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Infotech

Information technology involves the use of computers for processing and distributing information digitally. It includes basic concepts like networks of interconnected computers, servers that provide services to client computers, and the internet as a global network of networks. Cyber warfare has also increased with attacks like Stuxnet targeting Iran's nuclear facilities, Flame malware infecting Windows systems, and the Red October cyber espionage network stealing data from governments and organizations worldwide, especially Russia and India. Command and control infrastructures are used to hide the location of central servers directing large-scale hacking operations.

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Ojen Naorem
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27 views

Infotech

Information technology involves the use of computers for processing and distributing information digitally. It includes basic concepts like networks of interconnected computers, servers that provide services to client computers, and the internet as a global network of networks. Cyber warfare has also increased with attacks like Stuxnet targeting Iran's nuclear facilities, Flame malware infecting Windows systems, and the Red October cyber espionage network stealing data from governments and organizations worldwide, especially Russia and India. Command and control infrastructures are used to hide the location of central servers directing large-scale hacking operations.

Uploaded by

Ojen Naorem
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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S&T- InfoTech

Information Technology

The use of computers for the processing and distribution of information in digital, audio/video and
other forms.

Information science is primarily concerned with acquisition, storage, processing and organisation of
data.

Basic terms used in IT

1. Network
Group of computers interconnected in order to share resources or exchange information.
2. Node
Different terminals which are attached to the network can share files and other resources. In
a computer network, the node is a computer.
3. Server
A system or a program that provides a specific kind of service to client’s software running on
other computers.
This is a dedicated system which helps clients (other computers).
4. Internet
It is a network of networks where in a large number of computers are interconnected and
this interconnection today exists at a global level.
5. Internet Protocol
It is a set of rules to send and receive messages at the internet address level. It is a protocol
by which data is sent from one computer to other on the internet.
6. Transmission Control Protocol
It is a connection oriented protocol used along with IP to send data in the form of message
units after reassembling them into the right order as a complete message at the other end.
7. WWW
It is a World-wide system of interconnected computer files linked to one another on the
internet. It was developed by Tim Berners Lee (present director of WWW consortium).
8. HTTP
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol. It is a set of rules for computers to retrieve textual data from
remote server.
9. HTTPS
It is a software program designed to scan and analyse the HTML. It is based on secure socket
layer (SSL) which is a cryptographic security measure that protects sensitive data on the
internet.
10. URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
It is a universal naming convention used for locating and accessing resources via the
internet.
11. Malware
These are malicious software in the form of viruses, worms and Trojanhorse.
These softwares have the capability to alter, effect or in extreme cases shutdown the
programs that are running on a computer or on a specific network. The reason that they are
known as virus is that they spread to computers with which they communicate.
S&T- InfoTech
12. Trojan or Trojan horses
These are malicious software that comes disguised as a useful application program and
when opened the Trojan starts executing and destroys the files on the computer.

Cyber Warfare

Cyber espionage has been believed to have started widely from 2007, when a campaign known as
ROCRA began.

STUXNET Virus
It is believed to have been developed by Israel and US and was aimed at crippling Iran’s
infrastructure, especially Iran’s Nuclear Development Infrastructure. The result is that, Iran’s nuclear
development program has been delayed by more than 2 years.

Flame Virus
It is also known as Flamer or Skywiper. It attacks computers that run windows. It was discovered in
2012, by MAHER centre of Iranian national CERT and Kaspersky lab.

Red October Victims


A recent report by Kaspersky lab which initiated a new threat research revealed a large scale cyber
espionage network which it called the “Red October” victims.

The lab mentions that there were a series of attacks against diplomatic, governmental and scientific
research organisations.
The report places India on the 5th position on the most affected list.
Russia was the most affected by these attacks.

It is being seen that the Command and Control infrastructure is being used by various hackers all
over the world.
Command and Control infrastructure is a chain of servers working as proxies and hiding the location
of “Mothership” control server.

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS): is a situation where in multiple systems submit as many
requests as possible to a single computer or service there by overloading it and preventing it from
servicing legitimate requests.

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