Laboratory Session#03 Signals &Systems (EE-231)

Department of Electrical Engineering NED University of Engineering and Technology

Laboratory Session No. 08

Objective:

To understand that the transfer function of any circuit (RC) can be obtained through
frequency response

Outcomes:

By the end of this lab, student should be able to

a) Develop graphical representation (phase and magnitude plots) of

the transfer function of series RC circuit, using M ATLAB Simulink

Note:

In this lab session

1) Make diagram of an RC circuit

2) Write the mathematical form of 𝐻(𝑗𝜔) for the response at capacitor’s
terminals
3) Write the mathematical form of 𝐻(𝑗𝜔) for the response at Resistor’s
terminals
4) Make separate observation tables for the frequency responses at
capacitor’s and resistor’s terminals
5) Plot the magnitude and phase plots based on the observations for the
two transfer functions
6) Conclude that these responses are low -pass and high-pass responses.
 Laboratory Session#03 Signals &Systems (EE-231)
Department of Electrical Engineering NED University of Engineering and Technology

FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF SIMPLE RC CIRCUIT

The frequency response of RC circuit can be calculated by designing a simple RC series circuit and
measuring the voltage across the capacitor. Below the diagram shows an RC circuit and the voltage
being measured across the capacitor.

Figure 1: SIMULATION OF RLC CIRCUIT

Let the voltage across the capacitor be V0.

Applying VDR in the above circuit gives,

1/𝐶𝑠
V0=𝑅+1/𝐶𝑠 x Vin

𝑣𝑜 1
=
𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝐶𝑠+1

𝑣𝑜 1
H(s) =𝑣𝑖𝑛=𝑅𝐶𝑠+1

Here H(s) is known as the transfer function which actually is the ratio of the output and the input
voltage. It is also termed as the frequency response of an LTI system.

The term ‘s’ here represent the frequency of the input voltage given so H(s)=H(jw). We need to find the
magnitude of the H(jw) which can easily be calculated using H(s),
 Laboratory Session#03 Signals &Systems (EE-231)
Department of Electrical Engineering NED University of Engineering and Technology

𝑣𝑜 1
H(jw) = =
𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑗𝑤𝑅𝐶+1

|H(jw)|=1 /√𝐶 2 w2R2+1

The phase angle of the above expression can also be calculated , the expression of phase angle is as
follows

<H(jw) =- atan(wRC)

FREQUENCY INPUT VOLTAGE CAPACITOR VOLTAGE PHASE SHIFT

0 2 2 0
16kHz 2 1.99 -5.74
32kHz 2 1.96 -11.37
48kHz 2 1.91 -16.78
64kHz 2 1.86 -21.91
80kHz 2 1.79 -26.69
96 kHz 2 1.71 -31.10
112 kHz 2 1.64 -35.13
128 kHz 2 1.56 -38.81
144 kHz 2 1.48 -42.14
160 kHz 2 1.41 -45.15
176KHZ 2 1.34 -47.88
192kHz 2 1.28 -50.34
208kHz 2 1.22 -52.58
224kHz 2 1.16 -54.61
240kHz 2 1.11 -56.45
256kHz 2 1.06 -58.31
272 kHz 2 1.01 -59.67
288 kHz 2 0.97 -61.-07
304 kHz 2 0.93 -62.37
320 kHz 2 0.89 -63.56

CODES
w=0:32000:288000;
amp=[2,1.96,1.86,1.71,1.56,1.41,1.28,1.16,1.06,0.97];
angle=[0,-11.37,-21.91,-31.10,-38.81,-45.15,-50.34,-54.61,-58.13,-61.07];

plot(w,angle);
plot(w,amp);

Code 03: Conditions and loops using MATLAB

 Laboratory Session#03 Signals &Systems (EE-231)
Department of Electrical Engineering NED University of Engineering and Technology

PLOTS

Figure 1: SIMULATION OF RLC CIRCUIT

Figure 1: SIMULATION OF RLC CIRCUIT

 Laboratory Session#03 Signals &Systems (EE-231)
Department of Electrical Engineering NED University of Engineering and Technology

MATHEMATICAL FORM OF H(jw) at RESISTOR’S TERMINALS

The frequency response of RC circuit can be calculated by designing a simple RC series circuit and
measuring the voltage across the resistor. Below the diagram shows an RC circuit and the voltage being
measured across the resistor.

Let the voltage across the resistor be V0.

Applying VDR in the above circuit gives,

𝑅
V0=𝑅+1/𝐶𝑠 x Vin

𝑣𝑜 𝑅𝐶𝑠
=
𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝐶𝑠+1

𝑣𝑜 𝑅𝐶𝑠
H(s) =𝑣𝑖𝑛=𝑅𝐶𝑠+1

As mentioned above the H(s) is the frequency response, and ‘s’ here represent the frequency of the
input voltage which is H(jw). The expression of the magnitude of H(jw) is as follows
𝑣𝑜 𝑗𝑤𝑅𝐶
H(jw) =𝑣𝑖𝑛=𝑗𝑤𝑅𝐶+1

|H(jw)|=-(wRC) /√(𝐶 wR)2+1

The phase angle of the above expression can also be calculated , the expression of phase angle is as
follows

<H(jw) =90-atan(wRC)

FREQUENCY INPUT VOLTAGE RESISTOR VOLTAGE PHASE SHIFT

0 2 0 0
16kHz 2 0.20 84.26
32kHz 2 0.39 78.63
48kHz 2 0.58 73.22
64kHz 2 0.75 68.09
80kHz 2 0.90 63.31
96 kHz 2 1.03 58.90
112 kHz 2 1.15 54.87
128 kHz 2 1.25 51.19
144 kHz 2 1.34 47.86
160 kHz 2 1.41 44.85
176KHZ 2 1.48 42.12
192kHz 2 1.54 39.66
208kHz 2 1.59 37.42
 Laboratory Session#03 Signals &Systems (EE-231)
Department of Electrical Engineering NED University of Engineering and Technology

224kHz 2 1.63 35.30

240kHz 2 1.67 33.55
256kHz 2 1.70 31.87
272 kHz 2 1.73 30.33
288 kHz 2 1.75 28.93
304 kHz 2 1.77 27.63
320 kHz 2 1.79 26.44

CODES
w=0:16000:320000;
amp=[0,0.20,0.39,0.58,0.75,0.90,1.03,1.15,1.25,1.34,1.41,1.48,1.54,1.59,1.63,
1.67,1.70,1.73,1.75,1.75,1.77,1.79];
angle=[0,84.26,78.63,73.22,68.09,63.31,58.90,54.87,51.19,47.86,44.85,42.12,39
.66,37.42,35.30,33.55,31.87,30.33,28.93,27.63,26.44]];

plot(w,angle);
plot(w,amp)

Code 03: Conditions and loops using MATLAB

Figure 1: SIMULATION OF RLC CIRCUIT

 Laboratory Session#03 Signals &Systems (EE-231)
Department of Electrical Engineering NED University of Engineering and Technology

Figure 1: SIMULATION OF RLC CIRCUIT

CONCLUSION
We can see the response of the series RC circuit when the frequency of the input voltage source is
changed. We conclude that when the frequency of the input voltage source is less, the voltage across
the capacitor is high. However, when the frequency of the input voltage is increased or is above 160kHz
the voltage across the resistor is high. When the voltage is 160kHz, the voltage across the capacitor and
resistor is almost same. So, from 0 t0 160kHz the voltage across the capacitor is more than the voltage
across the resistor while the vice versa is true for the frequencies above 160kHz.