle of the
automobiles. It is also used for transmission of power to different spindles of multiple drilling
machines. It is also used as a knee joint in milling machines.

Kinematics of Single And Double Universal Joint

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

FLYWHEEL AND CONNECTING ROD

Exp.No: Date:

Aim:

To determine the moment of inertia by oscillation of flywheel and connecting rod.

Procedure:

 Measure the center to center distance of connecting rod, also measure inner diameter of
both side of connecting rod.
 Measure the weight of connecting rod and flywheel.
 Attach small end of connecting rod of shaft.
 Give oscillation of connecting rod.
 Measure time taken for 5 oscillations and calculate time period t p1.
 Remove the connecting rod from the shaft and again attach the big end of the connecting
rod of shaft.
 Again measure time taken for 5 oscillations and calculate time period t p2.
 Calculate moment of inertia of connecting rod.
 Repeat the procedure and take mean tp.
 Attach flywheel to other side of the shaft and repeat the same procedure as above.

L – Center to center distance of connecting rod (0.228m)

M – Weight of connecting rod (3.2kh)

D1 – Diameter of small end of connecting rod (0.062m)

D2 -- Diameter of big end of connecting rod (0.33m)

N – Number of oscillations

Tabular column:

End position Time taken for n Periodic time tp (sec) Moment of inertia
oscillations t (sec)

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

I = mk2

L1 = g(tp1/2π)2

L2 = g(tp2/2π)2

K2 = h(L - h)

h1+h2 = d1/2 + d2/2

L = (L1 + L2)/2

Result:

Thus the moment of inertia by oscillation of flywheel and connecting rod was found.

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

MULTI DEGREE FREEDOM SUSPENSION SYSTEM

a) BIFILAR SUSPENSION
Exp. No: Date:

Aim:

To determine the radius of gyration of given bar by using bifilar suspension and periodic time
experimentally and compare it with the theoretical values.

Apparatus Required:

1) Vibration lab machine

2) Measuring tape
3) Weights
4) Stop watch
5) Bar

Description of the setup:

A uniform rectangular section bar is suspended from the pendulum support frame by two parallel
cords. Top ends of the cords pass through the two small chucks fitted at the top. Other ends are
secured in the bifilar bar. It is possible to adjust the length of the cord by loosing the chucks. The
suspension may also be used to determine the radius of gyration of any body. In this case the
body under investigation is bolted to the centre. Radius of gyration of the combined bar and body
is then determined.

(a) Bifilar Suspension

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

Procedure:

 Suspend the bar from chuck and adjust the length of the cord ‘L’ conveniently. Note the
suspension length of each cord must be the same.
 Allow the bar to oscillate about the vertical axis passing through the
 centre and measure the periodic time T by knowing the time for say n = 10 oscillations.
 Repeat the experiment by mounting the weights at equal distance from the centre ( D / 2
as shown ).

Observation:

Distance between two cords, 2a = , cm

Distance from centre to cord, a = , cm
Length of the bar,l = , cm
Mass added = , g

Tabulation:

Natural Radius of
Weight added Length of Time taken for
S. NO frequency fn gyration k
m (kg) String L (m) N osc. T sec
(Hz) (mm)

Formulae:

Experimental periodic time, T exp = Tm / n , sec

Where,
Tm = mean time taken for n oscillations
n = number of oscillations = 10
Natural frequency fn = 1/T Hz
Radius of gyration = K= (Tb/2π) / √𝑔/𝑙 (mm)
b- Distance of string from center of gravity = 10×10-2 mm

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

L- Length of string
N- Number of oscillations
t- Time taken for N oscillations
Experimental periodic time,
T exp = [ (2π K exp ) / a ] [ sqrt ( L / g ) ] , sec
Where,
Kexp = experimental radius of gyration, cm
a = distance from centre to cord, cm
L = suspension length, cm
Theoretical periodic time,
Ttheo = [ (2π K theo ) / a ] [ sqrt ( L / g ) ] , sec
Theoretical radius of gyration,
K theo = l / ( 2 √3 ) , cm
Where,
l = length of the bar , cm

Result:

Radius of gyration of given bar:

i) Experimentally, Kexpm = , cm
ii) Theoretically, Ktheo = , cm
The periodic time of the given bar is determined experimentally and verified with the theoretical
values.

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

MULTI DEGREE FREEDOM SUSPENSION SYSTEM

b) COMPOUND PENDULUM

Exp.No: Date:

Aim:

To determine moment of inertia by using compound pendulum and period and radius of gyration
of the given steel bar experimentally and compare it with the theoretical values.

Apparatus Required:

1) Steel bar
2) Knife edge support
3) Stop watch and
4) Measuring tape

Description of the setup:

The compound pendulum consists of 100 cm length and 5 mm thick steel bar. The bar is
supported by the knife edge. It is possible to change the length of suspended pendulum by
supporting the bar in different holes.

(b) Compound Pendulums

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

Tabulation

Time taken for Natural Radius of

Distance L1 Time taken for
S. NO 10 oscillation frequency fn gyration k
(mm) N osc. T sec
t(sec)-Tmean (Hz) (mm)

Procedure:

 Support the steel bar in any one of the holes.

 Note the length of suspended pendulum to measure.
 Allow the bar to oscillate and determine Texp by knowing the time taken for n = 10
oscillations.
 Repeat the experiment with different length of suspension.

Observation:

Length of the steel bar, L = , cm

Number of holes =
Distance between two holes = , cm
Mass of the steel bar = 1.575 , kgf

Formulae:

Experimental periodic time, T exp = t / n , sec

Where,
t = time taken for n oscillations
n = number of oscillations = 10
Experimental time period = T= 2π √(𝐾𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑟𝑒 + 𝐿1 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒)/𝐺𝐿1

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

K- Radius of gyration
K=√𝑔𝐿1𝑇(𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑟𝑒)/4π2L12
Theoretical radius of gyration,
Kt = 𝐿/√2
L- Total length of rod
L1- Distance from point of suspension to center of gravity of rod
Natural frequency fn = 1/T Hz
Moment of Inertia =Im =mK2 (kgm2)

Result:

Radius of gyration of given bar:

i) Experimentally, Kexpm = , cm
ii) Theoretically, Ktheo = , cm
The periodic time of the given bar is determined experimentally and verified with the theoretical
values.

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

GYROSCOPIC COUPLE
Exp. No: Date:

Aim:

To determine the active and reactive gyroscopic couples and compare them.

Apparatus required:

Gyroscope, tachometer, or stroboscope, variable voltage transformer, rotating disc with a light
reflecting sticker for stroboscope speed measurement.

Procedure:

 The disc as made to rotate at a constant speed at a specific time using variable voltage
transformer.
 The speed of the (N) disc is measured using a tachometer or a stroboscope.
 A weight/mass is added on the extending platform attached to the disc.
 This causes an active gyroscopic couple and the whole assembly ( rotating disc, rotor and
weight platform with weight) is standing to move in a perpendicular plane to that of plane
of rotating of disc. This is called gyroscopic motion.

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

 The time taken (t) to traverse a specific angular displacement (φ = 45°) is noted.

Formula used:

Mass moment of Inertia of the disc, I = md2/8, kg – m2,

m – Mass of the disc

d – Diameter of the disc.

Angular velocity of the disc, ω = 2πN/60, rad/s,

N – Speed of the disc in rpm

Angular velocity of precession, ωp = (φ/t) x (π/180) rad/s

Reactive gyroscopic couple, Cr = I. ωp. ω Nm

active gyroscopic couple, Ca = W x L.

W – weight added = mg, N and

L – distance between centers of weight to center plane of disc.

Tabulation

Constant Load Method

S.No Speed of disc. Weight added Time taken for 60° Active couple Reactive
N, rpm m, kg precision t, sec Ca = W x L couple Cr = I.
Nm ωp. ω Nm

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

Constant Speed Method

S.No Speed of disc. Weight added Time taken for 60° Active couple Reactive
N, rpm m, kg precision t, sec Ca = W x L couple Cr = I.
Nm ωp. ω Nm

Graph:

1. Active couple Vs. Reactive coupe

2. Weight added Vs. Reactive couple

Result:

Thus the active and reactive gyroscopic couples were determined and compared.

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

UNDAMPED FREE VIBRATION OF SPRING MASS SYSTEM

Exp. No: Date:

Aim:

To determine stiffness of the given helical spring, period and frequency of undamped free
vibration (longitudinal vibration) of spring mass system experimentally and compare it with the
theoretical values.
Apparatus Required:
1) Helical spring
2) Platform
3) Weights
4) Measuring tape and
5) Stop watch
Description of the setup:
It consists of an open coil helical spring of which one end is fixed to the screw rod and a
platform to the other end. This platform is used to add weights and a lock nut is also provided to
clamp the weights added.

Procedure:
 Fix one end of the helical spring to the upper screw rod.
 Measure the free length of the spring.
 Attach the other end to the platform and add some weight.
 Note down the deflection.
 Stretch the spring through some distance and release.
 Observe the time taken for n = 10 oscillations.
 Repeat the steps from 3 to 6 for other known weights.

Observation:
Length of the spring before loading = ,m

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

Formulae:

Stiffness of the spring, K exp = Load / deflection = W / X, N/m

Deflection, X = ( Length of the spring after loading – length of the spring before loading ) ,m
Experimental period of vibration , T exp = tm / n , sec
Where,
tm = mean time taken for n oscillations
n = number of oscillations = 10
Experimental Natural Frequency = Fn (exp) = 1/t

Theoretical Natural Frequency Fn (theo) = (1/2π) /√𝑔/𝛿

Stiffness K= Load / Deflection

Tabulation:

Load added, Lengt Deflectio Stiffness, K Time taken for n = 20 Period Frequency
W h of n, X (m ) exp = W / X oscillations ( sec ) of of
the (N/m) vibrati vibration
spring on ( Hz )
after ( sec )
S.NO ( kg ) ( N ) loadin t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 T T T F F theo
g m ex t ex
(m) p h p
e
o

K expm =

Graph:

Deflection Vs Load added

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

Result:

Stiffness of the spring,

i) Experimentally, K expm = N/m
ii) Graphically = N/m
The period and frequency of undamped free vibration (longitudinal vibration) of spring mass
system are determined experimentally and verified with the theoretical values.

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

DAMPED FREE VIBRATION OF SPRING MASS SYSTEM

Exp. No: Date:

Aim:

To calculate the damped natural frequency of spring mass system

Apparatus Required:

1. Weight
2. Spring
3. Stop watch

Procedure:

 Determination of natural frequencies

 Add the weight add and make the spring to oscillate for 10 times
 Note the corresponding time taken for 10 oscillation and calculate the time period
 From the time period calculate natural frequency

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

Formulae:
Stiffness of the spring, K exp = Load / deflection = W / X, N/m
Deflection, X = ( Length of the spring after loading – length of the spring before loading ) ,m
Experimental period of vibration , T exp = tm / n , sec
Where,
tm = mean time taken for n oscillations
n = number of oscillations = 10
Experimental Natural Frequency = Fn (exp) = 1/t

Theoretical Natural Frequency Fn (theo) = (1/2π) /√𝑔/𝛿

Stiffness K= Load / Deflection

Tabulation :

S/No Weight Added (kg) Weight added Deflection Stiffness Theoretical

(N) (𝛿) (k) Natural Frequency
(Hz)

Result

Stiffness of the spring,

i) Experimentally, K expm = N/m
ii) Graphically = N/m
The period and frequency of damped free vibration (longitudinal vibration) of spring mass
system are determined experimentally and verified with the theoretical values.

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

DETERMINE NATURAL FREQUENCY OF TORSIONAL VIBRATION IN SINGLE

ROTOR SYSTEM.

Exp No. Date:

Aim:

To determine natural frequency of torsional Vibration in single rotor System

Equipment:

1. Vibration machine,
2. Shaft,
3. Chuck,
4. Stop watch.

Formula Used:

T theo =2π√ I/Kt

Procedure

 Fix the bracket at convenient position along the tower beam.

 Grip one end of the shaft at bracket by the chuck.
 Fix other end of shaft in the rotor.
 Twist the motor rotor to some angle and then release.
 Note down the time for no. of oscillations.
 Repeat the procedure for different length of shaft.

Observation:

Observations are to taken for mild steel brass shafts.

Observation Table:

Sr. Len. Of No. of Time K Tth Texp Fth Fexp

No. Shaft oscillation

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

Result:

The natural frequency of the torsional vibration in single rotor system is---Hz

Conclusion:

Natural frequency of torsional vibration experimental to theoretical is nearly same.

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

DETERMINE NATURAL FREQUENCY OF TORSIONAL VIBRATION IN

TWO ROTOR SYSTEM

Exp No. Date:

Aim:

To determine natural frequency of torsional vibration theoretically experimentally in a two rotor

system.

Equipment:

1. Shaft,
2. Two rotor disc,
3. Chuck,
4. Stop watch.

Formula Used:

Ttheo =2π√ I/Kt

Procedure

 Fix two disc of the shaft and fit the shaft in the bearing.
 Deflect the disc in opposite direction by hand and then release.
 Note down the time required for particular number of oscillations.
 Fit cross arm to one end of the disc and again note down the time.
 Repeat the procedure with different and equal masses attached to the ends of cross arm
and note down the time.

Observation:

Observations are to taken for copper and steel shafts.

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

Tabulation:

S./No. Θ θb No. of Time Texp Tth Fth F exp

Oscillation =1/Tex =
1/Texp

Result:

The natural frequency of the torsional vibration in two rotor system is -----Hz

Conclusion:

It is studied to determine the natural frequency of vibration of the given shaft.

It is necessary to find out the natural frequency, so that during working resonance will be taken
care of.

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

CAM PROFILE ANALYSIS

Exp. No: Date:

Aim:

To study the profile of given cam analysis system and to draw the displacement diagram for the
follower and the cam profile, also study the jump speed characteristics of the cam and follower
mechanism.

Apparatus required:

1. Cam analysis system

2. Dial gauge.

Description:

A cam is a machine element such as a cylinder or any other solid with a surface of contact so
designed as to give a predetermined motion to another element called the follower. A cam is a
rotating body importing oscillating motor to the follower. All cam mechanisms are composed of
at least three links viz: 1. Cam 2. Follower and 3. Frame which guides follower and cam.

Specification:

Diameter of base circle = 150mm, lift = 18mm, Diameter of cam shaft = 25mm

Diameter of follower shaft = 20mm, Diameter of roller = 32mm, Dwell period = 180

Type of follower motion = SHM (during ascent and descent)

Procedure:

Cam analysis system consists of cam roller follower, pull rod and guide of pull rod.

 Set the cam at 0° and note down the projected length of the pull rod.
 Rotate the cam through 10° and note down the projected length length of the pull rod
above the guide.
 Calculate the lift by subtracting each reading with the initial reading.

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

Jump – Speed:

1. The cam is run at gradually increasing speeds, and the speed at which the follower jumps
off is observed.
2. This jump – speed is observed for different loads on the follower.

Tabulation:

1. Cam profile

S. Type of Angle of rotation Lift + base circle

Lift in mm
NO follower (degrees) radius (mm)

2. Jump – speed

S.NO Load on the follower, F(N) Jump – speed (RPM)

Graph:

Displacement diagram and also the cam profile is drawn using a polar graph chart.

The force Vs Jump – speed curve is drawn.

Result:

Thus the profile of given cam analysis system was studied.

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

BALANCING OF ROTATING MASSES

Exp. No: Date:

Aim:

To balance the given rotor system dynamically with the aid of the force polygon and the couple
polygon.

Apparatus required:

1. Rotor system,
2. Weights,
3. Steel rule.

Procedure:

 Fix the unbalanced masses as per the given conditions: radius, angular position and plane

of masses.

 Find out the balancing masses and angular positions using force polygon and couple

polygon.

 Fix the balancing masses (calculated masses) at the respective radius and angular

position.

 Run the system at certain speeds and check that the balancing is done effectively.

 If the rotor system rotates smoothly, without considerable vibrations, means the system is

dynamically balanced.

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

Tabulation

S.NO Planes of Mass m, Radius r, m C. force/ω2 Distance Couple /

mass kg mr, kg-m from ref. ω2 mrl, kg-
plane I, m m2

Diagrams:

1. Plane of the masses

2. Angular position of the masses
3. Force polygon
4. Couple polygon

Result:

Thus the given rotor system has been dynamically balanced with the aid of force polygon and
couple polygon.

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

BALANCING OF RECIPROCATING MASSES

Exp. No: Date:

Aim:

To balance the given rotor system dynamically with the aid of the force polygon and the couple
polygon.

Apparatus required:

1. Rotor system,

2. Weights,

3. Steel rule, etc.

Procedure:

 Initially remove all weights, bolt from the system.

 Start the motor, give different speeds, observe vibration on the system, note down the
speed.
 Repeat it for different speeds, note them down.

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

 Add some weights on piston top, either eccentric or co axial, start the motor, fix at earlier
tested speed.
 If the vibrations are observed, one of the following has to be done to remove the
unbalance
– Either remove some of the weights from piston, run at tested speed and observe.
– Add weights in opposite direction of crank, run and observe vibrations at tested speed.
– Combination of both the above.

Tabulation:

S.NO Crank speed N Mass (gms) Angular

(rpm) velocity ω
M1 M2 β= m1+ m2

β= m1+ m2 N

ω= 2πN/60 rad/sec

Result:

Thus the given rotor system was dynamically balanced with the aid of the force polygon and the
couple polygon.

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

TRANSVERSE VIBRATION OF CANTILEVER BEAM

Exp. No: Date:

Aim:

To find the natural frequency of transverse vibration of the cantilever beam.

Apparatus required:

Displacement measuring system (strain gauge) and weights

Description:

Strain gauge is bound on the beam in the form of a bridge. One end of the beam is fixed and the
other end is hanging free for keeping the weights to find the natural frequency while applying the
load on the beam. This displacement causes strain gauge bridge to give the output in mill – volts.
Reading of the digital indicator will be in mm.

Formulae used:

1. Natural frequency = 1/2π√(g/δ) Hz

Where g = acceleration due to gravity in m/s2 and δ = deflection in m.

2. Theoretical deflection δ = WL3 /3EL

Where W = applied load in Newton, L = length of the beam in mm

E = young’s modules of material in N/mm2, I = moment of inertia in mm4 =

bh3/12

3. Experimental stiffness = W/ δ N – mm and theoretical stiffness = W/ δ = 3EI/I3 N/mm

Procedure:

 Connect the sensors to instrument using connection cable.

 Plug the main cord to 230v/50hz supply.
 Switch on the instrument.
 Keep the switch in the read position and turn the potentiometer till displays reads “0”.
 Keep the switch at cal position and turn the potentiometer till display reads 5.
 Keep the switch again in read position and ensure at the display shows “0”.
WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

 Apply the load gradually in grams.

 Read the deflection in mm.

Graph:

1. Draw the characteristics curves of load Vs displacement, natural frequency.

2. Draw the characteristic curves of displacement Vs natural frequency.

Observation:

Cantilever beam dimensions:

Length = 30cm,

Breadth = 6.5cm

Height = 0.4cm

Tabulation:

S.NO Applied Deflection Theoretical Experimental Theoretical Natural

mass m δ (mm) deflection δT stiffness k stiffness k frequency
(kg) (mm) (N/mm) (N/mm) fn (Hz)

Result:

Thus the natural frequency of transverse vibration of the cantilever beam was determined.

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

TRANSVERSE VIBRATION OF FIXED BEAM

Exp. No: Date:

Aim:

To study the transverse vibration of a simply supported beam subjected to central or offset
concentrated load or uniformly distributed load.

Apparatus Required:

1. Trunnion bearings,

2. Beams,

3. Weights.

Procedure:

1. Fix the beam into the slots of trunnion bearings and tighten.
2. Add the concentrated load centrally or offset, or uniformly distributed.
3. Determine the deflection of the beam for various weights added.

Formulae used:

Deflection at the center δT = WL3/48EI for central concentrated load.

Deflection at the load point δT = Wa2b2/3EII for offset concentrated load.

Deflection at the center, δT = 5WL4/384EI for uniformly distributed load.

Where I = bd3/12, b = width of the beam, d = depth of the beam. L = length of the beam.

Natural frequency of transverse vibration, fn = 1/1/2π√(g/δ) Hz

Where g = acceleration due to gravity in m/s2 and δ = deflection in m.

Observation: b =

d=

I=

E=

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

Tabulation

S.NO Mass Experimental Theoretical Theoretical Experimental Theoretical

added m, deflection δ, deflection nat. freq. fn, stiffness K, stiffness K,
kg m δT, m Hz N/m N/m

Graphs:

1. Deflection Vs. load (N) from this get stiffness (graph)

2. Deflection Vs. Natural frequency
3. Load in N Vs. Natural frequency

Stiffness experimental, K = load/deflection = W/ δ = mg/ δ N/mm

Stiffness theoretical, K = W/ δT = 48EI/I3 for center load,

= 3EII/a2b2 for offset load,

= 384EI/5I3 for uniformly distributed load,

Result:

Thus the transverse vibrations of a simply supported beam subjected to central or offset

concentrated load or uniformly distributed load was observed.

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

VIBRATING TABLE SETUP

Exp. No: Date:

Aim:

To determine the transmissibility of forced vibrations and to analyze all types of vibrations with
its frequency and amplitude.

Specification:

Mass of beam = 7.2 kg

Stiffness of spring = 180 N/m

Procedure:

 Attach the vibrating recorder at suitable position with the pen hidden slightly pressing
the paper.
 Attach the damp unit to the stud.
 Start the motor and set required speed and start the recorder motor.
 The vibrations are recorded to the vibration recorder.
 At the resonance speed, the amplitude of the vibration may be recorded as merged
over one another.
 Hold the system and max speed little more than the reasonable speed.
 Analyze the recorder frequency and amplitude for both damped and undamped forced
vibrations.

Transmissibility = FTR/F

= max force of bars

Max impressed force
FTR = S x Xmax

S = 180 N/m

F = mrω2

Result:

Thus the transmissibility of forced vibrations was determined.

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

TRIFILAR SUSPENSION

Exp. No: Date:

Aim:

To determine the radius of gyration of the circular plate and hence its mass moment of inertia.

Apparatus required:

1. Main frame, chucks 6mm diameter,

2. Circular plate,
3. Strings,
4. Stop watch.

Procedure:

1. Hang the plate from chucks with three strings of equal lengths at equal angular intervals
(120° each)
2. Give the plate a small twist about its polar axis.
3. Measure the time taken for 5 or 10 oscillations.
4. Repeat the experiment by changing the length of strings and adding weights.

Formulae used:

Time period, T = t/N, Natural frequency, fn = I/T Hz

Radius of gyration, K = (bT/2JI) √(g/l) m.

Where

b – distance of a string from center of gravity of the plate,

L – Length of the string from chuck to plate surface,

Moment of inertia of the plate only, Ip = (R2 x W1) / (4π2 fn2 x l)

Moment of inertia with weight added, It = R2 x (W1 + W) / (4π2 fn2 x l)

Where
R – Radius of the circular plate

W1 – Weight of the circular plate = m1g in N, m1 = 3.5 kg

W – Weight of the added masses – mg in N

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

Moment of inertia of weight, Iw = It – Ip

Observations:

Type of suspension:___________, No. of oscillations _______________,

Radius of circular plate, R - ___________, mass of the plate, m1 ___________kg

Tabulation

S. NO Length of Added Time for N Time Radius of Natural M.I of

string l, mass m, oscillations period T, gyration, frequency weight Iw,
m kg t, sec sec K, m fn, Hz kgm

Graphs:

Weight added Vs Radius of Gyration

Weight added Vs Moment of inertia

Result:

Thus the radius of gyration of the plate and moment of inertia of the weights were determined
and tabulated.

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

DETERMINATION OF WHIRLING SPEED OF SHAFTS

Exp. No: Date:

Aim:

To determine the whirling speed for various diameter shafts experimentally and compare it with
the theoretical values
.
Apparatus Required:

1) Shaft – 3 nos.
2) Digital tachometer
3) Chuck key
4) AC voltage regulator

Description of the setup:

The apparatus is used to study the whirling phenomenon of shafts. This consists of a frame in
which the driving motor and fixing blocks are fixed. A special design is provided to clear out the
effects of bearings of motor spindle from those of testing shafts.

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

Procedure:

 The shaft is to be mounted with the end condition as simply supported.

 The speed of rotation of the shaft is gradually increased.
 When the shaft vibrates violent in fundamental mode ( I mode ), the speed is noted down.
 The above procedure is repeated for the remaining shafts.

Observation:

Young’s modulus, E (for steel) = 2.06 x 1011 , N / m2

Young’s modulus, E (for copper) = 1.23 x 1011 , N / m2
Length of the shaft, L = ,m
Shaft 1 (steel) Shaft 2 (copper) Shaft 3(steel)
m1 = 0.0584 kg m2 = 0.16496 kg m3 = 0.16051 kg
d1 = 0.0031 m
d2 = 0.00484 m
d3 = 0.00511 m
l1 = m l2 = m l3 = m

Formulae

Theoretical whirling speed, Nctheo = {0.4985 / [sqrt (δs / 1.27 )] } x 60 , rpm

Static deflection due to mass of the shaft (UDL), δs = (5wL4) / (384 EI)
Where,
w = weight of the shaft per metre , N/m
L = Length of the shaft, m
E = Young’s modulus for the shaft material, N/m2
I = Mass moment of inertia of the shaft
= ( π / 64 ) d4 , m4

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

Tabulation

Mass moment
Diameter of of inertia of the Weight of the Whirling speed ( rpm )
S.No. shaft shaft , I shaft per m, w
(m) ( m4) x 10-12 ( N/m ) Nc exp Ne theo

1.
2.
3.

Result:

The whirling speed for various diameter shafts are determined experimentally and verified with
the theoretical values.

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

GOVERNORS (SPEED CONTROL DEVICE)

Function of Governors

The function of a governor is to governor is to automatically maintain the speed of an engine

with in specified limits whenever there is a variation load.

Thus the governor keeps the speed of the engine within certain limits by regulating the fuel
supply as per load requirements.

Types of Governors

Main types of governors is

 SIMPLE CONICAL GOVERNOR (or) WATT GOVERNOR

 PORTER GOVERNOR

 PROELL GOVERNOR

 HARTNELL GOVENOR

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

DETERMINATION OF RANGE SENSITIVITY AND GOVERNOR

EFFORT OF WATT GOVERNOR

Exp. No: Date:

Aim:

To determine the range sensitivity and governor effect of a watt governor.

Apparatus Required:

1. Tachometer

2. Governor Arrangement.

Watt Governor

Technical loading data:

ro= mm, ho = mm , L= mm ,W= kg.

Procedure:

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

 Mount the required governor over the spindle and tighten nut over the top
 Switch on the electricity supply the arms slowly rotate. When speed increases the
displacement also increases.
 Note down the speed in different sleeve length.

Tabulation

S/No Displacement Speed Angular Height of Angle of Range of Governor

x (mm) N (rpm) velocity governor inclination sensitivity Effort
ω( rad/s) h of the arm r (mm) F (kg)
(mm) α
(Degree)

Formula Used:

Angular Velocity = 2πN/ 60 rad/sec

Height of Governor ( h)= ho-(x/2) (ho given value)

Angle of inclination of the arm α= cos-1 (h/L) h (given value)

Range of sensitivity = r= 50 + L sin α (mm)

Governor Effort = F = W/9.81×ω2 × r (kg)

Result

Thus the range sensitivity and governor effort is successfully calculated for watt governor

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

DETERMINATION OF RANGE SENSITIVITY AND GOVERNOR

EFFORT OF PORTER GOVERNOR

Exp. No: Date:

Aim:

To determine the range sensitivity and governor effect of a porter governor.

Apparatus Required:

1. Tachometer

2. Governor Arrangement.

Technical loading data:

ro= mm, ho = mm , L= mm ,W= kg.

Procedure:

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

 Mount the required governor over the spindle and tighten nut over the top
 Switch on the electricity supply the arms slowly rotate. When speed increases the
displacement also increases.
 Note down the speed in different sleeve length.

Tabulation

S/No Displacement Speed Angular Height of Angle of Range of Governor

x (mm) N (rpm) velocity governor inclination sensitivity Effort
ω( rad/s) h of the arm r (mm) F (kg)
(mm) α
(Degree)

Formula Used:

Angular Velocity = 2πN/ 60 rad/sec

Height of Governor ( h)= ho-(x/2) (ho given value)

Angle of inclination of the arm α= cos-1 (h/L) h (given value)

Range of sensitivity = r= 50 + L sin α (mm)

Governor Effort = F = W/9.81×ω2 × r (kg)

Result

Thus the range sensitivity and governor effort is successfully calculated for porter governor.

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

DETERMINATION OF RANGE SENSITIVITY AND GOVERNOR

EFFORT OF PROELL GOVERNOR

Exp. No: Date:

Aim:

To determine the range sensitivity and governor effect of a proell governor.

Apparatus Required:

1. Tachometer

2. Governor Arrangement.

Proell Governor

Technical loading data:

ro= mm, ho = mm , L= mm ,W= kg.

Procedure:

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

 Mount the required governor over the spindle and tighten nut over the top
 Switch on the electricity supply the arms slowly rotate. When speed increases the
displacement also increases.
 Note down the speed in different sleeve length.

Tabulation

S/No Displacement Speed Angular Height Angle of Range of Governor

x (mm) N (rpm) velocity of inclination sensitivity Effort
ω( rad/s) governor of the arm r (mm) F (kg)
h α
(mm) (Degree)

Formula Used:

Angular Velocity = 2πN/ 60 rad/sec

Height of Governor ( h)= ho-(x/2) (ho given value)

Angle of inclination of the arm α= cos-1 (h/L) h (given value)

Range of sensitivity = r= 50 + L sin α (mm)

Governor Effort = F = W/9.81×ω2 × r (kg)

Result

Thus the range sensitivity and governor effort is successfully calculated for proell governor.

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

DETERMINATION OF RANGE SENSITIVITY AND GOVERNOR

EFFORT OF HARTNELL GOVERNOR

Exp. No: Date:

Aim:

To determine the range sensitivity and governor effect of a hartnell governor.

Apparatus Required:

1. Tachometer

2. Governor Arrangement.

Hartnell Governor

Technical loading data:

ro= mm, ho = mm , L= mm ,W= kg.

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M
 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

Procedure:

 Mount the required governor over the spindle and tighten nut over the top
 Switch on the electricity supply the arms slowly rotate. When speed increases the
displacement also increases.
 Note down the speed in different sleeve length.

Tabulation

S/No Displacement Speed Angular Height of Angle of Range of Governor

x (mm) N velocity governor inclination sensitivity Effort
(rpm) ω( rad/s) h of the arm r (mm) F (kg)
(mm) α
(Degree)

Formula Used:

Angular Velocity = 2πN/ 60 rad/sec

Height of Governor ( h)= ho-(x/2) (ho given value)

Angle of inclination of the arm α= cos-1 (h/L) h (given value)

Range of sensitivity = r= 50 + L sin α (mm)

Governor Effort = F = W/9.81×ω2 × r (kg)

Result

Thus the range sensitivity and governor effort is successfully calculated for hartnell governor.

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM KARTHIK.M

View publication stats