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Parallel Projection and Translation

The document discusses various types of 3D computer graphics projections, including parallel, orthogonal, oblique, isometric, and perspective projections. Parallel projections preserve parallel lines but not angles or scale. Orthographic projections project in directions perpendicular to planes. Oblique projections are at angles between parallel and orthogonal. Isometric projections preserve parallel lines and angles but not scale. Perspective projections converge at a center point for realistic appearance but do not preserve properties.

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185 views5 pages

Parallel Projection and Translation

The document discusses various types of 3D computer graphics projections, including parallel, orthogonal, oblique, isometric, and perspective projections. Parallel projections preserve parallel lines but not angles or scale. Orthographic projections project in directions perpendicular to planes. Oblique projections are at angles between parallel and orthogonal. Isometric projections preserve parallel lines and angles but not scale. Perspective projections converge at a center point for realistic appearance but do not preserve properties.

Uploaded by

yudhishther
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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6/11/2017 3D Computer Graphics

In the 2D system, we use only two coordinates X and Y but in 3D, an extra coordinate Z is
added. 3D graphics techniques and their application are fundamental to the entertainment,
games, and computer­aided design industries. It is a continuing area of research in scientific
visualization.

Furthermore,  3D  graphics  components  are  now  a  part  of  almost  every  personal  computer
and, although traditionally intended for graphics­intensive software such as games, they are
increasingly being used by other applications.

Parallel Projection
Parallel projection discards z­coordinate and parallel lines from each vertex on the object are
extended until they intersect the view plane. In parallel projection, we specify a direction of
projection instead of center of projection.

In parallel projection, the distance from the center of projection to project plane is infinite. In
this type of projection, we connect the projected vertices by line segments which correspond
to connections on the original object.

Parallel projections are less realistic, but they are good for exact measurements. In this type
of projections, parallel lines remain parallel and angles are not preserved. Various types of
parallel projections are shown in the following hierarchy.

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Orthographic Projection
In orthographic projection the direction of projection is normal to the projection of the plane.
There are three types of orthographic projections −

Front Projection

Top Projection

Side Projection

Oblique Projection
In orthographic projection, the direction of projection is not normal to the projection of plane.
In oblique projection, we can view the object better than orthographic projection.
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There are two types of oblique projections − Cavalier and Cabinet. The Cavalier projection
makes 45° angle with the projection plane. The projection of a line perpendicular to the view
plane  has  the  same  length  as  the  line  itself  in  Cavalier  projection.  In  a  cavalier  projection,
the foreshortening factors for all three principal directions are equal.

The Cabinet projection makes 63.4° angle with the projection plane. In Cabinet projection,
lines  perpendicular  to  the  viewing  surface  are  projected  at  ½  their  actual  length.  Both  the
projections are shown in the following figure −

Isometric Projections
Orthographic projections that show more than one side of an object are called axonometric
orthographic  projections.  The  most  common  axonometric  projection  is  an  isometric
projection  where  the  projection  plane  intersects  each  coordinate  axis  in  the  model
coordinate system at an equal distance. In this projection parallelism of lines are preserved
but angles are not preserved. The following figure shows isometric projection −

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Perspective Projection
In perspective projection, the distance from the center of projection to project plane is finite
and the size of the object varies inversely with distance which looks more realistic.

The distance and angles are not preserved and parallel lines do not remain parallel. Instead,
they  all  converge  at  a  single  point  called  center  of  projection  or  projection  reference
point. There are 3 types of perspective projections which are shown in the following chart.

One point perspective projection is simple to draw.

Two point perspective projection gives better impression of depth.

Three point perspective projection is most difficult to draw.

The following figure shows all the three types of perspective projection −

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Translation
In  3D  translation,  we  transfer  the  Z  coordinate  along  with  the  X  and  Y  coordinates.  The
process for translation in 3D is similar to 2D translation. A translation moves an object into a
different position on the screen.

The following figure shows the effect of translation −

A  point  can  be  translated  in  3D  by  adding  translation  coordinate  (t x, t y, t z ) (tx,ty,tz)  to  the
original coordinate (X, Y, Z) to get the new coordinate (X’, Y’, Z’).

⎡ 1 0 0 0⎤
⎢ 0 1 0 0 ⎥⎥
T = ⎢⎢ T=[100001000010txtytz1]
⎢ 0 0 1 0 ⎥⎥
⎣ tx ty tz 1⎦

P’ = P∙T

⎡ 1 0 0 0⎤
⎢ 0 1 0 0 ⎥⎥
[X' Y ' Z' 1] = [X Y Z 1] ⎢⎢ [X′Y′Z′1]=[XYZ1][100001000010txtytz1]
⎢ 0 0 1 0 ⎥⎥
⎣ tx ty tz 1⎦
= [X + t x Y + t y Z + t z 1]

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