RC Detailing to EC2 – Webinar – August 2018
RC Detailing to Eurocode 2
The presentation is based on
Chapter 10 – Detailing
RC Detailing to Eurocode 2 in The Concrete Centre’s
publication
Webinar from The Concrete Centre How to Design Concrete Structures
www.concretecentre.com
using Eurocode 2.
Paul Gregory
Structural Engineer The publication is available from
MSc MBA CEng MICE MIStructE
www.concretecentre.com
[email protected] and
www.ihs.com/en/uk/index.aspx 2nd Edition – Feb 2018
RC Detailing to Eurocode 2 Detailing introduction – EC2
Outline The first part of the presentation will look at topics in
EC2 that are relevant to detailing:
• Detailing introduction – EC2 (BS EN 1992 Part 1-1)
Reinforcement – EC2 cl 3.2 and Annex C
• Crack control without direct calculation – EC2 Ch 7.3 Concrete cover – EC2 cl 4.4.1
• Anchorage and Laps – EC2 Chapter 8.4 & 8.7 Tension due to loading & tension due to restraint
Confined concrete – EC2 cl 3.1.9
• Detailing of Members – EC2 Chapter 9
Strut and tie models – EC2 cl 5.6.4
• Resources
Minimum spacing of bars – EC2 cl 8.2
Reinforcement Reinforcement
EC2: cl 3.2 Reinforcing steel EC2: ANNEX C (Normative)
EC2 applies to ribbed and weldable reinforcement. Extract from Table C.1: Properties of reinforcement
Design and detailing are valid for fyk = 400 to 600 MPa.
fyk is the characteristic yield strength of reinforcement
cold worked seismic
hot rolled
BS 4449 bars and BS 4483 fabric have adopted 500 MPa
i.e In the UK fyk = 500 MPa
Three classes of reinforcement A, B and C
www.ukcares.co.uk Difference is ductility – C is more ductile than B
www.uk-bar.org At least a class B is required for max 30% redistribution of elastic BM’s.
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RC Detailing to EC2 – Webinar – August 2018
Reinforcement Reinforcement
BS 8666 – Scheduling, bending…reinforcement
Question:
a) How in the UK does the designer communicate to site
what class of steel reinforcement is required?
Answer:
a) Use the notation in BS 8666 Scheduling,
bending…reinforcement. e.g. H20
Question:
b) What is written on the RC detail drawings if the designer
wants class C reinforcement?
For buildings the usual notation to use is H.
Answer: e.g. H16 & the contractor has to supply either B or C class 500 MPa steel
b) C and the bar diameter. e.g. C20
Concrete cover Concrete Cover
EC2: cl 4.4.1
Nominal cover, cnom = cmin + ∆cdev
Nominal cover is specified on the drawings.
Nominal cover, cnom = cmin + ∆cdev Nominal cover, cnom
cmin depends on durability (BS 8500) and bond (the bar diameter) Minimum cover, cmin
cmin = max {cmin,dur; cmin,b ; 10 mm}
Δcdev is an allowance for deviation & the recommended value is 10mm.
Durability as per BS 8500 Bond ≡φ
Δcdev may be reduced in certain situations
e.g. for a site quality assurance system Δcdev may be 5mm. Allowance for deviation, ∆cdev
10 mm
Fire resistance tables can also affect the specified cover. Recommended
The fire tables require that a nominal distance from the face of
the section to the axis of the reinforcement is achieved. Axis distance, a
Fire protection
Procedure: Determine nominal cover for durability and bond and
check that this gives the required axis distance. Tables in Section 5 of EC2 part 1-2
Tension due loading & Confined concrete
Tension due to restraint EC2: Cl. 3.1.9, Fig 3.6
Tension can occur due to fck is the characteristic cylinder
loading strength of concrete at 28 days
e.g Simply supported beam
Cracks in the bottom
Compressing the cylinder causes
& the diameter to increase in size.
by restraining the free
If the lateral expansion is
movement of a member
prevented by confining the
e.g. wall panel with edge
concrete the vertical compression
restraint. Standard cylinder test
strength will be greater than fck
Wall panel – edge restraint and is fck,c No confinement
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RC Detailing to EC2 – Webinar – August 2018
Confined concrete Strut-and-tie models
EC2: Cl. 3.1.9, Fig 3.6 EC2: Cl. 5.6.4 & 6.5 Concise: 5.8.2
Confinement of concrete results
in higher strength. Strut-and-tie models (STM)
are trusses consisting of:
Confinement can be generated • struts
by adequately closed links. • ties
• nodes
Anchorage bond stress depends
on confinement of surrounding STM model for a deep beam
concrete EC2: Cl 6.6 (1). STM is a lower bound plastic theory and can be used to analyse
Affects anchorage coefficients α3 & α4. many concrete elements.
Figure 3.6 STM is usually adopted to design non-standard elements such as:
Transverse pressure can reduce • Pile caps
anchorage lengths, EC2: Cl • Corbels
• Deep beams
9.2.1.4(3). e.g. bearing pressure.
• Any situation where normal beam theory does not apply
Affects anchorage coefficient α5.
Strut-and-tie models Strut-and-tie models
STM models help us understand: STM models help us understand:
• Variable strut inclination method for shear link design • The anchorage of bars
• Why tension steel needs anchoring at a simple end
support
• The shift rule for curtailment of longitudinal tension
reinforcement Shear
force
EC2 cl 9.2.1.3 (2)
F
21.8°° < θ < 45°°
Shear
There is transverse tension
Strut inclination method
Minimum spacing of bars
EC2: Cl. 8.2 Concise: 11.2
RC Detailing to Eurocode 2
Clear horizontal & vertical distance ≥ φ, (dg +5mm) or 20mm Outline
φ is the bar diameter
dg is the maximum size of aggregate • Detailing introduction – EC2
• Crack control without direct calculation – EC2 Ch 7.3
• Anchorage and Laps – EC2 Chapter 8.4 & 8.7
• Detailing of Members – EC2 Chapter 9
Detail Min 75 mm gaps in the • Resources
top reinforcement to allow
the concrete to be placed in
the mould.
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RC Detailing to EC2 – Webinar – August 2018
Crack Control Without Direct
Calculation EC2: Cl. 7.3.3
For concrete in buildings the serviceability limit of Crack control
cracking can be satisfied without the direct calculation of
crack widths. The limiting value is wmax.
A procedure for crack control in buildings: Design yield strength of reinforcement, fyd = fyk/1.15
• Establish the limiting crack width, wmax. Typical value is 0.3mm (see = 500/ 1.15
NA Table NA.4) for RC concrete in all exposure classes under the
quasi-permanent load combination.
= 435 MPa
• Determine the minimum amount of reinforcement, As,min, to control Ultimate load combination, γG Gk + γQ Q k
cracking in beams and slabs. EC2 cl 9.2.1.1 (1) equation 9.1.N .
• For slabs depths 200mm or less containing As,min no further measures
to control cracking are required. EC2 cl 7.3.3 (1).
Design service load is the Quasi-permanent combination =
• For other slabs and beams, determine the service stress in the
reinforcement, σs Gk + ψ2Qk
• Control cracking by limiting the bar dia or bar spacing, EC2 Tables Service stress is σs = ?
7.2N & 7.3N. (σs is an input to the tables)
Crack Control Without Direct
Minimum Reinforcement Area
EC2: Cl. 9.2.1.1, Eq 9.1N
Calculation EC2: Cl. 7.3.3
Provide minimum reinforcement.
The minimum area of reinforcement for slabs (and beams) is given by:
Crack control may be achieved in two ways:
0.26 fctm bt d • limiting the maximum bar diameter using Table 7.2N
As,min ≥ ≥ 0.0013 bt d
fyk • limiting the maximum bar spacing using Table 7.3N
Service stress, σs
Note: For cracking due to restraint use only max bar size
Crack Control Without Direct Determination of Steel Stress
Calculation EC2: Cl. 7.3.3
σs Ratio Gk/Qk = 8.5/4.0 = 2.13
x 1/δ
Unmodified steel stress, σ su
δ is the redistribution ratio
Example – Check cracking in bottom of a slab. σsu = 252 MPa
252
Gk = 8.5 kN/m2 Qk = 4.0 kN/m2
Ψ2 = 0.3 (office loading) γG = 1.25
As,req = 1324 mm2/m
Try H16 @ 100 As,prov = 2010 mm2/m
Ratio Gk/Qk Chapter 2
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RC Detailing to EC2 – Webinar – August 2018
Crack Control - Example
RC Detailing to Eurocode 2
Check cracking in bottom of a slab
From graph σsu = 252 MPa Maximum bar size or spacing to limit
crack width
Outline
σs = (σsu As,req) / (δ As,prov) Steel wmax = 0.3 mm
stress Maximum Maximum
σs = (252 x 1324)/(1.0 x 2010) • Detailing introduction – EC2
(σs) MPa bar size bar spacing
(mm) (mm)
= 166 MPa
160 32 300 • Crack control without direct calculation – EC2 Ch 7.3
200 25 250
For H16 @ 100 c/c OR • Anchorage and Laps – EC2 Chapter 8.4 & 8.7
(As,prov = 2010 mm2/m) 240 16 200
280 12 150
Design meets both criteria 320 10 100
• Detailing of Members – EC2 Chapter 9
360 8 50
• Resources
δ is the ratio of the redistributed moment to the elastic bending moment
Anchorage and Laps
EC2: Chapter 8 Anchorage of reinforcement
EC2: Cl. 8.4
Anchorage of reinforcement
Lapping of bars
Worked example
Ultimate bond stress Ultimate bond stress
EC2: Cl. 8.4.2 Concise: 11.5 EC2: Cl. 8.4.2, Fig 8.2 Concise: 11.5
Good and ‘bad’ bond conditions
The design value of the ultimate bond stress,
fbd = 2.25 η1η2fctd
Top is ‘poor’
where Bond condition
fctd should be limited to C60/75
η1 = 1 for ‘good’ and 0.7 for ‘poor’ bond conditions
η2 = 1 for φ ≤ 32, otherwise (132- φ)/100
unhatched zone – ‘good’ bond conditions
hatched zone - ‘poor’ bond conditions
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RC Detailing to EC2 – Webinar – August 2018
Ultimate bond stress Basic required anchorage length
EC2: Cl. 8.4.2, Fig 8.2 Concise: 11.5 EC2: Cl. 8.4.3 Concise: 11.4.3
Good and ‘bad’ bond conditions lb,rqd = (φ / 4) (σsd / fbd)
Question:
where σsd is the design stress in the bar at the position
The slip form formwork system is
often used to construct tall from where the anchorage is measured.
concrete cores.
Do you use ‘good’ or ‘poor’ bond For bent bars lb,rqd should be measured along the
conditions? centreline of the bar
Answer:
Poor and η1 = 0.7
Slip form – Formwork system
EC2 Figure 8.1
Design Anchorage Length, lbd Table 8.2 - Cd & K factors
EC2: Cl. 8.4.4 Concise: 11.4.2 EC2: Figure 8.3 Concise: Figure 11.3
lbd = α1 α2 α3 α4 α5 lb,rqd ≥ lb,min
However: (α2 α3 α5) ≥ 0.7
lb,min > max(0.3lb,rqd ; 10φ, 100mm)
Alpha values
EC2: Table 8.2
Table requires values for:
Cd Value depends on cover and bar spacing, see Figure 8.3
K Factor depends on position of confinement reinforcement,
see Figure 8.4
EC2: Figure 8.4
λ = (∑Ast – ∑ Ast,min)/ As Where Ast is area of transverse reinf.
Beam corner bar?
Table 8.2 - Other shapes Alpha values
EC2: Figure 8.1 Concise: Figure 11.1 EC2: Table 8.2 Concise: 11.4.2
α1
α2
α3
α4
α5
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RC Detailing to EC2 – Webinar – August 2018
Design Lap Length, l0 (8.7.3)
EC2: Cl. 8.7.3 Concise: 11.6.2
l0 = α1 α2 α3 α5 α6 lb,rqd ≥ l0,min
α1 α2 α3 α5 are as defined for anchorage length
Laps
α6 = (ρ1/25)0,5 but between 1.0 and 1.5
where ρ1 is the % of reinforcement lapped within 0.65l0 from the
EC2: Cl. 8.7 centre of the lap
Percentage of lapped bars < 25% 33% 50% >50%
relative to the total cross-
section area
α6 1 1.15 1.4 1.5
Note: Intermediate values may be determined by interpolation.
l0,min ≥ max{0.3 α6 lb,rqd; 15φ; 200}
Arrangement of Laps
EC2: Cl. 8.7.3, Fig 8.8
Worked example
Anchorage and lap lengths
Anchorage Worked Example Bond stress, fbd
fbd = 2.25 η1 η2 fctd EC2 Equ. 8.2
Calculate the tension anchorage for an H16 bar in the
η1 = 1.0 ‘Good’ bond conditions
bottom of a slab:
η2 = 1.0 bar size ≤ 32
a) Straight bars
b) Other shape bars (Fig 8.1 b, c and d) fctd = αct fctk,0,05/γc EC2 cl 3.1.6(2), Equ 3.16
αct = 1.0 γc = 1.5
Concrete strength class is C25/30
fctk,0,05 = 0.7 x 0.3 fck2/3 EC2 Table 3.1
Nominal cover is 25mm = 0.21 x 252/3
= 1.795 MPa
Assume maximum design stress in the bar
fctd = αct fctk,0,05/γc = 1.795/1.5 = 1.197
fbd = 2.25 x 1.197 = 2.693 MPa
What is the value of fck? Answer: fck= 25 MPa
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RC Detailing to EC2 – Webinar – August 2018
Basic anchorage length, lb,req Design anchorage length, lbd
lb.req = (Ø/4) ( σsd/fbd) EC2 Equ 8.3 lbd = α1 α2 α3 α4 α5 lb.req ≥ lb,min
Max stress in the bar, σsd = fyk/γs = 500/1.15 lbd = α1 α2 α3 α4 α5 (40.36Ø) For concrete class C25/30
= 435MPa.
lb.req = (Ø/4) ( 435/2.693)
= 40.36 Ø
For concrete class C25/30
Alpha values Table 8.2 - Cd & K factors
EC2: Table 8.2 Concise: 11.4.2 EC2: Figure 8.3 Concise: Figure 11.3
EC2: Figure 8.4
Design anchorage length, lbd Design anchorage length, lbd
lbd = α1 α2 α3 α4 α5 lb.req ≥ lb,min lbd = α1 α2 α3 α4 α5 lb.req ≥ lb,min
lbd = α1 α2 α3 α4 α5 (40.36Ø) For concrete class C25/30 lbd = α1 α2 α3 α4 α5 (40.36Ø) For concrete class C25/30
a) Tension anchorage – straight bar b) Tension anchorage – Other shape bars
α1 = 1.0 α1 = 1.0 Cd = 25 is ≤ 3 Ø = 3 x 16 = 48
α3 = 1.0 conservative value with K= 0 α3 = 1.0 conservative value with K= 0
α4 = 1.0 N/A α4 = 1.0 N/A
α5 = 1.0 conservative value α5 = 1.0 conservative value
α2 = 1.0 – 0.15 (Cd – Ø)/Ø α2 = 1.0 – 0.15 (Cd – 3Ø)/Ø ≤ 1.0
α2 = 1.0 – 0.15 (25 – 16)/16 = 0.916 α2 = 1.0 – 0.15 (25 – 48)/16 = 1.25 ≤ 1.0
lbd = 0.916 x 40.36Ø = 36.97Ø = 592mm lbd = 1.0 x 40.36Ø = 40.36Ø = 646mm
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RC Detailing to EC2 – Webinar – August 2018
Worked example - summary Anchorage & lap lengths
How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2
H16 Bars – Concrete class C25/30 – 25 Nominal cover
Tension anchorage – straight bar lbd = 36.97Ø = 592mm
Tension anchorage – Other shape bars lbd = 40.36Ø = 646mm
lbd is measured along the centreline of the bar
Compression anchorage (α1 = α2 = α3 = α4 = α5 = 1.0)
lbd = 40.36Ø = 646mm
Anchorage for ‘Poor’ bond conditions = ‘Good’/0.7
Lap length = anchorage length x α6
Column lap length for 100% laps & grade C40/50 = 0.73 x 61Ф = 44.5 Ф
Terminology – Verbal forms Arrangement of Laps
BS EN ISO 9001:2015, section 0.1 EC2: Cl. 8.7.2 Concise: Cl 11.6
ISO – International Organization for Standardization Laps between bars should normally be staggered and
ISO 9001:2015 – Quality management systems, not located in regions of high stress.
Requirements Arrangement of laps should comply with Figure 8.7:
In this ISO standard, the following verbal forms are used: Distance ‘a’ is used
in cl 8.7.4.1 (3),
“shall” indicates a requirement; Transverse reinf.
“should” indicates a recommendation;
“may” indicates a permission;
“can” indicates a possibility or a capability. All bars in compression and secondary (distribution)
reinforcement may be lapped in one section.
Transverse Reinforcement at Laps Transverse Reinforcement at Laps
Bars in tension Concise: Cl 11.6.4 Bars in tension Concise: Cl 11.6.4
EC2: Cl. 8.7.4, Fig 8.9 EC2: Cl. 8.7.4, Fig 8.9
• Transverse reinforcement is required in the lap zone to resist transverse
tension forces.
• Also, if the lapped bar Ø ≥ 20mm and more than 50% of the
• Any Transverse reinforcement provided for other reasons will be reinforcement is lapped at one point and the distance between adjacent
laps at a section, a, ≤ 10φ , then transverse bars should be formed by links or
sufficient if the lapped bar Ø < 20mm or laps< 25% U bars anchored into the body of the section.
• If the lapped bar Ø ≥ 20mm the transverse reinforcement should have a
total area, ΣAst ≥ 1,0As of one spliced bar. It should be placed perpendicular
to the direction of the lapped reinforcement. Also it should be positioned at
the outer sections of the lap as shown.
ΣAst /2
ΣAst /2
l 0 /3
l 0 /3
≤150 mm F
Fs s
Figure 8.9 (a) -
l0
bars in tension
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RC Detailing to EC2 – Webinar – August 2018
RC Detailing to Eurocode 2
Outline Detailing of Members
EC2: Chapter 9
• Detailing introduction – EC2 •Beams
•Solid slabs - one-way and two-way spanning
• Crack control without direct calculation – EC2 Ch 7.3 •Columns
•Flat slabs
• Anchorage and Laps – EC2 Chapter 8.4 & 8.7
•Walls
• Detailing of Members – EC2 Chapter 9 •Deep beams
•Foundations
• Resources
•Tying systems
Beams Beams
EC2: Cl. 9.2 EC2: Cl. 9.2
• As,min = 0,26 (fctm/fyk)btd but ≥ 0,0013btd • Tension reinforcement in a flanged beam at
supports should be spread over the effective width
(see 5.3.2.1)
• As,max = 0,04 Ac
• Section at supports in monolithic construction
should be designed for a hogging moment ≥ 0,25
max. span moment
• Any design compression reinforcement (φ) should be
held by transverse reinforcement with spacing ≤15 φ
Shear reinforcement Curtailment of reinforcement
EC2: Cl. 9.2.1.3, Fig 9.2 Concise: 12.2.2
EC2: Cl. 9.2.2
Envelope of (M Ed /z +N Ed )
lbd
Acting tensile force lbd
• Minimum shear reinforcement, ρw,min = (0,08√(fck)/fyk
Resisting tensile force lbd
∆Ftd
al
• Maximum longitudinal spacing, sl,max = 0,75d (1 + cotα) al
al
lb d
∆Ftd
For vertical links sl,max = 0,75d lbd
lbd
“Shift rule”
lbd lbd
• Maximum transverse spacing, st,max = 0,75d ≤ 600 mm
• For members without shear reinforcement this is satisfied with al = d
• For members with shear reinforcement: al = 0.5 z Cot θ
But it is always conservative to use al = 1.125d (for θ = 45o, al = 0.45d)
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RC Detailing to EC2 – Webinar – August 2018
Anchorage of Bottom Simplified Detailing Rules for
Reinforcement at End Supports Beams
EC2: Cl. 9.2.1.4
Simple support (indirect) Simple support (direct)
Ch 10, Detailing
• As bottom steel at support ≥ 0.25 As provided in the span
• lbd is required from the line of contact of the support.
• Transverse pressure may only be taken into account with
a ‘direct’ support. α5 anchorage coefficient
Solid slabs
EC2: Cl. 9.3
• Flexural Reinforcement – min and max areas as beam
• Secondary transverse steel not less than 20% main
Solid Slabs reinforcement
One-way and two-way spanning
• Reinforcement at Free Edges
EC2: Cl 9.3
Columns
EC2: Cl. 9.5.2
• h ≤ 4b
• φmin ≥ 12
Columns
• As,min = 0,10NEd/fyd but ≥ 0,002 Ac
• As,max = 0.04 Ac (0,08Ac at laps)
EC2: Cl 9.5
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RC Detailing to EC2 – Webinar – August 2018
Columns Detailing Issues
Links EC2 Issue Possible resolve in 2023?
Clause
• Diameter ≥ ¼ x largest main bar diameter & ≥ 8mm 8.4.4.1 Lap lengths
• Spacing - can conservatively be taken as not greater than any of the
following;
- 12 x smallest main bar dia.
- 0.6 x smallest column dimension
- 240mm
• Spacing can be increased by a factor of 1.67 when at a distance more
than the larger dimension of the column above or below a beam or
slab. i.e. near the mid height of the column
Table 8.3 α6 varies depending α6 should always = 1.5.
on amount staggered Staggering doesn’t help at ULS
8.7.2(3) 0.3 lo gap between For ULS, there is no advantage in staggering
& Fig 8.7 ends of lapped bars is bars( fib bulletin Mar 2014). For SLS
onerous. staggering at say 0.5 lo might be helpful.
Detailing Issues RC Detailing to Eurocode 2
EC2 Issue Possible resolve in 2023?
Clause
Outline
Table 8.2 α2 for compression Should be the same as for tension.
bars Initial test suggests α2 = 0.7
Table 8.2 α2 for bent bars Currently, anchorage worse than for straight • Detailing introduction – EC2
bars
8.7.4.1(4) Requirements for Requirement only makes 10-15% difference in
& Fig 8.9 transverse bars are strength of lap • Crack control without direct calculation – EC2 Ch 7.3
impractical (Corrigendum 1 no longer requires transverse bars to be
between lapped bar and surface.)
• Anchorage and Laps – EC2 Chapter 8.4 & 8.7
Fig 9.3 lbd anchorage into May be OTT as compression forces increase
support bond strength. Issue about anchorage beyond
CL of support • Detailing of Members – EC2 Chapter 9
6.4 Numbers of Work of CEN TC 250.SC2/WG1/TG4
perimeters of • Resources
punching shear links
Standard Method of Detailing How to Design Concrete
Structural Concrete Structures using Eurocode 2
Third edition
Published June 2006 Second edition
February 2018
Information and advice is Chapter 10 - Detailing
based on Eurocodes.
Referenced as an NCCI in EC2
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RC Detailing to EC2 – Webinar – August 2018
Designed and Detailed
Strut-and-tie Models
Good Concrete Guide 9 Published February 2015
Concrete Society
Publication, January 2017
S&T article in the April 2015
edition of The Structural
Engineer
End
Thank you for your attention
Questions
www.concretecentre.com
[email protected]
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