Bluetooth Approach

For

Toll Tax Application

A Thesis Report
Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of the degree of ME in Software Engineering

Submitted by
Sona Rani
ME (Software Engineering)
8013116

Under the supervision of:

Mr. Lalit Garg
Lecturer,CSED
TIET,Patiala

Computer Science and Engineering Department

Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology
(Deemed University)
Patiala-147004
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis work entitled “Bluetooth Approach for Toll Tax
Application” submitted by Sona Rani, in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
award of the degree of Master of Engineering (Software Engineering), Thapar Institute of
Engineering and Technology (Deemed University), Patiala, is a record of candidate’s
own work carried out by her under my supervision and guidance.

Mr. Lalit Garg

Supervisor,
Lecturer,CSED
TIET, Patiala

Ms. Seema Bawa Dr. D.S. Bawa

Head, CSED Dean
TIET, Patiala Academic Affairs
TIET, Patiala

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Mr. Lalit Garg (Lecturer), for providing
invaluable guidance, suggestions and sympathetic attitude, which inspired me to submit
this thesis report in time. I also wish to express my gratitude to Ms. Seema Bawa, Head,
Computer Science and Engineering Department for her valuable advice and suggestions.

I would also like to thank all the staff members of Computer Science and Engineering
Department for providing me all the facilities required for the completion of this work.

I would like to extend my special thanks to Mr. Balveer Singh, Supervisor, RITS, under
NHAI, at Shambu Toll Collection station for providing me data of existing toll collection
system and for providing me timely guidance.

I also wish to express thanks to my daughter Mokshta who missed my care and attention
during this work.

And last but not least I wish to thank all my classmates for their time to time suggestions
and cooperation.

Sona Rani
8013116
M.E. (Software Engineering)

3
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.

Certificate

Acknowledgement

List of Figures iv

List of Tables vi

Abstract vii

1. Introduction 1

1.1 Technology 1

1.1.1 Types of Links 2

1.1.2 Adhoc Networking 2

1.1.3 Voice over Bluetooth 3

1.1.4 Video over Bluetooth 3

1.1.5 Radio Link 3

1.1.6 Security 3

1.1.7 Frequency Range 4

1.1.8 Power Requirement 4

1.2 Goal 4

1.2.1 Open Specification 5

1.2.2 Low-Power Frequency Hopping Radio 6

1.2.3 Voice and Data 6

1.2.4 Making Mobile Devices More Useful 6

4
 1.3 Features of Bluetooth 7

1.4 Security 7

1.4.1 Security Architecture 8

1.4.2 Security Levels 9

1.4.3 Security Modes 10

1.4.4 Key Management 11

1.4.5 Authentication 13

1.4.6 Encryption 14

1.4.7 Applications 16

2. Bluetooth in Toll Tax Application 19

2.1 Toll Tax System 19

2.2 Problems in Existing System 19

2.3 Why Bluetooth 20

2.4 Functionality of New Toll Collection System 20

2.5 Connection in the Bluetooth Based Toll Tax System 25

2.6 Routing in Toll Tax Application 28

2.7 UML Diagrams of Bluetooth Based System 33

2.8 Billing System 38

2.9 Benefits of the New System 40

3. Establishing Connections 42

3.1 Connection State and Power Consumption 43

3.2 Scatternet 44

3.3 State Diagram 45

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 3.3.1 Standby State 45

3.3.2 Inquiry 45

3.3.3 Inquiry Scan 47

3.3.4 Page Scan 47

3.3.5 Page 47

3.4 Connection State 49

3.4.1 Active Mode 49

3.4.2 Sniff Mode 50

3.4.3 Hold Mode 50

3.4.4 Park Mode 50

4. Experimental Results 51

Conclusion 58

Future Enhancements 59

Appendix 60

References 63

Papers Presented 67

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Number Figure Name Page Number

1.1 Link Layer Security Architecture 9

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1.2 Key Control 12

1.3 Description of The Authentication Process 13

1.4 Description of The Encryption Process 15

2.1 Functionality of the System 21

2.2 Operational Model of the Toll Tax System 22

2.3 Flow Chart of the Toll Tax System 24

2.4 Hop Frequency Selection 25

2.5 Connection –State Machine 26

2.6 Master Slave Switch-A 30

2.7 Master Slave Switch-B 30

2.8 Distance Based Power Control 31

2.9 Bar Chart of Distance Based Routing 32

2.10 Graphical Representation of Distance Based Routing 32

2.11 Class Diagram 34

2.12 Activity Diagram 35

2.13 Sequence Diagram 36

2.14 Collaboration Diagram 37

2.15 Accounting Management Architecture 39

3.1 Connection-Establishment Procedures 42

3.2 Receive Window 43

3.3 Scatternet 44

3.4 Connection Establishment’s Finite State Machine 46

3.5 Master and Slave Page Response Procedure 49

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 4.1 Bar Chart of Pollution Control 52

4.2 Graph of Pollution Contol 52

4.3 Bar Chart of Cash Risk 53

4.4 Graph of Cash Risk 53

4.5 Bar chart of Man Power Required 54

4.6 Graph of Man Power Required 54

4.7 Bar Chart of Queue Size 55

4.8 Graph of Queue Size 55

4.9 Bar Chart of Petrol Saving 56

4.10 Graph of Petrol Saving 56

4.11 Bar chart of Total Cost 57

LIST OF TABLES
Table Number Table Name Page Number
2.1 Distance Based Power Control 31
3.1 Time Establishing Connection 42
4.1 Results 51

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 ABSTRACT
The bluetooth wireless technology was created to replace the cables used on
mobile devices with radio frequency waves. The technology encompasses a simple low-
cost, low-power, global radio system for integration into mobile devices, which can form
a quick ad-hoc secure “piconet” and communicate among the connected devices. This
technology creates many useful mobile usage models because the connections can occur
while mobile devices are being carried in pockets and briefcases. Therefore, there are no
line-of-sight restrictions. Bluetooth technology operates at a short-range radio frequency
(RF) and is capable of transmitting voice and data. The effective range of bluetooth
devices is 32 feet (10 meters). Bluetooth transfers data at the rate of 1 Mbps.
The bluetooth specifications use frequency-hopping spread-spectrum technology,
which entails the transmitter’s jumping from one frequency to the next at a specific
hopping rate in accordance with a pseudo-random code sequence. Bluetooth wireless
technology uses 79 hops per second displaced by 1 MHz, starting at 2.402 GHz and
stopping at 2.480 GHz. Frequency hopping makes the transmission more secure and
resistant to noise and fade. In spread spectrum technique used by bluetooth, the signal is
taken apart or “spread” so that it sounds more like noise to the casual listener. Using the
same spreading code as the transmitter, the receiver correlates and collapses the spread
signal back down to its original form. With the signal’s power spread over a larger band
of frequencies, the result is a more robust signal and it makes voice and data
communications more secure.
In my thesis work, I have implemented the bluetooth technology in the
application of toll tax system. In the current system the difficulties are time management,
payment collection and processing, long queues and manual operations. These difficulties
can be removed by implementing the system using bluetooth technology. This will make
the system automatic, secure and easier to operate and maintain.

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Bluetooth is a radio frequency (RF) specification for short-range point to point
and point to multipoint voice and data transfer. Bluetooth has enabled to connect to
wide range of computing and telecommunications devices without the need for
proprietary cables that often fall short in terms of ease of use.
Bluetooth is a computing and telecommunications industry specification that
describes how mobile phones, computers, and personal digital assistants (PDAs) can
easily interconnect with each other and with home and business phones and computers
using a short-range wireless connection. Using this technology, users of cellular
phones, pagers, and personal digital assistants such as the Palm Pilot will be able to
buy a three-in-one phone that can double as a portable phone at home or in the office,
get quickly synchronized with information in a desktop or notebook computer, initiate
the sending or receiving of a fax, initiate a print-out, and, in general, have all mobile
and fixed computer devices totally coordinated.
Bluetooth requires that a low-cost transceiver chip be included in each device.
The transceiver transmits and receives in a previously unused frequency band of 2.45
GHz that is available globally (with some variation of bandwidth in different
countries). In addition to data, up to three voice channels are available. Each device
has a unique 48-bit address from the IEEE 802 standard. Connections can be point-to-
point or multipoint and can range maximum upto 10 meters exchanging data at a rate
of 1 Megabit per second (up to 2 Mbps in the second generation of the technology). A
frequency hop scheme allows devices to communicate even in areas with a great deal
of electromagnetic interference.

1.1 Technology

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 Bluetooth wireless technology is implemented in tiny, inexpensive, short-range
transceivers in the mobile devices, either embedded directly into existing component
boards or added into an adopter device such as a PC card.
Bluetooth wireless technology used the globally available unlicensed ISM
radio band of 2.4 GHz and 2.4 to 2.484GHz, which do not require an operator’ s
license from the federal communication committee or any international regulatory
authority. The use of a common frequency band waves that you can bring devices
using the bluetooth specification virtually anywhere in the world and they will be able
to link up with other such devices regardless of what country you happen to be
visiting.

1.1.1 Types of Links

Asynchronous Connectionless Links (ACL): It support symmetric (maximum
data rate is 433.9 Kbps for sending and receiving) or asymmetric (max. data rate is
723.2 Kbps for one direction and 57.6 Kbps for the other), packet-switched, point-to-
multipoint connections, typically used for data. Synchronous Connection-Oriented
Links provide symmetrical, circuit-switch, point-to-point connections, typically used
for voice.

1.1.2 Adhoc Networking

A device equipped with a radio using the Bluetooth specification establishes
instant connectivity with one or more other similarly equipped radios as soon as they
come into range. When it comes to adhoc networking for data, a device equipped with
a radio using the bluetooth specification establishes instant connectivity with one or
more other similarly equipped radios as soon they come into range. Each device has a
unique 48-bit Medium Access Control (MAC) address as specified in the IEEE 802
standards for LANs. For voice when a mobile phone using bluetooth wireless
technology comes within range of another mobile phone with built in bluetooth
wireless technology conversations occur over a localized point to point radio link.

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Since the connection does not involve a telecommunications service provider, there is
no per minute usage charge.

1.1.3 Voice over Bluetooth

The bluetooth specification allows telephone handsets built to conform to it to
be used in three different ways.
First, telephones in the home or office may act as cordless phone connecting to
the PSTN and incurring a per-minute usage charge.
Second, telephone using the Bluetooth wireless technology can connect
directly to other telephones for the purpose of acting as “ walkie-talkie” or handset
extension (intercom) incurring no charges from the carrier.
Third, the telephone may act as mobile phone connected to the cellular
infrastructure and incurring mobile phone charges.

1.1.4 Video over Bluetooth

The Bluetooth specification is capable of supporting video transmissions
between devices. An IC developed by Toshiba supports video signal encoding and
decoding in the MPEG-4 format with significant reductions in power consumption,
making them suited for power-contained wireless applications, including those run on
the third generation of mobile computing and communications products and devices
using Bluetooth wireless technology.

1.1.5 Radio Link

The radio link itself is very robust, using frequency-hopping spread spectrum
technology to mitigate the effects of interference and fading.

1.1.6 Security
The Bluetooth security architecture relies on PIN codes for establishing trusted
relationships between devices. While not practical to go through all the combinations

12
of uses of PIN codes, it should be noted that once a trusted pairing is established
between devices, these codes could be stored within the device to allow more
automatic/simple connections. The key to Bluetooth simplicity will be establishing the
trusted relationship between commonly used devices. For random ad-hoc connections
that require authenticated connections (such as ensuring you are connecting to who
you think you are connecting to, something that is not always obvious with invisible
radio waves), PINs would have to be exchanged (depending on how the devices are
configured).

1.1.7 Frequency Range

Bluetooth operates in the 2.4 GHz range referred to as the Instrumentation,
Scientific and Medical (ISM) band. This band provides license -free operation in the
United States, Europe, Japan and most industrialized nations worldwide.

1.1.8 Power Requirement

The bluetooth specification limits the radio output power exactly to that
actually required. For instance, the receiving radio indicates that it is only a few
meters away, the transmitter immediately modifies its signal strength to suit the exact
range. This feature dramatically reduces the radio’s power consumption as well as its
radio interference. Furthermore, the radio chip automatically shifts to a low-power
mode as soon as traffic volumes becomes low or stops. The low power mode is only
interrupted by very short signals with the purpose of verifying the established
connection.
The radio with bluetooth wireless technology consumes less than a few percent
of the power consumed with a modern mobile phone. The transmission mode is only
used as necessary and always for the shortest possible period of time.

1.2 Goal
Bluetooth is the code name for the rapidly emerging global specification for
wireless connectivity for mobile PCs, handheld computing devices, wireless phones,

13
headsets, other wearable devices and computer peripherals including printers, in
addition to human interface devices such as data pads and mice. Led by Intel,
Ericsson, IBM, Nokia, and Toshiba, the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) was
established to create a global specification for wireless communications interface and
control software, in order to ensure device interoperability.

1.2.1 Open Specification

The SIG is now actively engaged in working out regulatory issues around the
world. To encourage the widest possible deployment of the technology, Bluetooth is
an open industry specification that will be made available to Bluetooth SIG members
on a royalty-free basis. The growing momentum behind Bluetooth is indicated by the
fact that the SIG recently enrolled its 500th member company.
To create a specification for the connection of mobile devices without cables,
Intel and other SIG members needed to address three important issues:
½ The relatively high cost of adding wireless communications capability to
mobile computing devices;
½ The need to adapt to the established usage models for mobile computing
devices and phones-and the need for a device-independent, interoperable technology;
½ The absence of a global wireless standard, with no one networking standard
currently available worldwide.
The goal of the Bluetooth SIG is to deliver cable-free mobile devices at the
right cost, the right size and the right power consumption. The concept of simply
embedding a cellular phone within a mobile computer was rejected early on because
of its prohibitively high cost, coupled with the fact that the 2-mile range of cellular
phones is unnecessary. Most mobile computing devices are used within close
proximity to existing networks in offices and homes-including LANs and Public
Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) equipment. Network access points can provide
Bluetooth radio links to mobile equipment.

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1.2.2 Low-Power Frequency Hopping Radio
A low-power radio interface was chosen, operating on the globally available
2.45 GHz band. The radio air interface features nominal antenna power of 0 dBm and
complies with FCC rules for the ISM band. Spectrum spreading is accomplished by
frequency hopping, with 79 hops spaced by 1 MHz, between 2.402 GHz and 2.480
GHz. The frequency hopping rate is 1,600 hops/sec., and the nominal radio link range
ranges up to 10 meters, although range can be extended up to 100 meters by increasing
the transmission power.
It is estimated that integrating compliant radios into device will initially cost
about $30 (USD) per unit. This includes the antenna and software components. It is
expected that unit costs will ultimately drop to the vicinity of $10 (USD) or lower,
depending on the partitioning, volumes, and certification requirements. The Bluetooth
specification targets power consumption at 30 µA in "hold" mode to a transmitting
range of 8-30 mA.

1.2.3 Voice and Data

The Bluetooth radio supports different transfer types for different needs. Both
isochronous transfers for voice and asynchronous links for data applications are
supported, and there are various error detection and correction schemes available. The
asynchronous channel supports 721 Kbits/sec in either direction and 57.6 Kbits/sec in
the return direction, or a symmetric link of 432.6 Kbits/sec. The voice channels each
support links of 64 Kbits/sec. The system can support three simultaneous voice
connections.

1.2.4 Making Mobile Devices More Useful

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 Bluetooth technology has been termed the "personal area network" because it
will allow users of phones and mobile computing devices to use the Internet and other
networking applications any time and anywhere they happen to be. For example:
½ With Bluetooth technology, a single phone could serve a LAN-based
intercom in the office, a portable phone at home and a mobile (cellular) phone on the
road.
½ Mobile PCs and handheld computing devices can be used to surf the Web
via either a mobile phone link, PSTN, ISDN LAN.
½ A cordless headset can keep users connected to a mobile PC, or to any
wired connection.
For developers, the best way to learn more about Bluetooth technology is to
join the 500 companies who have already become members of the Bluetooth SIG.
They are about to provide "Connected PCs to go" at the right cost, the right size, and
the right power consumption.

1.3 Features of Bluetooth

Bluetooth technology provides a 10 meter personel bubble that support
simultaneous transmission of both voice and data for multiple devices. Up to 8 data
devices can be connected in a piconet and up to 10 piconets can exist within the 10-meter
bubble. Each piconet supports up to 3 simultaneous full duplex voice devices (CVSD).
The gross data rate is 1 MB/sec, but the actual data rates are 432 KB/sec for duplex
transmission, 721/56 KB/sec for asymmetric transmission. A time division duplex
scheme is used for full duplex transmission.
Version 1.0A of the bluetooth specification was completed and released July 28, 1999.
Subsequently, the bluetooth SIG allowed for the publication of errata to the "original"
specification, and version 1.0B was published in December 1999. In November 2000 the
bluetooth SIG released version 1.1 of the bluetooth specification. PC card solutions and
bluetooth devices have hit the market late 2000 and 2001.

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1.4 Security
The way that the Bluetooth radio system is used in mobile devices and the type
of data carried on these devices (e.g., a corporate mobile computer) makes security an
extremely important factor. While most wireless systems will claim that being a
spread spectrum radio provides security, the volumes projected for Bluetooth radios
eliminate this barrier. As such, link layer and application layer security is part of the
basic Bluetooth radio requirements.
At a link layer, the Bluetooth radio system provides Authentication,
Encryption, and Key Management of the various keys involved. Authentication
involves the user providing a Personal Identification Number (PIN) that is translated
into a 128-bit link key that can be authenticated in a one- or two-way direction. Once
the radios are authenticated, the link can be encrypted at various key lengths (up to
128-bits in 8-bit key increments). The link layer security architecture provides a
number of authentication schemes and a flexible encryption scheme that allows radios
to negotiate for key length. This is important, as radios from different countries will be
talking to each other. Security policies in these countries will dictate maximum
encryption key lengths. Bluetooth radios will negotiate to the smallest common key
length for the link (for example, if a USA radio is enabled for a 128-bit encryption key
and a Spanish radio is enabled for only a 48-bit encryption key, the radios will
negotiate a link with 48-bit encryption key). The Bluetooth architecture also supports
authorization of different services to upper software stacks. For example, when two
computers have created a Bluetooth link to exchange business cards, authorization
must be created to extend these services (such that one computer could not examine
other services on that computer unless enabled to do so).

1.4.1 Security Architecture

The Bluetooth security architecture relies on PIN codes for establishing trusted
relationships between devices. While not practical to go through all the combinations
of uses of PIN codes, it should be noted that once a trusted pairing is established
between devices, these codes can be stored within the device to allow more

17
automatic/simple connections. The key to Bluetooth simplicity will be establishing the
trusted relationship between commonly used devices. For random ad-hoc connections
that require authenticated connections (such as ensuring you are connecting to who
you think you are connecting to, something that is not always obvious with invisible
radio waves), PINs would have to be exchanged (depending on how the devices are
configured). Link layer security architecture is shown in figure(1.1)

PIN PIN User Input

(Initialisation)
E2 E2
(possibly)
Authentication Permanent Storage
Link Key Link Key

E3 E3
Encryption Temporary Storage
Encryption Key Encryption Key

Figure 1.1 Link Layer Security Architecture

1.4.2 Security Levels

Bluetooth has several different security levels that can be defined for devices
and services. All the devices get a status when they connect the first time to another
device.
Device trust level
The devices can have two trust levels: trusted and untrusted. The trusted level
requires a fixed and trusted relationship and it has unrestricted access to all services.
The device has to be previously authenticated. The untrusted device does not have

18
fixed relationship and its access to services is limited. An untrusted device can also
have a fixed relationship, but it is not considered as trusted. A new device is labeled as
unknown device and it is always untrusted.
Security level of services
When the connection is set there are different levels of security where the user
can choose. The security level of a service is defined by three attributes:
Authorization required:
Access is only granted automatically to trusted devices or untrusted devices
after an authorization procedure.
Authentication required:
Before connecting to the application, the remote device must be authenticated.
Encryption required:
The link must be changed to encrypted mode, before access to the service is
possible. On the lower level the services can be not to be accessible to all devices.
Usually there is a need for restrictions so the user can set the service so that it needs
authentication. When the highest level of security is needed the service can require
authorization and authentication. At this level trusted device has access to the services,
but untrusted device needs manual authorization.

1.4.3 Security Modes

In the Bluetooth Generic Access Profile (GAP) the bed-rock on which all other
profiles are based), 3 Security modes are defined:
Security Mode 1: non-secure
Security Mode 2: service level enforced security
Security Mode 3: link level enforced security
In Security mode 1 a device will not initiate any security - this is the non-
secure mode. The essential difference between Security Mode 2 and Security Mode 3
is that in Security Mode 2 the Bluetooth device initiates security procedures after the
channel is established (at the higher layers), while in Security Mode 3 the Bluetooth

19
device initiates security procedures before the channel is established (at the lower
layers).
At the same time two possibilities exist for Device’s access to services:
"Trusted Device" and "Untrusted Device".
The trusted devices have unrestricted access to all services. The untrusted
device doesn’t have fixed relationships and its access to services is limited
Link Level Security Parameters
There are 4 entities used to setup/maintain the security at the link level
The Bluetooth device address (BD_ADDR), which is a 48-bit address that is
unique for each Bluetooth device and defined and allocated by the IEEE.
Private link key, which is a 128-bit random number used for authentication
purposes.
Private encryption key, 8-128 bits in length that is used for encryption.
A Random number (RAND), which is a frequently changing 128-bit random or
pseudo-random number that is made by the Bluetooth device itself.

1.4.4 Key Management

There are several kinds of keys in the Bluetooth system to ensure secure
transmission. The most important key of these is the link key, which is used between
two Bluetooth devices for authentication purposes. Using the link key an encryption
key can be derived. This secures the data of the packet and is regenerated for all new
transmissions. Finally, although not a key there is the PIN code, which can be used to
help identify devices to each other.
Link Key
There are four types of link keys possible. All the link keys are 128-bit random
numbers and are either temporary or semi-permanent.
Unit key, “ KA” , is derived at the installation of the Bluetooth device from a
unit “ A” .
Combination key, KAB, is derived from two units A and B. This key is
generated for each pair of devices and is used when more security is needed.

20
 The Master key, Kmaster, is used when the master device wants to transmit to
several devices at ones. It over rides the current link key only for one session.
The Initialization key, Kinit, is used in the initialization process.
Encryption Key
Encryption key is derived from the current link key. Each time encryption is
needed the encryption key will be automatically changed. The reason for separating
the authentication key and encryption key is to facilitate the use of a shorter
encryption key without weakening the strength of the authentication procedure.
PIN code
This is a user selected or fixed number, normally 4 digits in length, but it can
be anything between 1 to 16 octets. The user can change it when it wants to and this
adds security to the system. The PIN can be used entering it into one device (fixed
PIN), but it is safer to enter it to both units.
Key Generation and Initialization
The exchange of the keys takes place during an initialization phase, which has
to be carried out separately for each two units that want to implement authentication
and encryption. All initialization procedures consists of the following (Figure 1.2)
PIN PIN

E2
E2

Authentication
Link
Link Key
Key

E2
E3

Encryption
Encrypti
Encrypti
on Key
on Key

Figure 1.2 Key Control

21
 v Generation of an initialization key
v Authentication
v Generation of link key
v Link key exchange
v Generating of encryption key in each unit
After this procedure the link is either built or aborted.

1.4.5 Authentication
The Bluetooth authentication scheme is essentially a challenge-response
strategy, where a 2-move protocol is used to check whether the other party knows a
shared identical secret key (a symmetric key). Basically the protocol checks that both
devices have the same key, and if they do authentication is successful. also during the
authentication procedure , an ACO value (Authenticated Ciphering Offset) is
generated and stored in both devices. This ACO value is used (in a roundabout way) to
generate the encryption key later on.
The Authentication scheme works as follows (figure 1.3).
Step 1 The verifier sends the claimant a random number to be authenticated.

Device A: Verifier Device B: Claimant

BD_ADDR(B)
RAND A BD_ADDR(B)
RAND (A) E1 RAND (A) E1

Link Key Link Key

SRES
ACO ACO
SRES’ SRES

22
 Figure 1.3 Description of The Authentication Process

Step 2 Both verifer+claimant use the authentication function E1 with the

RAND (random number), the claimants BD_ADDR and the current link key to get a
response.
Step 3 The claimant sends the response to the verifier, who then makes sure the
responses match.

This application indicates who is to be authenticated. Note this means that the
verifier may not necessarily be the master, as some of the applications may require
only one way authentication, (only one party is authenticated), rather than mutual
authentication. If the authentication fails, there is a period of time (the waiting time)
that must pass until a new attempt at authentication can be made. This can
subsequently increase or decrease depending on the results of previous authentication
attempts (until preset timers have been exceeded).

1.4.6 Encryption
The Bluetooth encryption system systematically encrypts the payload of each
packet. (figure 1.4 )This is done with a stream cipher E0, which is re-synchronized for
every payload. The E0 stream cipher consists of 3 elements:
First the payload key generator combines the input bits in an appropriate order,
then it shifts them to the 4 LFSR (Linear Feedback Shift Registers) of the key stream
generator.
There are several encryption modes available (depending on whether a device
uses a semi-permanent link key or a master key). If a unit key or a combination key is
used, broadcast traffic is not encrypted. Point-to-point traffic can be either encrypted
or not. If a master key is used, there are three possible modes. In
Encryption mode 1, nothing is encrypted.

23
 Encryption mode 2, point-to-multipoint (broadcast) traffic is not encrypted,
but point-to-point addressed traffic is encrypted with the master key.
Encryption mode 3, all traffic is encrypted with the master key.
As the encryption key size can vary from 8 to 128 bits, the size of the
encryption key used between the two devices must be negotiated, with either device
(master and slave) proposing, or rejecting each other’s key size suggestion.

Device A : Master Device B : Slave

BD_ADDR(A) BD_ADDR(B)

Clock (A) RAND A Clock (A)

E0 E0

Kc Kc

Data A B Kstr Kstr

Data A B
DATA
Data B A Data B A

Figure 1.4 Description of The Encryption Process

Some boundaries are placed on the negotiation though. In each device, there is
a parameter defining the maximum allowed key length. Also in every application there
is a defined minimum acceptable key size, and if this min key size requirement is not
met by either of the participants in the (encryption) key size negotiation, then the
application aborts the negotiation and the encryption cannot be used. This is required

24
due to the possibility that a malicious device could force a lower encryption setting to
do harm.

1.4.7 Applications
Bluetooth technology was designed to be small and inexpensive. Bluetooth
technology has no line of sight requirements making it a potential replacement for
infrared ports. Bluetooth can operate through walls or from within your briefcase.
Portable PCs can wirelessly connect to printers, transfer data to desktop PCs or PDAs
or interface with cellular phones for wireless can access to corporate networks or the
internet.
In the office and on the road, Bluetooth eliminates cabling and provides added
mobility. Users no longer have to cable a cell phone to a handheld of notebook
computer. Users no longer have to keep the computer and cell phone aligned to
maintain a connection using the infrared port. Bluetooth allows users to leave the cell
phone in a briefcase and still make that connection back to the office to update their
calendar or to the Internet for the latest stock quote. Bluetooth allows the mobile
computer to synchronize with our desktop computer when the mobile computer is
dropped off on the desk. Designed to be an extremely low cost technology, other
peripherals are likely to contain bluetooth such as fax machines, cameras alarm system
and virtually any other electronic device. Unlike other technologies available today,
bluetooth is designed to be a bubble of connectivity that moves with you.
Incorporating bluetooth into these other peripherals allows you to just walk up to the
machine and use it services or for it to detect your presence and initiate a pre
determined program or routine.
Cable Replacement
Bluetooth enables the users to connect a wide range of computing and
telecommunications devices easily and simply, without the need to buy, carry or connect
many proprietary cables. It delivers opportunities for rapid ad hoc connections, and the
possibility of automatic, unconscious connections between devices. It increases your
freedom by connecting your mouse or the keyboard wirelessly to your computer.

25
 Simultaneously Linked Devices
By installing a Bluetooth network in your office you can do away with the
complex and tedious task of networking between the computing devices, yet have the
power of connected devices. No longer would you be bound to fixed locations where you
can connect to the network. Each Bluetooth device could be connected to 200 other
devices making the connection of every device with every other possible. Since it
supports both point to point and point to multipoint it will virtually make the maximum
number of simultaneously linked devices unlimited.
The Internet Bridge
We can use the laptop to surf the internet wherever you are and regardless if you
are cordlessly connected through a mobile phone( cellular) or through a wire-bound
connection.
The Automatic Synchronizer
Automatic background synchronization keeps you up to date - automatic
synchronization of your desktop, portable PC, notebook (PC- PDA) and your mobile
phone is made easier with bluetooth. For instant, as soon as you enter your office the
address list and calendar in your notebook will automatically be updated to agree with the
one in your desktop or vice versa.
Instant Transfer of Documents
Connect all participants for instant data exchange in meetings and conferences,
you can share information instantly with all participants, and without any wired
connections. You can also cordlessly run and control for instant a projector, this is not
officially supporting in the 1.0 specification, but other companies are working on this
application.
The Instant Postcard
Send instant photos and video clips from any location wirelessly connect your
camera to a portable PC. Add comments and send them instantly to a receiver anywhere
in the world

26
 Still Video Images
If your digital cameras in Bluetooth enabled, you can send still or video images
from any location to any location without the hassle of connecting your camera to the
mobile phone on the wire-line phone.
Three Way Phone
Bluetooth allows us to have three way phones. At home, your phone functions as
a portable phone (fixed line charge). When you’re on the move, it functions as a mobile
phone (cellular charge). And when your phone comes within range of another mobile
phone with built-in Bluetooth wireless technology it functions as a walkie-talkie (no
telephony charge).
The Cordless Computer
Connect your portable PC to a peripherals or to the LAN- bluetooth enables a
cordless connection of your portable PC to printers, scanners and to the LAN. Increase
your sense of freedom in everyday work by cordless connection of your mouse and
keyboard to your portable PC.
Automatic Message Delivery
Compose e-mails on your portable PC while you’re on an airplane. As soon as
you’ve landed and switched on your mobile phone, all messages are immediately sent.
Email while PC is Still in the Briefcase
When your portable PC receives e-mail, you will get an alert on your mobile
phone. You can also browse all incoming e-mails and read those you select in the mobile
phone’s display.

27
 CHAPTER 2

BLUETOOTH IN TOLL TAX APPLICATION

2.1 Toll Tax System

Through the toll tax system, the government has implemented the rule to collect
the road tax on the highways. The purpose of this tax is to invest this collected money to
improve the condition of roads. The amount of tax is different for the different type of
vehicles. The toll tax amount at different toll tax checkpoints is also different from
another station. For example the toll tax amount at the Shambu toll tax station for the
car/van /jeep is Rs 30.00, light commercial vehicle is Rs 55.00, heavy construction
Machinery & heavy construction machinery & Earth moving equipment is Rs 225.

2.2 Problems in Existing System

In the existing toll tax system, I have observed the following limitations. The very
first is the mismanagement of time. In this system when one vehicle reaches at the
station, the employees there first take the payment for the toll tax from the owner and
then the operator at the computer feeds the amount, vehicle number and other information
etc. in the computer and then gets the printed slip from the computer and give it to the
owner. During this period, there may be a long queue for the payment of toll tax. Due to
this problem, the traffic system may be disturbed.
The next problem which I have observed is that there may be the case when one
vehicle may pass through the station without giving the toll tax due to the negligence of
the employees or may be due to more manual load. The last problem which may be
considered is that the payment in cash which is collected, the proper attention is given to
deposit the amount to the government and risk of cash at the toll tax stations and security
forces are there for this purpose.

28
2.3 Why Bluetooth
In the existing system due to above limitations and problems, I have proposed the
bluetooth technology for the same. In the bluetooth system, the very first is that the
system will become automated and time management will be done efficiently and also
the cash problems will be removed. Due to its inquiry procedures, nobody will escape
from the paying the toll tax and the problem of long queues and traffic blockages will be
removed. Moreover the bluetooth chip is not so much costly and the people can afford it
easily.
In the new design, we require that bluetooth chip be included in each vehicle and
at every toll tax station, the bluetooth transmitter and receiver will be there, the credit
card system should be there and also the toll tax stations must have collaboration with the
credit card system with the networking.

2.4 Functionality of New Toll Collection System

As part of my thesis work, I have given the idea of implementing the bluetooth
technology in the application of toll tax system. In this system I have seen the difficulty
of payment systems and long queues and manual system. By introducing the bluetooth
technology, we can make this automatic and easier system. The bluetooth chip should be
included in each vehicle and these addresses should be stored in the database of toll tax
system. When a vehicle will come within the range coverage area the computer will give
a signal and the net balance of amount of the prepaid system will be shown on the screen.
According to the vehicle (scooter, car, jeep, bus, truck etc) toll tax amount the accounts
will be updated. The amount system should be prepaid . If the balance of a vehicle will be
lesser than the amount required, a red signal will be given for the alert and cash on the
spot will be received as shown in Figure 2.1. In this application we can solve the problem
of mismanagement of time and problem of long queues and problem of maintenance of
accounts. When the vehicle will come within the range of bluetooth receiver installed at
the toll tax stoppages, the database at the receiver will be checked and registration of the

29
passing vehicles will be done after deducting the amount from the prepaid account of that
vehicle otherwise a red alert signal will be sent.

BT Rx
BT Tx
Detected by
Vehicles
Bluetooth Rx
at toll tax
station

Database

Red Green
Signal Signal
Figure2.1 Functionality of the system

In the traffic management, the database contains the information about the
vehicles, their type, owner, vehicle no, credit card no etc as shown in figure 2.2. Road
patrol will give the indication if some rules and regulations of the traffic system is not
followed, peripheral services will contain the extra queries from the customer about the
system. In this system before billing of the vehicles, the rating of the amount of tax is
done and payment will be deducted from the card.Flow chart of the system is shown in
figure 2.3.

30
Traffic
Customer Info General
Manageme Customer Record
nt
Care

Road Journey Printing

Petrol Violation Processing
Confirm

Billing Account
Peripheral Traffic Data
Services Conditions

Rating Payment

Payment

Violation
Enforceme
nt

Cash
Management

Figure2.2 Operational Model of the Toll Tax System

31
Algorithm of Functionality
á Input: Vehicle Number, Type, Toll Tax Amount, Credit Card Number, Balanced
Value, Name of the owner, etc.
á Range Detected
á If vehicle is detected, search out vehicle number in database.
á If it exist in then update the amount of credit card and give the green signal
á If it does not exist then alert by displaying red signal
á If the balance is not equal to or greater than the toll tax amount then also give red
signal

32
Flow Chart
Start

Input

Detect
Start Range

Green Red Range

Signal Signal No Detected

Yes
Search
Update Database

No
yes
yes
Required If
Balance Vehicle
Exists Number

Figure2.3 Flow Chart of the Toll Tax System

33
2.5 Connection in the Bluetooth Based Toll Tax System

Piconet Concept
Bluetooth nodes that are in range of each other can set up an ad hoc connection
forming a so-called piconet. For the communication between nodes a frequency hopping
radio is used with a hopping rate of 1600 hops/s. Time is divided into 625 ms intervals,
which are called slots. In each slot different hop frequency is used. Consecutive slots are
alternately used for transmission and reception. Nodes participating in a piconet share the
same physical channel. One of the units of a piconet becomes the master of the piconet,
all others become slaves. Only one master can exist in a piconet at any time, but there can
be up to seven active slave devices. The nodes can change the master and slave roles.
Every unit in the piconet uses the master identity and clock to follow the hopping
channel by selecting the appropriate frequency used in the corresponding slot. To
generate the master’s clock in a slave node, the slave adds an offset to its own native
clock (Figure 2.4).

Hop
Native Selection
Clock +

Offset

Master
Address

Figure2.4 Hop Frequency Selection

34
 A time division duplex (TDD) scheme is used where the master and slave
alternately transmit. Master starts transmissions only in even, slave only in odd
numbered time slots.

Standby

Inquiry
Page (Known
(Unknown
Address)

Transmit Active Mode

Connected
data of vehicles
At Check Post
(slaves)

Park Mode Sniff Mode

Hold Mode
Not used in Not used in
Not used in
this system this system this system

Releases Member Address Keeps Member Address

Figure 2.5 Connection –State Machine

A bluetooth unit leaves the standby or the connection state periodically to do inquiry or
inquiry scan. Inquiry procedures enable a unit to discover which units are in range and
their device addresses and clocks. When the unit wishes to establish a connection with

35
one of the other bluetooth unit in range it initiates a paging procedure. At the end of this
procedure both units are in the connection state as either a master or a slave.
In this application when the bluetooth device at the check-post of the toll tax station
sends its inquiry messages, the devices which are in range, sends the reply and the
connection is made between them after paging procedure.
In this the inquiry is mandatory, the bluetooth device at the toll station always needs to
discover the vehicles in range.
There are four processes of inquiry and paging ( as shown in figure 2.5)
1. Inquiry
2. Inquiry scan
3. Paging
4. Paging scan
In inquiry processes, naturally several units might respond to an inquiry at the same time,
so there must be a procedure for slave inquiry response in order to avoid or minimize the
probability of collisions. When the vehicle receives an inquiry message it will generate a
random number between 0 and 1023 , freeze the current input value to the hop selection
scheme, then returns to connection or standby state for duration of random slots. The
period of inquiry scan can be 0s (continuous scan)-R0,1.28S, R1 mode or 256S-R2 mode.
In this system, we use continuous scan i.e. R0 mode because at any moment of time, any
vehicle can come. The receiver of the scanning device listens on a single frequency (toll
tax station) determined by the inquiry scan hopping sequence and the current value of the
device’ s clock. The scanning device changes its listening frequency, according to inquiry
hopping sequence, every 1.28s. When the master at the check-post wants to make a
connection to the vehicles in range, it pages that unit. Paging means sending an ID packet
with a certain DAC in it over and over again until a response is received. The master does
not know exactly when the slave wakes up and on which hop frequency, therefore it
transmits a train of identical DACs at different hop frequencies and listens in between for
responses. The master uses the slave’ s BD_ADDR and an estimate of the slave’ s clock to
determine the page hopping sequence. To compensate for the uncertainty in the
knowledge of the slave’ s clock, the master will send its page message during a short –

36
time interval on a number of wake-up frequencies. During each transmission slot the
master sequentially transmits on two different hopping frequencies. After the paging
procedure, the master at the toll tax station must poll the slaves by sending POLL or
NULL packets, to which the slave responds.

2.6 Routing in Toll Tax Application

Sending a packet to all destinations simultaneously is called broadcasting. In this
application, we can use the broadcast routing, because we have to send messages to all
the destinations. When a message or signal is to be sent to the vehicles from the toll tax
station it is easy to send the desired message by the broadcasting method. But if we want
to make the queries from the specific vehicle (device), then the unicast routing can be
used i.e. the receiver will response to the device only which has asked and moreover if
we use the CDMA, it will be better because in CDMA only the desired receiver will
understand the message, whether it is sent by the broadcasting method. The key to
CDMA is to be able to extract the desired signal while rejecting everything else as
random noise.
CDMA allows each station to transmit over the entire frequency spectrum all the
time. Multiple simultaneous transmissions are separated using coding theory. In CDMA
each bit time is subdivided into m short intervals called chips. Typically there are 64 or
128 chips per bit, increasing the amount of information to be sent from bits/second to mb
chips/second can only be done if the bandwidth available is increased by a factor of m,
making CDMA a form of spread spectrum communication. With CDMA, each station
uses the full bandwidth.
CDMA is typically used for wireless systems with a fixed base station and many
mobile stations at varying distances from it. The power levels received at the base station
depend on how far away the transmitters are. A mobile station receiving a weak signal
from the base will use more power than one getting a strong signal.
In this application I have implemented a protocol for routing in Bluetooth scatternets. The
protocol uses the available battery power in the Bluetooth (BT) devices as a cost metric
in choosing the routes.

37
I have devised two techniques, namely
a) Battery power level based master-slave switch
b) Distance based power control, to increase the network lifetime in scatternets.
The master-slave switch technique is motivated by the fact that a piconet master has to
handle the packet transmissions to/from all its slaves, and hence may drain its battery
soon. I propose a role switching idea where each bluetooth device in a piconet may have
to play the master role depending on its available battery power ( as shown in Figures 2.6
and 2.7 ).
In the second technique, I propose that the bluetooth devices choose their transmit powers
based on their distances from their respective masters. A considerable gain in network
lifetime can be achieved using these two techniques.
First Technique- Battery Level Based Master-Slave Switch
The master-slave switch technique is motivated by the fact that a piconet master has to
handle the packet transmissions to/from all its slaves. If we consider all the devices in the
scatternet, including the piconet masters, to operate on, then the masters may drain their
batteries sooner than the slaves. The slaves may have substantial residual battery energy
after the master runs down its battery completely.
In order to achieve a more uniform residual battery energy profile and to increase the
network lifetime, I propose a role switching idea where each BT device in a piconet may
have to play the master role depending on its available battery power. That is, a master in
a piconet is dynamically chosen based on the available battery power. The proposed
available battery level based master-slave switch procedure is described as follows. The
current master at the toll tax station in a piconet periodically monitors its own as well as
its slave’ s available battery power levels. If its own battery power is less than a fraction
of the maximum available battery power amongst its slaves, then it initiates a master
slave switch procedure with the slave having the maximum battery power.

38
Slave

Master

Figure 2.6 Master Slave Switch-A

Slave

Master

Figure 2.7 Master Slave Switch-B

39
The slave then assumes the role of the master, and informs all the devices about the role
switch. The new master then will start periodically checking for the master-slave switch
criterion to be satisfied. When the criterion is satisfied another master-slave switch would
occur. This process will continue. It is noted that a finite time gets elapsed in completing
a master-slave switch. frequent master-slave switches can thus degrade the system
performance. In this study, we assume that all the nodes in a piconet are within listening
distance of each other so as to avoid reconfiguration of the topology every time a switch
takes place.
Second Technique- Distance Based Power Control
Power control can be used not only to reduce interference but also to extend the life of
battery in a device. The standards define three power classes each with a different power
transmits range. Transmit power step sizes in the range 2 to 8 dB have been specified. I
have choosen the transmit power of the master/slave based on the distance, d, between
the master and the slave (as shown in figure 2.8). It is assumed that the distance between
a master and a slave is known both to the master and the slave.
BT Rx

BT Tx Vehicles Toll Tax

Station
Vehicles
D=4 dm, P=12 dBm
D=8 dm , P=18 dBm
P=f(D)
Figure 2.8 Distance Based Power Control

I devise the power control strategy in such a way that the transmitter chooses its transmit
power based on distance, according to following Table 2.1 and Figures 2.9 & 2.10 shows
the relationship between distance and power as the Bar chart representation and in the
Graphical way respectively.

40
 Table 2.1 Distance Based Power Requirement
Distance, d (m) Tx. Power

d <1 0 dBm
1 < d <2 6dBm
2 < d <4 12 dBm
4<d<8 18 dBm
8 < d < 10 20 dBm

Bar Chart of Distance Based Routing Method

D 10
I 9
S 8
T 7
A 6
N 5
C 4
E 3
(in M) 2
1

0 6 12 18 20
POWER CONSUMPTION(dBm) P=f(D)

Figure2.9 Bar Chart of Distance Based Routing System

41
Graph of Distance V/s Power Consumption

D 10
I 9
S 8
T 7
A 6
N 5
C 4
E 3
(in M) 2
1

0 6 12 18 20

POWER CONSUMPTION(dBm)
P=f(D)
Figure2.10 Graphical Representation of Distance Based Routing System

But in this application, the technique which is applicable is the distance based power
control because the other technique of battery level based master slave switch can not be
applied because in this toll tax application, the master has to give the instructions at the
toll tax station, so we can not apply this. The only way to reduce the power consumption
is that we use distance based power control. When any vehicle at the toll tax station
reaches near the head, as the distance decreases power consumption will increase and
vice-versa. So in the routing in this application, the power transmit will be a function of
distance.

2.7 UML Diagrams of Bluetooth Based System

In the UML diagrams (Figure 2.11 –2.14), the procedure for the registration at the
toll tax system is explained. At the toll tax station there is a database where the vehicle
no, credit card no, amount of card, owner of the vehicle etc are placed. And when some
transactions are made, updation will be done in the database accordingly. There are
mainly four classes of this system (as shown in Figure 2.11). These are vehicle, account

42
system, registration system and toll tax system. In the registration system the vehicles,
which are passing, are registered.
The bluetooth device (Rx) at the toll tax will inquire continuously, when some
vehicles will come in the range of the receiving station, the communication will start
automatically. The nature of routing will be adhoc in nature. When the devices will come
in range, the connection will be established simultaneously (as shown in figures 2.12
&2.13). For each type of vehicle (car, bus, scooter, truck, jeep etc.) a different bluetooth
receiver will be there for the sake of good management. There may be a single device for
responding all the devices or may be different devices for different type of vehicles. If
there is only one device, the inconvenience will be more and management will be
difficult but if the different devices for different type, good management and time saving
will be there. And suppose there is a case when the vehicles of same type will come in
parallel, then the receiver will face difficulty. So we can design the path so that only one
vehicle will be there near the receiver by making the queue near the station as such in the
manual system. In the collaboration diagram (Figure 2.14) , I have shown how the
messages will be transferred between the different modules i.e. vehicles, database,
accounts and registration.

43
Class Diagram

Accounts System
Vehicle

Account No
Type
Model
Owner
Collect No ()
Address
Payment_Info ()
Fee_Charge ()
Range ()
Registration No ()
Registration ()

Registration
Toll Tax Head
Registration No Vehicle No
Payment
Validate () Amount
Update ()
Get_Account No () Update ()
Give_Reg_No () Validate ()

Figure 2.11 Class Diagram

44
Activity Diagram

Vehicles

Detected by
Bluetooth Rx

Get Vehicle No and

Prepaid Card No

Fill Registration Form

Update the Validate

Data

Register

Issue Registration No

Figure 2.12 Activity Diagram

45
 Sequence Diagram

Registration
Database
System Accounts
Vehicle

Detect the
Vehicle
Information

Deduct Amount
and Update

Registration No
Confirmation

Update

Not found then

Alert Signal

Figure 2.13 Sequence Diagram

46
Collaboration Diagram

Vehicle

1 Range Request

2 Display Information

7 Registration Confirmation

Database

3 Check
4 Response

Registration system
8 Update

5 Prepaid Account Check

6 Information and Deduct the Money

Accounts

Figure 2.14 Collaboration Diagram

47
 The mode of payment will be credit card or prepaid card system. There will be
credit cards, which will be issued to each vehicle. The amount of card will be dependent
on the owner of the vehicle. The owner can purchase the card of different amount
according to his requirement. When the person will purchase the card, the database will
be updated at the receiver station of toll tax simultaneously. In the database the card
number, amount and vehicle number, type, name of the owner etc all things will be there.
When the vehicle will come within the range of the receiver station at the toll tax station,
the number of the vehicle will be searched out in the database and the amount of the card
will be displayed on the screen automatically and the toll tax amount will be deducted
from the card and the balance will be updated. Suppose if some vehicle have not required
balance amount for the payment, then there will be a beep or red signal will be there for
the cash payment, which will be manual system.

2.8 Billing System

In the toll tax application we can use accounting management architecture for the
purpose of measuring the bill amount for the vehicles, which I have explained below.
Accounting management requires that resource consumption be measured, rated,
assigned, and communicated between appropriate parties. The act of determining the
price to be charged for use of a Resource is called as rating. and the act of preparing an
invoice is called as billing.
Usage Sensitive Billing
A billing process that depends on usage information to prepare an invoice can be
said to be usage-sensitive. In contrast, a process that is independent of usage information
is said to be non-usage-sensitive.
Accounting Management Architecture
The Figure 2.15 illustrates the accounting management architecture. The
accounting management architecture involves interactions between network devices,
accounting servers, and billing servers. The network device collects resource
consumption data in the form of accounting metrics. This information is then transferred
to an accounting server. Typically this is accomplished via an accounting protocol,
although it is also possible for devices to generate their own session records. The

48
accounting server then processes the accounting data received from the network device.
The processed accounting data is then submitted to a billing server, which typically
handles rating and invoice generation. Session records may be batched and compressed
by the accounting server prior to submission to the billing server in order to reduce the
volume of accounting data and the bandwidth required to accomplish the transfer.

Network
Device
Accounting protocol

Device Inter-domain records Toll Tax

Accounting Accounting
Server Server

Intra-domain records
Toll Tax
Device Billing
Billing Server
Server

Figure 2.15 Accounting Management Architecture

Intra-domain and Inter-domain Accounting

Intra-domain accounting involves the collection of information on resource
consumption within an administrative domain, for use within that domain. In intra-
domain accounting, accounting packets and session records typically do not cross-
administrative boundaries. As a result, intra-domain accounting applications typically
experience low packet loss and involve transfer of data between trusted entities.
In contrast, inter-domain accounting involves the collection of information on
resource consumption within an administrative domain, for use within another
administrative domain. In inter-domain accounting, accounting packets and session
records will typically cross-administrative boundaries. As a result, inter-domain

49
accounting applications may experience substantial packet loss. In addition, the entities
involved in the transfers cannot be assumed to trust each other.
In this application the inter-domain records are transferred between the device and
toll tax accounting servers and intra-domain records are transferred between the
accounting and billing servers of the device and toll tax separately.
When a vehicle approaches near the toll tax station, the message between the both
are transferred as I have explained earlier. After that the billing amount is calculated
according to specific vehicle and it is deducted from the credit card number of that
vehicle and records are updated at the toll tax billing server as well as the device billing
server.

3 2.9 Benefits of the New System

When a vehicle (Car, Bus etc.) passes the toll station, the toll fee is automatically
charged to the vehicle driver’ s account with the bluetooth road operator. A bluetooth chip
(transponder) inside the vehicle contains its electronic identity.
Benefits of System
½ Charging accuracy: all fees due are reliably collected.
½ Charging flexibility: ability to accommodate varying charging rates.
½ Charge type flexibility: ability to support several means of payment.
½ Enforcement accuracy: correctly locating violators and non enforcing non-violators.
½ Upgradeable as additional charge points are added.
Benefits to Society (Nation)
½ Economy
½ Environment
½ Safety

Bluetooth toll collection stations allow the traffic to flow continuously, and vehicle
having avoided stopping and starting again. This in combination with reduced fuel
consumption has positive effect on environment.
Society and the business community also gain from the system as it results in faster
transport. The system does not require special road lanes to be built at the toll stations.

50
Furthermore, only a minimum of traffic disruption is caused during installation. The
system also increases safety ,as bottlenecks and long queues are avoided.
Benefits to Operator
½ Increased capacity
½ Economy
½ Ensured payment
This system is cost-effective and easy to install, which benefits the operator. Because
traffic flows through continuously, the system increases capacity. The system’ s flexibility
makes it easy to install various payment methods and differentiated charges. No cash is
handled using the system, which means it is not open to abuse and ensures payment.
Benefits to Users
½ Time-saving
½ No queues
½ Convenient
½ Ensured payment
½ Easier to gauge travel time
Road-users save a lot of time, as the traffic flows continuously and it becomes easier to
gauge travel times. Bottlenecks and long queues are eliminated, both at the toll stations
and near slip roads. This also help increase the convenience factor, no money needed, no
need to select the right lane etc. because the system cannot be cheated, tolls can be kept
down, which also benefits road-users.

51
 CHAPTER 3

ESTABLISHING CONNECTIONS

To manage connections two methods are defined the inquiry, which is optional (if
the message is to be sent to all devices in range then it is optional), and the page
procedure, which is mandatory. With the inquiry procedure the unit discovers its
neighbors in radio range. During inquiry the node sends IAC signals through the radio
interface. Other Bluetooth devices that want to be discovered and receive this signal send
an inquiry response with their own identity. If the node already knows the destination’s
identity, the page procedure is used to establish connection. The nodes use dedicated
frequencies to communicate in page mode. The unit identity determines these
frequencies, which are a subset of the total set of carriers. The nodes choose one of these
dedicated carriers pseudo-randomly according to a pseudo random hopping sequence
determined by their clocks. If the receiver node detects its access code (DAC), activates
itself and sets up a connection with the other node (Figure 3.1).

Connection
Inquiry Page

Figure 3.1 Connection-establishment procedures

We can see the typical times associated with establishing connections in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1 Times Establishing Connection

Inquiry Page
Typical Time 5.12 s 6.64s
Maximum Time 15.36s 7.68s

52
3.1 Connection State and Power Consumption
The master has to send packets to all slaves in Connection State periodically to
keep them synchronized to the channel. Any packet type can be used for this purpose,
since the slaves only need the channel access code to synchronize with. If the slave which
is addressed in the poll packet receives the packet, it can respond with any type of
Bluetooth packet. In the different operation modes different time periods are used to send
the poll packets.
Units can be in four operation modes during the Connection State. In active mode
the unit actively participates in the piconet. Active slaves listen in the master to slave
slots for packets addressed to them. If an active slave is not addressed, it may sleep until
the next master transmission. The type indication in the packet header shows the number
of slots the master has reserved for the following transmission. During this time the non-
addressed slaves do not have to listen to these slots. In active mode the receiver is
activated 10 ms before the start of the next slot. The receiver searches for channel access
code for 20 ms (Figure 3.2). This is called the receive window. If no correct channel
access code is received the receiver goes to sleep until the next slot. If a valid access code
is received the receiver remains open to receive the rest of the packet.

20 366

625
Figure 3.2 Receive window
Furthermore, special power-saving modes are defined to save battery when the
traffic is low. In sniff mode the master can start transmission to the slaves only in
specified time slots which are called sniff slots and are spaced regularly with an interval
of T sniff. The slave listens for the number of D sniff slots in every sniff period. If a slave
wants to enter in the sniff mode, it asks the master about the value of T sniff and D sniff .
In hold mode the unit keeps its active member address (AM ADDR), but it will not
receive any packets from the piconet. During hold mode the slave can do other things,

53
like scanning, paging, inquiring or attending another piconet. Before entering the hold
mode master and slave agree on the time duration the slave remains in the hold mode.
In park mode the slave gives up its AM ADDR. It uses two other addresses: the park
member address (PM ADDR) and the access request address (AR ADDR). The PM
ADDR is used to distinguish the parked devices and the master uses it in the master
initiated unpark procedure. The AR ADDR is used by the slave in the slave initiated
unpark procedure. The parked slave wakes up at regular intervals to listen to the channel
in order to re-synchronize to the master. The number of units participating in a piconet is
limited to 255, but maximum seven slave nodes can be in active, sniff or hold mode. The
others are in park mode, where they consume the least amount of energy. The active
slave devices can use the sniff and hold modes to deactivate their radio transceivers and
save battery power. The less the transceiver is turned on, the less power is consumed.

3.2 Scatternet
Several piconets can be created at the same place with overlapping radio areas.
The group of overlapping piconets is called scatternet (Figure 3.3). Every piconet has its
own hop sequence, and so the nodes in different piconets can simultaneously transfer
data. Because of this the throughput in a scatternet is much greater compared to the case
when every node participates in the same piconet.

LAN Access Point

phone

headset
printer
master laptop
slave
master/slave
mouse laptop

Figure 3.3 Scatternet

54
A node can be slave in several piconets, but it can be master only in one, since the master
identity and clock determines the hopping sequence and this must differ in each piconet.
Changing piconets the nodes have to select the proper master identity and clock
offset to synchronize with the desired piconet. Before changing they inform the master
about the time they will not be accessible in the current piconet. A master can also
change piconets.
In this case the transmissions are stopped in the piconet until the master returns. A
multihop ad hoc network can built with nodes which are participating in several piconets.
4
3.3 State Diagram
A Bluetooth unit leaves the Standby or the Connection state periodically to do
Inquiry or Inquiry Scan. Inquiry procedures enable a unit to discover which units are in
range, and their device addresses and clocks. When the unit wishes to establish a
connection with one of the other Bluetooth units in range ( the user of the device wishes
to connect to some other device) it initiates a paging procedure. At the end of this
procedure both units are in the Connection state as either a master or a slave (Figure 3.4).

3.3.1 Standby State

Standby state is the default state of the Bluetooth device. In it the device uses a
low power mode and only the native clock (CLKN) is running.

3.3.2 Inquiry
It is not specified how often a unit should leave standby or connection to perform
inquiry. It might be periodic or upon user request. These choices are left up to the
implementer. A unit that wishes to discover other bluetooth units in range enters an
inquiry substate. It continuously transmits the inquiry message at different hop
frequencies. In the inquiry state the transmitting and receiving frequencies follow the
inquiry hopping sequence and inquiry response hopping sequence and are determined by
the General Inquiry Access Code (GIAC) and the native clock of the discovering device.

55
 Standby

Inquiry
Pa
Page scan
scan Inqui

Slave
Master
Respons Inquiry
Response
e Response

Connection

Figure 3.4 Connection Establishment’ s Finite State Machine

A hopping sequence consists of two groups of frequencies: train A and train B

(each of which is 16 frequencies long). Between inquiry transmissions the unit listens for
responses, (which is an FHS packet). If the response is received it is not acknowledged
and the probing unit continues with the inquiry transmissions. The unit leaves inquiry
state either when it received a predetermined number of responses or when the InquiryTO
timer runs out.
According to the Bluetooth standard a single train must be repeated N inquiry
=256 times before another train is used. At least three train switches are needed (4 train
sequences). Since each train is 10ms long the inquiry procedure can take up to 10.24s.
Because several units might respond to an inquiry at the same time, we need a protocol
for slave inquiry response in order to avoid or minimize the probability of collisions.

56
Thus, when a slave receives an inquiry message it will generate a RAND number
between 0 and 1023, freeze the current input value to the hop selection scheme, then
returns to Connection or Standby state for duration of RAND slots. Then it returns to the
Inquiry Response substrate and on the first inquiry message received it will answer with
an FHS packet.

3.3.3 Inquiry Scan

As was mentioned above, Bluetooth units leave Standby or Connection to scan
the channel for inquiries periodically. The period of inquiry scan can be 0s (continuous
scan) – R0, 1.28s – R1 mode, or 2.56s – R2 mode. A scanning unit listens for an IAC for
Tw_inquiry_scan seconds. Tw_inquiry_scan should be long enough to scan 16
frequencies (1 train). Because one train lasts for 10ms, Tw_inquiry_scan should also be
10ms. During these 10ms the receiver of the scanning device listens on a single
frequency determined by the inquiry scan hopping sequence and the current value of the
device’ s clock. The scanning device changes its listening frequency, according to inquiry
hopping sequence, every 1.28s.

3.3.4 Page Scan

Page scan works similarly to inquiry scan, however, in page scan a unit listens for
its own unique DAC and it alone can respond. There are 32 paging frequencies, which
comprise a page hopping sequence, determined by the paged unit’ s BD_ADDR. Every
1.28s a different listening frequency is selected. During a scan window the unit listens on
one frequency.

3.3.5 Page
When a Bluetooth unit wants to make a connection to another unit it pages that
unit. Paging means sending an ID packet with a certain DAC in it over and over again
until a response is received. The Master does not know exactly when the slave wakes up
and on which hop frequency, therefore it transmits a train of identical DACs at different
hop frequencies and listens in between for responses. The master uses the slave’ s
BD_ADDR and an estimate of the slave’ s clock to determine the page hopping sequence.

57
 To compensate for the uncertainty in the knowledge of a slave’ s clock, the master
will send its page message during a short time interval on a number of wake-up
frequencies. During each transmission slot the Master sequentially transmits on 2
different hopping frequencies. The page hopping sequence of 32 frequencies is divided
into two trains of 16 frequencies each, A and B. Train A includes the 16 hop frequencies
surrounding the current predicted hop frequency f(k). Thus, train A consists of f(k-8), f(k-
7), …f(k), f(k+1), f(k+2), …,f(k+7). When the difference between bluetooth clocks of the
master and the slave is between –8*1.28s and 7*1.28s, one of the frequencies used by the
Master will be the hop frequency the slave is currently listening to. Because the master
doesn’ t know when the slave will be in the page scan state, it has to repeat train A for
Npage times or until a response is received. When the difference between the bluetooth
clocks of Master and Slave is less than –8*1.28s or greater than 7*1.28s, more distant
hops must be used. Train B consists of f(k-16), f(k-15),…, f(k-9), f(k+8),
f(k+9),…,f(k+15). Alternate use of train A and B is continued until a response is received
or timeout value Page to is exceeded. Figure 3.5 shows what happens during a response
to paging procedures.
In the figure 3.5, we have a scenario where a slave responds to the first out of two
paging messages in a slot. The response packet is the same as the paging packet and is
sent on the same frequency. The master responds with an FHS packet on the next
frequency in the page hopping sequence. The master’ s FHS packet has to be
acknowledged by the slave. After that both units are in Connection state. Now the master
controls all transmissions. It polls the slave to see if it has data to send, and the slave has
to respond with a data packet if it has something to send or with a NULL packet if it
doesn’ t The slave will keep listening while FHS packet is not received until pagerespTO
is reached. Every 1.25s it will change the hop frequency according to page hop sequence.
If nothing is received the slave will return to page scan for 1 scan period. If it doesn’ t
receive any pages during this interval it continues scanning and then returns to whatever
state it was in before. If poll packet is not received by the Slave or response is not
received by the Master within new connection TO number of slots, they will return to
page/page scan states.

58
 Page State Master Response Connection State

F(k) f(k+1) f(k+1) f(k)

Master FHS Poll

Page message Page FHS Poll
Response Response
f(k) f(k+1) f(k+1)

Slave Page Scan Slave Response Connection State

Figure 3.5 Master and slave page response procedure

Note: f(k)-frequencies of the page hopping sequence indexed by k

f(k)3-frequencies of the page hopping sequence
g(k)-frequencies of the channel hopping sequence indexed by k

3.4 Connection State

In the connection state channel hopping sequence is used. It is derived from the
master’ s BD_ADDR. The unit in connection state may be in one of four modes described
below.

3.4.1 Active Mode

In the active mode the Master schedules the transmissions based on traffic
demands to and from different slaves. Active slaves listen in master-to-slave slots.

3.4.2 Sniff Mode

59
 In order to save battery power a sniff mode can be used. In this mode the duty
cycle of slave’ s listen activity is reduced. To enter sniff mode, the master shall issue a
sniff command via the Link Manager (LM) protocol. This message will contain the sniff
interval Tsniff and an offset Dsniff. Master-to-slave sniff slots shall be initialized on the
slots for which the clock satisfies one of the following equations (depending on which
initialization procedure is used):
CLK27-1 mod Tsniff = Dsniff or (CLK27,CLK26-1) mod Tsniff = Dsniff

3.4.3 Hold Mode

During hold mode the ACL link to a slave will, temporarily, not be supported.
The slave unit keeps its active member address (AM_ADDR) during hold mode. Before
entering hold mode both Master and Slave agree on holdTO value, upon expiration of
which hold mode ends.

3.4.4 Park Mode

When a Slave does not need to participate on the piconet channel, but still wants
to remain synchronized to the channel it enters park mode. In this state the Slave gives up
its AM_ADDR, but gets two new addresses: Parked Member Address (PM_ADDR, 8
bits) and Access Request Address (AR_ADDR, 8 bits). The former is used in master
initiated unpark, the latter in slave-initiated unpark. Parked slave wakes up at regular
intervals to listen to the channel to resynchronize and to check for broadcast messages. A
beacon channel is established to support parked slaves.

60
 CHAPTER 4
RESULTS
The results has been performed by taking the values of data from the Shambu toll
collection station from Mr Balvir Singh . a comparison between the existing and
proposed system is made to show the benefits of implementing the bluetooth technology
in the toll collection system. The bar charts and graphical representation of the results are
drawn.

Table 4.1 Results

Number of vehicles passes through toll collection are 15,000 per day
System Existing System Proposed System Remarks/Saving
Arguments

Pollution 2.4 % by Volume NIL

1000 Vehicles/Hr
Man Power 30 x 3=90 8 x 3=24 63%

Petrol Saving NIL 100 Liters Rs 3,000 per day

Per Day (i.e.Rs 90,000
*Assume vehicles per month)
stay for 2 minutes
Queue Size Number of vehicles Nil or One
in queue =10
Cash Risk Yes (Rs 5 Lacs to 6 Nil ( very-very less)
Lacs per day) Negligible
Day Book Record Complicated Easy & simple

Public Opinion 29% 48% 23% No

Suggestion
Initial Cost Very Low( Cost of Very High(5$/car
PCs ) +cost of PCs)
Operating Cost Very High(Rs Very Low(Rs
5,00,000 per month) 1,00,000 per month)
Total Cost High Consequently Low

* Other expenditures like electricity, telephone bill etc and facilities like transportation
for staff, refreshment etc. assumed to be same.

61
Bar Chart of Pollution created between existing and bluetooth technology
based toll collection system

A: Existing System
P B: Bluetooth Technology
O 10 Based System
L
L
U A
T
I
O (in %)
N 1
B

TOLL TAX SYSTEM

Figure 4.1 Bar Chart of Pollution Created

Graph of Pollution created between existing and bluetooth technology based

toll collection system

A: Existing System
P B: Bluetooth Technology
O Based System
L
L 10
U
T in %
I
O A
N 5

1 B
. . . . . . .
3,000 6,000 9,000 12,000 15,000

Number of cars/day

Figure 4.2 Graph of Pollution Created

62
Bar Chart of Cash Risk during collection between existing and bluetooth
technology based toll collection system

A: Existing System
C B: Bluetooth Technology
A Based System
S Rs 5 Lacs
H
A
R
I
S
K
Rs 15,000
B

TOLL TAX SYSTEM

Figure 4.3 Bar Chart of Cash Risk

Graph of Cash Risk V/s Number of cars during collection in existing and
bluetooth technology based toll collection system

5
C ( in
A lacs)
S 4 A : Existing System
H B: Bluetooth Technology
Based System
P 3
E
R
2 A
D
A
Y 1

B
. . . . . . .
3,000 6,000 9,000 12,000 15,000
Number of cars/day
Figure 4.4 Graph of Cash Risk

63
Bar Chart of Man Power between existing and bluetooth technology based
toll collection system

102 A: Existing System

B: Bluetooth Technology
M Based System
A
N
A
P
O
W
E 36
R
B

TOLL TAX SYSTEM

Figure 4.5 Bar Chart of Man Power Required

Graph of Man Power V/s Number of cars in existing and bluetooth

technology based toll collection system

102 . A: Existing System

B: Bluetooth Technology
M Based System
A
N

P
O A
W
E 32.
R B

. . . . . . . . . . . .
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Number of cars in thousands /day
Figure 4.6 Graph of Man Power Required

64
Bar Chart of Queue size between existing and bluetooth technology based
toll collection system

A: Existing System
10 B: Bluetooth Technology
Q Based System
U
E A Queue size on the basis of
U 15,000 cars passes toll check
E point per day

S
I
Z 1
E B
TOLL TAX SYSTEM

Figure 4.7 Bar Chart of Queue Size

Graph of Queue size V/s Number of cars passes toll collection in existing
and bluetooth technology based toll collection system

(No of cars A: Existing System

in queue) B: Bluetooth Technology
Q Based System
U 10
E
U
E
5
S
I
Z
E
1
. . . . . . .
3,000 6,000 9000 12,000 15,000

Number of Passing Cars

Figure 4.8 Graph of Queue Size

65
Bar Chart of Petrol saving per month during collection between existing and
bluetooth technology based toll collection system
A: Existing System
B: Bluetooth Technology
P Based System
E in 300 litres
T L B
R i
O t
L r
e
S s
A
V
I
N
G
Nil
A

TOLL TAX SYSTEM

Figure 4.9 Bar Chart of Petrol Saving

Graph of Petrol saving in litres V/s Number of cars during collection in

existing and bluetooth technology based toll collection system
P
E in 300
T L
R i
O t A: Existing System
L r 200 B: Bluetooth Technology
e Based System
S s
A
V 100
I
N
G
. . . . . . . . . .
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Number of cars in thousands passes per day

Figure 4.10 Graph of Petrol Saving

66
Bar Chart of Cost (Initial and Working) per year between existing and
bluetooth technology based system
A: Existing System = A1+A2
B: Bluetooth Technology = B1+B2
Based System

Total Cost
70

Working Cost
60

42

Initial Cost
C (Rs in 5
O Lacs) 30 6 B
S
T 7

A2 12 A
10 4 9 3
10 B
8 B
2
11 A 1
1

Initial Cost Working Cost Total Cost

TOLL TAX SYSTEM

Figure 4.11 Bar Chart of Total Cost

The initial cost of BT system is higher than the current system but the working cost of the
BT system is very less than the existing system as shown in figure 4.11.Hence it will
overcomes the initial cost of the new system within six months.

67
 CONCLUSION

In my thesis, I have presented the implementation of bluetooth technology in the

application of toll tax system. Bluetooth toll collection stations allow the traffic to flow
continuously and vehicle having avoided stopping and starting again. This in combination
with reduced fuel consumption has positive effect on environment i.e. pollution created
will be minimum. Implementing the bluetooth technology is also not so much costly as
its price is only $5 .Man power and cash risks are also reduced to minimum. Furthermore,
only a minimum of traffic disruption is caused during installation. The system also
increases safety, as bottlenecks and long queues are avoided. Society and business
community also gain from the system as it results in faster transportation. The system is
cost-effective, time saving and easy to install., which benefits the operator as well as user.
It is to say that this bluetooth technology is only recently developed only in the
middle of 2000, two years of its incoming is a very smaller period. Much work and
experiments based possibilities are yet to work. After about few years, the real fruit of
this technology can only be tasted in many fields of science and technology. Smart cards
should be integrated with this technology as these are secured electronic devices that are
used for keeping data and other information in a way that only "authorized" users are
permitted to see or write the data.

68
 FUTURE SCOPE
The objective of the Bluetooth standard is to enable seamless communications of data
and voice, over short-range wireless links between both mobile and stationary devices.
The bluetooth specification can ease connection not only to the phone system or the
Internet but also between devices. Indeed, the focus of bluetooth wireless technology on
low-cost, high levels of integration and ease of configuration has the potential to change
current mobile computing and network connectivity paradigms.

I can say with confidence that the work of toll tax be an easy one when bluetooth
technology will be fixed for this purpose. Let us hope that our future experiments will be
beneficial to the whole of the world due to this technology.
This work can be further implemented in the field of Road Tax Office for the
collection for road taxes, which are applicable on motor vehicles and may be for the
collection of insurance fee of the motor vehicles.

69
 APPENDIX
SCREEN SHOTS FOR BILLING OF BLUETOOTH TOLL TAX
SYSTEM

In this entry of data, the red signal is displayed because the entered registration number is
not correct.

70
In this entry green signal is displayed because the required balance is there in the credit
card as well as the registration number is correct.

71
In this entry the first four signals are green because required balance of credit card exists
and also the registration number is correct. But according to the last entry, the red signal
is displayed because the credit card account shows the less balance than the required
amount.

72
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 Paper Publications and Presentations

Papers Publications
1. Sona, Lalit Garg, “ Bluetooth Secutity” in the Proceedings of Institution of Engineers
(India), February 2003, Page No. 375-381.

Papers Presented
1. Sona,Lalit Garg, “ Bluetooth Revolution” Presented in Institution of
Engineers(India),National Conference at Murthal, February 2003.
2. Sona, “ E-governance- An Approach to Toll Tax Application” , National
Conference at JMIT (Yamunanagar), April 2003.

Papers Accepted
1. Sona, Lalit Garg, “ New Trend in Toll Tax Application (Bluetooth Revolution)” ,
Second National Conference at Amrita Institute of Engineering ,Coimbatore.

Papers Communicated
1. Sona, “ Bluetooth – Approach to Toll Tax Application” , IMC 2003, 18th
International Maintenance Conference, Clearwater, Beach ,Florida (USA)

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