Civil Liberties Union v. Executive Secretary or their subsidiaries.

They shall strictly avoid conflict of interest in

Feb 22, 1991, Fernan, C.J. the conduct of their office.

The spouse and relatives by consanguinity or affinity within the

FACTS: fourth civil degree of the President shall not, during his tenure, be
 The two petitions in this case sought to declare appointed as Members of the Constitutional Commissions, or the
unconstitutional Executive Order No. 284 issued by Office of the Ombudsman, or as Secretaries, Undersecretaries,
then President Corazon C. Aquino. chairmen or heads of bureaus or offices, including government-
owned or controlled corporations and their subsidiaries.
 The petitioners alleged that Section 1, 2 and 3 of EO
284 contravenes the provision of Sec. 13, Article VII of  PETITIONERS CONTENTION: EO 284 adds exceptions
the 1987 Constitution to Section 13 of Article VII other than those provided in
the constitution. According to the petitioners, the only
 The assailed provisions of EO 284 are as follows: exceptions against holding any other office or
employment in government are those provided in the
Section 1: A cabinet member, undersecretary or assistant secretary or Constitution namely:
other appointive officials of the Executive Department may in addition 1. The Vice President (may be appointed as a Member
to his primary position, hold not more than two positions in the of the Cabinet under Section 3 par.2 of Article VII: “The
government and government corporations and receive the Vice-President may be appointed as a Member of the
corresponding compensation therefor.
Cabinet. Such appointment requires no confirmation.”)
Section 2: If they hold more positions more than what is required in and the secretary of justice (as an ex-officio member of
section 1, they must relinquish the excess position in favor of the the Judicial and Bar Council by virtue of Sec. 8 of article
subordinate official who is next in rank, but in no case shall any official VIII: “A Judicial and Bar Council is hereby created under
hold more than two positions other than his primary position. the supervision of the Supreme Court composed of the
Section 3: AT least 1/3 of the members of the boards of such
Chief Justice as ex officio Chairman, the Secretary of
corporation should either be a secretary, or undersecretary, or Justice, and a representative of the Congress as ex officio
assistant secretary. Members, a representative of the Integrated Bar, a
professor of law, a retired Member of the Supreme Court,
 13, Article VII of the 1987 Constitution, meanwhile, and a representative of the private sector.”)
states that:
Section 13. The President, Vice-President, the Members of the ISSUE: Whether or not EO 284 is unconstitutional?
Cabinet, and their deputies or assistants shall not, unless Yes. EO 284 is UNCONSTITUTIONAL.
otherwise provided in this Constitution, hold any other office or
employment during their tenure. They shall not, during said
tenure, directly or indirectly, practice any other profession,
participate in any business, or be financially interested in any
contract with, or in any franchise, or special privilege granted by
the Government or any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality
thereof, including government-owned or controlled corporations
HELD: officials from holding other office or employment in the
The court said, by allowing Cabinet members, government and government-owned or controlled corporations or
their subsidiaries. Whereas in Sec 13, Art VII, the disqualification is
undersecretaries or assistant secretaries to hold at least two absolute, not being qualified by the phrase "in the Government."
positions in the government and government corporations, EO The prohibition imposed on the President and Cabinet members is
284 actually allows them to hold multiple offices or therefore all-embracing and covers both public and private office
employment which is a direct contravention of the express or employment.
mandate of Article VII, Section 13 of the 1987 Constitution
 Members of the Cabinet, their deputies and assistants are allowed
which prohibits them from doing so, unless otherwise provided to hold other office or employment in the government during their
in the 1987 Constitution itself. tenure when expressly authorized by the Constitution itself. In
order that such additional duties or functions may not transgress
The explained that the phrase “unless otherwise provided in the prohibition embodied in Sec 13, Art VII of the 1987
this constitution” must be given a literal interpretation to refer Constitution, such additional duties or functions must be required
by the primary functions of the official concerned, who is to
only to those particular instances cited in the constitution perform the same in an ex-officio capacity as provided by law,
itself which are Section 3 of Article VII (for VP) and Section 8 without receiving any additional compensation therefor. If the
of Article VIII (for Secretary of Justice). functions required to be performed are merely incidental,
remotely related, inconsistent, incompatible, or otherwise alien to
Thus, the PETITION is GRANTED. the primary function of a cabinet official, such additional functions
would fall under the purview of "any other office" prohibited by
the Constitution.
Additional Notes:
 The intent of the framers of the 1886 Constitution was to impose a
 The Court also reiterates the fact that being head of an executive
stricter prohibition on the President and Cabinet members, in so
department is no mean job. It is more than a full-time job,
far as holding other offices or employment in the government or
requiring full attention, specialized knowledge, skills and
elsewhere is concerned, because they exercise more powers and
expertise. If maximum benefits are to be derived from a
more checks and restraints on them are called for because there is
department head's ability and expertise, he should be allowed to
more possibility of abuse in their case. This abuse in power and
attend to his duties and responsibilities without the distraction of
blatant betrayal of public trust brought about by the practice of
other governmental offices or employment. GDR
holding multiple office or positions in the government, which was
very prevalent during the Marcos regime, is the evil sought to be
eradicated by the Constitutional Commission.

 Such intent is also underscored in comparison to Sec 13, Art VI

"(N)o Senator or Member of the House of Representatives may
hold any other office or employment in the Government . . ."; Sec
5(4), Art XVI, "(N)o member of the armed forces in the active
service shall, at any time, be appointed in any capacity to a civilian
position in the Government ,including government-owned or
controlled corporations or any of their subsidiaries."; and Sec 7
(2), Art IX- B, "(U)nless otherwise allowed by law or by the
primary functions of his position, no appointive official shall hold
any other office or employment in the Government,” which all
point out to disqualifications prohibiting elective and appointive