Volume 3, Issue 7, July – 2018 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Fuzzy Topsis Approach for Evaluating Job

Satisfaction in India
Amit Kumar
M.Tech. Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering
N.I.T. Kurukshetra, Haryana

Abstract:- Current study is an attempt to prioritize the they even ban the use of mobile phones in office, and there are
significant factors for better utilization of available human others which demand silence and formalities in the office.
resource potential in order to increase or develop job
satisfaction in companies especially IT sector in India. In But at the same time there are perks and facilities to the
this regard, a study is done on the basis of most important employees, which allow employees to work from home, part
factors that impact the effective utilization of human power time and believe in a schedule which is more result-oriented
and ranking is done of these factors accordingly. Six factors than following a strict discipline. These companies reach out to
are found to be the most influential parameters and this its employees in the time of crisis, supporting them financially
study is performed under the consideration of these six at that time and even taking care of the medical expenses of the
parameters. The corresponding ranking of different factors ailing members in their family.
is done by TOPSIS. It is found that the recent employees
want changes in work schedules. Flexible Timing is found To a great extent especially in the IT sector, the employee
to be the most dominant factor both men and women in Job has to be engaged on the job 24*7i.eeverytime, which results
Satisfaction. These type of studies are capable to make a into increasing reports of stress and work imbalance among the
paradigm shift in human resource utilization and employees [2].The constant requirement and need to perform at
government policy formulation and employers to think optimum level which further takes its sacrifice in the form of
differently and optimum job satisfaction obtained by the job dissatisfaction, employee switching over, efficiency
employee. reduction, unhealthy work environment and even deaths in
some cases. Stressed workplace leads to problems like absent
Keywords:- Prioritization, Fuzzy Logic, MADM, TOPSIS. employees, alcoholic staff, bad or poor decisions, indifference
among them and unavailability of motivation or creativity. So
I. INTRODUCTION the difference between work-life and family-life has vanished.
The extended or joint families, even in India, is slowly
Poor work-life balance usually becomes a reason for decreasing [3]. Small families have come to stay, where both
dissatisfaction with job to the employees. This state of affairs is the spouses are working. On top of that due to increase in
whopping with an increasing rate. The job paradigm of divorces due to dissatisfaction, there is an increasing number of
satisfaction has changed from salary hike to career optimisation single parent [4]. But this problem is not as serious in Delhi as
with a proper work life balance. As per the survey the level of in the West, especially in IT Sector but it could become a
dissatisfaction has increased year-on-year. In 2015, 78% serious problem in the future. Despite more working women,
employees in spite of them being happy with their current job there is a slight shift in patterns of responsibilities in household
were still open to other job opportunities [1].The report further [5]. Women usually take the domestic responsibility, and child
stated that of the unsatisfied employees, 80% belong to the upbringing. It has been seen that the gender duty at work as
junior level, 60% are from the middle level and 40% women seek no major benefits, such as flexible hours [6] due to
respondents are from the senior level. Sadly, a lot of Indian family responsibilities. Often the work interfere with the family
companies are still focusing on salary increment to increase and social life, on the other hand sometimes family pressure
employee satisfaction in their jobs. 50% count poor work-life disturbs the work performance. Present study comes with such
balance, 30% state meaningless work and 20% say poor salary an approach in order to prioritize factors which hinders the Job-
as the reason for their dissatisfaction in jobs among the Satisfaction. This study aims to1) Determine various criteria
respondents who claimed to be unsatisfied. of the employees that affects the Work-Life Balance in India; 2) Predict weight
who are satisfied, 45% express their work-life balance as their age and hierarchy among these parameters; 3) Calculate rank of
major reason for their job satisfaction and WLB. 35% a good factors.
salary and 20% stated a good work profile as the reason for
their satisfaction and contentment. According to this study, II. METHODOLOGY AND DATABASE
60% employees dissatisfied with their job, 80% looking for a
switch to another job. In the past there were the days when Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM) approach
employees only looked for only high salaries in an over is quite effective in such type of problems [7]. These include
demanding and tough office environment. Even highly paid methods like Modified Digital Logic (MDL), Analytic
employees agree that after a certain point of time in any job Hierarchy Process (AHP) [8], graph theory and matrix
money package does not matter; it is job satisfaction and work approach (GTMA) [9], TOPSIS [10], VIKOR [11] and many
culture that ultimately makes a difference. There are many kind others. These methods can be applicable to many areaslike
of companies, some who keep an hawk eye over its employees, Alternate selection materials selection, supply chain
management (SCM), decisions of scientists and engineering

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Volume 3, Issue 7, July – 2018 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
problems. Present study utilizes fuzzy TOPSIS in combination  xij1  min bijk1 
with weight age assignment to different parameters which  k
affects the most the job satisfaction in India especially in Delhi x  1 b
region.  ij 2 k  ijk 2
Even though TOPSIS is more reliable and compatible 
with the tangible attributes and in dealing with number of x  1  b
alternatives, it needs weight age criteria of each parameter.  ij3 k ijk 3

 x  max b 
 TOPSIS Method  ij 4 k
ijk 4

Technique for order performance by similarity to ideal

solution (TOPSIS) is one of the known classical MCDM Thus the obtained decision matrix (M) is shown as:
method, which was first developed by Hwang and Yoon in  x11 x12 x1 p 
1981 [12].TOPSIS takes the MADM problem with m  
alternatives as a geometrical system with m points in the n-  x21 x22  x2 p 
M    
dimensional space. The chosen parameter must have the
 
shortest distance from the positive ideal solution and the  
longest distance from the negative ideal solution which is the      
basis of this method. TOPSIS introduces with an index called x x  xqp 
similarity to the positive ideal solution and the maximum  q1 q 2 
distance from the negative ideal solution. Thereafter, this
method depicts an alternative/parameter with the maximum
Step 4: Normalize the matrix as given below:
similarity to the positive ideal solution (Wang and Chang,
2007).This study is particularly suitable for solving the group
decision-making problem in a fuzzy environment which
consists of lingual variables.

III. METHODOLOGY USED

The present study aims to provide a ranking for Step 5: Calculate the weighted normalized decision matrix as
evaluation of the parameters (under techno-socio-economic given:
constraints) considering the job satisfaction in IT sector in
India. Once the evaluation criteria and the parameters are
decided the analysis requires a methodology that is capable to
convert the verbal qualitative reasoning (obtained from
understanding developed discussion, brain storming sessions
and available literature) to the quantitative numbers which are Step 6: Calculate the positive ideal and negative ideal solution:
calculated to results. In this present study fuzzy-TOPSIS is
incorporated with weight age to these parameters. This The positive ideal solution Vj+ and negative ideal solution Vj-
approach is used to calculate the ranking and thus prioritizing
of the factors affecting the present scenario of work life
balance.

Mathematically, the employed methodology is comprised

of the following steps: Where, J1 and J2 represents higher best and lower best criteria
respectively.
Step 1: Characterize linguistic variables, fuzzy numbers and
their membership function. Step 7: Calculate the distance di+ and di- from the positive
A set of fuzzy rates is required in order to compare all the ideal solution and negative ideal solution respectively as
alternatives for each criterion. These fuzzy terms are assigned follows:
by the decision makers and responsible for intra criterion
comparisons of the alternatives.

Step 2: Construction of decision matrix

Let m be the parameters and n be the alternate parametrs
for k number of decision makers in the proposed model of a
problem. The fuzzy rating for Cj criterion is shown as xijk=
{xijk1, xijk2, xijk3, xijk4}. For i = 1,2,….p; j =1,2,….q and k =
1,2,….k, xijk Step 8: Calculation of TOPSIS rank index:

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Volume 3, Issue 7, July – 2018 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Factor which has the highest rank index Ci+ are preferred
to be the most dominant and influential.

This step is done in order to acquire the closeness

coefficient (Ci) and rank the order of alternatives. According to
the Ci, we can depict the ranking order of all parameters and we
select the best one from a set of feasible alternate parameters.
TOPSIS defines a similarity to the positive ideal solution and
the remoteness from the negative ideal solution. after that the
approach chooses an alternative with the maximum similarity
and closeness to the positive ideal solution (Wang and Chang,
2007).

Table 1. Demographic Profile of the Respondents

The detailed explanation of these parameters is as follows:

A. Flexible Timing (P1):

Offering the employees flexibility is a great way to show
your team members that the company trust them. Gift of time is
one of the most acknowledged workplace perks which a
company has to offer to its employees. Whereas a smart
employee works best when they can choose their own timings
Fig 1:- Flow Chart for Proposed Methodology and schedule. Growth of engagement and productivity can be
ensured perhaps when Flexible hours are tolerated by a
IV. PARAMETERS FOR EVALUATION company on the other hand they may decrease collaboration.
Search of a balance will depend on the aim of your team.
The respondents belong to Delhi and NCR which are Flexibility in timings and targets depends on company to
considered in this study. Questionnaire Variables were taken company however this parameter is very significant in order to
based on the studies published by Hyman et al [12, 13]. The check the work culture of a company.
questionnaire was taken at different work places and the
responses of employees at various work places were collected. B. Option to work from Home (P2):
The mode of taking questionnaires were also sent via e-mail. The study has taken into consideration many other
Data sampling is classified into various categories such as variables that may influence the impact of work as follows:
gender, marital status, age-group and academic-professional
categories with maximum attained qualifications and different The proportion of their work per week that workers
size of the IT Company. telecommute: working from home even for one day a week
may have a different impact than working from home full-time.
Six factors which contribute to WLB are taken into Various studies have found that job satisfaction is maximum
consideration. Whereas three of which are work related, two among workers who telecommute a sometimes.
are family related factors which are taken. Work based factors
are, flexible time, option to work part time and freedom to The organizational culture in general: Job satisfaction
work from home. among telecommuting workers may be determined by the
certain factors that influence job satisfaction in the office, acts
Whereas the family related factors which are being taken like feedback and relationships with colleagues and
in this study are, availability of child care facility, flexibility to supervisors. Flexibility and self decisions have also been
take care of emergencies at home, Work Environment and attached with job satisfaction among remote workers.
Spill-over of work into family life. Three factors i.e. health,
sleep, exhaustion, Decreased quality of Family life, Reduced Teamwork: In a study, workers with a high level of
time with the family, No clear leisure time, Recurring thoughts dependency on others to do their indicates less productive as
of work were identified and analysed in order to understand the remote workers. Teamwork is one of the skill which should be
adverse impact of work. Four factors (Reduced time with the there in every employee.
family, No clear leisure time, Recurring thoughts of work,
decreased quality of family life) were identified and analysed Innovation: Face-to-face confrontations have
to understand the spill-overof work into family life. been associated with a creative and innovative work.
Researchers who worked in close physical proximity produced
more impactful work.

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Volume 3, Issue 7, July – 2018 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
C. Availability of child care facility (P3):
Although child care was not in relation with supervisor
and team leaders’ views of performance or absenteeism,
employees receive more favourable appraisals if absenteeism
was low. Child care is always been a greatest impact on
females and employees without a family. Child care greatly
influenced users' attitudes toward managing work and
simultaneously child care responsibilities, and views on the
attractiveness and administration of benefits to the employees.
The greater use of care across all dependents, the more
favourable the behaviour of the employee and work culture in Table 3. Perceived Adverse Impact of Work
an organisation. A “frustration effect” involves in a job in the
absence of child care. The study suggests that child care F. Spill-over of work into family life (P6):
benefits greatly affect employee attitudes and membership Around 73% men and 52% women accepts that they are
behaviours’ such as recruitment and retention than performance unable to spend enough time with their families due to work
or absenteeism [14]. and extended work hours and work related activities(Table 5).
Around 54% men and 47% women admit that they have no
Variable Men Women clear leisure and quality time since work overlaps into this
period of time. Moreover, also 38% men and 50% women have
Health Yes 53 23 recurring and simultaneous thoughts of work, even after they
No 45 29 leave their place of work as if they are still in office.
Sleep Yes 32 23 Amazingly, 55% men and around 50% women feel that work
No 66 29 pressures have affected and dominated over their quality of
family life [17].
Exhaustion Yes 51 17
No 47 35
Variable Men Women
Table 2. Perceived Improvement in WLB Reduced time Yes 72 28
with the family No 26 24
D. Flexibility to meet emergencies at home (P4):
Flexibility to meet emergencies at home in the workplace No clear leisure Yes 53 24
is called as “the opportunity of workers to make choices time No 45 28
influencing when, where, and for how long they engage in Recurring Yes 37 26
work-related tasks” (Bal & De Lange, 2014). Recently in the thoughts of work No61 26
availability of flexible working arrangements (FWAs), there is Decreased quality Yes 54 26
an increase in flexibility in the workplace. FWAs include a of Family life No 44 26
kinds of arrangements, which allow workers to work flexibly Table 4. SPILL-OVER of work into Family Life
both in terms of when and where they work. Organisations are
often tend to implement FWAs because they are afraid that this
will result in reduced productivity for both individuals and
teams and thus to the company. However, our interviews shows
a number of ways in which flexible working increased both
personal and team effectiveness [15].

E. Work Environment (P5):

Recently, organizations are facing various challenges
because of the dynamic nature of the working environment in
organisations, the business must satisfy the needs of its
employees by providing good working conditions. One of the
various challenges for a business is to satisfy IT employees in
order to cope up with the changing and fast evolving
environment and to achieve success and remain in competition
in the market. Job satisfaction is related to different factors, Fig 2:- Effects of Work-place Stress
like: Age, Gender, Incentives, working environment, education,
duration of work etc, in order to increase efficiency, V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
productivity and job commitment of employees. Work
environment and job stress are major barriers of job Present study determines the dominant parameters
satisfaction.[16] influencing the job satisfaction to the employees and their
significance to the employers. In this context, shortlisted
important factors are ranked based on how crucially that
influences the homogeneity of a company. Afterwards, a
comparison is done for both the men and women existing in

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Volume 3, Issue 7, July – 2018 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
our corporate jobs especially IT sector. Ranking helps to State P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6
determine the factors with high potential and dominant factors (%AGE) (%AGE) (%AGE) (%AG (%AG (%AG
responsible for dissatisfaction of the working class. Once the E) E) E)
most significant parameters are identified the next question is Men (S1) 97.9 82.6 75.5 74.4 46 55.1
to prioritize these parameters and to be ranked. In this regard, Women(S2) 92.3 84.6 92.3 88.4 40 50
fuzzy technique is implemented as it works really good for the Table 7. %age of people affected with these Parameters
problems and where discussion is in the form of verbal (Decision Matrix)
reasoning and logic with the ‘decision makers’ which later
need to be converted into subjective values. Table 5 100
accommodates the linguistic variables and their corresponding 80
fuzzy ratings. The best range is termed very high (EH) while
the worst is termed very low (EL). Table 5 shows the crisp 60
MEN
values of the linguistic variables that are being used in previous 40
WOMEN
table. Then there is Table 6 shows the Decision Matrix which is
20
filled with ‘decision compilers’ on the bases of discussion with
various ‘decision makers’. 0
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6
Variables Parameters
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 Fig 3:- % age Contribution of various parameters towards men
Men(S1) L L VL H H H and women
Women (S2) VH H H A H A
Table 5. Linguistic Decision Matrix for all Evaluation 97.9 82.6 75.5 74.4 46 55.1
parameters. MEN
92.3 84.6 92.3 88.4 40 50
1 – VERY LOW (VL)7 - HIGH (H) WOMEN
3- LOW (L)9 - VERY HIGH(VH)
5- AVERAGE (A)
Table 5 Shows calculated crisp values obtained after
Consequently, a single decision matrix is formed rather normalization of the aggregated fuzzy ratings. The crisp values
than having a separate decision matrix for each decision maker thus obtained are utilized to calculate the priority and TOPSIS
index of distinct factors in contrast to the evaluation of
Table 8 shows the normalized decision matrix in which parameters.
all the values are normalized and these values are then
multiplied with the weight age which is further shown in Table State P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6
9 which accommodates the weighted normalized Decision (%AGE) (%AGE) (%AGE) (%AGE) (%AGE) (%AGE)

Matrix. Afterwards, the linguistic variables and their weightage 0.16 0.14 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.19
corresponding fuzzy values are defuzzified. Men (S1) 0.541 0.456 0.417 0.411 0.254 0.304
Women(S2) 0.486 0.445 0.486 0.465 0.210 0.263
Variables Parameters Table 8. Formation of Normalized Decision Matrix

P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 State P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6
(%AGE) (%AGE) (%AGE) (%AGE) (%AGE) (%AGE)
Men(S1) 3 3 3 7 5 7 Men (S1) 0.086 0.064 0.067 0.065 0.041 0.057
Women(S2) 0.077 0.062 0.077 0.074 0.034 0.049
Women (S2) 9 7 9 5 7 7
Table 9. Weighted Normalized Matrix
Total 12 10 12 12 12 14
Parameters Si+ Si -
Weightage 0.16 0.14 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.19
Men Women Men Women
Flexible Timing (P1) 0 0 0.045 0.043
Table 6. Crisp Values of Linguistic Variables Option to work from
Home (P2) 0.022 0.015 0.023 0.028
The Crisp Values are written in the form of the linguistic Availability of child
variable. These values are considered according to the care facility (P3): 0.019 0 0.026 0.043
parameter given. These crisp values are then arranged to form Flexibility to meet
the decision matrix which needed for the process of emergencies at
prioritization which is further solved and calculated. home (P4): 0.021 0.003 0.024 0.04
Work Environment
(P5) 0.045 0.043 0 0
Spill-over of work
into family life (P6): 0.029 0.028 0.016 0.015
Table 10. Distance Si+ and Si- from the positive ideal solution
and negative ideal solution respectively

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Volume 3, Issue 7, July – 2018 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Ci is defined to determine the ranking order of all another important step to be taken. The results of the study are
alternatives once and of each alternative Ci+ and Ci- have been affected by these responses and are subject to varying in a
calculated. Si+ shows the positive and Si- shows the negative bigger or different sample of responses or area. Moreover, it
distance from the ideal solution. Table 10 shows the closeness must be understood by organizations these differences so that
coefficient of distinct parameters from the ideal solution and employee specific steps to improve WLB could be initiated.
their corresponding TOPSIS Rankings. Social and political discussions, the problem of stress in the
workplace requires concrete responses from employers and
In this study of alternative selection, Factor which has the policy makers inside the organisation.
highest rank index Ci+ are preferred. This step is done to obtain
the closeness coefficient (Ci) and rank the alternatives. Of all these alternatives calculation of the distance to both
the “positive-ideal solution” and the “negative-ideal solution”
Parameters Ci * TOPSIS Ranking simultaneously is studied. Compared with existing fuzzy
TOPSIS methods, the proposed method can deal with group
Men Women Men Women decision-making problems in a more efficient manner. This
approach is based on the concept that the ideal alternative has
Flexible
the best level for all attributes undertaken, whereas the
Timing (P1) 1 1 1 1
negative-ideal is the one with all the worst attribute values.
Option to work
TOPSIS defines solutions as the points that are simultaneous in
from Home 4 3
nature.
(P2) 0.511 0.65
Availability of
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