FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND THE BUILT

ENVIRONMENT (FEBE)

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Learning Guide for:

Thermodynamics Chemical Engineering III

CIT3111

Updated by: Dr Kapil Moothi

BSc (2007), MSc (2010), PhD (2014)

January 2016
©Copyright retained by Department of Chemical Engineering, FEBE, UJ
Table of Contents

1.0 Glossary of Key Concepts/ Terminology ........................................................................ 3

1.1 Welcome/ Overview ....................................................................................................... 4

1.2 Contact Information........................................................................................................ 4

1.3 Policies and Procedures ................................................................................................ 5

1.4 What is Thermodynamics?............................................................................................. 5

2.1 Composition of the Programme ..................................................................................... 6

2.2 Entry Level Requirements .............................................................................................. 6

2.3 Purpose of the Course ................................................................................................... 7

2.4 Course Learning Outcomes ........................................................................................... 7

2.5 Assessment Criteria ....................................................................................................... 8

3.1 Lecture/ Work Schedule ................................................................................................. 9

3.2 Support Services and Resources: ................................................................................. 9

3.3 Assessment Schedule/ Feedback/ Guidelines ............................................................. 10

4.1 Module Learning Outcomes ......................................................................................... 11

4.2 Critical Cross-Field Outcomes ..................................................................................... 12

4.3 Contribution to ECSA Exit Level Outcomes ................................................................. 12

5.1 CIT3111 Course Content.............................................................................................. 13

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1.0 Glossary of Key Concepts/ Terminology

Specified Outcome Description of specific learning outcomes and what the

person must be able to achieve.
The outcomes to be achieved by a qualifying learner at
the point at which he or she leaves the programme
leading to a qualification.
Contextually demonstrated knowledge, skills and
values.

Assessment Criteria Specification of the required level of performance for

each specific outcome.

Credits Indicates the times an average learner would take to

achieve the standard.
One (1) credit = approximately ten (10) hours of
learning time.

Core Credits Compulsory credits in situations contextually relevant

to the particular qualification.

Fundamental Credits Credits which form the grounding or basis needed to

undertake the education, training or further learning
required in obtaining a qualification.

Elective Credits Optional credits which are specialized.

Notional Hours The learning time that is conceived it would take an

average learner to meet the outcomes defined, and
includes concepts such as contact time, time spent in
structured learning in the workplace and individual
learning.

Summative Assessment Used for making judgement about achievement.

It is carried out at the end of a programme of learning
in order for one to be deemed 'competent' or 'not yet
competent'.

Formative Assessment Takes place during the process of learning and

teaching.

Continuous Assessment All forms of assessment which is ongoing.

Integrated Assessment Assessing a number of outcomes together.

The learner demonstrates applied competence and
which uses a range of formative and summative
assessment methods.

Purpose Statement Gives additional information to further expand on the

title.

Critical Outcomes Those generic outcomes which inform all teaching and
learning.

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1.1 Welcome/ Overview
The Department of Chemical Engineering extends a warm welcome to all students
registered for the Thermodynamics: Chemical Engineering III course. The Department is
available to assist students and the lecturers are available at specified times. The
Department is a disciplined one and students are well advised to adhere to rules, policies
and procedures of the Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the
Built Environment (FEBE) and the University Of Johannesburg (UJ).

This qualification in Chemical Engineering is intended for suitably qualified matriculated

learners with the intention to follow a career in chemical engineering and process related
industries. Students achieving this qualification will have the basic understanding and
overview of a variety of chemical process industries, raw materials, plant flow diagrams, and
operating conditions.

1.2 Contact Information

Senior Lecturer: Dr. Kapil Moothi
Office Number: 4134
Phone Number: 011 559 6385
E-mail : [email protected]

Lecture(s) – 2 sessions per week (Monday and Wednesday)

Tutorial(s) – Thursday: 13:50 – 15:25
Consulting Hour(s) – Tuesday: 09:00 – 10:30

Short Lecturer Profile: 'After graduating with a BSc in Chemical Engineering (2007) from the
University of the Witwatersrand, for his Masters’ degree in Chemical Engineering (2010) he focussed on
production of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) from greenhouse gases. CNTs have come to be known as the
wonder material of the 21st century with a wide range of applications. Dr Moothi had also studied for 6
months for an international diploma in Brewing and Distilling (UK) during this period. Back in
Johannesburg, he wrote his PhD thesis, the results of which contributed to the advancement of inventive
technologies for economically feasible CNT synthesis. The study investigated CNT synthesis from coal
using a sequential process of pyrolysis and chemical vapour deposition. Dr Moothi was awarded an
‘Academic Excellence Scholarship’ in 2004, when he began his BSc. He has been involved in tutoring
and research at WITS since January 2008 (when began MSc). From 2008, was awarded a ‘Post Graduate
Merit Award’ by WITS “on basis of academic merit and postgraduate potential”. In 2010, was awarded
Golden Key International Honour Society Membership as international recognition for being in “top 15%
of academic achievers” at WITS. The DAAD-NRF “In-Country Scholarship” (2011) was awarded by the
German Academic Exchange Service in partnership with NRF due to the high quality of postgraduate
research work. He won the ‘First Place Prize (Poster Presentation – Engineering and Built Environment)’
in 2012 at 4th WITS Cross-Faculty Postgraduate Symposium. In October 2015, German Federal Ministry
of Education and Research (BMBF) awarded him as a ‘Green Talent – High Potential in Sustainable
Development’. He was selected by a high-ranking jury of German experts, who applauded track record
of successful research and combination of practical knowledge and innovative thinking in current
project(s). Dr Moothi has presented (oral and poster) at numerous local and international conferences
since 2008. He has also diligently published research results in prestigious, international peer-reviewed
journals: Langmuir, RSC Advances, Nature Scientific Reports, Carbon and Trends in Applied Sciences
Research. He is a member of the following societies: South African Institute of Chemical Engineers
(SAIChE), Institute of Brewing and Distilling (IBD), American Chemical Society (ACS), Southern African
Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (SAIMM), Fossil Fuel Foundation of Africa (FFF), Engineering Council
of South Africa (ECSA), Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE).'
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1.3 Policies and Procedures
Each lecturer has allocated a daily time period during which you may approach him/ her
about your problems relating to the course(s). Please ensure that all administrative related
issues are directed to the secretary (S. Snyders) or, if necessary, the Head of Department
(M. Belaid). Consultation times are not to be used to ask questions that he/ she CANNOT
answer i.e. do not apply to his/ her course. The student is also advised to peruse the policies
of FEBE and/ or UJ such as plagiarism, grievance filing, class attendance, rights and
responsibilities of students etc.

The lecturer is not always at your disposal! Please remember that this course is not
the only one that he/ she lectures.

1.4 What is Thermodynamics?

It is an engineering science, which deals with the science of “motion” (dynamics) and/ or the
transformation of “heat” (thermo) and energy into various other energy-containing forms.
The flow of energy is of great importance to engineers involved in the design of the power
generation and process industries.

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2.1 Composition of the Programme
The learning guide is designed to assist you through this course and will guide you with
preparation for classes, assignments and examinations. It is an important tool to guide one
through the skills transfer to be achieved in the duration of the course. The learning guide
should be used to identify the outcomes required for the course and the expected
preparation from the student as well as the duration and scheduling of course content. The
examination will be based on course information described in the guide.

The aim of outcomes based education (OBE) is to promote self-study. The lecturer
will explain the basic principles and the practical implementation thereof. It remains
the responsibility of the student to master the detail. Accordingly, an outline of the
course may be as follows:

• Basic Principles and Definitions

• The 1st Law of Thermodynamics
• Volumetric Properties of Pure Fluids
• Heat Effects
• The 2nd and 3rd Laws of Thermodynamics
• Thermodynamics of Flow Processes
• Thermodynamics of Pure Substances
• Principles of Phase Equilibrium

Each specified outcome consists of several specified outcomes that are linked to critical
outcomes. Specified outcomes are linked to assessment criteria and unit standards.
Specified outcomes can only be achieved by studying the contents of the necessary
literature and mastering the required skills.

The following modus operandi is recommended for CIT3111 (Thermodynamics Chemical

Engineering III):

 Study the sources of the indicated specified outcomes

 Make short notes of the most important facts
 Formulate problems that can be discussed during class sessions
 Compile a list of possible questions
 Be prepared for class
 Study unknown and important terms and ascertain their precise meanings
 Self-study, task analysis and research are of vital importance for this module

2.2 Entry Level Requirements

Upon entry to 2nd year (Semester 3 (S3)) of study, it is assumed that students would have
demonstrated the following competencies through the successful completion of S1 and S2
(1st year) in the Chemical Engineering programme (approximately 180 credits):

 Using various modes of accessing and communicating information, including industry

specific information technology, effectively in order to promote the Chemical Engineering
discipline in a changing business environment.
 Using a range of Chemical Engineering skills to contribute to effective decision-making and
the execution of operations.

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  Applying basic Chemical Engineering principles that include mass, energy and
thermodynamic principles to contribute to effective decision-making and sustainability of the
chemical engineering industry.

Students entering this module will have been judged to be competent regarding the learning
outcomes of Physical Chemistry 11 WFG2131 and Mathematics 1 WWE1121. This course
assumes an understanding of mass and energy macroscopic balances.

It is run over the duration of Terms 1 and 2. It is comprised of 120 notional hours.

2.3 Purpose of the Course

As a would-be chemical engineer it will be necessary to understand the basic principles of
engineering. This is the foundation of all engineering knowledge going forward. The main
purpose of this course is to give the student a fundamental understanding of the nature and
degree of energy transformations, so that these can be understood and suitably utilized. By
participating and applying the principles learnt you will be able to master the following life
skills (also known as critical outcomes):
 How to solve problems;
 How to work effectively as a member of a team or group;
 How to communicate effectively verbally and in writing;
 How to present yourself with confidence;
 How to use science and technology effectively; and
 How the decisions you make affect other people and situations

Therefore, it is essential that you as the student participate continuously (individually, pairs
and/ or groups) in order to be successful and competent by the end of this course. These
modules will be an integral part of all your other activities. It will contribute to you achieving
the specified outcomes or final competencies related to this NQF level in Chemical
Engineering.

2.4 Course Learning Outcomes

 Problems are identified and solved in such a manner that decision making reflects
originality and a critical evaluative approach.
 Working effectively with others as a member of a team, group, organisation and
community.
 Organise and manage time and activities responsibly and effectively.
 Collect, analyse, organise and critically evaluate information.
 Communicate effectively using visual, mathematical and/or language skills in the modes
of oral and written persuasion.
 Use technology effectively and critically.

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2.5 Assessment Criteria
Teaching and Learning Strategy: In order to pass this course it is essential that you attend
lectures and tutorials. For repeat students, you will soon notice that the scope of work may
differ slightly from the previous year(s). You will be exposed to the basic concepts and
principles of Thermodynamics, with emphasis on placed on application of principles and
analysis.

Formative Assessment: Students are assessed continuously throughout the semester.

This assessment typically comprises tutorials, practical work and applied assignment/s
which constitute a percentage of the ‘semester/ year mark’. Additionally, three (3) class tests
which are of a cumulative nature (and comprise of a percentage of the ‘semester/ year mark’)
are also written.

Summative Assessment: A three (3) hour examination that is representative of all the work/
material covered is written at the end of the semester.

Marks obtained in tests, practical work and any other project/ assignment will be
incorporated into a class mark which will make up 40% (or 45% - to be decided) of the final
mark. Admittance to the examination requires a semester mark of at least 40%. The
examination is 60% (or 55% - to be decided) of the final mark. A student will be deemed to
have passed when the final mark is at least 50%.

Your lecturer will inform you of the breakdown of your ‘semester/ year mark’. It is at his/ her
discretion to modify the mark breakdown at any time during the semester. Attendance of
lectures and tutorials may also contribute a percentage to the ‘semester/ year mark’.
Students are advised that this course requires consistent reading and completion of the
tutorial problems.

Provisional Dates for the Tests:

 Test 1: 07 March 2016

 Test 2: 06 April 2016
 Test 3: 04 May 2016

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3.1 Lecture/ Work Schedule

Module Enabling Outcomes

Basic Principles and Definitions i,ii,iii,iv,v,vi,vii,

*ELO2,ELO3,ELO4,ELO6

First Law of Thermodynamics i,ii,iii,iv,v,vi,vii,

ELO2,ELO3,ELO4,ELO6

Heat Effects i,ii,iii,iv,v,vi,vii,

ELO2,ELO3,ELO4,ELO6

Second and Third Laws of i,ii,iii,iv,v,vi,vii,

Thermodynamics ELO2,ELO3,ELO4,ELO6

Thermodynamics of Flow Processes i,ii,iii,iv,v,vi,vii,

ELO2,ELO3,ELO4,ELO6

Phase Equilibrium i,ii,iii,iv,v,vi,vii,

ELO2,ELO3,ELO4,ELO6

Revision i,ii,iii,iv,v,vi,vii,
ELO2,ELO3,ELO4,ELO6
* ELO refers to Exit Level Outcomes (for the whole qualification standard of 360 credits)

3.2 Support Services and Resources:

For this course, the prescribed/ recommended textbook is:

• “Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics”. Smith and Van Ness, 6th/

7th Edition, McGraw-Hill.

For additional reference/ reading you can consult the following book/s (as necessary):

• “Chemical and Process Thermodynamics”. Kyle, 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall

International Series.
• “Chemical, Biochemical and Engineering Thermodynamics”. Sandler, 4th Edition,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• “Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Principles of Thermodynamics”. Abbott and Van
Ness, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill.
• “Understanding Engineering Thermodynamics”. Levenspiel, Prentice Hall PTR.
• “Thermodynamics and its Applications”. Tester and Modell, 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall.

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3.3 Assessment Schedule/ Feedback/ Guidelines
The student is expected to attend all lectures and tests and to complete all assignments and
hand-in on the due date specified. Revision of each section or module before a lecture is
recommended to enhance the learning experience. Missing a test will jeopardise the class
mark. If a student is sick, contact the lecturer within 3 days of the test. The student will be
expected to produce a medical certificate from an accredited doctor!

Competence in the module outcomes will be evaluated as set out in the Table below:

ASSESSMENT WEIGHT
TEST 1 20%
TEST 2 25%
TEST 3 25%
ATTENDANCE 5%
ASSIGNMENT/S 10%
PRACTICAL/S 15%
TOTAL 100%

Marks obtained in tests and any other tutorials/assignments will be incorporated into a class
mark which will make up 40% (or 45% - to be decided) of the final mark. In order to qualify
for the exam a minimum class mark of 40% has to be obtained. You need a minimum mark
of 40% to be able to write an examination, failure to achieve 40% will result in you being
disqualified to write the examination.

The examination comprises 60% (or 55% - to be decided) of the final mark. The sub-
minimum to be achieved in the examination mark for a positive result in the course is 40%.
The overall course pass mark is 50%. A distinction is 75% (and higher).

Assignments: Handing in late assignments will result in reduction of marks (late penalties
of 2% per day). Assignments will not be accepted after 3 days (from due date).

Moderation: An external moderator will be allocated for the course. The moderator will
review the examination paper/s and check the marking of the examiner.

Appeals Procedure: Examination papers can be re-marked by the moderator for a fee –
consult the Examinations Department.

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4.1 Module Learning Outcomes
At the end of this course you should have attained these exit level outcomes (ELOs):

 Applying Thermodynamic principles to diagnose and solve engineering problems.

 Demonstrate engineering knowledge and skills in the Thermodynamics field.
 Engage in Thermodynamics work individually and as part of a team.

ASSESSMENT
SPECIFIC OUTCOMES ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
METHODS
1. Apply the first law of 1. Correctly apply the first law to all Tutorials; tests;
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics exams.
2. Demonstrate an 2. Correctly solve for problems Tutorials; tests;
understanding of the ideal gas involving the ideal gas law/s exams.
state
3. Demonstrate an 3. Correct calculation of the air - Tutorials; tests;
understanding of the fuel ratio for complete and exams.
combustion process incomplete combustion and to
the products of combustion
analysis by mass and volume
4. Demonstrate an 4. Correctly solve problems Tutorials; tests;
understanding of the heat involving heat capacities, the exams.
effects of industrial reactions Clapeyron equation and
standard heat of reaction,
formation and combustion
5. Demonstrate an 5. Correctly determine the thermal Tutorials; tests;
understanding of the second efficiencies of heat engines and exams.
and third laws of indicate particular process on T-
Thermodynamics S diagrams
6. Demonstrate an 6. Calculate Gibbs and Helmholtz Tutorials; tests;
understanding of energy, derive Maxwell exams.
Thermodynamic relationships equations and determine fluid
properties using
Thermodynamic diagrams and
tables
7. Understand real gas 7. Apply the Redlich-Kwong and Tutorials; tests;
behaviour, chemical potential Van der Waals equations to real exams.
and the concept of fugacity gasses and determine
properties of ideal gas mixtures
and ideal solutions
8. Demonstrate an 8. Determination of solid – liquid Tutorials; tests;
understanding of phase equilibrium and liquid - vapour exams.
equilibrium equilibrium. Presentation of
Thermodynamic property data

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4.2 Critical Cross-Field Outcomes
The following critical cross-field outcomes (CCFOs) will be addressed by this course.

Assessment Assessment
CCFO ()
Criteria Methods
Problem solving: critical and creative  (1 – 9) Tutorials; tests; exams.
thinking
Group work / team membership  (1 – 9) Learner feedback.

Manage and organize/ self-  (1 – 9) Tutorials; assignments; self-

responsibility study.
Research  (6) (6) Assignment

Communication  (1 – 9) Feedback; presentations

Responsibility towards environment

Interrelated systems/ not in isolation

Societal/ economic outcomes

4.3 Contribution to ECSA Exit Level Outcomes

Corresponding ECSA Exit Level
Module outcome
Outcome
1. Demonstrate an understanding of (2)
thermodynamic laws;
2. Correctly perform thermodynamic (2)
calculations;
3. Apply thermodynamics principles to (1, 4 and 6)
diagnose and solve engineering problems
individually and in group

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5.1 CIT3111 Course Content
SO / Assessment
Topic Learner Activity Teaching / Learning Method
AC Method

Basic Principles 1/1 1.1 Introduction to Thermodynamics  Lecture; Tutorials; tests;

and Definitions - Dimensions and units  Guided instruction; exams.
- Force  Educator-generated
- Temperature questions and answers;
- Pressure (P) and defined quantities,  Learner-generated questions
volume (V) and answers;
- Work  Small groups: problem-based
- Energy learning
- Heat

The 1st Law of 2/2 2.1 First Law of Thermodynamics  Lecture; Tutorials; tests;
Thermodynamics 2.2 The steady-flow equation  Guided instruction; exams.
2.3 Constant-V and constant-P  Educator-generated
processes questions and answers;
 Learner-generated questions
and answers;
 Small groups: problem-based
learning

Volumetric 3/3 3.1 PVT behaviour of pure substances  Lecture; Tutorials; tests;
Properties of Pure 3.2 Virial equations  Guided instruction; exams; practical
Fluids 3.3 Ideal gas  Educator-generated
3.4 Application of virial equations questions and answers;
3.5 Cubic equations of state  Learner-generated questions
3.6 Generalized correlations for gases and answers;
3.7 Generalized correlations for liquids
  Small groups: problem-based
learning

Heat Effects 4/4 4.1 Sensible heat effects  Lecture; Tutorials; tests;
4.2 Latent heat of pure substances  Guided instruction; exams; practical
4.3 Standard heat of reaction  Educator-generated
4.4 Standard heat of formation questions and answers;
4.5 Standard heat of combustion  Learner-generated questions
4.6 Temperature dependence of H and answers;
4.7 Heat effects of industrial reactions  Small groups: problem-based
learning

The 2nd and 3rd 5/5 5.1 Statement of the Second Law  Lecture; Tutorials; tests;
Laws of 5.2 Heat engines  Guided instruction; exams; practical
Thermodynamics 5.3 Thermodynamic temperature and the  Educator-generated
Ideal gas scale questions and answers;
5.4 Entropy  Learner-generated questions
5.5 Entropy changes of an Ideal gas and answers;
5.6 The Third Law of Thermodynamics  Small groups: problem-based
learning

Thermodynamics 6/6 6.1 Property relations for homogenous  Lecture; Tutorials; tests;
of Flow phases  Guided instruction; exams; practical
Processes 6.2 Residual properties  Educator-generated
6.3 Two phase system questions and answers;
6.4 Thermodynamics diagram  Learner-generated questions
6.5 Tables of thermodynamic properties and answers;
6.6 Generalized property correlations for gases
 Small groups: problem-based
learning
Thermodynamics 7/7 7.1 The Clapeyron equation  Lecture; Tutorials; tests;
of Pure 7.2 Solid – Liquid equilibrium  Guided instruction; exams.
Substances 7.3 Solid – Vapour and Liquid - Vapour  Educator-generated
equilibrium questions and answers;
7.4 Presentation of thermodynamic property  Learner-generated questions
data and answers;
 Small groups: problem-based
learning

Principles of 8/8 8.1 Fugacity  Lecture; Tutorials; tests;

Phase Equilibrium 8.2 Determination of fugacities of pure  Guided instruction; exams.
substances  Educator-generated
8.3 Determination of fugacities in mixtures questions and answers;
8.4 Ideal systems  Learner-generated questions
8.5 The activity coefficient and answers;
8.6 Experimental determination of activity  Small groups: problem-based
coefficient learning
8.7 Henry’s Law