Experiment 1: Frequency Modulation and Demodulation Aim

Communication Systems-I Laboratory (16EC52)
Experiment 1
Frequency Modulation and Demodulation
Aim:
Simulate and interpret the Spectrum of Message and Frequency modulated signal.
Theory:
Angle modulation:
This is one of the methods of modulating a sinusoidal carrier wave, namely, angle modulation
in which either the phase or frequency of the carrier wave is varied according to the message
signal. In this method of modulation the amplitude of the carrier wave is maintained constant.
In general the angle modulated wave is given by
s(t)=Ac Cos(θ(t))
Where Acis the amplitude of the carrier which is constant and a angular argument θ(t)) is varied
by a message signal m(t).
Frequency Modulation:
Frequency Modulation (FM) is the form of angle modulation in which the instantaneous
frequency f𝑖(t) is varied linearly with a message signal m(t). The instantaneous frequency is
given by
kf
f i (t )  f c  m(t )
2
The term f𝑐 represents the frequency of the unmodulated carrier and constant Kfrepresents the
frequency sensitivity of the modulator. We have
1 d (t )
f i (t ) 
2 dt
Therefore
𝑡
𝜃(𝑡) = 2𝜋f𝑐t +K𝑓 ∫0 𝑚(𝑡) dt
Frequency modulated wave in the time domain is given by
𝑡
S(t) = Ac Cos [2𝜋f𝑐t + K𝑓 ∫0 𝑚(𝑡) dt]
Spectral Analysis of Tone FM:
Dept. of ECE, RVCE Page 23

Considering a sinusoidal modulating signal m(t)=Am cos(2𝜋f𝑚𝑡), we get


s(t )  Ac J
n  
n (  ) cos[2 ( f c  nf m )t ]
k f Am
Where  is the modulation index or the deviation ratio of FM
2f m

Ac
Also, S( f ) 
2
J
n  
n (  )[ ( f  f c  nf m )   ( f  f c  nf m )]
Where Jn(  ) is the Bessel Function.

The Number of significant side frequencies varies with the modulation index (  ). The below
table shows the number of significant side frequencies (including both lower and upper side
frequencies) for different value of modulation index (  )
Modulation index (  ) Number of Significant Side Frequencies (2nmax)

0.1 2
0.3 4
0.5 4
1 6
2 8
5 16
10 28
20 50
30 70
Time domain representation of frequency modulated signal

MATLAB Program:
% Frequency Modulation %
close all; clear all; clc;
%***************Variables************************%
fm=4; % Modulating Signal Frequency (KHz)

fc=50; % Carrier Frequency (KHz)
Am=1; % Modulating Signal Amplitude(V)
Ac=1; % Carrier Signal Amplitude(V)
m=5; % index of FM; Vary 'm' and see the effect on the number of significant side frequencies
%********************Signals********************%
fs=5000; % Sampling frequency (Ksamples/sec)

Wc=2*pi*fc;
Wm=2*pi*fm;
t=0:1/(fs):1;%length = 5001
choice1 = questdlg('Choose input for FM','Input','Sine','cosine' );
switch choice1 %modulating signal

case 'Sine'
Modulating_Signal=Am*sin(Wm*t);
case 'cosine'
Modulating_Signal=Am*cos(Wm*t);
end
Carrier_Signal_fm = Ac*cos(Wc*t);%carrier signal
%***********Plot the signals in time domain and frequency domain*************%
figure(1);
subplot(221);plot(t, Modulating_Signal);
title('FM modulating signal');xlabel('time(ms)'), ylabel('amplitude(V)');grid on;
mod_Sig_freq=fftshift(abs(fft(Modulating_Signal)));
axiss=-fs/2:fs/(length(mod_Sig_freq)-1):fs/2;
subplot(222);plot(axiss,mod_Sig_freq*(1/fs));axis([-100 100 0 1])

title('Modulating signal Spectrum');xlabel('Frequency(KHz)'), ylabel('amplitude(V)');grid on;
subplot(223);plot(t, Carrier_Signal_fm);
title('FM Carrier signal');xlabel('time(ms)'), ylabel('amplitude(V)');grid on;
Carrier_Signal_freq=fftshift(abs(fft( Carrier_Signal_fm)));
subplot(224);plot(axiss,Carrier_Signal_freq*(1/fs));axis([-100 100 0 1])
title('Carrier signal Spectrum');xlabel('Frequency(KHz)'), ylabel('amplitude(V)');grid on;
%********************Modulation****************%
FM_time= Ac*cos((Wc*t)+(m*Modulating_Signal));
FM_freq=fftshift(abs(fft(FM_time)));

%******************Demodulation******************%
FM_DEM_T= demod(FM_time,fc,fs,'fm');
FM_DEM_F=fftshift(abs(fft(FM_DEM_T)));
%*****************Plot Modulated and demodulated signals******************%
figure(2);
subplot(221);plot(t,FM_time);
xlabel('time(ms)'),ylabel('amplitude(V)');title('FM Modulated time-domain signal');grid on;
subplot(222);plot(axiss, FM_freq*(1/fs));axis([-100 100 0 1])

title('FM signal Spectrum');xlabel('Frequency(KHz)'), ylabel('amplitude(V)');grid on;
subplot(223);plot(t,FM_DEM_T);
title('Demodulated FM signal'); xlabel('time(ms)'), ylabel('amplitude(V)');grid on;
subplot(224);plot(axiss,FM_DEM_F*(1/fs));axis([-100 100 0 1])

title(' Demodulated signal Spectrum'); xlabel('Frequency(KHz)'), ylabel('amplitude(V)');grid on;
Expected Output Waveform:

Observation:

Sl. No Criteria Max Marks Marks obtained

Data sheet
A Problem statement 10
B Design & specifications 10
C Expected output 10
Record
D Simulation/ Conduction of the 15
experiment
E Analysis of the result 15
Viva 40
Total 100
Scale down to 10 marks

Experiment 1: Frequency Modulation and Demodulation Aim

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Communication Systems-I Laboratory (16EC52)

In general the angle modulated wave is given by

Frequency modulated wave in the time domain is given by

Spectral Analysis of Tone FM:

Dept. of ECE, RVCE Page 23

Considering a sinusoidal modulating signal m(t)=Am cos(2𝜋f𝑚𝑡), we get

Where Jn(  ) is the Bessel Function.

Modulation index (  ) Number of Significant Side Frequencies (2nmax)

Time domain representation of frequency modulated signal

Dept. of ECE, RVCE Page 24

fm=4; % Modulating Signal Frequency (KHz)

fs=5000; % Sampling frequency (Ksamples/sec)

choice1 = questdlg('Choose input for FM','Input','Sine','cosine' );

switch choice1 %modulating signal

Carrier_Signal_fm = Ac*cos(Wc*t);%carrier signal

%***********Plot the signals in time domain and frequency domain*************%

subplot(222);plot(axiss,mod_Sig_freq*(1/fs));axis([-100 100 0 1])

Dept. of ECE, RVCE Page 25

%*****************Plot Modulated and demodulated signals******************%

subplot(222);plot(axiss, FM_freq*(1/fs));axis([-100 100 0 1])

subplot(224);plot(axiss,FM_DEM_F*(1/fs));axis([-100 100 0 1])

Expected Output Waveform:

Dept. of ECE, RVCE Page 26

Dept. of ECE, RVCE Page 27

Sl. No Criteria Max Marks Marks obtained

Dept. of ECE, RVCE Page 28

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Carrier_Signal_fm = Accos(Wct);%carrier signal

%*Plot the signals in time domain and frequency domain***%

%*Plot Modulated and demodulated signals**%