Name: Nino G.

Diestro Date: May 1, 2018

Heat engine

A system that converts heat or thermal energy and chemical energy to mechanical
energy, which can then be used to do mechanical work.

Types of Engine

1. External combustion (E.C.) Engine

- An engine in which combustion of fuel take place outside of the cylinder is
known as EC engine. In this type of engine heat, which is generated by burning of fuel
is used to convert the water or other low boiling temperature fluid into steam. This high
pressure steam used to rotate a turbine. In this engine we can use all solid, liquid and
gases fuel. These engines are generally used in driving locomotive, ships, generation of
electric power etc.

Advantages of E.C. engine-

 In these engines starting torque is generally high.
 Because of external combustion we can use cheaper fuels as well as solid fuel.
 They are more flexible compare to internal combustion engines.

2. Internal Combustion (I.C.) Engine

-It is an engine in which combustion of fuel take place inside the engine. When the
fuel burns inside the engine cylinder, it generates a high temperature and pressure. This
high pressure force is exerted on the piston (A device which free to moves inside the
cylinder and transmit the pressure force to crank by use of connecting rod), which used
to rotate the wheels of vehicle. In these engines we can use only gases and high
volatile fuel like petrol, diesel. These engines are generally used in automobile
industries, generation of electric power etc.
 IC engines are differentiated by the number of ‘strokes’ or cycles each piston makes for
a full rotation of the crankshaft. Most common today are four-stroke engines, which
break down the combustion reaction in four steps:

1. Induction or injection of a fuel-air mix (the carburate) into the combustion

chamber.
2. Compression of the mix.
3. Ignition by a spark plug or compression — fuel goes boom.
4. Emission of the exhaust.

Advantages of I.C. engine-

 It has overall high efficiency over E.C. engine.
 These engines are compact and required less space.
 Initial cost of I.C. engine is lower than E.C. engine.
 This engine easily starts in cold because of it uses high volatile fuel.


Types of I.C. Engine

- I.C. engine is widely used in automobile industries so it is also known as automobile
engine. An automobile engine may be classified in many manners. Today I am going to tell
you some important classification of an automobile engine.

According to number of stroke:

1. Two stroke engine

In a two stroke engine a piston moves one time up and down inside the cylinder and complete
one crankshaft revolution during single time of fuel injection. This type of engine has high torque
compare to four stroke engine. These are generally used in scooters, pumping sets etc.

2. Four stroke engine

In a four stroke engine piston moves two times up and down inside the cylinder and complete
two crankshaft revolutions during single time of fuel burn. This type of engines has high average
compare to two stroke engine. These are generally used in bikes, cars, truck etc.
 According to design of engine:

1. Reciprocating engine (piston engine)

In reciprocating engine the pressure force generate by combustion of fuel exerted on a piston (A
device which free to move in reciprocation inside the cylinder). The piston starts reciprocating
motion (too and fro motion). This reciprocating motion converts into rotary motion by use of
crank shaft. So the crank shaft starts to rotate and make rotate the wheels of the vehicle. These
are generally used in all automobile.

2. Rotary engine (Wankel engine)

In rotary engine there is a rotor which frees to rotate. The pressure force generated by burning
of fuel is exerted on this rotor so the rotor rotate and starts to rotate the wheels of vehicle. This
engine is developed by Wankel in 1957. This engine is not used in automobile in present days.

According to fuel used:

1. Diesel engine

These engines use diesel as the fuel. These are used in trucks, buses, cars etc.

2. Petrol engine

These engines use petrol as the fuel. These are used in bikes, sport cars, luxury cars etc.

3. Gas engine

These engines use CNG and LPG as the fuel. These are used in some light motor vehicles.

4. Electric engine

It is eco-friendly engine. It doesn’t use any fuel to burn. It uses electric energy to rotate wheel.

According to method of ignition:

1. Compression ignition engine

In these types of engines, there is no extra equipment to ignite the fuel. In these engines
burning of fuel starts due to temperature rise during compression of air. So it is known as
compression ignition engine.

2. Spark ignition engine

In these types of engines, ignition of fuel start by a spark, generated inside the cylinder by some
extra equipment (Spark Plug). So it is known as spark ignition engine.

According to number of cylinder:

1. Single cylinder engine

In this type of engines have only one cylinder and one piston connected to the crank shaft.

2. Multi-cylinder engine

In this type of engines have more than one cylinder and piston connected to the crank shaft.

According to arrangement of cylinder:

1. In-line engine

In this type of engines, cylinders are positioned in a straight line one

behind the other along the length of the crankshaft.

2. V-type engine

An engine with two cylinder banks inclined at an angle to each other and
with one crankshaft known as V-type engine.

3. Opposed cylinder engine

 An engine with two cylinders banks opposite to each other on a
single crankshaft (V-type engine with 180o angle between
banks).

4. W-type engine

An engine same as V-type engine except with three banks of cylinders on the same crankshaft
known as W-type engine.

5. Opposite piston engine

In this type of engine there are two pistons in each cylinder

with the combustion chamber in the center between the
pistons. In this engine, a single combustion process causes
two power strokes, at the same time.

6. Radial engine

It is an engine with pistons positioned in circular plane around the central

crankshaft. The connecting rods of pistons are connected to a master rod
which, in turn, connected to the crankshaft.

According to air intake process:

1. Naturally aspirated

In this types of engine intake of air into cylinder occur by the atmospheric pressure.

2. Supercharged engine
In this type of engine air intake pressure is increased by the compressor driven by the engine
crankshaft.

3. Turbocharged engine

In this type of engine intake air pressure is increase by use of a turbine compressor driven by
the exhaust gases of burning fuel.

Main Engine Components

1. Flywheel

is a mechanical device specifically designed to efficiently store

rotational energy. Flywheels resist changes in rotational speed by
their moment of inertia.

2. Cylinder

is the central working part of a reciprocating engine or pump, the

space in which a piston travels.

3. Cylinder block

A cylinder block is an integrated structure comprising the

cylinder(s) of a reciprocating engine and often some or all of their
associated surrounding structures (coolant passages, intake and
exhaust passages and ports, and crankcase).
5.Cylinder head

(often informally abbreviated to just head) sits above the cylinders

on top of the cylinder block. It closes in the top of the cylinder,
forming the combustion chamber. This joint is sealed by a head
gasket. In most engines, the head also provides space for the
passages that feed air and fuel to the cylinder, and that allow the
exhaust to escape. The head can also be a place to mount the
valves, spark plugs, and fuel injectors.

6.Piston Pin

also known as a wrist pin, is a hardened steel pin which connects an

engine's piston to a connecting rod. This pin is hollow to reduce weight
and is held in place with a number of different methods. Most factory-
stock piston pin designs rely on a pressed fit with the pin being
pressed into the connecting rod.

7. Exhaust Manifold

collects the exhaust gases from multiple cylinders into one pipe. The
word manifold comes from the Old English word manigfeald and refers
to the folding together of multiple inputs and outputs.

8. inlet manifold or intake manifold

is the part of an engine that supplies the fuel/air mixture to the

cylinders.
9. Piston
Piston is a cylindrical structure with a flat surface called crown at the
top. Piston is the component that moves up and down in an engine
cylinder.

10. Connecting Rod

It is an ‘I’ shape structure whose one end is connected to piston
and other one to crankshaft. The piston side end of connecting
rod has hole in it. And we have also got a hole in piston’s
cylindrical structure just beneath the piston rings. So we align this
hole with connecting rods hole and put a wrist pin through it. Wrist
pin act as a bearing and connecting rod can move like pendulum
beneath piston, though piston’s cylindrical structure is gonna limit
its motion. To make sure that wrist pin should not move from its
position it is restricted by snap ring at both sides.

11. Crankshaft

As name suggests it is designed in such a way to convert linear

(up and down) motion of piston into rotational motion. It works
same as slider- crank mechanism. Material used for making
crankshaft is cast iron generally but we also use forged steel in
high power engines where load on crankshaft is too high.

Casting a crank-shaft seems to be an easy task, but it’s not.

Once crankshaft is casted it is then machined, which is not that
easy considering its shape. Then after machining it requires
proper balancing to work properly.
12. Crankshaft Casing

It is also called as oil sump. It is a casing which is bolted to

engine block, which covers engine from bottom thus called
crankshaft casing. It retains lubricating oil in it which is pumped
to different engine parts. Crankshaft has got small holes which
spills oil towards piston, to remove piston heat and lubricate the
piston rings, so it also prevents oil from splashing. We have got
a bolt at the bottom of this casing from where we remove used
lubricating oil during maintenance.

13. Engine Head

Engine head is casted in the same way as engine block. Its
mold is made such that the casted piece must have an opening
for air to flow into engine cylinder and an exhaust opening from
where the burnt gases will go out. This passage of air flowing in
and going out of engine cylinder is controlled by inlet and outlet
valves. So engine head also has cylindrical holes to insert
valve stem.

14. Valves
As we have already know that they control the inlet and exhaust
air to go into and out of engine cylinder. Material used to make
valves is nickel-chromium iron alloy. It can resist high
temperature and have great strength. Valve could be described in
two parts- valve stem and valve head. As we already know that
we have got cylindrical hole in engine head for valve steam and
we also have a valve seat where valve head will rest in engine
head. Valve is mounted upside down means valve head is facing
engine cylinder. It is so because when there would be high pressure in engine cylinder it would
press the valve head against its seat in engine head and thus pressure will be maintained at
best.
15. Camshaft
It is a shaft with a number of cam profiles along its length. So it
regulates the valves opening and closing time. It does so by
pressing the end of valve stem by its cam profile. But we still
need a mechanism which would return the valve back to its
position once pressed by the cam profile of camshaft. We have
valve spring and bucket head tappet assembly for solving this
problem.

16. Timing Belt

Transmits the motion of gear mounted at crankshaft called crank-
gear, to the gear mounted at camshaft. The ration of cam-gear to
that of crank-gear is 2:1. So that camshaft would rotate only once
in two rotations of crankshaft. Timing belt is made up either from
glass-fiber or Kevlar so it does not worn-out easily.

17. Spark Plug

It is the parts of an engine that ignites the air-fuel mixture in the
engine cylinder. It produces the spark at right time by using
electrical energy of battery. The basic working principle is that
when we have high electrical potential at one end and zero or
negative potential at other end. And two ends being real very
close to each other, it produces an electric field so strong
between them that it ionizes the air molecules thus producing
spark. And that is in the combustion chamber , It is made up of titanium so that it can withstand
a real high temperature generated by high electric potential difference while producing spark.
18. Gasket
A wide variety of materials are used in making gaskets like
Teflon, glass-fiber, silicon etc. It is generally a paper like
sheet which is placed between engine block and engine
head. As we have already discussed that we have both
water and oil vents in engine block, so gasket gives
insulation from water or oil leaking into engine cylinder or
air-fuel mixture from engine cylinder leaking out from joint
of engine block and engine head. Aluminum engine blocks
are preferred over cast iron because it expends more on heating thus compressing the gasket
more, increases the workability of gasket, thus reducing the chances of leakage.

19. Piston Rings

Piston rings prevent the pressure created by burning of air-fuel
mixture from leaking into crankcase. Not only that piston rings
scrap down the oil from cylinder walls which is spilled by
crankshaft to remove heat from piston. They also transfer heat of
the piston to the cylinder walls which are being cooled by water
circulation through water vents.