Report
Report
Report
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT 1
1. INTRODUCTION 2
1.1 APPLICATION 3
1.2 BENIFITS 4
2. SECURITY FRAMEWORK 5
5. CONCLUSION 14
6. BIBLIOGRAPHY 15
ABSTRACT
Chapter I
1. INTRODUCTION
From the beginning of the computer era, cables are being used to connect
computers to each other and to special devices. For safe traveling of information
security measures have been developed to secure the cable connections.
Now, as the time has change, cables are not of that much use, thus the
Bluetooth is develop to provide cable-free environment. Bluetooth is a new
technology named after the 10th century Danish king Harald Bluetooth.
It is accepted as proposed standard for local wireless communication and is
becoming more and more popular day by day. Now it is extended to support both
the applications of voice/data access and personal ad hoc networks.
1.1 APPLICATIONS
The Bluetooth works for the wide range of applications. These range from
straightforward cable replacement to sophisticated networking applications.
Examples:
_ Wireless headsets for cell phones for hands-free, wire-free phone calls.
_ Wireless PC Mouse connection to the PC using Bluetooth.
_ Wireless printing between a PC or handheld and a Bluetooth enabled printer.
_ Wireless barcode scanner input for retail and warehousing.
_ Automated synchronization of Personal Digital Assistant (PDAs) and PCs using
Bluetooth.
_ Ad hoc networking and file sharing between PCs, PDAs & laptops in a
meeting.
_ Automated cell phone dialing from a laptop’s contact database with logging of
the activity on the laptop.
_ Internet access for Bluetooth used devices via the Bluetooth enabled device
on the Internet.
_ Synchronize contact information between a cell phone, PDA, notebook, and
desktop wirelessly.
_ With automatic synchronization enabled, everyone can see changes to the
shared material on his or her own computer.
1.2 BENEFITS
The most basic benefit from Bluetooth is of simple cable replacement between two
devices. For many situations were the physical elimination of inconvenient cables
that take space and limit device placement. In industrial and commercial
applications, the presence of wires creates problems and task interference issues.
The wide range of device types and standard interface make by Bluetooth. Which
allows selection of devices optimized each for their particular functions. The multi-
point capabilities of Bluetooth communications allows one interface to support
communications a set of wired and wireless devices are Bluetooth connectable,
including office appliances, e.g. desktop PCs, printers, projectors, laptops, and
PDAs; communication appliances, e.g. speakers, handsets, pagers, and mobile
phones; home appliances, e.g. DVD players, digital cameras, cooking ovens,
washing machines, refrigerators, and thermostats. Bluetooth is suitable for a wide
range of applications, e.g. wireless office and meeting room, smart home and
vehicle, intelligent parking, electrical paying and banking. printers, scanners,
scales, PDAs, other PCs, etc.
Bluetooth wireless networking, in general, provides a simple and fast path to ad
hoc networks with minimal equipment and overhead.
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Chapter II
2. Security Framework
The Bluetooth technology provides security at both the application layer and the
link layer. In this there are two kinds of features that make attacks more difficult. A
hop selection mechanism of up to 1600 hops/sec is used to avoid the interference
from external or other piconets. An automatic output power adaptation scheme is
also included in the standard for the low power consumption of light-weight mobile
devices, which can reduce the radio spread range for data transmission exactly
according to requirements based on the detected intensity.
Each Bluetooth device can work on one of the three security modes. Depending on
whether a device uses a semi link key or a master key, there are several encryption
modes available. If a unit key or a combination key is used, broadcast traffic is not
encrypted. Individually addressed traffic can be either encrypted or not. If a master
key is used, there are three possible modes.
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2.3 Security Levels
Service-level security, The Bluetooth device initiates security functions after the
channel is established, i.e. at the higher layers.
Bluetooth allows different security levels to be used for devices and various
services. To secure devices two security levels can be defined. An authorized
device has unrestricted access to all or some specific services. Basically this means
that the device has been previously authenticated is marked as “trusted”. An
unauthorized device has restricted access to services. Usually the device has been
previously authenticated but has not been marked as “trusted”. An unknown device
is also an untrusted device.
Three levels of service security are used to be defined so that the
requirements for authorization, authentication, and encryption can be set
independently, including services that require authorization and authentication,
services that require authentication only, and services open to all devices.
3. Link-level Security
Link-level security, The Bluetooth device initiates security functions before the
channel is established. This is the in-built security mechanism.
Figure 1 illustrates the link-level security framework of Bluetooth. In the
figure, the Bluetooth devices (the claimant) try to communicate the other device
(the verifier) [1].
Generally the whole scheme is divided in four levels as shown below in the figure.
Authentication (Communication
Figure 1: Bluetooth link-level security scheme.ink Key
Key management scheme[2] is used to generate, store, and distribute keys, which is
included in the first step of each of the four parts in Figure 1. Bluetooth uses a
private key called link key is shared between two or more parties.
· A semi-permanent key can be used after the current process is terminated, while a
temporary key is valid only until the current process is over.
· The initialization key is used only during the initialization process. The unit key is
generated once at the installation of the unit.
· The combination key is derived by both units for services that require more
security.
· The master key, generated by the master device, is used when the master wants to
send messages.
· A Bluetooth Personal Identification Number (PIN) is used for authentication and
to generate the initialization key before exchanging link keys.
· The unit key is generated in a single device when it is installed.
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3.2 Authentication Scheme
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3.3 Encryption Scheme
Figure 4 shows the encryption procedure. The encryption key (KC) is generated
from the current link key.
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Chapter IV
4. Service-level Security
13
CONCLUSIONS
We have now examined Bluetooth in general, some of the Bluetooth security
mechanisms. As was seen, the Bluetooth's security seemed to be adequate only for
small ad hoc networks, such as a network of the participants in a meeting.
Connecting a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) to a mobile phone using Bluetooth
may also be secure enough, but is Bluetooth secure enough for larger networks,
money transfers and transferring other sensitive information.
In the light of this study, it seems that the security of Bluetooth is still not
suitable for any serious, security sensitive work; the more sophisticated security
methods may be implemented. Since the Bluetooth security scheme is reasonably
useful to the applications with less security requirements. Based on the original
design goal of cable replacement, Bluetooth is more suitable to short-range and
small-size wireless personal area networks than for connecting with outside public
networks, comparing.
14
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] Jun-Zhao Sun, Douglas Howie, Antti Koivisto, and Jaakko Sauvola.
Design, Implementation, And Evaluation Of Bluetooth Security,
[referred 2002-01-07]
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INDEX