04 Enhancement Frequency

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com
Chapter 4 Image Enhancement in the

Frequency Domain
The principal objective of enhancement

to process an image so that the result is more suitable
than the original image for a specific application.
Enhancement methods
Spatial Domain (in chapter 3)
based on direct manipulation of pixels in an image
Frequency Domain (in this chapter)
based on modifying the Fourier transform of an image
The viewer is the ultimate judge of how well of
a particular method works.
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
Chapter 4 Image Enhancement in the

Frequency Domain
4.1 Background
4.2 Introduction to the Fourier Transform and the
Frequency Domain
4.3 Smoothing Frequency-Domain Filters
4.4 Sharpening Frequency-Domain filters
4.5 Homomorphic Filtering
4.6 Implementation
1
Digital
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2nd ed.
4.1 Background
Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier(1768~1830)

French mathematician
Source:http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/PictDisplay/Fourier.html
Digital
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Image Processing,
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2nd ed.
4.1 Background
2
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
4.1 Background
Fourier Series
Any periodically repeated function can be expressed
of the sum of sines/cosines
sines/cosines of different frequencies,
frequencies,
each multiplied by a different coefficient
Fourier Transform
Finite curves can be expressed as the integral of
sines/cosines
sines/cosines multiplied by a weighing function
wildly used in signal processing field
Fourier Series/Transform can be reconstructed
completely via an inverse process
Digital
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Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
4.2 Introduction to the Fourier Transform and

the Frequency Domain
This Section will introduce

One dimension and Two dimension Fourier
transform
mostly on a discrete formulation of the continuous
transform and some of its properties
3
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.

One dimensional Fourier transform and its

inverse (Fourier transform pair)
Fourier transform 像素強度
∞
頻率強度 F (u ) = ∫ f ( x )e − j 2πux dx (4.2 - 1)
−∞
Inverse Fourier transform 頻率強度

∞
像素強度 f ( x ) = ∫ F (u )e j 2πux du (4.2 - 2)
−∞
其中, f(x)是單變數連續函式，F(u)是f(x)的Fourier
Transform結果，j= − 1
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
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2nd ed.

Two dimensional Fourier transform and its

inverse (Fourier transform pair)
Fourier transform
∞ ∞
F (u , v ) = ∫ ∫ f (x, y )e − j 2π (ux + vy )dxdy (4.2 - 3)
−∞ −∞
Inverse Fourier transform

∞ ∞
f ( x, y ) = ∫ ∫ F (u , v )e j 2π (ux + vy )dudv (4.2 - 4)
−∞ −∞
4
Digital
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Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.

Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)

Discrete Fourier Transform
M −1
F (u ) = ∑ f (x )e
1 − j 2πux M
for u = 0 , 1, 2 , ..., M - 1. (4.2 - 5)
M x =0
Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform

M −1
f ( x ) = ∑ F (u )e j 2πux M for x = 0 , 1, 2 , ..., M - 1. (4.2 - 6)
x =0
Digital
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Frequency Domain
Euler’s formula
e jθ = cos θ + j sin θ (4.2 - 7)
substituting this expression into Eq. (4.2-5)
1 M −1
F (u ) = ∑ f (x )[cos 2πux / M − j sin 2πux / M ]
M x =0
for u = 1, 2, ..., M - 1 (4.2 - 8)
F(u)是f(x)的頻率成份，Fourier Transform就像菱鏡的功能一
樣可將f(x)的頻率成份分離出來分離出來的值為F(u)
5
Digital
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To express F(x) in polar coordinates(極座標)
F (u ) = F (u ) e − jφ (u ) (4.2 - 9)
[ ]
1
F (u ) = R (u ) + I (u )
2 2 2
(4.2 - 10) R(u) 與 I(u)分別是F(u)的實部與虛部
|F(u)| is called the magtitute(強度) or spectrum(頻譜)

 I (u ) 
φ (u ) = tan −1   (4.2 - 11)
 R(u )
φ is called the phase angle (相位角) or phase spectrum
P(u ) = F (u ) = R 2 (u ) + I 2 (u ) (4.2 - 12)
2
p(u) is called power spectrum of spectrum density

Digital
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Example M −1
F (u ) = ∑ f (x )e
1 − j 2πux M
M x =0
K −1
1
=
M
∑ Ae
x =0
− j 2πux M
K −1
A
=
M
∑e
x =0
− j 2πux M
K −1
A
F (0) = ∑e − j 2π 0 x M
M x =0
A K −1
= ∑1
M x =0
AK
=
M
6
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.

7
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.

2D DFT and its inverse
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.

Spectrum, Phase angle, and Spectrum density
8
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Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.

Shifts the origin of F(u, v) to (M/2, N/2)
dc (direct current) value

zero frequency
mean value of an image
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.

if f(x,y) is real, its Fourier transformation is

conjugate (共軛) symmetric
9
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.

Example
Digital
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Image Processing,
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2nd ed.

10
Digital
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Image Processing,
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Filtering in the frequency domain
影像灰階內容與頻率的關係
Digital
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Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.

Steps of Filtering in the frequency domain
1. Multiply the input image by (-1)x+y to center the transform,
as indicated in Eq. (4.2-21).
2. Compute F(u, v), the DFT of the image from (1).

3. Multiply F(u, v) by a filter function H(u,v).
4. Compute the inverse DFT of the result in (3).
5. Obtain the real part of the result in (4).

6. Multiply the result in (5) by (-1)x+y
11
Digital
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Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.

Some basic filters and their properties
Notch filter - remove the average value of an image
12
Digital
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Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.

Low frequencies
Smooth areas
High frequencies
Edge, Texture, noise
Lowpass filter
濾掉高頻部份，保留低頻部份
highpass filter
濾掉低頻部份，保留高頻部份
Digital
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2nd ed.

13
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Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.

Correspondence between filtering in the spatial
and frequency domains
Convolution theorem(捲積定理)
捲積
f ( x, y )* h( x, y ) ⇔ F (u , v )H (u , v ) (4.2 - 31)
f ( x, y )h( x, y ) ⇔ F (u , v )* H (u , v ) (4.2 - 32 )
頻域相乘等於空間域做捲積，空間域相乘等於頻域做捲積
14
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Impulse Function(脈衝函式)
M −1 N −1
∑∑ s(x, y )Aδ (x − x , y − y ) = As(x , y )

x =0 y =0
0 0 0 0 (4.2 - 33)
M −1 N −1
∑∑ s(x, y )δ (x, y ) = s(0,0)

x =0 y =0
(4.2 - 34)
函式與
函式與脈衝函式做
脈衝函式做捲積就是將函式
捲積就是將函式複製
複製到脈衝函式所在位置
到脈衝函式所在位置
Fourier transform of Impulse Function

M −1 N −1
F (u, v ) = ∑∑ δ (x, y )e
1 − j 2π (ux / M + vy / N ) 1
= (4.2 - 35)
MN x =0 y =0 MN
Digital
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Convolution between h(x,y) and Impulse Function
M −1 N −1
f ( x , y ) * h ( x, y ) = ∑∑ δ (m, n)h(x − m, y − n)
1
MN x =0 y =0
h( x,y )
1
= (4.2 - 36)
MN
15
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.

Correspondence between filtering in the spatial
and frequency domains
Spatial Domain Frequency Domain
Digital
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Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.

Gaussian filter (高斯濾波器)
H (u ) = Ae −u
2
2
/ 2σ
(4.2 - 38)
h( x ) = 2π σAe −2π σ 2 x2
2
(4.2 - 39)
H (u ) = Ae −u / 2σ 12
- Be − u / 2σ 22
2 2
(4.2 - 40)
h( x ) = 2π σ 1 Ae −2π σ 12 x 2
- 2π σ 2 Be −2π σ 22 x 2
2 2
(4.2 - 41)
16
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Digital
Digital Image
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G (u , v ) = H (u , v )F (u , v ) (4.3 - 1)
4.3.1 Ideal Lowpass Filters
1 if D (u,v ) ≤ D0
H (u , v ) =  (4.3 - 2)
0 if D(u,v ) > D0
D(u,v)表距中心點距離, MxN的影像，
中心點為(M/2, N/2)
[
D (u , v ) = (u − M / 2 ) + (v − N / 2 )
2 2
]
1
2
(4.3 - 3)
D0 is called cutoff frequency
17
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Digital
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Choosing the cutoff frequency according to the

power spectrum of an image
M −1 N −1
PT = ∑∑ P (u , v ) (4.3 - 4)
u =0 v =0
 
α = 100 ∑∑ P(u, v ) / PT  (4.3 - 5)
 u v 
18
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Digital
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a b c
d e f
19
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blurring and ringing effects
Frequency Domain : G (u , v ) = H (u , v )F (u , v )
Spatial Domain : g (x, y ) = h(x, y )* f (x, y )
Blurring : Low frequencies are removed
Ringing : Cutoff is too sharp
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20
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4.3.2 Butterworth Lowpass Filters
H (u , v ) =
1
(4.3 - 6)
1 + [D(u , v ) D0 ]
2n
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no ringing
a b c
d e f
FIGURE 4.15 (a) Original image. (b)-(f) Results of filtering with BLPFs of order 2,
with cutoff frequencies at radii of 5, 15, 30, 80, 230, as shown in Fig. 4.11 (b).
Compare with Fig. 4.12.
21
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4.3.3 Gaussian Lowpass Filters

H (u , v ) = e − D (u ,v ) 2σ 2
2
(4.3 - 7)
H (u , v ) = e − D (u , v )
2
2 D02
(4.3 - 8)
22
Digital
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no ringing
a b c
d e f
FIGURE 4.18 (a) Original image. (b)-(f) Results of filtering with Gaussian lowpass
filters with cutoff frequencies set at radii of 5, 15, 30, 80, 230, as shown in Fig. 4.11
(b). Compare with Figs. 4.12 and 4.15.
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4.3.4 Additional examples of Lowpass Filtering
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4.4 Sharping Frequency-Domain Filters
H hp (u , v ) = 1 − H lp (u , v ) (4.4 - 1)
Digital
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25
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4.4.1 Ideal Highpass Filters

0 if D (u,v ) ≤ D0
H (u , v ) =  (4.4 - 2)
1 if D (u,v ) > D0
Digital
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4.4.2 Butterworth Highpass Filters

H (u , v ) =
1
(4.4 - 3)
1 + [D0 D(u , v )]
2n
26
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4.4.3 Gaussian Highpass Filters

H (u , v ) = 1 − e − D (u , v )
2
2 D02
(4.4 - 4)
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4.4.4 The Laplacian in the Frequency Domain
27
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4.4.4 The Laplacian in the Frequency Domain

{[
∇ 2 f ( x, y ) = ℑ−1 − (u − M / 2 ) + (v − N / 2 ) F (u , v )
2 2
] } (4.4 - 10)
∇2 f ( x, y ) ⇔ −[(u − M / 2 ) ]
+ (v − N / 2 ) F (u , v )
2 2
(4.4 - 11)
An image can be enhanced by subtracting the Laplacian

from the original image.
g ( x, y ) = f ( x, y ) − ∇ 2 f ( x, y ) (4.4 - 12)
{ [
g ( x, y ) = ℑ−1 1 − (u − M 2) + (v − N 2) F (u, v)
2 2
] } (4.4 -13)
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4.4.5 Unsharp Masking, High-Boost Filtering,

and High-Grequency Emphasis Filtering
Unsharp filtering
f hp ( x, y ) = f ( x, y ) − f lp ( x, y ) (4.4 - 14)
High-Boost filtering
f hb ( x, y ) = Af ( x, y ) − f lp ( x, y ) (4.4 - 15)
= (A - 1) f ( x, y ) + f ( x, y ) − f lp ( x, y ) (4.4 - 16)
= (A - 1) f ( x, y ) + f hp ( x, y ) (4.4 - 17)
29
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Unsharp filtering - frequency-domain filter

H hp (u , v ) = 1 − H lp (u , v ) (4.4 - 18)
High Boost filtering - frequency-domain filter

H hb (u, v ) = ( A − 1) − H hp (u, v ) (4.4 - 19)
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30
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High frequency emphasis
H hfe (u , v ) = a + bH hp (u, v ) (4.4 - 20)

typically, 0.25≤ a ≤ 0.5, 1.5 ≤ b ≤ 2.0
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illumination-reflectance model
simultaneous gray-level range compression and
contract enhancement
f ( x, y ) = i ( x, y )r ( x, y ). (4.5 - 1)
ℑ( f ( x, y )) ≠ ℑ(i ( x, y ))ℑ(r ( x, y )). (4.5 - 2)
Let z ( x, y ) = ln f ( x, y )
= ln i ( x, y ) + ln r ( x, y ). (4.5 - 3)
Then Z (u, v ) = Fi (u, v ) + Fr (u, v ) (4.5 - 4)
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S (u , v ) = H (u , v )Z (u , v )
= H (u,v )Fi (u,v ) + H (u,v )Fr (u,v ) (4.5 - 5)
s ( x, y ) = ℑ−1 {S (u , v )}
= ℑ−1 {H (u,v )Fi (u,v )}+ ℑ−1 {H (u,v )Fr (u,v )} (4.5 - 6)
Let i ' ( x, y ) = ℑ−1 {H (u,v )Fi (u,v )} (4.5 - 7)

r' ( x,y ) = ℑ −1
{H (u,v )Fr (u,v )} (4.5 - 8)
s ( x, y ) = i ' ( x, y )r ' ( x, y ). (4.5 - 9)
32
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g ( x, y ) = e s ( x , y )
= ei' ( x,y ) ⋅ e r' ( x,y )
= i0 ( x,y )r0 ( x,y ) (4.5 - 10)
i0 ( x,y ) = e i '( x , y ) (4.5 - 11)
r0 ( x,y ) = e r '( x , y ) (4.5 - 12)
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4.6 Implementation
Some Additional Properties of the 2D Fourier

Transform Translation
Shifting
Shifts center to (M/2, N/2)
34
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4.6 Implementation
Distributivity(分配率)
ℑ[ f1 ( x, y ) + f 2 ( x, y )] = ℑ[ f1 ( x, y )] + ℑ[ f 2 ( x, y )] (4.6 - 5)
ℑ[ f1 ( x, y ) ⋅ f 2 ( x, y )] ≠ ℑ[ f1 ( x, y )]⋅ ℑ[ f 2 ( x, y )] (4.6 - 6)
Scaling
af ( x, y ) ⇔ aF (u , v ) (4.6 - 7)
1 u v
f (ax, by ) ⇔ F ,  (4.6 - 8)
ab  a b 
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4.6 Implementation
Rotation
Let x = r cos θ , y = r sin θ u = ω cos ϕ , v = ω sin ϕ
Then f ( x,y ) and F (u,v ) become f (r,θ ) and F (ω,ϕ )
f (r , θ + θ 0 ) ⇔ F (ω , ϕ + θ 0 ) (4.6 - 9)
35
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4.6 Implementation
Periodicity
F (u , v ) = F (u + M , v ) = F (u , v + N ) = F (u + M , v + N ) (4.6 - 10)
f ( x,y ) = f ( x + M,y ) = f ( x,y + N ) = f ( x + M,y + N ) (4.6 - 11)
Conjugate symmetry
F (u , v ) = F * (− u ,−v ) (4.6 - 12)
F (u , v ) = F (− u ,−v ) (4.6 - 13)
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4.6 Implementation
36
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4.6 Implementation
Separability
M −1 N −1
F (u, v ) = ∑ f (x, y )e
1 1
M
∑ e− j 2πux / M
x =0 N y =0
− j 2πvy / N
M −1
∑ F (x, v )e
1 − j 2πux / M
= (4.6 - 14)
M x =0
N −1
F ( x, v ) = ∑ f (x, y )e
1 − j 2πvy / N
(4.6 - 15)
N y =0
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4.6 Implementation
Computing the inverse Fourier Transform

using a Forward Transform Algorithm
37
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Digital Image
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4.6 Implementation
More on Periodicity
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Image Processing,
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4.6 Implementation
38
Digital
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Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
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4.6 Implementation
避免產生wraparound error在函式後方補零
 f (x ) 0 ≤ x ≤ A -1
f e (x ) =  (4.6 - 21)
0 A≤x≤P
 g (x ) 0 ≤ x ≤ B -1
g e (x ) =  (4.6 - 22)
0 B≤ x ≤P
且P≥A+B-1
Digital
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4.6 Implementation
2D
39
Digital
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4.6 Implementation
Digital
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4.6 Implementation
40
Digital
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4.6 Implementation
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
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4.6 Implementation
The convolution and Correlation Theorems
Convolution Theorems
41
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4.6 Implementation
Correlation Theorems
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4.6 Implementation
42
Digital
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Image Processing,
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4.6 Implementation
Summary of Properties of the 2D Fourier Transform
Digital
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4.6 Implementation
43
Digital
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Image Processing,
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4.6 Implementation
Digital
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4.6 Implementation
44
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Digital Image
Image Processing,
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4.6 Implementation
The Fast Fourier Transformation
Complexity of Fourier Transformation

O(N2)
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4.6 Implementation
M −1
F (u ) = ∑ f (x )W
1 ux
M (4.6 - 35)
M x =0
WM = e − j 2π / M (4.6 - 36)
Let M = 2 n (4.6 - 37)

M = 2K (4.6 - 38)
M −1
F (u ) = ∑ f (x )W
1 ux
M
2K x =0
1  1 k −1 1 k −1 
=  ∑ f (2 x )W2
u (2 x )
K + ∑ f (2 x + 1)W2uK(2 x +1)  (4.6 - 39)
2  K x =0 K x =0 
45
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4.6 Implementation
M −1
F (u ) = ∑ f (x )W
1 ux
M
2K x =0
1  1 k −1 1 k −1 
=  ∑ f (2 x )W u (2 x )
2K + ∑ f (2 x + 1)W2uK(2 x +1)  (4.6 - 39)
2  K x =0 K x =0 
1 k −1 1 k −1
∑ f (2 x )W2uK(2 x )
K x =0 ∑ f (2 x + 1)W2uK(2 x+1)
K x =0
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
4.6 Implementation
M −1
F (u ) = ∑ f (x )W
1 ux
M
2K x =0
1  1 k −1 1 k −1 
=  ∑ f (2 x )W u (2 x )
2K + ∑ f (2 x + 1)W2uK(2 x +1)  (4.6 - 39)
2  K x =0 K x =0 
QW22kux = e − j 2π (2ux )/ 2 K = e − j 2π (ux )/ K = WKux

1  1 k −1 1 k −1 
∴ F (u ) =  ∑ f (2 x )WK
ux
+ ∑ f (2 x + 1)WKuxW2uK  (4.6 - 40)
2  K x =0 K x =0 
46
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
4.6 Implementation
1 k −1
Defining Feven (u ) = ∑ f (2 x )WKux (4.6 - 41)
K x =0
1 k −1
Defining Fodd (u ) = ∑ f (2 x + 1)WKux (4.6 - 42)
K x =0
F (u ) =
1
2
[
Feven (u ) + Fodd (u )W2uK ] (4.6 - 43)
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
4.6 Implementation
QWMu + M = WMu and W2uM+ M = −W2uM 週期性
∴ F (u + K ) =
1
2
[
Feven (u + K ) + Fodd (u + K )W2uk+ k ]
1  1 K −1 1 K −1 
=  ∑ f (2 x )WK(u + K )x + ∑ f (2 x + 1)WK(u + K )xW2uk+ k 
2  K x =0 K x =0 
1  1 K −1 
=  ∑
2  K x =0
f (2 x )WK
ux
+
1 K −1
∑ (
f (2 x + 1)WKux − W2uK  )
K x =0 
1  1 K −1 1 K −1 
=  ∑ f (2 x )WKux − ∑ f (2 x + 1)WKuxW2uK 
2  K x =0 K x =0 
=
1
2
[
Feven (u ) − Fodd (u )W2uK ] (4.6 - 44)
47
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
4.6 Implementation
F (0) =
1
2
[
Feven (0) + Fodd (0)W20k ]
[
F (1) = Feven (1) + Fodd (1)W21k
1
2
]
L
F (K − 1) =
1
2
[F even (K − 1) + Fodd (K − 1)W2KK−1 ]
F (0 + K ) =
1
2
[F even (0) − Fodd (0)W20K ]
F (1 + K ) =
1
2
[F even (1) − Fodd (1)W21K ]
F (K − 1 + K ) =
1
2
[F even (K − 1) − Fodd (K − 1)W2KK−1 ]
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
4.6 Implementation
FFT所需要的乘法與加法計算次數
其中 M = 2 n
m(n ) = 2m(n − 1) + 2 n −1 n ≥ 1 (4.6 - 45)

a (n ) = 2a(n − 1) + 2 n n ≥1 (4.6 - 46)
m(n ) =
1
M log 2 M (4.6 - 47)
2
a (n ) = M log 2 M (4.6 - 48)
48
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
4.6 Implementation
Advantage of the FFT over Fourier Transform
M2
C (M ) =
M log 2 M
M
= (4.6 - 49)
log 2 M
2n
M = 2 n ⇒ C (n ) = (4.6 - 50)
n
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
4.6 Implementation
49
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
4.6 Implementation
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
4.6 Implementation
Some comments on filter design
• 頻域可完全掌控filter特性，非常適合在
實驗階段，Filter在頻域設計完成後，通
常會轉成對等的空間域filter，然後使用
韌體或硬體的方式處理影像．
50

04 Enhancement Frequency

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Digital

Chapter 4 Image Enhancement in the

 The principal objective of enhancement

Chapter 4 Image Enhancement in the

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

 Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier(1768~1830)

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

4.2 Introduction to the Fourier Transform and

 This Section will introduce

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

4.2 Introduction to the Fourier Transform and

 One dimensional Fourier transform and its

Inverse Fourier transform 頻率強度

4.2 Introduction to the Fourier Transform and

 Two dimensional Fourier transform and its

Inverse Fourier transform

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

4.2 Introduction to the Fourier Transform and

 Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)

Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

4.2 Introduction to the Fourier Transform and

4.2 Introduction to the Fourier Transform and

|F(u)| is called the magtitute(強度) or spectrum(頻譜)

p(u) is called power spectrum of spectrum density

4.2 Introduction to the Fourier Transform and

4.2 Introduction to the Fourier Transform and

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

4.2 Introduction to the Fourier Transform and

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

4.2 Introduction to the Fourier Transform and

 2D DFT and its inverse

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

4.2 Introduction to the Fourier Transform and

 Spectrum, Phase angle, and Spectrum density

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

4.2 Introduction to the Fourier Transform and

 Shifts the origin of F(u, v) to (M/2, N/2)

 dc (direct current) value

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

4.2 Introduction to the Fourier Transform and

 if f(x,y) is real, its Fourier transformation is

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

4.2 Introduction to the Fourier Transform and

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

4.2 Introduction to the Fourier Transform and

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

4.2 Introduction to the Fourier Transform and

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

4.2 Introduction to the Fourier Transform and

2. Compute F(u, v), the DFT of the image from (1).

4. Compute the inverse DFT of the result in (3).

5. Obtain the real part of the result in (4).

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

4.2 Introduction to the Fourier Transform and

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

4.2 Introduction to the Fourier Transform and

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

4.2 Introduction to the Fourier Transform and

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

The principal objective of enhancement

Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier(1768~1830)

This Section will introduce

One dimensional Fourier transform and its

Two dimensional Fourier transform and its

Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)

2D DFT and its inverse

Spectrum, Phase angle, and Spectrum density

Shifts the origin of F(u, v) to (M/2, N/2)

dc (direct current) value

if f(x,y) is real, its Fourier transformation is

Fourier transform of Impulse Function

Choosing the cutoff frequency according to the

blurring and ringing effects

4.3.2 Butterworth Lowpass Filters

4.3.3 Gaussian Lowpass Filters

4.3.4 Additional examples of Lowpass Filtering

4.4.1 Ideal Highpass Filters

4.4.2 Butterworth Highpass Filters

4.4.3 Gaussian Highpass Filters

4.4.4 The Laplacian in the Frequency Domain