UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SAB4021

SEMINAR KEJURUTERAAN AWAM

IZAMUDIN BIN MOHAMED 890607065757

AHMAD TARMIZI BIN MD TAHIR 881024125725

MUHAMAD HAIKAL BIN ROSMAN 880615115225

Z ZUR AIMAN BIN Z ZAMRI 881227115113

NURUAL HADI BIN DAUD 880115035659

CONTENT

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1 - SUMMARY ON PAPERWORKS

CHAPTER 2 – UNDERSTANDING OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS

CHAPTER 3 - DISCUSSION WITH PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER

INTRODUCTION

Civil Engineering Seminar (SEMKA) is a compulsory course for civil engineering

students to attend. The life-long learning for students is taken into account in this course. It
has exposed the real world of construction field and the important aspects to be professional
engineers.

Eight interesting topics have been presented in this seminar where they have gained
much information to the students. The summary of all these topics are presented in this report.
The topics are as below:

1. Route To Be M.I.E.M and Professional Engineer.

2. The Important of Site Investigation In Civil Engineering Projects.

3. Structure Design In Practice

4. Sustainability : Theory and Practice

5. Green Technology

6. Safety and Health and Hazard At Construction Site

7. Post Graduated Opportunities in Civil Engineering

8. Rehabilitation Methods

Information on professional ethics for civil engineering also included in this

report. The last section of this report shows the interview transcript of an interview session
with a professional.
 CHAPTER 1 :
SUMMARY ON PAPERWORKS
 PAPERWORK 1

TITLE : ROUTE TO BE M.I.E.M AND ENGINEER

SPEAKER : Ir. MOHD KHIR MUHAMMAD

PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER,

VICE CHAIRMAN,

THE INSTITUTION OF ENGINEERS MALAYSIA (SOURTHEN

BRANCH)

DATE : 2 OCTOBER 2010

TIME : 2.30 pm – 4.30 pm

 Board of Engineers Malaysia (BEM)

Regulatory body for engineering practices in Malaysia set-up under the Registration of

Engineers Act, 1967. All engineering practitioner must register with BEM within 6-months of

practice.

 Institution of Engineers Malaysia (IEM)

A learned institution for practicing engineers in Malaysia; networking, technical learning and

socializing group

 Introduction to IEM

IEM membership opens to all engineering students and graduates. Primary Benefit as IEM

Member is

1. Networking amongst engineers

2. Technical Talks, Courses and Technical Visits

3. Provider of Professional Development Program

4. Route to become a Professional Engineer (PE)

5. Provider of Continuing Professional Development Program

 Characteristic of Professional Engineer

1. Competent

2. Ethical

3. Intellectual

4. Mature

5. Responsible

6. Able to analysis and solve engineering problem

7. Good management and communication skills

8. Able to perform design work and site supervision

 Generic Attributes of Graduate

1. Acquire and apply knowledge

2. Sustainable Design and Development

3. Effective Communication

4. In-Depth Technical Competency

5. Professional & Ethical Responsibilities

6. Problem Identification, Formulation and Solution

7. Effective Team Work

8. Social, Cultural, Global, Environmental Responsibilities

9. Systematic Approach

10. Lifelong & Continuous Learning

 Practical Training for Graduate Engineer

1. Be trained under a Professional Engineer for a period of minimum 3 years (normally

4 to 6 years).

2. Experience should be acquired in design and site besides application of engineering

science and knowledge.

 Professional Interview

1. At least 24 years old

2. Graduate Member of IEM or Recognized Degree

3. At least 3 years approved experience or 3 years Mentor Scheme

 Documents to be Submitted to Interviewers

1. Report on training and experience

- to be verified and certified

- 1500 to 2000 words

2. Technical report with drawings and/or other documents

- to be verified and certified

- Log Book (if applicable)

- 3000 to 4000 word

 Oral Interview Question

 1. Basic engineering

2. Training and experience

3. Project/drawing/calculation

4. Duration 30-45 minutes

 Essays Writing

A test of the Candidate’s knowledge of and ability to communicate, and to marshal his

thoughts and then express them on paper in a clear and concise manner

 SECTION A (1 ½ hours)

- training and experience

- basic engineering

 SECTION B (1 ½ hours)

- code of ethics

 Summary

1. Register as Graduate Engineers with BEM upon graduation

2. Become Graduate Member of IEM
3. Undergo a period of training experience for minimum 3 years:
4. Pass a Professional Interview (Oral & Essay Written ) and Competency Examination
 PAPERWORK 1

TITLE : THE IMPORTANT OF SITE INVESTIGATION IN CIVIL

ENGINEERING PROJECTS

SPEAKER : PM Ir DR RAMLI BIN NAZIR

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA,

SKUDAI, JOHOR

DATE : 2 OCTOBER 2010

TIME : 10.00 am – 12.00 pm

Site investigation is the process by which geological, geotechnical, and other relevant

information which might affect the construction or performance of a civil engineering or

building project is acquired.

EXTENT & SCOPE OF SI REQUIRED FOR A PROJECT DEPEND ON:

1. Experience & knowledge of designer about the anticipated geotechnical problems,

the project brief & available SI facilities &methods

2. Local geology & typical problems

3. Historical use of the site: Why significant?

4. Treacherous Grounds: uncontrolled fill, limestone formation, boulders & corestone

abutment ground, etc. (significance?)

5. Relevant information about the project, etc.

 BORING
  Types of boring:

1. Auger boring

2. Percussion

3. Wash boring

4. Rotary boring

5. Foam drilling

 Specification and standarts

1. Tools & equipments; flushing medium

TYPE OF SAMPLERS

1. Open drive samplers

– Split-spoon for SPT

– Thin-wall sampler

– Thick wall sampler (50mm, 75mm, 100mm, 150mm)

2. Thin-wall sampler with stationary piston (50mm, 75mm, 100mm, 150mm)

3. Denison Sampler (double tube with thin-wall tube)

4. Mazier Sampler (74mm)

5. Foil continuous samplers

6. Block sampling

7. Rotary rock core samplers

 GROUNDWATER MEASUREMENT

 Types of grounwater

1. Static WT/phreatic level/main WT

2. Perched WT

3. Artesian water

 Significance for

1. Pile installation

2. Deep excavation

3. Slope stability

4. Tunnelling, etc.

 Methods

1. Observation well

2. Simple Standpipe

3. Casagrande standpipe

4. Pneumatic piezometer

5. Hydraulic piezometer, etc.

 SOIL IDENTIFICATION & DESCRIPTION

1. Purpose & significance

2. Field & lab. techniques

3. BS5930 description of soil

4. Consistency or relative density, fabric if distinguishable, colour, subsidiary, grading,

principal soil type & more detailed comments

 SOIL CLASSIFICATION

1. BSCS, USCS, AASHTO

2. Based on grading & index properties

3. Coarse grained soil

4. Purposes & application

5. Design guides based on soil classification

 CONCLUSION

 SI is part of Geotechnical Design.

 Scope & definition of Proper SI: properly planned, supervised, monitored, directed &

reported

 Important to understand & to identify possible geo problems of the ground to the

project before planning scope of SI

 Important to learn typical subsoil profiles for various typical geological

formations/grounds, their typical properties and their usual problems to various types

of construction

 SI → soil properties → Mass properties & ground characterization →Behaviour

prediction → Performance

 Scope of SI planned by different engineers tends to be varied. Why?

 PAPERWORK 3

TITLE : STRUCTURE DESIGN IN PRACTICE

SPEAKER : PM Ir. JAZLAN AHMAD

DIRECTOR,

JNA IKTISAS SDH. BHD

DATE : 2 OCTOBER 2010

TIME : 12.00 pm – 1.00 pm

STRUCTURAL WORKS Sub-Structure Considerations / Options

 STRUCTURAL WORKS ~ Sub-Structure Works (300mm SQ. R.C Piles)

- Pile Driving

A mechanical device used to drive piles into soil to provide foundation support for

buildings or other structures. The term is also used in reference to members of the

construction crew that work with pile-driving rigs.

- Pile Cutting

After piles are driven to the desired penetration, the should be 2 to 3 feet higher than

the desired finished elevation. Pile capping should bear evenly on every pile in the bent.
Cutting must be accurate. The best way to ensure even cutting is to nail sawing guides across

all piles in the bent.

- Installation of Sheet Piles

sheet pile walls are constructed by:

1. Laying out a sequence of sheet pile sections, and ensuring that sheet piles will

interlock.

2. Driving (or vibrating) the individual sheet piles to the desired depth.

3. Driving the second sheet pile with the interlocks between the first sheet pile and

second "locked"

4. Repeating steps 2 & 3 until the wall perimeter is completed

5. Use connector elements when more complex shapes are used.

 STRUCTURAL WORKS ~ 3. Pre-fabricated (Steel) Options

- Cast In-Situ Option

- Pre-case Element

- Roof Truss System

- TWP Steel Options

 PAPERWORK 4
TITLE : SUSTAINABILITY (THEORY AND PRACTICE)

SPEAKER : VINCENT CHOW

( ADVISOR PERSATUAN PENCINTA ALAM ( MNS J) ,

CAWANGAN JOHOR)

DATE : 2ND OCTOBER 2010

TIME : 2.30 pm – 4.30 pm

Introduction

Sustainability is related to the quality of life in a community whether the economic,

social and environmental systems that make up the community are providing a healthy,

productive, meaningful life for all community residents, present and future.

General Definition

Sustainability is a state of organization, at any particular level, that ensures, without

discontinuity, an opportunity for evolution, not just now, but well into the future.

Other Definition

 Sustainability, in a broad sense, is the capacity of maintaining a certain process or

state. It is now most frequently used in connection with biological and human systems.

 In an ecological context, sustainability can be defined as the ability of an ecosystem

to maintain ecological processes, functions, biodiversity and productivity into the

future.
 Sustainability is an issue for all communities, from small rural towns that are losing the

natural environment upon which their jobs depend, to large metropolitan areas where crime

and poverty are decreasing the quality of life. Sustainability indicators reflect the reality that

the three different segments are very tightly interconnected, as shown in the figure below:

Concept of Sustainability

• This concept of sustainability encompasses ideas, aspirations and values that continue

to inspire public and private organizations to become better stewards of the

environment and that promote positive economic growth and social objectives.

• The principles of sustainability can stimulate technological innovation, advance

competitiveness, and improve our quality of life.

Natural Sources

 Freshwater

 Forests

 Land

 Sea

 Minerals

The Daly Rules

 Three operational rules defining the condition of ecological (thermodynamic)

sustainability:

• Renewable resources such as fish, soil, and groundwater must be used no faster than

the rate at which they regenerate.

• Non-renewable resources such as minerals and fossil fuels must be used no faster than

renewable substitutes for them can be put into place.

• Pollution and wastes must be emitted no faster than natural systems can absorb them,

recycle them, or render them harmless.

Sustainability from different perspectives

1) Economic perspective

The social contract

• The theoretical basis of a social contract is the ‘license to operate’ that a company

receives from society, in return for which it arguably owes certain duties and

obligations to help ensure human well-being.

• The opportunity to build personal and collective wealth in capitalistic societies also

carries such responsibilities

• A social contract is simply an instrument that attempts to make the related duties and

obligations explicit.

DUTIES AND OBLIGATIONS OF A COMPANY

• to help ensure the well-being of its stakeholders .

• what its impacts on vital capitals should be.

 • Vital capitals include the environment (natural capital), individual knowledge, skills,

and health (human capital), social institutions required for individual and communal

well-being (social capital), and material necessities, infrastructure, and technology

(constructed capital).

Different aims, different approaches

• Far from these ideals, however, and in clear opposition to the environmental

movement, major corporations also started to stake their own claims to

“sustainability”, through initiatives such as the Business Council for Sustainable

Development.

• Today 's "sustainable" monoculture projects such as Community Social responsibility

( CSR ) are its direct descendants.

2) Environmental

Extinction crisis

 The current endangered species and extinction crisis is unique, in that the loss of

biodiversity is occurring very rapidly, and the causes of the crisis are the activities of a

single species: human beings.

 The dodo, Raphus cucullatus, became extinct in Mauritius during the 1680s, only 80

years after Europeans discovered the island. Although sailors may have eaten some

they are believed to have become extinct because of introduced predators and habitat

destruction.

 In the past, mass extinctions have been caused by climate change, extreme geological

activity, huge meteors colliding with the Earth or other natural factors.
  These changes in the environment took tens of thousands or even millions of years to

occur. The sixth great extinction episode has been precipitated by human activities,

and it appears to be happening very quickly.

SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY

OILPALM MONOCROPPING SUSTAINABLE

• responsible for 87% of deforestation from 1985-2000

• large tracts of ancient forests are chopped down to plant the crop resulting in

irreplaceable loss of biodiversity

• Indigenous communities displaced and loss of forest-based livelihood

• large amounts og pesticides and fertilisers used Surface runoff from plantations

contaminate rivers

• Discharges from oil-palm mills have polluted countless rivers affecting loss of fish

and other aquatic species, in turn affecting livelihood of communities depending on

rivers for their income and cheap protein

Sustainable development problems persist despite more institutions

 Despite the increasing number of institutions created to address issues of

environmental degradation and sustainable development, environmental problems

have been exacerbated rather than solved.

 This is mainly due to the fact that international environmental governance lacks co-

ordination and is perceived to be at odds with other areas of global governance,

notably economic and development governance.

  Most people associate environmentalism with restriction, prohibition, regulation, and

sacrifice.

 The most widely shared picture of a sustainable world is one of tight and probably

centralized control, low material standard of living, and no fun.

 Whatever the reason, hardly anyone envisions a sustainable world as one that would

be wonderful to live in .

Plight of our oceans

• The increasing pressure of excessive human use is straining marine life and vital

coastal habitats.

• Toxic pollution from cities and fields, anthropogenic waste disposal, excessive

nutrients and oil spills, increasingly threaten both living and nonliving resources in the

coastal and oceanic environments - adversely impacting and fundamentally changing

natural ecosystems and even threatening human health.

• Over fishing at sea, and increasing pollution are leading to a decline of ocean wildlife

and to the collapse of many ecosystems.

• In spite of the apparent vastness of the world's oceans, what once was considered

inexhaustible and resilient has become, in fact, finite and fragile.

Global Water Crisis

• Global water: 97% seawater, 3% freshwater.

• Of the freshwater 87% not accessible, 13% accessible (0.4% of total).

• Today more than 2 billion people are affected by water shortages in over 40 countries.
 • 90% of natural disasters in the 1990s were water related.

• The increase in numbers of people from 6 billion to 9 billion will be the main driver of

water resources management for the next 50 years.

• Five rivers in Asia serving over 870 million people are among the most threatened in

the world,-the Yangtze, Salween-Nu, Indus, Ganges and Mekong-Lancang

• 263 river basins are shared by two or more nations; 2 million tonnes per day of human

waste are deposited in water courses

• Half the population of the developing world are exposed to polluted sources of water

that increase disease incidence

• Water is a precious commodity and now needs to be managed well in order to sustain

mankind with it. The basis of Integrated Water resources Management (IWRM) is that

different uses of water are interdependent

Indicators for Sustainability

• Indicators measure whether a community is getting better or worse at providing all its

members with a productive, enjoyable life, both now and in the future.

INDICATOR OF SUSTAINABILITY
• An indicator is something that helps you understand where you are, which way you

are going and how far you are from where you want to be.

• A good indicator alerts you to a problem before it gets too bad and helps you

recognize what needs to be done to fix the problem.

• Indicators of a sustainable community point to areas where the links between the

economy, environment and society are weak. They allow you to see where the

problem areas are and help show the way to fix those problems.
 PAPERWORK 5

TITLE : GREEN TECHNOLOGY

SPEAKER : DR MOHD FADHIL MD. ZAIN

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

DATE : 3 OCTOBER 2010 ( SUNDAY )

TIME : 8.30 am – 9.30 pm

Benefits of Going Green

A Green or Sustainable building is one which is designed to save energy and

resources, recycle materials and minimize the emission of toxic substances throughout its life
cycle. It also designed to harmonize with the local climate, traditions, culture and the
surrounding environment. Sustainable building also able to sustain and improve the quality of
human life while maintaining the capacity of the ecosystem at the local and global levels.
Green buildings have many benefits, such as better use of building resources, significant
operational savings and increase workplace productivity.

Green Building Index (GBI)

Non-Residential

The GBI Non-Residential Rating tool evaluates the sustainable aspects of buildings
that are commercial, institutional and industrial in nature. This includes factories, offices,
hospitals, universities, colleges, hotels and shopping complexes.

Of the six criteria that make up the GBI rating, consist of energy efficiency, indoor
environment quality, sustainable site planning and management, material and resources, water
efficiency and innovation. These have greatest impact in the areas of energy use and well-
being of the occupants and users of the building.
 By improving on the efficiency of active systems including mechanical and electrical
systems, as well as incorporating good passive designs together with proper sustainable
maintenance regimes, significant reductions in consumed energy can be realized. This can
lead to reduced carbon footprint and also offers long-term saving for the building owners.

Residential

The GBI Resident Rating tool evaluates the sustainable aspects of residential
buildings. This includes linked houses, apartments, condominiums, townhouses, semi-
detached and bungalows.

This tool places more emphasis on sustainable site planning and management,
followed by energy efficiency. This serves to encourage developers and home owners to
consider the environmental quality of homes and their inhabitants through better site
selection, provisions of public transport access, increased community services and
connectivity, as well as improved infrastructure.

Such achievement will help reduce the negative impact to the environment and create
a better and safer place for residents and the community as a whole.

Environmental Impact of Buildings

Buildings have significant impact upon the environment through the way they are
planned, designed, operated and demolished. Building sector represents 40 percent of the
world’s energy consumptions and also contributes to one-third of global green house gaseous
emissions.

Due to its high share of emissions the building sector has the responsibility and
potential to take global lead reduction in strategies. Buildings represent the most direct,
immediate and cost-effective opportunities to help tackle climate change.
Building and Emissions

 Green house gaseous from burning fossil fuel

 CO2, the most widespread green house gas.

Related building emissions:

 Constructions
 Operation
 Demolition debris that degrade from landfill
 The extraction, manufacturing and transporting of building materials

Reducing the energy use and green house gas emissions produced by buildings is
therefore fundamental to the effort to slow the pace of global climate change.

Why Go Green?

If we go green, we got to save a lot of energy, water used and materials. Cost will be
reduced if we design a building following the green policies. But somehow, people get think
that going green will affect to increase the actual cost of some project. It is true?

No it is not true. The reason why the cost is increase is because of the way we think,
our mind set that we need to build a conventional building then we add up with the green
technology equipment. That is the reason why the cost is increase. But in the reality, the cost
is slightly lower than conventional building.

Going Green is not for us only. It is ideas how that energy can be save in order to
maintain the cost of life. Use energy efficiently, because not all energy can be renewable. It is
for the next generations. This is the legacy we left behind for better future ahead.
 PAPERWORK 6

TITLE : SAFETY AND HEALTH AND HAZARD AT CONSTRUCTION

SITE

SPEAKER : EN. MOHD SHAHRIWAN BIN IDRIS

IDEMITSU SM (MALAYSIA) SDN. BHD.

DATE : 3 OCTOBER 2010 ( SUNDAY )

TIME : 10.00 am – 12.00 pm

Biological Hazard Physchosocial Hazard

- Bacterial or virus - sexual harrestment

- SARS/Aids/Bloodborne - family

- Pathogen/Influenza - work pressure

- drug/alcohol
Physical Hazard Chemical Hazard

- Mechanical - hazardous chemical/gaseous/dust

- Electrical - odor/mist/vapor

- Ergonomic

- Noise

- Heat

- Pressure

- Height

Philosophy and Prinsipal

“Responsibility to ensure safety and health at work is under who create the risk and their

working with the risk”

General Duties of Employer and Person Self Employed

- the general duties of employers under legal provisions for welfare workers.

- Failure (noncompliance) is a crime.

- Conducting Safety Policy Health (Section 16).

- General duties of employers and self against other people employees (Section 17)

General Duties of Employer and Person Self Employed

- Beware of risk or danger (hazard).

- Knowledge and how to reduce the hazard or risk.

 - The severity of the hazard or risk.

Employees General Duties

- Reasonable regard for the safety of themselves and others.

- Working with employers.

- Wearing and using personal safety devices (PPE)

- obey with safety instructions

Defination

Incident - An event is planned networking events, where able / likely to cause injury or

affect human health and / or cause damage property and / or the environment.

Accident - An incident in which ultimately cause injury and / or interfere with human

health, and/ or damage to property and / or the environment.

Near-Miss - An incident in which it does not cause injury and / or affect human health and

/ or cause damage property and / or environmental.

Unsafe Condition

An unsafe situation, that is not related to the action of human actions, which is capable of

causing an accident and / or affect health.

1. Damaged safety barriers.

2. Safety device (PPE) that is damaged.

3. Machinery / equipment is damaged.

4. Narrow workspace / tightness.

5. Place the dirty work / disorganized.

6. Ventilation system is not perfect.

7. Workplace noise / heat.

 PAPERWORK 7

TITLE : POSTGRADUATE OPPORTUNITIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

SPEAKER : ASSOC. PROF. Ir Dr MOHD HANIM OSMAN

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

DATE : 3 OCTOBER 2010 ( SUNDAY )

TIME : 12.00 pm – 1.00 pm

FKA Vision – To be a world class centre of education and research in Civil Engineering

FKA Mission – To spearhead excellence in academic and technology development through

creativity

FKA Motto – Always ahead

Postgraduate is a study towards a Master's or doctoral degree, or a postgraduate

diploma or certificate that is taken after having obtained a Bachelor's degree. This study may

be through a taught course or through research.

Masters degrees is the titles of these degrees vary according to the subject and the

method of study, but there is no standard definition so you will need to check exactly what is

involved in studying for a specific Masters degree at a specific university.

PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) is the highest level of academic qualification. It involves

a period of at least 3 years of supervised research resulting in a thesis which "forms an

addition to knowledge, shows evidence of systematic study and of ability to relate the results

of such study to the general body of knowledge in the subject and is worthy of publication”.

Life-long learning:

 "lifelong, voluntary, and self-motivated”, pursuit of knowledge for either personal

or professional reasons.

 Learning is not confined to childhood or the classroom, but takes place throughout

life and in a range of situations. Today, constant scientific and technological

innovation and change has had a profound effect on learning needs and styles.

 Learning is no longer limited to place and time to acquire knowledge (school) and

a place and time to apply the knowledge acquired (the workplace)

 Instead, learning can be seen as something that takes place on an on-going basis

from our daily interactions with others and with the world around us.

Entry Requirement – Masters

 Bachelors Degree (Honours) in Civil Engineering (and other related fields) from

UTM or an equivalent

 OR Bachelors Degree in Civil Engineering (and other related fields) and have

working experience of at least two years in the respective field.

 Final year students can also apply.

Entry Requirement – PhD.

 Masters Degree in Civil Engineering (and other related fields) from UTM or an

equivalent achievement;
  OR First class Bachelor Degree from UTM, OR currently pursuing Masters

Programme at UTM/other institution and is certified by the Postgraduate committee

and approved by the University Senate.

Master’s degree by taught course:

 M.Eng. (Structure)

 M.Eng. (Geotechnics)

 M.Eng. (Transportation & Highway)

 M.Eng. (Hydraulics & Hydrology)

 M.Eng. (Environmental Engineering)

 M.Sc. (Construction Management)

 M.Sc. (Project Management)

Scholarship or sponsor that can be apply :

 UTM Scholarship Scheme (for master by research and PhD )

 UTM-PTPTN Scholarship Scheme

 UTM-Research Grant Fellowship Scheme

 National Science Fellowship (NSF) Scholarship Scheme

 Biasiswazah Zamalah (local PhD students only) (RM1 million from government)

 PhD Industri (joint sponsorship by government and industries) under myBrain15

project. (RM 50 million from the government)

 PAPERWORK 8

TITLE : REHABILITATION METHODS

SPEAKER : DATO’ Ir. DR AZMI BIN HASSAN

DIRECTOR,

HIGHWAY PLANNING DIVISION,

MINISTRY OF WORKS MALAYSIA

DATE : 3 OCTOBER 2010 ( SUNDAY )

TIME : 2.30 pm – 4.30 pm

PAVEMENT EVALUATION

a) Network Level Evaluation

b) Project Level Evaluation

c) Drainage Evaluation

d) Subgrade Evaluation

e) Materials Evaluation

f) Traffic Evaluation

g) Structural Evaluation

h) Overall Evaluation

i) Functional Treatment

j) Structural Treatment

k) Life Cycle Cost Analysis

l) Network Level Management

m) Project Level Management

n) Inventory
 o) Network Level Data Collection

p) Prioritization

q) Project Level Evaluation

r) Cause of Failure Determination

s) Treatment Alternative Selection

t) Construction

REHABILITATION METHODS

After the evaluation procces has ben completed, a decision has to be made on what

type of rehabilitation ought to be carried out for the section of the distress pavement.

Generally rehabilitation processes can be devided into 4 main catagories :

1) Restoration

2) Structural overlay

3) Partial and full depth reconstruction

4) Recycling

The decision to proceed with which type of rehabilitation depends on :


a) Structural condition of pavement

b) Type, severity and amount of surface distress

c) The outcome of the roughness and friction evaluation

d) The outcome of the drainage evaluation

e) The materials evaluation details

f) The traffic evaluation

g) The constraints (budget, time and construction)

RESTORATION
 i. Crack Sealing

ii. Slurry Seals / Micro Surfacing

iii. Thin Hot Mix Overlay

iv. Rejuvenaating Agent

v. Hot In-Place Recycling (HIPR)

CRACK SEALING

Crack sealing is a preventive road maintenance techniques whereby cracks in the roads

surfacing are sealed to prevent water from infiltrating into the underlaying pavement layers.

The water, once in the pavement structure, can cause early failure of road pavement structure

in a number of ways. The advantage of crack sealing are:


i. To reduce amount of moisture that can infiltrate the pavement structure

ii. If correctly performed, it will reduce pavement deterioration and prolong

pavement life

iii. It can be used to address:

a) Reflective cracking

b) Block cracking

c) Thermal cracking

d) Longitudinal cracking

e) Very early crocodile cracking

SLURRY SEAL / MICRO SURFACING

Micro surfacing is a modified version of slurry seal and was introduced in Canada in

early1990s. Micro surfacing consist of a mixture of polymer modified bitumen emulsion,

selected mineral aggregates, minerals filler,water and other additivesuch as cement and latex,

properly proportioned, mixed and spread on existing bituminous surfacing.

Micro surfacing is used to restore the surface characteristics of pavement or to

preserve pavement surfacing. This surfacing mixture can be designed to correct rutting, skid

resistance, seal surface cracks, protect pavement surfacing againts hardening, and improve

surfacing texturing.

With relatively short curing time of about an hour, it minimises disruption to traffic.

THIN HOT MIX OVERLAY

•Thin hot mix asphalt concrete less than 40 mm.

•Its aim is to correct surface deficiency such as :

a) Hardened surface

b) Low skid resistance

c) Rutted surface

•It will not add structural strength to pavement.

•A variation to this overlays is :

a) Porous asphalt

b) Gap graded

c) They are designed to address a particular deficiency.

REJUVENATING AGENT

•Treatment for hardened or aged bituminous surface (application is not exceeding 25 mm.)

•Usually polymer modified asphalt used.

•Applied to restore its original surface ptoperties by rejuvenating the oxidized asphalt.

•Usually used in low volume, low speed roads or parking lot.

•Protect surface properties but do not provide surface enhancement.

HOT IN-PLACE RECYCLING

Hot in place recycling is generally used to address functional pavement failures such

as bleeding, ravelling, surface cracking and undulating surface. HIPR is a rehabilitation

technique that involves heating, scarifying, mixing, levelling and compacting the existing

bituminous surface.

This technique also includes blending the scarified material with fresh bituminous

mix, bitumen rejuvenating agent and if necessary, virgin bitumen.

 CHAPTER 2 :
UNDERSTANDING OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
 Professional Ethics

Introduction of professional ethics

The professional carries additional moral responsibilities to those held by the population in

general and in society. This is because professionals are capable of making and acting on an

informed decision in situations that the general public cannot, because they have not received

the relevant training. For example, a lay member of the public could not be held responsible

for failing to act to save a car crash victim because they could not give an emergency

tracheotomy. This is because they do not have the relevant knowledge. In contrast, a fully

trained doctor (with the correct equipment) would be capable of making the correct diagnosis

and carrying out the procedure and we would think it wrong if they stood by and failed to help

in this situation. You cannot be held accountable for failing to do something that you do not

have the ability to do. Ethics are rules and values used in a professional setting . In the

workplace managers and supervisors should set the standard for using ethics by showing

respect, being honest, and promoting trust. If the management team uses unethical forms of

communication, the team and business can fail. Ethics are used world-wide in large

companies and small businesses. Promoting ethics in the workplace gives employees a sense

of worth and trust that can help the business and employees succeed (Joseph, Joshua, 2000).

This additional knowledge also comes with authority and power. The client places trust in the

professional on the basis that the service provided will be of benefit to them. It would be quite

possible for the professional to use his authority to exploit the client. An obvious example is

that of the dentist who carries out unneeded dental work on his patients in order to gain more

money. It is likely that the patient will not have sufficient knowledge to question what is

being done, and so will undergo and pay for the unneeded work.
Problems with internal regulation

There are questions surrounding the validity of professional codes of ethics. On a practical

level it is very difficult for those independent of the profession to monitor practice, leaving

the possibility that a code of practice may be self serving. This is because the nature of

professions is that they have almost a complete monopoly on a particular area of knowledge.

For example, until recently, the English courts deferred to the professional consensus on

matters relating to their practice that lay outside case law and legislation.

Separatism

On a theoretical level, there is debate as to whether an ethical code for a profession should be

consistent with the requirements of morality governing the public. Separatists argue that

professions should be allowed to go beyond such confines when they judge it necessary. This

is because they are trained to produce certain outcomes which may take moral precedence

over other functions of society. For example, it could be argued that a doctor may lie to a

patient about the severity of their condition, if there is reason to think that telling the patient

could cause them so much distress that it would be detrimental to their health. This would be

a disrespect of the patient’s autonomy, as it denies them information on something that could

have a great impact on their life. This would generally be seen as morally wrong. However, if

the end of improving and maintaining health is given a moral priority in society, then it may

be justifiable to contravene other moral demands in order to meet this goal. Separatism is

based on a relativist conception of morality that there can be different, equally valid moral

codes that apply to different sections of society and differences in codes between societies

(see moral relativism). If moral universalism is ascribed to, then this would be inconsistent

with the view that professions can have a different moral code, as the universalist holds that

there is only one valid moral code for all.

Code of Professional Ethics

I. Purpose and Scope

a. This Code of Professional Ethics (hereinafter called the "Code") lays down the

standards of integrity, professionalism and confidentiality which all members of the

Association shall be bound to respect in their work as conference interpreters.

b. Candidates shall also undertake to adhere to the provisions of this Code.

c. The Council, acting in accordance with the Regulation on Disciplinary Procedure,

shall impose penalties for any breach of the rules of the profession as defined in this

Code.

II. Code of Honour

Article 2

a. Members of the Association shall be bound by the strictest secrecy, which must be

observed towards all persons and with regard to all information disclosed in the course

of the practice of the profession at any gathering not open to the public.

b. Members shall refrain from deriving any personal gain whatsoever from confidential

information they may have acquired in the exercise of their duties as conference

interpreters.

Article 3
 a. Members of the Association shall not accept any assignment for which they are not

qualified. Acceptance of an assignment shall imply a moral undertaking on the

member's part to work with all due professionalism.

b. Any member of the Association recruiting other conference interpreters, be they

members of the Association or not, shall give the same undertaking.

c. Members of the Association shall not accept more than one assignment for the same

period of time.

Article 4

a. Members of the Association shall not accept any job or situation which might detract

from the dignity of the profession.

b. They shall refrain from any act which might bring the profession into disrepute.

Article 5

For any professional purpose, members may publicise the fact that they are conference

interpreters and members of the Association, either as individuals or as part of any grouping

or region to which they belong.

Article 6

a. It shall be the duty of members of the Association to afford their colleagues moral

assistance and collegiality.

b. Members shall refrain from any utterance or action prejudicial to the interests of the

Association or its members. Any complaint arising out of the conduct of any other

member or any disagreement regarding any decision taken by the Association shall be

pursued and settled within the Association itself.

 c. Any problem pertaining to the profession which arises between two or more members

of the Association, including candidates, may be referred to the Council for

arbitration, except for disputes of a commercial nature.

III. Working Conditions

Article 7

With a view to ensuring the best quality interpretation, members of the Association:

a. shall endeavour always to secure satisfactory conditions of sound, visibility and

comfort, having particular regard to the Professional Standards as adopted by the

Association as well as any technical standards drawn up or approved by it;

b. shall not, as a general rule, when interpreting simultaneously in a booth, work either

alone or without the availability of a colleague to relieve them should the need arise;

c. shall try to ensure that teams of conference interpreters are formed in such a way as to

avoid the systematic use of relay;

d. shall not agree to undertake either simultaneous interpretation without a booth or

whispered interpretation unless the circumstances are exceptional and the quality of

interpretation work is not thereby impaired;

e. require a direct view of the speaker and the room and therefore will not agree to

working from screens except in exceptional circumstances where a direct view is not

possible, provided the arrangements comply with the Association's appropriate

technical specifications and rules;

f. shall require that working documents and texts to be read out at the conference be sent

to them in advance;

g. shall request a briefing session whenever appropriate;

 h. shall not perform any other duties except that of conference interpreter at conferences

for which they have been taken on as interpreters.

Article 8

Members of the Association shall neither accept nor, a fortiori, offer for themselves or for

other conference interpreters recruited through them, be they members of the Association or

not, any working conditions contrary to those laid down in this Code or in the Professional

Standards.

IV. Amendment Procedure

Article 9

This Code may be modified by a decision of the Assembly taken with a two-thirds majority of

votes cast, provided a legal opinion has been sought on the proposals.

Concept of Professional Ethics

The concept of Professional Ethics is partly comprised of what a professional should or

should not do in the work place. It also encompasses a much greater part of the professionals

life. If a professional is to have ethics then that person needs to adopt that conduct in all of his

dealings. Things that are included are concepts like: professional respect, avoidance of

dishonest or fraudulent activity such as plagiarism and the professional development of the

individual. Another aspect of this is the enhancement of the profession and the industry within
which the professional works. This concerns a professional's conduct and behavior while

carrying out their professional work. This then, is work for the good of the community and

mankind.

Things to Do

1. Do return value to your customer (internal and external) in all business decisions

2. Do return value to your community locally and globally

3. Do deliver quality in a timely fashion

4. Do be honest in your work by telling the client, customer, or boss that the task or

project you are working on will not meet the target date.

5. Do ask for help in order to meet the project or task deadline. A professional will not

feel slighted if he or she acknowledges that he or she needs help.

6. When you accept an assignment, Do start using words like we, us and ours. A

professional never works at cross-purpose with the employer.

7. If the employer wants respect from employees, he/she should treat all employees as

professionals in their own right. Remember, if you treat someone as a professional,

they will (hopefully) treat you like one too.

8. Promote your profession i.e. Information Technology

9. Do things for the good of yourself, the customer and the profession. You are not a true

professional if you don't deliver outcomes that satisfy all three of these areas.

10. Do provide respect to others. This means truly thinking of their beliefs and desires,

and the contribution they make to the organization, however small.

Things to Not Do

1. Do not tell the client, customer, or boss that you can do something when you cannot.
2. When you accept an assignment, Do not use words like me, mine, you and yours.

3. Do not steal from your employer.

4. Do not underestimate your capabilities

 CHAPTER 3 :
DISCUSSION WITH PROFESSIONAL
ENGINEER
Before we start the interview session with Mr Mat Khala Bin Daud, we have discuss about the

code of professional ethics for engineer.

CODE OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS FOR ENGINEER

Engineering is an important and learned profession. As members of this profession, engineers

are expected to exhibit the highest standards of honesty and integrity. Engineering has a direct

and vital impact on the quality of life for all people. Accordingly, the services provided by

engineers require honesty, impartiality, fairness, and equity, and must be dedicated to the

protection of the public health, safety, and welfare. Engineers must perform under a standard

of professional behavior that requires adherence to the highest principles of ethical conduct.

I. Fundamental Canons

Engineers, in the fulfillment of their professional duties, shall:

1. Hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public.

2. Perform services only in areas of their competence.

3. Issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner.

4. Act for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees.

5. Avoid deceptive acts.

6. Conduct themselves honorably, responsibly, ethically, and lawfully so as to enhance

the honor, reputation, and usefulness of the profession.

II. Rules of Practice

1. Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public.

a. If engineers' judgment is overruled under circumstances that endanger life or

property, they shall notify their employer or client and such other authority as

may be appropriate.

b. Engineers shall approve only those engineering documents that are in

conformity with applicable standards.

c. Engineers shall not reveal facts, data, or information without the prior consent

of the client or employer except as authorized or required by law or this Code.

d. Engineers shall not permit the use of their name or associate in business

ventures with any person or firm that they believe is engaged in fraudulent or

dishonest enterprise.

e. Engineers shall not aid the unlawful practice of engineering by a person or

firm.

f. Engineers having knowledge of any alleged violation of this Code shall report

thereon to appropriate professional bodies and, when relevant, also to public

authorities, and cooperate with the proper authorities in furnishing such

information or assistance as may be required.

2. Engineers shall perform services only in the areas of their competence.

a. Engineers shall undertake assignments only when qualified by education or

experience in the specific technical fields involved.

 b. Engineers shall not affix their signatures to any plans or documents dealing

with subject matter in which they lack competence, nor to any plan or

document not prepared under their direction and control.

c. Engineers may accept assignments and assume responsibility for coordination

of an entire project and sign and seal the engineering documents for the entire

project, provided that each technical segment is signed and sealed only by the

qualified engineers who prepared the segment.

3. Engineers shall issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner.

a. Engineers shall be objective and truthful in professional reports, statements, or

testimony. They shall include all relevant and pertinent information in such

reports, statements, or testimony, which should bear the date indicating when it

was current.

b. Engineers may express publicly technical opinions that are founded upon

knowledge of the facts and competence in the subject matter.

c. Engineers shall issue no statements, criticisms, or arguments on technical

matters that are inspired or paid for by interested parties, unless they have

prefaced their comments by explicitly identifying the interested parties on

whose behalf they are speaking, and by revealing the existence of any interest

the engineers may have in the matters.

4. Engineers shall act for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees.

a. Engineers shall disclose all known or potential conflicts of interest that could

influence or appear to influence their judgment or the quality of their services.

b. Engineers shall not accept compensation, financial or otherwise, from more

than one party for services on the same project, or for services pertaining to the

same project, unless the circumstances are fully disclosed and agreed to by all

interested parties.

c. Engineers shall not solicit or accept financial or other valuable consideration,

directly or indirectly, from outside agents in connection with the work for

which they are responsible.

d. Engineers in public service as members, advisors, or employees of a

governmental or quasi-governmental body or department shall not participate

in decisions with respect to services solicited or provided by them or their

organizations in private or public engineering practice.

e. Engineers shall not solicit or accept a contract from a governmental body on

which a principal or officer of their organization serves as a member.

5. Engineers shall avoid deceptive acts.

a. Engineers shall not falsify their qualifications or permit misrepresentation of

their or their associates' qualifications. They shall not misrepresent or

exaggerate their responsibility in or for the subject matter of prior assignments.

Brochures or other presentations incident to the solicitation of employment

shall not misrepresent pertinent facts concerning employers, employees,

associates, joint venturers, or past accomplishments.

 b. Engineers shall not offer, give, solicit, or receive, either directly or indirectly,

any contribution to influence the award of a contract by public authority, or

which may be reasonably construed by the public as having the effect or intent

of influencing the awarding of a contract. They shall not offer any gift or other

valuable consideration in order to secure work. They shall not pay a

commission, percentage, or brokerage fee in order to secure work, except to a

bona fide employee or bona fide established commercial or marketing agencies

retained by them.

III. Professional Obligations

1. Engineers shall be guided in all their relations by the highest standards of honesty and

integrity.

a. Engineers shall acknowledge their errors and shall not distort or alter the facts.

b. Engineers shall advise their clients or employers when they believe a project

will not be successful.

c. Engineers shall not accept outside employment to the detriment of their regular

work or interest. Before accepting any outside engineering employment, they

will notify their employers.

d. Engineers shall not attempt to attract an engineer from another employer by

false or misleading pretenses.

e. Engineers shall not promote their own interest at the expense of the dignity and

integrity of the profession.

2. Engineers shall at all times strive to serve the public interest.

a. Engineers are encouraged to participate in civic affairs; career guidance for

youths; and work for the advancement of the safety, health, and well-being of

their community.

b. Engineers shall not complete, sign, or seal plans and/or specifications that are

not in conformity with applicable engineering standards. If the client or

employer insists on such unprofessional conduct, they shall notify the proper

authorities and withdraw from further service on the project.

c. Engineers are encouraged to extend public knowledge and appreciation of

engineering and its achievements.

d. Engineers are encouraged to adhere to the principles of sustainable

development in order to protect the environment for future generations.

3. Engineers shall avoid all conduct or practice that deceives the public.

a. Engineers shall avoid the use of statements containing a material

misrepresentation of fact or omitting a material fact.

b. Consistent with the foregoing, engineers may advertise for recruitment of

personnel.

c. Consistent with the foregoing, engineers may prepare articles for the lay or

technical press, but such articles shall not imply credit to the author for work

performed by others.
4. Engineers shall not disclose, without consent, confidential information concerning the

business affairs or technical processes of any present or former client or employer, or

public body on which they serve.

a. Engineers shall not, without the consent of all interested parties, promote or

arrange for new employment or practice in connection with a specific project

for which the engineer has gained particular and specialized knowledge.

b. Engineers shall not, without the consent of all interested parties, participate in

or represent an adversary interest in connection with a specific project or

proceeding in which the engineer has gained particular specialized knowledge

on behalf of a former client or employer.

5. Engineers shall not be influenced in their professional duties by conflicting interests.

a. Engineers shall not accept financial or other considerations, including free

engineering designs, from material or equipment suppliers for specifying their

product.

b. Engineers shall not accept commissions or allowances, directly or indirectly,

from contractors or other parties dealing with clients or employers of the

engineer in connection with work for which the engineer is responsible.

6. Engineers shall not attempt to obtain employment or advancement or professional

engagements by untruthfully criticizing other engineers, or by other improper or

questionable methods.

a. Engineers shall not request, propose, or accept a commission on a contingent

basis under circumstances in which their judgment may be compromised.

b. Engineers in salaried positions shall accept part-time engineering work only to

the extent consistent with policies of the employer and in accordance with

ethical considerations.

c. Engineers shall not, without consent, use equipment, supplies, laboratory, or

office facilities of an employer to carry on outside private practice.

7. Engineers shall not attempt to injure, maliciously or falsely, directly or indirectly, the

professional reputation, prospects, practice, or employment of other engineers.

Engineers who believe others are guilty of unethical or illegal practice shall present

such information to the proper authority for action.

a. Engineers in private practice shall not review the work of another engineer for

the same client, except with the knowledge of such engineer, or unless the

connection of such engineer with the work has been terminated.

b. Engineers in governmental, industrial, or educational employ are entitled to

review and evaluate the work of other engineers when so required by their

employment duties.

c. Engineers in sales or industrial employ are entitled to make engineering

comparisons of represented products with products of other suppliers.

8. Engineers shall accept personal responsibility for their professional activities,

provided, however, that engineers may seek indemnification for services arising out of

their practice for other than gross negligence, where the engineer's interests cannot

otherwise be protected.

a. Engineers shall conform with state registration laws in the practice of

engineering.

b. Engineers shall not use association with a nonengineer, a corporation, or

partnership as a "cloak" for unethical acts.

9. Engineers shall give credit for engineering work to those to whom credit is due, and

will recognize the proprietary interests of others.

a. Engineers shall, whenever possible, name the person or persons who may be

individually responsible for designs, inventions, writings, or other

accomplishments.

b. Engineers using designs supplied by a client recognize that the designs remain

the property of the client and may not be duplicated by the engineer for others

without express permission.

c. Engineers, before undertaking work for others in connection with which the

engineer may make improvements, plans, designs, inventions, or other records

that may justify copyrights or patents, should enter into a positive agreement

regarding ownership.

d. Engineers' designs, data, records, and notes referring exclusively to an

employer's work are the employer's property. The employer should indemnify
 the engineer for use of the information for any purpose other than the original

purpose.

e. Engineers shall continue their professional development throughout their

careers and should keep current in their specialty fields by engaging in

professional practice, participating in continuing education courses, reading in

the technical literature, and attending professional meetings and seminars.

For this part, an interview session regarding on professional ethics with a professional are
done. The interview session were done in his office.

Below are the interview transcript of the questions and answers and a picture of our
group with Mr. Mat Khala Bin Daud:

Q1: For your point of view, what do you understand on the meaning of professional

ethics?

A1: For me, ethics are particular beliefs or attitudes concerning on moral issues. It is

common sense on what we should do or should not do as professionals. As I learned

from a course, it means something more than law and morals, it is an individual

character or procedures to follow in order to be a good professional. Ethics are rules

and values used in a professional setting.

Q2: You mentioned about a course, may we know what kind of course is that?

A2: To work for government, it is compulsory for us to attend a Board of Engineers,

Malaysia (BEM) mandatory course on the Code of Ethics/Regulations which was

organized by The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia (IEM) Training Centre Sdn.

Bhd. It is a programmed in respect to Code of Ethics in which engineers have to

oblige. It taught us how to dealt with difficult scenario that arise at workplace on

the most appropriate way.

It was a beneficial course as it will increase the level of awareness on engineers’ code

of ethics in many elements of engineering aspects. Besides that, the responsibilities of

engineers towards the organization were also explained in the course.

Q3: Can you give us any examples of issues in professional ethics?

A3: It would be quite possible for the professionals to use their authority in order to

exploit the client. Generally, engineers should be trustworthy in their design job.

If they accept any offer of bribe from contractors to certify the safety of project

which is actually not safe, this is considered as ethics problem. Besides that,

engineers should also not faking any information or safety factors in their

design.

Another example is such as where a house contractor who carries out renovations

work on his client’s house with high prices in order to gain more money. It is likely

that the client will not have sufficient knowledge to question what is being done, and

so will undergo and pay for the works.

Q4: Have you ever experienced any ethical problems from your workers?

A4: So far, there are no problems in our working environment. Thank God for that. But,

who knows if they had secretly sold the project to some contractor without my

consent. But as far as I know, all my workers are fine. The problem is that,

working in construction field is to work with various type of people; architects,

engineers, consultants, contractors, etc.

There is one case where a column of the building is not in the position as it should be.

The consultant of that project did not do any action of it where he supposed to write

a full report to the authority. This shows that this consultant was not aware of his

responsibility as an engineer.
Q5: What are your responsibility in preventing any ethics problems?

A5: Being a head of Project Development Unit is the person who is given the big

responsibilities. I have to be aware of any moral issues that arise because we as

professionals are the ones who are capable of making and acting decision in any

situations. Therefore, I have to ensure that my engineers are doing the design work

according to the specifications and the contractors do their work according to the

design with the correct material and sizes. Thus, the most important thing is to

supervise and review the entire project on a daily basis to determine all works are

being done correctly.

Apart from that, I also must always remind my workers to be aware with the Code of

Ethics and their role in facing crucial situation. Workplace ethics training is essential

to the success of any business. If there is no such problem, the project can be

easily done on time, within quality and budget allocated.

Q6: What are the importance of professional ethics?

A6: For example of cases I mentioned earlier, without ethics one project could face many

problems such as failure and cracks. This could harm the safety of many people as

well as causing delays in order to repair the problems. This is crucial as any

delays in the project may cause a substantial amount of money. It can also cause bad

reputation to the organization.

Therefore, professionals must have good ethics in the workplace so that we can be

respectful engineers. It also will maintain the public’s trust in the organization,

meaning that the public will continue to seek for our services.
Q7: What are the actions for those who have this problem?

A7: Normally, we would write a letter to his company reporting his ethical problems or

report directly to The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia (IEM). They will do the

further action for this person. If the cases involving bribe, this person will be

terminated from the project and could be jailed.

Q8: What are the good ethics that one should follows?

A8: As professionals, we must be loyal to the organization. We also must be honest and

sincere in doing our jobs. Besides that, we also must respect each others in order to do

efficient work together in a team. We should not be selfish and greedy to gain some

money because won’t be respected by others for that. Fairness is also one of the ethical

behaviors that a professional should have. Other than that, we should always provide

guidelines of actions for those people around us.