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Some Basic Networking Concepts

Encapsulation involves wrapping data and essential fields like IP addresses, MAC addresses, and frame check sequences inside packet headers and trailers to transport them across networks. The TCP/IP model layers example protocols like HTTP, POP3, SMTP at the application layer, TCP and UDP at the transport layer, and IP at the internet layer, with network access protocols like Ethernet and Frame Relay at the lowest layer. Interface status codes provide information about the layer 1 and layer 2 connectivity, with line status referring to physical layer issues and protocol status referring to data link layer configuration issues.

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135 views

Some Basic Networking Concepts

Encapsulation involves wrapping data and essential fields like IP addresses, MAC addresses, and frame check sequences inside packet headers and trailers to transport them across networks. The TCP/IP model layers example protocols like HTTP, POP3, SMTP at the application layer, TCP and UDP at the transport layer, and IP at the internet layer, with network access protocols like Ethernet and Frame Relay at the lowest layer. Interface status codes provide information about the layer 1 and layer 2 connectivity, with line status referring to physical layer issues and protocol status referring to data link layer configuration issues.

Uploaded by

Anik
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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File BY ANIK SACHDEVA

#Encapsulation

Header Data and other essential fields like IP, Trailer


MAC, FCS, SEQ NO etc

#TCP/IP Architecture Layer Example Protocols

Application HTTP, POP3, SMTP


Transport TCP, UDP
Internet IP
Network access Ethernet, Frame Relay

#Smooth Round trip time (SRTT)

R1 R2 (Neighbor)

Touch
#Interface Status Codes and Their Meanings

Name Location General Meaning


Line First status Refers to the Layer 1 status—for example, is the cable
status code installed, is it the right/wrong cable, is the device on the
other end powered on?
Protocol Second Refers generally to the Layer 2 status. It is always down if
status status code the line status is down. If the line status is up, a protocol
status of down usually is caused by mismatched data link
layer configuration.

Clocking??
Routers can use serial links without the need for additional
configuration or auto negotiation to sense the serial link’s speed. The
CSU/DSU knows the speed, the CSU/DSU sends clock pulses over the
cable to the router, and the router reacts to the clocking signal. In
effect, the CSU/DSU tells the router when to send the next bit over the
cable, and when to receive the next bit, with the router just blindly
reacting to the CSU/DSU for that timing.
#Terminology

2.5X = Old Network types like dial-up (56 kbps)

T1 = 1.544 Mbps link

Fast Ethernet = 100 Mbps

Gigabit Ethernet = 1000 Mbps

10 Gigabit Ethernet = 10 Gbps

#Flash Memory

*Rewriteable

*Permanent storage

*Ideal for storing files that need to be retained when the router loses
power.

*Cisco purposefully uses Flash memory instead of disk drives in its


products because there are no moving parts in Flash memory, so
there is a smaller chance of failure as compared with disk drives.

#Ping command

The ping command sends an ICMP echo request packet to the stated
destination address. The TCP/IP software at the destination then replies
to the ping echo request packet with a similar packet, called an ICMP
echo reply.

NOTE:

 The term IOS image simply refers to a file containing IOS.


 #terminal ip netmask-format decimal
You can change the format of the display of the subnet mask in
show commands, for the duration of your login session to the
router.
 “I’ve even heard of a couple of large networks with a few full-time
people who do nothing but plan and implement access lists!”
- Wendell Odom,CCIE
CCNA ICND2 Official Exam
Certification Guide 2nd Ed.

UTP patch Cable


#Advantages of CIDR
Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR), allows ISPs to reduce the
wasting of IP addresses by assigning a company a subset of a network
number rather than the entire network. CIDR also can allow ISPs to
summarize routes such that multiple Class A, B, or C networks match a
single route, which helps reduce the size of Internet routing tables.

Application Layer in OSI model


 TCP/IP application layer protocols provide services to the application
software running on a computer.
 The application layer does not define the application itself, but rather it
defines services that applications need, such as the ability to transfer a file in
the case of HTTP.
 The application layer provides an interface between software running on a
computer and the network itself.

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