Brief Answer Question

1. Describe database?
2. Describe primary key?
3. Describe foreign key?
4. Describe candidate key?
5. Write three views of three level architecture?
6. What is data abstraction?
7. What do you mean by cardinality?
8. What is data redundancy?
9. What do you mean by information?
10. Define the following terms :
i. tuple
ii. Domain

Comprehensive Question Answer

1. List four significant differences between a file-processing system and a DBMS.

2. What are the disadvantages of database system?
3. Explain the difference between physical and logical data independence.
4. What are five main functions of a database administrator?
5. What are the differences between schema and instance?
6. What can be done using DML? What are the classes of DML?

Logical Data Independence - meaning immunity of external schemas to

changeds in conceptual schema. Physical Data Independence - meaning
immunity of conceptual schema to changes in the internal schema.
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Logical Data Independence: Logical data independence is the ability to modify the conceptual
schema without having alteration in external schemas or application programs. Alterations in the
conceptual schema may include addition or deletion of fresh entities, attributes or relationships
and should be possible without having alteration to existing external schemas or having to
rewrite application programs.
Physical Data Independence: Physical data independence is the ability to modify the inner
schema without having alteration to the conceptual schemas or application programs. Alteration
in the internal schema might include. * Using new storage devices. * Using different data
structures. * Switching from one access method to another. * Using different file organizations
or storage structures. * Modifying indexes.
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Logical data independence is the capacity to change the conceptual schema of a database system
without having to change the schema at the view level. You only need to change
external/conceptual mappings

Physical data independence is the capacity to change the internal schema of a database system
without having to change the schema at the conceptual level

You only need to change conceptual/internal mappings .What is the difference between logical
data independence and physical data independence?
Data independence is normally thought of in terms of two levels or types. Logical data
independence makes it possible to change the structure of the data independently of modifying
the applications or programs that make use of the data. There is no need to rewrite current
applications as part of the process of adding to or removing data from then system.

The second type or level of data independence is known as physical data independence. This
approach has to do with altering the organization or storage procedures related to the data, rather
than modifying the data itself. Accomplishing this shift in file organization or the indexing
strategy used for the data does not require any modification to the external structure of the
applications, meaning that users of the applications are not likely to notice any difference at all in
the function of their programs.
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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PHYSICAL AND LOGICAL DATA

INDEPENDENCE

One of the biggest advantages of database is data independence. It means we can change the
conceptual schema at one level without affecting the data at other level. It means we can change
the structure of a database without affecting the data required by users and program. This feature
was not available in file oriented approach. There are two types of data independence and they
are:

1. Physical data independence

 2. Logical data independence

Data Independence The ability to modify schema definition in on level without affecting
schema definition in the next higher level is called data independence. There are two levels of
data independence:

1. Physical data independence is the ability to modify the physical schema without causing
application programs to be rewritten. Modifications at the physical level are occasionally
necessary to improve performance. It means we change the physical storage/level without
affecting the conceptual or external view of the data. The new changes are absorbed by mapping
techniques.

2. Logical data independence in the ability to modify the logical schema without causing
application program to be rewritten. Modifications at the logical level are necessary whenever
the logical structure of the database is altered (for example, when money-market accounts are
added to banking system).

Logical Data independence means if we add some new columns or remove some columns
from table then the user view and programs should not changes. It is called the logical
independence. For example: consider two users A & B. Both are selecting the empno and ename.
If user B add a new column salary in his view/table then it will not effect the external view user;
user A, but internal view of database has been changed for both users A & B. Now user A can
also print the salary.