This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: E1426 − 14

Standard Test Method for

Determining the X-Ray Elastic Constants for Use in the
Measurement of Residual Stress Using X-Ray Diffraction
Techniques1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1426; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

INTRODUCTION

When a crystalline material is strained, the spacing between parallel planes of atoms, ions, or
molecules in the lattice changes. X-Ray diffraction techniques can measure these changes and,
therefore, they constitute a powerful means for studying the residual stress state in a body. The
calculation of macroscopic stresses using lattice strains requires the use of x-ray elastic constants
(XEC) which must be empirically determined by x-ray diffraction techniques as described in this test
method.

1. Scope responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-

1.1 This test method covers a procedure for experimentally priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
determining the x-ray elastic constants (XEC) for the evalua- bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
tion of residual and applied stresses by x-ray diffraction 2. Referenced Documents
techniques. The XEC relate macroscopic stress to the strain
measured in a particular crystallographic direction in polycrys- 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
talline samples. The XEC are a function of the elastic modulus, E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
Poisson’s ratio of the material and the hkl plane selected for the E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
measurement. There are two XEC that are referred to as 1⁄2 S2hkl E7 Terminology Relating to Metallography
and S1hkl. E1237 Guide for Installing Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
1.2 This test method is applicable to all x-ray diffraction 3. Terminology
instruments intended for measurements of macroscopic re-
3.1 Definitions:
sidual stress that use measurements of the positions of the
3.1.1 Many of the terms used in this test method are defined
diffraction peaks in the high back-reflection region to deter-
in Terminology E6 and Terminology E7.
mine changes in lattice spacing.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.3 This test method is applicable to all x-ray diffraction 3.2.1 interplanar spacing—the perpendicular distance be-
techniques for residual stress measurement, including single, tween adjacent parallel lattice planes.
double, and multiple exposure techniques. 3.2.2 macrostress—an average stress acting over a region of
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the test specimen containing many crystals.
standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical 3.3 Symbols:
conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa- 3.3.1 x = dummy parameter for Sum(x) and SD(x).
tion only and are not considered standard. 3.3.2 c = ordinate intercept of a graph of ∆d versus stress.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.3.3 d = interplanar spacing between crystallographic
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the planes; also called d-spacing.
3.3.4 d0 = interplanar spacing for unstressed material.
3.3.5 ∆d = change in interplanar spacing caused by stress.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on
Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.13 on
2
Residual Stress Measurement. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014. Published March 2015. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E1426 – 98(2009)ε1. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/E1426-14. the ASTM website.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Apr 17 16:31:04 EDT 2018
1
Downloaded/printed by
(UFU) Universidade Federal de Uberlandia ((UFU) Universidade Federal de Uberlandia) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
 E1426 − 14
3.3.6 E = modulus of elasticity. 4.2 When a uniaxial force is applied along e.g. ϕ = 0, Eq 1
3.3.7 ν = Poisson’s ratio. becomes:
3.3.8 XEC = x-ray elastic constants for residual stress 1
hkl
measurements using x-ray diffraction. ε ϕψ 5 S hkl σ A sin2 ψ1S hkl
1 σ
A
(2)
2 2
3.3.9 hkl = Miller indices. where:
3.3.10 1⁄2 S2hkl= (1+v)/E for an elastically isotropic body.
3.3.11 S1hkl= –v/E for an elastically isotropic body. σA = the applied stress due to the uniaxial force.
3.3.12 i = measurement index, 1 ≤ i ≤ n. Therefore:
3.3.13 m = slope of a plot of ∆d versus stress.
1 hkl hkl
] 2 ε ϕψ
3.3.14 n = number of measurements used to determine slope S2 5 (3)
2 ] ~ sin ψ ! ·] σ A
2
m. S1hkl is embedded in the intersection term for each applied
3.3.15 SD(x) = standard deviation of a set of quantities “x”. force increment and is necessary when performing triaxial
3.3.16 Sum(x) = sum of a set of quantities “x”. measurements.
3.3.17 Ti = Xi minus mean of all Xi values.
3.3.18 Xi = i-th value of applied stress. 5. Summary of Test Method
3.3.19 Yi = measurement of ∆d corresponding to Xi. 5.1 A test specimen is prepared from a material that is
3.3.20 ψ = angle between the specimen surface normal and representative of the object in which residual stress measure-
the normal to the diffracting crystallographic planes. ments are to be performed.
3.3.21 ϕ = the in-plane direction of stress measurement.
NOTE 1—If a sample of the same material is available it should be used.
3.3.22 ij = in-plane directions of the sample reference
frame. 5.2 The test specimen is instrumented with an electrical
3.3.23 σij = calculated stress tensor terms. resistance strain gauge, mounted in a location that experiences
3.3.24 εϕψhkl = measured lattice strain tensor terms at a the same stress as the region that will be subsequently
given ϕψ tilt angle. irradiated with x-rays.
3.3.25 σA = applied stress. 5.3 The test specimen is calibrated by loading it in such a
3.3.26 εmax = maximum strain. manner that the stress, where the strain gauge is mounted, is
3.3.27 δmax = maximum deflection. directly calculable, and a calibration curve relating the strain
3.3.28 h = specimen thickness. gauge reading to the applied stress is developed.
3.3.29 b = width of specimen.
5.4 The test specimen is mounted in a loading fixture in an
3.3.30 AX = cross sectional area of specimen.
x-ray diffraction instrument and sequentially loaded to several
3.3.31 L = distance between outer rollers on four-point bend
force levels.
fixture.
5.4.1 The change in interplanar spacing is measured for
3.3.32 a = distance between inner and outer rollers on
each force level and related to the corresponding stress that is
four-point bend fixture.
determined from the strain gauge reading and the calibration
3.3.33 F = known force applied to specimen.
curve.
3.3.34 εϕψ0 = the intercept value for each applied force
necessary for S1 calculation. 5.5 The XEC and its standard deviations are calculated from
the test results.
4. Theory
6. Significance and Use
4.1 The sin2ψ method is widely used to measure stresses in
materials using x-ray diffraction techniques. The governing 6.1 This test method provides standard procedures for
equation can be written as follows:3,4 experimentally determining the XEC for use in the measure-
ment of residual and applied stresses using x-ray diffraction
1
hkl
ε ϕψ 5 S hkl ~ σ 11 cos 2 ϕ 1 σ 12 sin 2 ϕ 1 σ 22 sin2 ϕ 2 σ 33! sin2 ψ1 techniques. It also provides a standard means of reporting the
2 2
precision of the XEC.
(1)
6.2 This test method is applicable to any crystalline material
1 hkl 1 that exhibits a linear relationship between stress and strain in
S σ 1S hkl ~ σ 11 1σ 22 1 σ 33! 1 S hkl ~ σ 13 cos ϕ 1 σ 23 sin ϕ ! sin2ψ
2 2 33 1 2 2 the elastic range, that is, only applicable to elastic loading.
where:
6.3 This test method should be used whenever residual
hkl
⁄ S2 and S1
12 hkl
= are the XEC. stresses are to be evaluated by x-ray diffraction techniques and
the XEC of the material are unknown.
For a body that is elastically isotropic on the microscopic
scale, 1⁄2 S2hkl= (1+ v)/E and S1hkl= – (v/E) where E and v are 7. Apparatus
the modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio respectively for
the material for all hkl. 7.1 Any x-ray diffraction instrument intended for the mea-
surement of residual macrostress that employs measurements
of the diffraction peaks that are, ideally and for best accuracy,
3
Evenschor P.D., Hauk V. Z., Metallkunde, 1975, 66 pp. 167–168. in the high back-reflection region may be used, including film
4
Dölle H., J. Appl. Cryst, 1979, 12, pp. 489-501. camera types, diffractometers, and portable systems.

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Apr 17 16:31:04 EDT 2018
2
Downloaded/printed by
(UFU) Universidade Federal de Uberlandia ((UFU) Universidade Federal de Uberlandia) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
 E1426 − 14
7.2 A loading fixture is required to apply a force to the test be placed well inside the inner span of the specimen in order to minimize
specimen while it is being irradiated in the x-ray diffraction the stress concentration effects associated with the inner knife edges of the
fixture.
instrument.
7.2.1 The fixture shall be designed such that the surface 9. Calibration
stress applied by the fixture shall be uniform over the irradiated
9.1 Calibrate the instrumented specimen using forces ap-
area of the specimen.
plied by dead weights or by a testing machine that has been
7.2.2 The fixture shall maintain the irradiated surface of the
verified according to Practices E4. Use a loading configuration
specimen at the exact center of rotation of the x-ray diffraction
that produces statistically determinate applied stresses in the
instrument throughout the test with sufficient precision to
region where the strain gauges are mounted and where x-ray
provide the desired levels of precision and bias in the mea-
diffraction measurements will be performed (that is, such that
surements to be performed.
stresses may be calculated from the applied forces and the
7.2.3 The fixture may be designed to apply tensile or
dimensions of the specimen and the fixture). In the case of pure
bending forces. A four-point bending technique such as that
bending using a four-point bending apparatus, the strain gauge
described by Prevey5 is most commonly used.
may be calibrated by measurement of applied strains via
7.3 Electrical resistance strain gauges are mounted upon the deflection of the specimen and calculated using the following
test specimen to enable it to be accurately stressed to known equation:
levels.
δ max 12h
ε max 5 (4)
8. Test Specimens 3L 2 2 4a 2
where:
8.1 Test specimens should be fabricated from material with
microstructure as nearly the same as possible as that in the εmax =maximum applied strain to the strain gauge
material in which residual stresses are to be evaluated. It is δmax =maximum applied deflection
preferred for superior results to use the same material with a h =specimen thickness
fine grain structure and minimum cold work on the surface to L =distance between outer rollers on four-point bend
minimize measurement errors. fixture
a = distance between inner and outer rollers on each side
8.2 For use in tensile or four-point bending fixtures, speci- of the four-point bend fixture
mens should be rectangular in shape.
If the modulus of elasticity E for the material being tested is
8.2.1 The length of tensile specimens, between grips, shall
known, the applied stress on the specimen may then be
be not less than four times the width, and the width-to-
calculated using Hooke’s law.
thickness ratio shall not exceed eight.
8.2.2 For use in four-point bending fixtures, specimens σ A 5 Eε max (5)
should have a length-to-width ratio of at least four. The If the modulus of elasticity E for the material being tested is
specimen width should be sufficient to accommodate strain not known, the applied stress on the specimen may be
gauges (see 8.5) and the width-to-thickness ratio should be calculated using known applied forces in the case where
greater than one and consistent with the method used to bending is being used:
calculate the applied stresses in 9.1.
3Fa
NOTE 2—Nominal dimensions often used for specimens for four-point σA 5 (6)
bh 2
bending fixtures are 10.2 × 1.9 × 0.15 cm (4.0 × 0.75 × 0.06 in.). where:
8.3 Tapered specimens for use in cantilever bending
fixtures, and split-ring samples, are also acceptable. b = the width of the specimen, and
F = known total force applied by the rollers to the specimen
8.4 Specimen surfaces may be electropolished or as-rolled
For uniaxial loading, if the modulus of elasticity E for the
sheet or plate.
material being tested is not known, the applied stress on the
8.5 One or more electrical resistance strain gauges are specimen may be calculated using known applied forces:
affixed to the test specimen in accordance with Guide E1237.
σ A 5 F⁄A x (7)
The gauge(s) shall be aligned parallel to the longitudinal axis where:
of the specimen, and should be mounted on a region of the
specimen that experiences the same strain as the region that is Ax = cross sectional area of specimen
to be irradiated. The gauge(s) should be applied to the 9.2 Pre-stress the specimen by loading to a level of approxi-
irradiated surface of the beam either adjacent to, or on either mately 75 % of the force that is calculated to produce a
side of, the irradiated area in order to minimize errors due to maximum applied stress equal to the nominal yield strength of
the absence of a pure tensile or bending force. the material, then unload. This will minimize drift in the
NOTE 3—In the case of four-point bending fixtures the gauge(s) should gauges and creep in the strain gauge adhesive during the
subsequent testing procedure.
5
Prevey, P. S., “A Method of Determining the Elastic Properties of Alloys in
9.3 Apply forces in increasing sequence at increments of
Selected Crystallographic Directions for X-Ray Diffraction Residual Stress approximately 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 % of the force that
Measurement,” Advances in X-Ray Analysis 20, 1977, pp. 345–354. would produce a maximum applied stress equal to the nominal

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Apr 17 16:31:04 EDT 2018
3
Downloaded/printed by
(UFU) Universidade Federal de Uberlandia ((UFU) Universidade Federal de Uberlandia) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
 E1426 − 14
mately 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 % of the nominal yield
strength of the material (a minimum of five (5) equally spaced
points is recommended). The pre-stress level, 75 %, should not
be exceeded.
10.4 At each stress level, calculate the slope of the measured
strain versus sin2ψ values and the intercept of each curve for
multiple ψ-angles, then calculate the slope of each set of values
versus applied force. The slope of the first set is then 1⁄2 S2hkl
constant and the second slope is the S1hkl constant.
Alternatively, if the double exposure technique is used, calcu-
FIG. 1 Calibration Curve for Instrumented Test Specimen late the change in interplanar spacing, ∆d, between the ψ = 0
and ψ = ψ orientations for the particular crystallographic
planes and ψ angles used. This approach may result in
yield strength of the material (a minimum of five (5) equally erroneous estimations of S1hkl depending on the accuracy of the
spaced points is recommended). intercepts obtained.
9.4 At each force level record strain gauge readings and 10.5 Apply stresses in decreasing sequence at levels of
calculate the applied stress. approximately 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, and 10 %, measuring the
change in the interplanar spacing at each level (a minimum of
9.5 Repeat measurement at 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, and 10%
five (5) equally spaced points are recommended).
of the yield strength, record strain gauge readings and calculate
the applied stress at each level (a minimum of five (5) equally 10.6 Repeat 10.3 – 10.5 at least once to ensure reproduc-
spaced points is recommended). ibility of the measurement data.
9.6 Repeat 9.3 – 9.5 at least once to ensure reproducibility 10.7 Examine the data for repeatability and linearity, includ-
of the measurement data. ing the difference in the strain data between plus and minus ψ
angles. Deviations from either may indicate the failure of a
9.7 Examine the data for repeatability and linearity. Devia-
strain gauge bond, failure of the fixture to apply the correct
tions from either may indicate the failure of a strain gauge
force, or deviation from the proper x-ray geometry. The latter
bond, stressing beyond the proportional limit of the material, or
source of error, when present, is often caused by failure to
an imperfect loading configuration. If the deviations exceed the
maintain the irradiated area of the specimen surface at the exact
acceptable degree of uncertainty in the subsequent measure-
center of the diffractometer while the specimen is under the
ments of residual stress, the source of the deviations should be
applied force. If the deviations exceed the acceptable degree of
located and corrected before proceeding further.
uncertainty in the subsequent measurements of residual stress,
9.8 If the repeatability and the linearity of the data are the source of the deviations should be located and corrected
acceptable, plot a graph of strain gauge reading versus applied before proceeding further.
stress, draw a straight line through the data, and extrapolate it
down to zero applied stress and up to 75 % of the nominal yield 11. Calculation
strength of the material. This is the calibration curve. (See Fig. 11.1 From Eq 2 and experimental data, 1⁄2 S2hkl is obtained
1.) by fitting the data and estimating the uncertainty using a linear
least squares regression (see Fig. 2) using:
NOTE 4—For bending specimens, the strain indicated by the strain
gauge(s) differs in magnitude from the strain in the specimen surface hkl
] ε ϕψ 1
because of the elevation of the strain gauge grid above the surface. This 5 m 5 S hkl σA (8)
] ~ sin2 ψ ! 2 2
does not affect the accuracy of the procedure.

10. Procedure 1 hkl

S 5
] S 1 hkl A
S σ
2 2 D (9)
10.1 The x-ray diffraction technique, the crystallographic 2 2 ] σA
planes, the ψ angle(s), and the instrumentation that are used to 11.2 Alternatively, 1⁄2 S2hkl may be calculated using the steps
determine the XEC of the material should be the same as those described in 11.2.1 – 11.2.5.
to be used subsequently to measure residual stresses in objects 11.2.1 For each measurement described in 10.3 – 10.6 of
of the same material. this test method, calculate the change in interplanar spacing
10.2 Mount the calibrated specimen in the loading fixture and the corresponding applied stress.
and mount the fixture in the x-ray diffraction instrument. 11.2.2 Plot the data on a graph of change in interplanar
10.2.1 When using a bending fixture the arrangement spacing versus applied stress, and check for apparent errors.
should be such that the irradiated surface of the specimen may (See Fig. 3.)
be stressed in either tension or compression. 11.2.3 Calculate the slope, m, of the best-fit straight line
using least-squares linear regression. The following formulae6
10.3 Apply a force to the specimen with the loading fixture may be used:
while monitoring the strain gauge readings. Using the calibra-
tion curve to convert strain gauge readings to applied stresses, 6
Press, W. H., et al., “Numerical Recipes: The Art of Scientific Computing.”
apply stresses in increasing sequence at levels of approxi- Cambridge, 1986, Art. 14.2.

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Apr 17 16:31:04 EDT 2018
4
Downloaded/printed by
(UFU) Universidade Federal de Uberlandia ((UFU) Universidade Federal de Uberlandia) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
 E1426 − 14

FIG. 2 Change in Strain with ψ and Applied Force

NOTE 5—There is no particular significance to using 28 data points. Any

number equal to or greater than 14 (four (4) ascending, and three (3)
descending repeated once) would be acceptable.
11.2.5 Calculate the 1⁄2 S2hkl using the following equation:
1 hkl 1
S 5 d o sin2 ψ (15)
2 2 m

where:
do = the interplanar spacing for unstressed material, is usu-
ally approximated by the interplanar spacing for ψ = 0.
For clarity, only one point is shown for each applied stress level 11.3 For S1hkl, the calculation is performed as follows: Plot
FIG. 3 Change in Interplanar Spacing Versus Applied Stress the y-intercepts εϕψ0 of the sin2ψ curves versus the applied
forces (see Fig. 4):
] ε ϕψ0
S hkl
1 5 (16)
] σA

12. Precision and Bias

12.1 Precision in the context of this test method is the
uncertainty of the calculated XEC 1⁄2 S2hkl and S1hkl due to
uncertainties in the experimental measurements of the
d-spacing and the corresponding applied stresses. If these
measurement uncertainties are normally distributed with zero
mean, there is a 68 % probability that the true XEC lie in the
FIG. 4 Change in Intercepts with Applied Force
range of the calculated value plus or minus the standard
deviation. This standard deviation is designated SD(1⁄2 S2hkl).
n
12.1.1 The precision of the calculated XEC is dependent on
Sum~ X ! 5 (X
i51
i (10)
the precision of the measured quantities used to determine their
Sum~ X ! values. These quantities are the slope m and interplanar spacing
Ti 5 Xi 2 (11) for unstressed material, do. This test method assumes that the
n
n
slope m is the major source of uncertainty, and that the
Sum~ T 2 ! 5 (T i
2
(12) uncertainty in do is sufficiently small in comparison that it can
i51
be considered negligible.
n
12.1.2 Calculate the standard deviation of the slope, m, of
Sum~ TY! 5 (T
i51
i Yi (13)
the best-fit straight line plotted in 11.2 of this test method. The
Sum~ TY! following formulae6 may be used:
m5 (14)
Sum~ T 2 ! n

In Eq 10-14, Xi represents the i-th value of the applied stress,

Sum~ Y ! 5 (Y
i51
i (17)

and Yi represents the measured value of ∆d that corresponds to Sum~ Y ! 2 mSum~ X !

Xi. c5 (18)
n
11.2.4 For the procedure described in 10.3 – 10.6 of this test n

method, n = 28 in the above equations. This number corre- Sum~~ Y 2 mX 2 c ! 2 ! 5 ( ~ Y 2 mX 2 c !

i51
i i
2
(19)
sponds to two (2) repetitions of a sequence of seven (7)
measurements using ascending forces and seven (7) measure- Sum ~~ Y 2 mX 2 c ! 2 !
SD~ m ! 5 (20)
ments using descending forces. =~ n 2 2 ! Sum~ T 2 !

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Apr 17 16:31:04 EDT 2018
5
Downloaded/printed by
(UFU) Universidade Federal de Uberlandia ((UFU) Universidade Federal de Uberlandia) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
 E1426 − 14
12.1.3 Calculate the standard deviation of the XEC. This 12.2 Bias will exist if the irradiated surface is not main-
value provides an estimate of the precision of the result tained precisely at the center of the goniometer circle during
calculated in 11.2 of this test method. The following formula testing. Also, bias error will occur if there is a residual stress
may be used: gradient on the specimen, and the irradiated surface was caused

SD S 1 hkl
S
2 2 D5
SD~ m !
m2
do sin2 ψ (21)
to traverse along this gradient during loading.
12.2.1 The bias of this test method cannot be evaluated on
12.1.4 A round-robin test program was carried out to assess the basis of the round-robin test program in 12.1.4 because
the precision of the test method. Three laboratories there are no accepted reference values available for the x-ray
participated, using this test method and nominally identical test elastic constants of the material. However, the results obtained
specimens. Three repeat runs were made on each of three for 1⁄2 S2hkl from all three of the participating laboratories
specimens at one of the laboratories. The other two laboratories agreed within approximately two standard deviations for a
carried out one run on each of three specimens. The methods of normal distribution.
loading to establish the applied stresses were somewhat differ-
ent for each of the laboratories. The precisions reported by the 13. Keywords
three laboratories were comparable, on the order of 2 % to 3 %. 13.1 residual stress; XEC; x-ray diffraction; x-ray elastic
The random error appears to be due primarily to the underlying constant
precision of lattice spacing measurement.

ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.

This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or [email protected] (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222
Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http://www.copyright.com/

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Apr 17 16:31:04 EDT 2018
6
Downloaded/printed by
(UFU) Universidade Federal de Uberlandia ((UFU) Universidade Federal de Uberlandia) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.