“Calculation of Horizontal Displacement of Conductors

Under Wind Loading Toward Buildings and Other

S uppo rt ing St r uct ures”

Allen L. Clapp

Clapp Research Associates

Paper No.

93 A1 0-7803-0940-5/93/$3.00 0 1993 IEEE

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 CALCULATION OF HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT OF CONDUCTORS UNDER WIND
LOADING TOWARD BUILDINGS AND OTHER SUPPORTING STRUCTURES
Allen L. Clapp, P.E., R.L.S., Senior Member
Clapp Research Associates, P.C.
Raleigh, N.C.

Abstract angle” (see below) caused by a combination of weight and

wind.
Wind loadings can be the determining factor in the
structuraldesign and location of supporting structures, The amount of sag depends upon the tension under which
including the choice of materials, sizes, and configuration. the conductor or cable messenger is strung, the weight of
Deflection of structuresor supported facilities under wind the total package (including ice, antigalloping weights,
loading may require increased clearances between etc., if applicable), the additional loading from wind (if
conductors or cables, thus affecting the physical design of any), and the tensile characteristicsof the materials
the structures,as well as requiring increased clearances involved.
from buildings and affecting the location of the structures
Horizontal displacement of a conductor or cable under
themselves. Both exact methodologies and rules of thumb
wind loading is usually not as dependent upon the
are presented for calculating horizontal loadings and wind
structure design as it is upon (a) the tensile characteristics
deflections of conductors and cables. Tables give values
of the conductor or cable messenger and (b) the initial sag
for common conductors that may be used in determining
and tension of the cable or conductor.
compliance with the National Electrical Safety Code.
A greater final sag at rest will produce a greater total
Wind Forces actual horizontal deflection for a given wind loading. The
closer the initial tension in a conductor or cable messenger
The forces on structures and displacement of conductors or
is to its rated breaking strength, the greater will be its
cables under wind loading must be considered by the
designer of an overhead utility line.
percentage increase in length and sag for a given wind
loading, although the total sag may be less due to
The wind forces include increases in conductor or cable increased initial tension.
messenger tension (longitudinal loading) and horizontal
The greater the total loading on a conductor or cable
forces (transverse loading) on the structure at the
messenger due to weight and wind, the greater will be the
attachment points.
sag or deflection from the line of sight.
Wind displacement can be critical when determining
For purposes of this discussion, a conductor is considered
whether an installationmeets the horizontal clearances
to be unrestrained between supports, as if it were attached
required to buildings (NESC Rule 234C) and to line
by a frictionless hinge. If the only conductor loading is the
structuresto which a conductor or cable is not attached
weight of the conductor (plus the weight of any ice
(NESC Rule 234B).
loading, vibration dampers, etc.,) then the direction of
Structures must be designed and located to accommodate conductor displacement is vertical and downward toward
both (a) the forces created by the wind on the structure and the mass of the earth.
its supported components, and (b) the displacement of the
If wind pressure is also loading the conductor, two
conductors or cables themselves.
reactions will result. The extra loading will stretch the
Wind forces will cause the cables or conductors to swing conductor more and increase the amount of the sag
sideways and elongate. The forces can also cause displacement from the LOS; the conductor will also be
deflection of the structure,thus increasing the total displaced in a horizontal direction as well as a downward
horizontal displacement of the conductor or cable. The direction.
additional deflection of suspension insulator assemblies
The greater the wind loading, the greater will be the
under wind loading can be significant in many cases.
horizontal displacement relative to the vertical
Structure deflection is design dependent. Both the displacement caused by the weight, thus increasing the
component layout and materials affect the ability of the angle of deflection, or swing angle of the conductor sag
structureto resist deflection under wind loading and are from the vertical position. The swing angle is directly
beyond the scope of this paper. This discussion proportional to the relative horizontal-wind-load-per-
concentrates, instead, on the deflection of the conductors lineal-foot versus the weight-per-lineal-foot.
or cables, including any suspension assemblies.
Wind pressure, sag, and the deflection angle increase with
wind speed.
Deflection of Conductors and Cables Under
Wind pressures on conductors are directly proportional to
Loadings
the diameter of the conductor. However, as the conductor
When a conductor or cable is suspended between two size increases, the weight of the conductor increases in
structures, it is not located directly on the line-of-sight proportion to the square of the diameter. Thus, as the size
(LOS)between its attachment points. Rather, it sags of the conductor increases, the weight of the conductor of
below the LOS. The deflection from the LOS is called the the conductor will increase faster than the wind loading
sag. The term “sag” refers to the amount of deflection due (for a given wind speed) and the angle of deflection of the
to weight by which a conductor hangs below its line of conductor from the vertical position (swing angle) will be
sight as well as the deflection along the resultant “swing less than the angle exhibited by smaller conductors under
the same wind loading.
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Calculating Forces on Conductors and Cable
Messengers
The formulas for determining the wind pressure on a
cylindrical conductor produced by a given wind velocity
are given in Rule 250C of the National Electrical Safety
Code.
CAUTION: There were some printing errors in the 1990
Edition of the NESC. The correct formulas are:

Pressure in Ib./sq. R =

0.00256(Vmi,,)2
Pressure in pascals =
0.613(V,,,,,)2
where V = velocity in miles per hour or meters per
second. as applicable. Wind Pmsures for commonly
used wind velocities a n shown in NESC Table 250-2.

Various wind pressures are assumed for application of the

different rules of the NESC. For purposes of determining
the clearances required between conductors and buildings
or other installations, the NESC requires the use of a 6 psf
@ounds per square foot) wind pressure. Figure 1
Calculation of Resultant of
The 6 psf wind pressure used in these requirements is Wind Pressure and Conductor Weight
rounded off from the wind pressure produced by a 50 mph (with Wind Pressure = 6 Ib./sq. ft.)
wind speed. It is unlikely that personnel will be working
on a building or other structure in such a wind. Table 1 contains the data and calculations required to
The total transverse force on a conductor is proportional to compute the conductor deflection angle for copper and
the diameter of the conductor and the length of the Copperweld conductors under a 6 psf wind loading. Table
conductor in the span. 2 contains similar data and calculations for ACSR
conductors, as does Table 3 for all-aluminum conductors.
Dividing the diameter of the conductor (in inches) into 12 Each table shows the resultant force and deflection angle
inches will yield the number of lineal feet of that size of for illustrative wires and cables. The swing angle is seen
conductor that would be required to produce one square to be smaller for the heavier conductors, due to their larger
foot of exposed area. Thus, a 1/0 ACSR Raven conductor, weightldiameter ratios.
having a diameter of 0.3980 inches, requires 30.15 lineal
feet of conductor to present one square foot of area to the Although the amount of sag (and thus the horizontal
wind (12/.3980 = 30.15). Dividing 30.15 feet into 6 Ib./sq. displacement under wind loading) depends upon the final
ft yields a horizontal wind pressure of 0.1990 Ib./lineal ft tension in the conductor, the swing angle does not. For any
for 110 ACSR Raven conductor. NOTE: Since dividing 6 practical purpose, the swing angle is the same, regardless
by 12L3980 is the same as multiplying 6 by .3980/12, the of how tight the conductor is pulled.
easier method is to multiply the diameter by 6/12 or 0.5 to
determine the pressure per lineal foot produced by a 6 Horizontal Displacement Under Wind Loading
Ib./sq.ft wind.
The actual horizontal displacement under wind loading
Since the wind-displaced sag in the conductor is affected will depend upon (a) the swing angle, (b) the unloaded
by the both the wind and weight forces, a resultant force sag, and (c) the increase in sag (along the swing angle)
can be calculated and used as a substitute for conductor due to the wind loading.
weight in the sag and tension calculations to obtain the sag
along the swing angle under wind loading conditions. This Sag and Tension computer programs can be used in two
may not be the easiest method, but it may be the only ways to calculate the final sag along the swing angle due
available method depending upon the type of computer to wind loading. The easiest method is to ask for the sag at
program or manual calculation methods available. 60 O F and 6 psf wind. With the ALCOA SAG-lOTM
program and others, the result will be the elongated, wind-
This resultant can be calculated mathematically or blown sag along the swing angle.
graphically, since it is proportional to the diagonal of a
box with dimensions proportional to the wind pressure on Alternatively, you can substitute the resultant of the
the conductor and the weight of the conductor. weight and wind load calculation for the “conductor
weight” and ask for the sag at 60 OF, no wind. The result
Figure 1, Calculation of Resultant of Wind Pressure and should be the same.
Conductor Weight shows (a) the vertical force per lineal
foot due to conductor weight, (b) the horizontal force per Since the latter method will produce all sags on the
lineal foot due to wind loading, (c) the calculated amount printout as if they had a 6 psf wind acting on them in
of the resultant force, and (d) the deflection angle for 1/0 addition to other loading, and the program would need to
AWG 6/1 strand (Raven) ACSR and 397.5 kcmil 30/7 be run again with the normal weight to produce the at-rest
strand (Lark) ACSR. sags, the better method is to enter the wind loading irt the

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normal calculation, if the computer program allows you to (aluminum conductor steel reinforced) conductors under a
do that. That way, the sags without wind loading will be 6 psf wind loading.
correct for vertical sag, and the sags with wind loading
will be correct for the resultant displacement along the
Figure 4, Wind Displacement of Aluminum Conductors,
swing angle. shows the relative displacement of representative AAC
(all-aluminum) conductors under a 6 psf wind loading.
The resultant sag along the swing angle under wind
loading is the hypotenuse of a right triangle; the wind
displacement is its base. The horizontal displacement of Rules of Thumb for Estimating Horizontal
the cable or conductor can be directly calculated fiom the Displacement of Conductors By Wind
swing angle and the sag (hypotenuse). There is a simple rule of thumb that is useful in the field
Figure 2, Wind Displacement of Copper and Coppenveld when trying to determine if a conductor might be blown
Conductors shows the relative displacement of copper and too close to a building. If the sag at 60 O F can be easily
copper-clad wires and cables under the influence of a 6 psf determined or estimated, it can be used to estimate the
wind pressure. This figure was prepared using initial sags wind displacement under a 6 psf wind.
and tensions commonly used for the conductors. The As shown by Figure 2, copper and copper-clad conductors
displacement of each conductor is graphed relative to of #6 AWG and smaller will be displaced horizontally by a
100% of its unloaded final sag at 60 O F . Each of the types distance equal to or almost half again as great as the 60 O F
of conductor exhibits its own sag-change characteristics. sag. Likewise, Figure 3 shows the break point to be
The conductors do not swing on an arc from the unloaded between 210 and 310 AWG for aluminum. It can be seen
position; they stretch more under wind loading. that the small ACSR conductors will be displaced
Figure 3, Wind Displacement of ACSR Conductors shows horizontally almost twice the amount of the 60 O F sag.
the relative displacement of representative ACSR

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I
I I I I (inches) 1 Ib. pw
lin R I F-
1b.p.r I v.rtk.1 I -OnAwk I

Figure3 also illustrates a more exact rule of thumb. The For the smaller conductors, the actual displacement under
relative ratio of wind-force/conductor-weightis the tangent wind loading (expressed as a percentage of unloaded sag)
of the swing angle; this windweight ratio can also be used is significantly less than the windweight ratio. For the
to estimate the maximum horizontal displacement of a larger, heavier conductors, the actual displacement is still
conductor under wind loading. less, but is very close to the ratio. For example, if the
swing angle line of 336.4 ACSR is extended down to the
In Figure3, the horizontal dashed line at the bottom of the horizontal line of Figure 3, you can see that the horizontal
figure graphically represents the wind force on 4 AWG 6/1 displacement is only slightly less than would be produced
ACSR relative to its weight. The solid line extending by application of the windweight ratio to the 60 O F final
along the swing angle from the LOS to the 4 AWG 611 unloaded sag.
ACSR deflectionpoint and the dashed line that continues
on to meet the horizontal dashed line represents the Horizontal Displacementof Suspension Insulator
resultant of the horizontal wind force and the weight. The Strings
ratio of the wind force to this resultant is the sine of the
swing angle. The deflection of insulator strings can be calculated in the
same way as the deflection of the supported conductors,
It can be seen that the sag of the 4 AWG 611 ACSR along
except that certain constraintscan be used to shortcut the
the swing angle (the solid line) is not as long as the full
routine, if desired.
hypotenuse of the triangle. In other words, the actual
horizontal displacement under wind loading, relative to Strings of suspension insulators weigh more per lineal foot
the final unloaded sag, is not as great as the windweight than the conductors that they support. However, due to the
ratio: the tangent of the swing angle. The actual horizontal greater length, the supported conductor typically has more
displacement is thus less than the windweight ratio relative wind loading than the insulators. The actual swing
multiplied times the unloaded sag. How much less angle of the insulator string, considering both the forces
depends upon (a) the stretchingcharacteristics of the transferred to it by the conductor and the wind and weight
conductor or cable messenger and (b) the original forces produced by the string itself, will generally be less
unloaded tension as a percentage of the rated breaking than the swing angle of the conductor supported in the
strength. suspension shoe attached to the last insulator.

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I I word l -

L.0.S

\ I

Sag at
60 OF
No Wind
Figure 2
Wind Displacement of Copper and Copperweld Conductors

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L.O.S.

Sag at
60 'F
No Wind Wind Displacement
of ACSR Conductors

Figure 3
Figure 3
Wind Displacement of ACSR Conductors

L.O.S.

Sag at
60 'F
No Wind
Figure 4
Wind Displacement of Aluminum Conductors

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Some methods of calculating the swing of insulator string
assembliesresemble the balancing of a seesaw (teeter-
totter.) If a big kid weighs twice as much as a little one,
the little one has to sit twice as far out as the big one to
achieve balance.
In this balancing act, the moment produced by the weight W i h t of Crosshatched
supported Area Shows
of Kid #1 multiplied times its moment arm (his distance Fadlis Increase in
only Pr0)eCted
from the fulcrum, or balancing point) is the same as the Wind Area
moment produced by the weight of Kid #2 multiplied
times his own moment arm.In other words, applying half
the weight at the full distance produces the same moment
as applying the full weight at half the distance. wnd Load
on Supported
Fpcll~tles
The same moment-balance concept is useful in thinking
about how a suspension insulator swings from its pivot
point.
The forces on the last insulator in the string, to which the
suspension hardware is attached, include (a) the forces
transmitted from the conductor and suspension hardware Figure 6
(applied at the attachmentpoint end), (b) the wind on the Comparison of Loading on Suspension
insulator, and (c) the weight of the insulator. See Figure Insulator With and Without Wind Loading
5-Displacement of Suspension Insulator Due to Wind
l,oading. Typically, the bottom insulators in a long string are more
affected by the wind due to their greater swing angle. See
Figure 7- Wind Displacement of Insulator String.

Wind Load of
Suspended
Faalhes Plus
One-Half of the

T+
dmplacemeni
horizontal s,,,iWa"ge '.
Wnd Load on
the Insulator Bell

Weiihiof
:
1

Suspended
; FaaliiPlus
1 One-Harofthe
! insulator 6eil Figure 7
; Wiht Wind Displacement of
*or other appropriate ratio

Figure 5 The weight of the insulator can be taken as a force applied

Displacement of Suspension at the center of gravity of the insulator. As the swing angle
Insulator Due to Wind Loading increases, the effective moment arm (the horizontal
distance by which the center of gravity is displaced from a
vertical line directly below the top insulator attachment
The wind force on the insulator itself can be taken as a point) increases. See Figure 5.
horizontal force applied at the centroid of the projected
area upon which the wind acts. To be extremely precise, Calculating the exact horizontal displacement of a
the location of the wind-related centroid would have to be conductor due to the displacement of a supporting
modified from the centroid produced by the outline of the insulator string under wind loading is tedious, because
shape to account for the relative shape factors of the each individual insulator needs to be separately
various portions of the insulator. considered. This task is made more difficult by the
Both the projected area and the effective centroid may nonuniform shape of insulators that, in turn,causes the
change as the swing angle increases and, thus, may not be loadings on each insulator to vruy with its individual
the same for all insulators in the string. See Figure swing angle.
M o m p a r i s o n of Loading on Suspension Insulator With To calculate the swing angle of an insulator in the string,
and Without Wind Loading. the three forces acting on the insulator in three different

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places must all be considered: (a) forces transmitted from (d) apply the total weight and wind loading of the
the supported facilities, (b) wind on the insulator, and (c) suspension clamp and supported conductor to the
the weight of the insulator. attachment point at the lower end of the last insulator bell,
(e) add half (or a different ratio, if appropriateto
The teeter-totter effect can be used to recalculate the wind
achieve the correct total moment) of the weight and wind
and weight forces on the insulator itself and move them to
loading of the last insulator bell and apply it to attachment
the bottom attachment point to coincide with the
point at the lower end of the last insulator bell,
application point of the forces transmitted from supported
( f ) calculate the swing of the last insulator, and
facilities. In other words, the fill weight of the insulator
(g) repeat the process, working your way one
applied at half the length produces the same moment as
insulator at a time back up to the point of attachment of
half the weight applied at the full length. See
the fvst insulator to the structure. See Figure 5.
Figure &Forces on Insulator Due to Wind Loading and
Insulator Weight. One common mistake is to forget that the area exposed to
the wind increases as the bell is tumed more sideways.
The most accurate method of determining the horizontal
See Figure 6.
deflection of an insulator string under wind loading
conditions is to: Although the above method is technically correct, it is
(a) apply the total suspended weight and horizontal tedious. There is an approximate method that is much
wind loading of the conductor to the end of the suspension easier to use and has been used with success. This
clamp, involves calculating the weight and wind loading of the
(b) add half (or a different ratio, if appropriate to string and applying half of it (along with all of the
achieve the correct total moment) of the weight and wind conductor loadings) to the end of the insulator string, as if
loading of the suspension clamp and apply it to the end of the string were a single stiffmember.
the suspension clamp,
(c) calculate the swing of the clamp,

The Level of the Location of the Center of Gravity may

H i f f e r from the Centroid of the Projected Area
I

Center of Gravity Centroid of

Projected Area
Exposed to Wind
’

I .
I.’
If d = 2c Full
wt f--- Wind Load (hL) x C
Y = Half Wind Load x D

Figure 8
Forces on Insulator Due to Wind Loading and Insulator Weight
I

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The approximate method is just that; depending upon the
length of the insulator string and how it actually operates,
and depending upon the length and size of the supported
conductor, the result will be close, but not necessarily
correct. This method can underestimate the deflection of Windspeed 50 70 90 100
the insulator string with light conductors and may not mPh mph mph mph
yield reliable results, especially if the purpose is to
calculate swing angles under extreme wind conditions to Wind Pressure 6 psf 13 psf 21 psf 26 psf
check structure clearances.
Swing Angle 65.34’ 78.05” 82.57” 83.98”
Fortunately, there is a very conservative method that
happens to be even easier. As a practical matter, the swing Resultant Sag 5.19 fl 6.46 fl 7.46fl 7.98fl
angle of the loaded insulator string is generally less than Along the
or equal to that of the conductor. Although the swing angle Swing Angle
of a small, light conductor can greatly exceed the swing
angle of its insulator string, the swing angle of the
Horizontal 4.72 fl 6.32 fl 7.40fl 7.98fl
insulator string cannot be greater than that of the
Displacement
supported conductor except in very short spans.
Thus, the swing angle of the suspended conductor or cable
can be used as the swing angle for the insulator string The at-rest clearance requirements of Rules 234B (to other
assembly. It may overstatethe horizontal displacement of supporting structures) and 234C (to buildings) should not
the string, but in most cases that would be preferable to be confused. Although both of these rules require primary
understatement. voltage conductors to be installed at rest so that they will
The reverse is not true. Since the swing angle of the not come horizontally closer to the structure than 4.5 feet
insulator string is often less than the swing angle for the under a 6 psf wind loading, Rule 234B has a basic at-rest
conductor for light conductors, using the swing angle of clearance of 5.0 feet, while Rule 234C has a basic at-rest
the insulator string as the swing angle of the conductor clearance of 7.5 feet.
can cause serious trouble, especially when trying to In essence, the wind loading controls most clearances of
determine the clearance to an “other” supporting structure, conductors which go by, but do not attach to, another
building, billboard or other installationunder NESC Rules supporting structure, since the horizontal wind
234B and 234C. displacement only has to be 6 inches (5.0 ft - 4.5 ft) before
the wind loading controls the required location. For
Horizontal Displacementof Conductorsand clearances to buildings, however, the at-rest clearances of
Table 234-1 will control the short spans where the wind
Cables Under Extreme Wind Loading
displacement does not exceed 3.0 feet (7.5 ft - 4.5 ft).
NESC Rule 234 specifiesthe clearances that are required
when the conductor is displaced horizontally toward a
building or other installation by a 6 psf wind. Obviously, Installation Problems: The Wrong Tension Can
this is not the greatest wind loading that the conductors Cause Serious Clearance Problems
and cables would be expected to experience during their The stringing tension of a conductor affects both the fmal
lifetime. See the wind map in NESC Rule 250. unloaded sag and the sag change under wind loading. The
The coordinated system used in the NESC serves to limit greater the tension as a percentage of the rated breaking
the opportunity for conflict, even in extreme winds. For strength, the lesser is the fmal unloaded sag. However, the
example, consider a 300 ft span of #4 ACSR, 611 stranding additional stretch due to wind loading increases with
(Code Name: Swan) with sag of 3.0 ft at 60 OF, operating initial tension.
at 7200 Volts to ground. If this conductor runs alongside a Table 5, Differences in Horizontal Displacement of #4
billboard to which it does not attach, Rule 234C and Table ACSR Conductor Under Extreme Wind Loading Due to
234-1 requires the greater of two clearances: 7.5 ft with Diflerences in Stringing Tension shows the relative sag
the conductor at rest, or 4.5 ft with the conductor displaced along the swing angle and the horizontal displacement
toward the building by a 6 psf wind loading. under various wind loadings for #4 ACSR, 6/1 stranding
Since the horizontal displacement of this conductor under (Code Name: Swan), 300 ft span, in the Heavy Loading
the specified wind loading is 4.72 ft, the applicable District. Three tension levels under the combined ice and
clearance requirement is 9.22 A (4.5 + 4.72 = 9.22) with wind loading design condition are used to develop the
the conductor at rest. The actual horizontal displacement data. They are 60% of the rated breaking strength (NESC
of the #4 ACSR conductor under wind loading is less than limits), 50% of RBS (ALCOA limits), and 40% of RBS.
the at-rest clearance of 9.22 ft for any of the wind speeds These data illustrate the problem. If the conductors are not
shown in Table &Horizontal Displacement At Variow initially sagged to the correct tension, significant wind
Wind Speeds. To put it another way, the increase in displacement can occur. If line workers hang conductors so
horizontal displacement under extreme wind loading, that they “look good”, they may be in for a rude surprise
beyond the displacement under a 50 mph wind, is less one day.
than the 4.5 feet used in the rules.

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 Horizontal Displacement(feet)
Wind Speed Wind Pressure Sine of Swing NESC ALCOA Special
(mph) (PSO Angle
50 6 .go91 6.26 9.14 12.65
70 13 .9783 7.75 10.38 13.90
90 21 .9916 8.66 11.06 14.42
100 26 .9945 9.11 11.40 14.67

tensioned portion of the line in order to meet the clearance

Slack spans may not be practical near billboards, required under wind loading.
buildings, and other structures. The at-rest clearance may

M e n L.Chpp (M’76, SM’ 90) (Chairman);Interpretations(past Chairman); S&engths and Loadings

received the B.S. degree in (Secretary);Clearances (past Acting Secretary);and Scope,
Engineering Operations (1967). and Application, and Defintions (Past Secretary). He has served
received the Master of Economics continuously on NESC technical subcommittees since 1971and has
degree (1973), all from N.C. State chaired a number of special working groups.
University.
Allen Clapp is author of the NESC Handbook published by the
Since 1965 he has worked in many Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. He also edits and
areas involving the design, operation, publishes DANESC UPDATE“ Newsletter, which provides in-depth
and maintenance of electric treatment to practical problems in meeting the NESC requirements
distributionand “ission systems. under various conditions, and is a contributor to McGraw-Hill’s
His experience includes four years Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers. He has produced a forty
with Booth-Jones & Associates, videotape training series on the National Electrical Safety Code.
eleven vears with the North Carolina
Utilities Commission and three years Mr. c h p p is a member of the National Safety Council, American
with the N.C. Alternative Energy Corporation. In 1985, Mr. Clapp National Standards Institute, American Society of Safety Engineers;
founded Clapp Research Associates, P.C., a Raleigh, N.C. IEEE, and the Power Engineering Society. He is a past member of the
engineering consulting f m providing services to utilities and IEEE StandardsBoard, Past President of the Professional Engineers
industries. He now serves as President of both Clapp Research of North Carolina, Past President of the North Carolina Association
Associates, P.C. and Clapp Research,Incorporated. of the Professions, and a former Director of the National Society of
Professional Engineers.
Mr. Clapp is Chairman of the National Electrical Safety Code
Committee and a member of the following subcommittees:Executive

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