The document describes the Duns-Ros model for two-phase flow, which defines four distinct flow regions. Table 2.1 shows the transition boundaries between the regions based on the gas velocity number, liquid velocity number, and pipe diameter number. For each region, the Duns-Ros model proposes different correlations to estimate the slip velocity number and calculate the frictional pressure drop.
The document describes the Duns-Ros model for two-phase flow, which defines four distinct flow regions. Table 2.1 shows the transition boundaries between the regions based on the gas velocity number, liquid velocity number, and pipe diameter number. For each region, the Duns-Ros model proposes different correlations to estimate the slip velocity number and calculate the frictional pressure drop.
The document describes the Duns-Ros model for two-phase flow, which defines four distinct flow regions. Table 2.1 shows the transition boundaries between the regions based on the gas velocity number, liquid velocity number, and pipe diameter number. For each region, the Duns-Ros model proposes different correlations to estimate the slip velocity number and calculate the frictional pressure drop.
The document describes the Duns-Ros model for two-phase flow, which defines four distinct flow regions. Table 2.1 shows the transition boundaries between the regions based on the gas velocity number, liquid velocity number, and pipe diameter number. For each region, the Duns-Ros model proposes different correlations to estimate the slip velocity number and calculate the frictional pressure drop.
1 -- T R A N S I T I O N B O U N D A R I E S O F T H E DUNS-ROS MODEL
G r e g o r y s h o w s that the liquid holdup, c o m p u t e d b y t h e Region Limit Parameters
L o c k h a r t - M a r t i n e l l i correlation, agrees w i t h his data quite well. The Lockhart-Martinellicorrelation is specifically 1 and ai'E functions of pipe d i a m e t e r d e r i v a d f o r h o r i z o n t a l flow w i t h o u t s i g n i f i c a n ! a c c e l e r a - n u m b e r , N^=c¡(r^glS)^'i tion. Itsapplication t o other situations, where frictional gra- dient is c o m p a r a t i v e l y s m a l l (e.g., vertical s y s t e m s ) , c a n II Ls=50+36\/.(í lead t o errors. O n e aspect o f the L o c k h a r t - M a r t i n e l l i corre- l a t i o n is that i t s k i r t s t h e flow-pattern issue. T h i s s i m p l i f i - Transition cation has the advantage o f avoiding the flow-pattern discontinuities at t h e transition boundaries, although at a III cost o f m o d e l performance. A n o t h e r w e l l - k n o w n defi- ciency o f the m o d e l is its unsatisfactory representation o f t h e e f f e c t s o f s y s t e m v a r i a b l e s , i n p a r t i c u l a r , flow r a t e . T h e N, N. = F^ + F2vu + Fi e f f e c t o f f l o w r a t e u p o n t h e c u r v e s o f 4>L ^ S . X , o r i g i n a l l y 1 + N, not considered i n t h eLockhart-Martinelli correlation, w a s reported b y s o m e investigalors.'-'-'^ w h e r e Fy = F j - .(2.31) T h e e x t e n s i v e c o m p a r i s o n , m a d e b y I d s i n g a et al.^'^ against a large data bank, s h o w s that t h e L o c k h a r t - M a r t i - T h e factors F , , F j , F j , a n dF4 are given as functions o f the nelli correlation is quite reliable i n computing pressure l i q u i d v i s c o s i t y n u m b e r , N¡^-ii^{g/p¡_S^y''*. T h e frictional gra- drop i n channels o f various orientations, i fm o d i f i c a t i o nf o r mass effect is made. E v e n t h e u n m o d i f i e d correlation is dient is calculated i nthe f o l l o w i n g manner. preferable t o t h e h o m o g e n e o u s m o d e l i n vertical a n d near- vertical systems. .(2.32)
2.5.2 Duns and Ros Correlation. I n t h e e a r l y 1 9 6 0 ' s , R o s ' ^
and D u n s a n dR o s " developed an empirical con^elation f r o m T h e two-phase friction factor,/,,,, is estimated using the a large set o flaboratory data. T h e i r m e t h o d does n o tstrictly expression fall i n t h e generalized correlation category because they define four different f l o w regimes a n dassign individual c o r - . (2.33) relations f o rslip b e t ween t h e phases for each regime. H o w - ever, t h e f l o w regimes they d e f m e d a r e quite different f r o m w h e r e / i is the conventional single-phase friction factor based those that areunderstood today. upon Reynolds number, calculated f r o m the superficial liquid T h e y d e f i n e d Región I a s t h e f l o w r e g i m e w h e r e t h e l i q - velocity a n dliquid properties. T h e friction factor-Reynolds uid is t h ec o n t i n u o u s phase and, therefore, includes bubble, n u m b e r relationship is slightly m o d i f i e d i n t h e transition froth (presumably dispersed bubbly), plug, a n dsome slug r a n g e , 700<Re,¿<3,000. T h e f a c t o r s / , a n d / j a r e i n l e n d e d t o f l o w . Región I I c o v e r s s i t u a t i o n s w h e n n e i t h e r p h a s e i s c o n - correct for the effect o fholdup. T h e f a c t o r / , is correlated i n t i n u o u s and, henee, includes t h erest o f t h e slug a n d froth t e r m s o f / ¿ , v,.^,/v,¿, a n d t h e d i a m e t e r n u m b e r , N¿. T h e f a c t o r f l o w s , as w e l l as h e a d i n g o r p u l s a t i n g f l o w . W h e n g a s / j is a secondary correction factor for high viscosity {^Jpi^> b e c o m e s t h e c o n t i n u o u s p h a s e , a s i n a n n u l a r flow, i t i s t e r m e d 5 0 centistoke) liquids a n d is g i v e n b y Región I I I . D u n s a n d R o s a l s o i n c l u d e d a t r a n s i t i o n región ( p r o b a b l y c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o c h u r n flow) b e t w e e n R e g i ó n I I a n d Región I I I . . (2.34) T h e D u n s a n dR o s flow regime m a p is based o n t h e gas 5 0'V,L
v e l o c i t y n u m b e r , v^,¿ = v , , , f p ¿ / g c r ) " ' ' , t h e l i q u i d v e l o c i t y n u m -
F o r Región I I , D u n s a n d R o s p r o p o s e d t h e c o r r e l a t i o n f o r b e r , v¿^=v^,j(v,¿/v,^,) a n d t h e p i p e d i a m e t e r n u m b e r , A ' , , = the slip v e l o c i t y n u m b e r as d{p^g/ay'-. Table 2.1 s h o w s t h e t r a n s i t i o n c r i t e r i a f o r t h e v a r - ious regions. Note, thegas a n dliquid velocity numbers, v^j 0.982 , r -
and 1 are phase superficial velocities m a d e dimensionless A', = ( 1 + F 5
(l + F7Virfj b y d i v i d i n g w i t h t h e b u b b l e - r i s e v e l o c i t y , v ^ , b e c a u s e v„ i s .(2.35) p r o p o r t i o n a l t o (ga/p¿)"''. where F6' = 0.029AÍ, + F 6 Duns andRos defined a slip-velocity number, N^-Sipi/ T h e factors F , , F ^ , a n dF ,a r efunctions o fthe liquid viscos- gay'\o e s t í m a t e l i q u i d h o l d u p i n a n y región. O n c e and, i t y n u m b e r , N¡_. T h e f r i c t i o n a l p r e s s u r e d r o p i n R e g i ó n I I i s henee, the slip are determined, the liquid h o l d u p can be calcu- c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g a n a p p r o a c h s i m i l a r t o t h a t u s e d i n Región I . lated. T h e c o r r e l a t i o n f o r A'^, h o w e v e r , is d i f f e r e n t i n e a c h T h e accelerational pressure loss is neglected for both R e g i o n s región. F o r e x a m p l e , f o r Región I I and II.
12 FLUID FLOW' A N D H E A T T R A N S F E R IN W E L L B O R E S c o m p o n e n t w o u l d s u f f i c e , as l o n g as t h e l i q u i d h o l d u p is e s t i - m a t e d accurately. T h e y assumed that t h e friction factor-Rey- n o l d s n u m b e r r e l a t i o n s h i p f o r t w o - p h a s e flow i s t h e s a m e a s f o r s i n g l e - p h a s e flow a n d a r b i t r a r i l y d e f i n e d t w o - p h a s e v i s - c o s i t y as
. (2.39) P. = MÍ' X PÍ'
where and are liquid holdup a n d gas-volume frac-
tion, respectively. Hagedorn a n d Brown'' developed their correlationf o r effective liquid h o l d u p using data obtained f r o m a 1,500-ft vertical e x p e r i m e n t a l w e l l that used a i r as t h eg a s phase a n d o 0,01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 four different liquids. T h e y subtracted t h efrictional compo- nent, calculated it with E q . 2.14 i n c o m b i n a t i o n with E q . F i g . 2 . 4 — H a g e d o r n - B r o w n c o r r e l a t i o n f o r y!. 2.38, a n d a t t r i b u t e d t h erest t o t h e static head. T h e effective l i q u i d holdup,/¿^, s o c a l c u l a t e d , w a s t h e n r e l a t e d t o t h e d i m e n - F o r t h e T r a n s i t i o n Región, D u n s a n d R o s s u g g e s t e d t h a t s i o n l e s s n u m b e r s p r o p o s e d b y D u n s a n d R o s s " ( v ^ ^ , v^j, Nj, t h e a v e r a g e fluid d e n s i t y a n d t h e f r i c t i o n a l g r a d i e n t b e c a l c u - and ) a n d a pressure ratio, p/p,,. l a t e d b y l i n e a r i n t e r p o l a t i o n b e t w e e n Región I I a n d Región I I I b o u n d a r i e s w i t h r e s p e c t t o v^j. T h u s , The Hagedorn andBrown^ correlation forliquid holdup i s s h o w n i n Fig. 2.4 i n t e r m s o f t h e c o r r e l a t i n g c o e f f i c i e n t s ip, C, a n d v a r i o u s d i m e n s i o n l e s s n u m b e r s . V a r i a t i o n o f ip w i t h L,\4~ V^d I (2.36) t h e d i m e n s i o n l e s s n u m b e r i s s h o w n i n F i g . 2.5 a n d t h a t o f C P. = - —[P,r L , w - L s with i n Fig. 2.6. ~ Ls A s i m i l a r expression c a n be written f o rt h e frictional pres- O v e r t h e y e a r s , modifícations h a v e b e e n p r o p o s e d t o t h e sure gradient. o r i g i n a l H a g e d o r n a n d B r o w n c o r r e l a t i o n t o overeóme s o m e F o r Región I I I , s l i p i s a s s u m e d t o b e z e r o a n d l i q u i d o f itsdeficiencies. T h e most serious o fthese problems is h o l d u p is estimated from/¿=Vj¿/v,„. T h e frictional loss is cal- that t h ecorrelation sometimes estimates l o w e r liquid holdup culated from ( / ¿ ) , t h a n t h e n o - s l i p h o l d u p valué ( Q ) . T h i s s u g g e s t s l i q - uid slips past t h egas p h a s e — a physical i m p o s s i b i l i t yd u r - dp' ing two-phase upflow. I n those situations, w h e n t h e (2.37) c o m p u t e d _/¿ i s g r e a t e r t h a n C ¿ , t h e p r o c e d u r e s h o u l d b e s e t dz. t o / ¿ = C'¿ = V j ¿ / v , „ . A n o t h e r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n i s t o u s e t h e O r k i s z e w s k i ^ o c o r r e l a t i o n f o r b u b b l y f l o w i n t h a t región. A w h e r e t h efriction factor,/,,, is calculated f r o m t h etotal R e y - third proposal is t o use theD u n s a n dR o s m e t h o d t o c o m - n o l d s n u m b e r , dv^^pjjii^, a n d a r o u g h n e s s f a c t o r , eid. Duns pute pressure gradient. b u tonly i fR e g i m e I I I is prevalent, t o and R o s gave t h e c o r r e l a t i o n f o r t h e roughness factor as account f o r accelerational effects.
34(7 Example 2 . 1 . A 5 , 1 5 1 - f t v e r t i c a l w e l l p r o d u c e s 23°
i f iV,„< 0 . 0 0 5 , A P I d r y o i l at 1,140 S T B / D through a 2.99-in. I D tubing. pAd T h e gas/oil ratio ( G O R ) is 4 5 0s c f / S T B , a n d t h e gas grav- i t y i s 0 . 8 0 . T h e f o l l o w i n g p r o p e r t y valúes a n d c o m p u t e d fluid parameters, w h i c h are available at t h e wellhead where and - = 174 -, i f A/-,,, > 0 . 0 0 5 , d p.v^d pressure is 5 0 5 psig, are: v,¿ 1.601 ft/sec (2.38) v,j, = 2 . 8 2 4 f t / s e c where /V.,, = 4 . 5 2 x 10""' <7 ; = 55.042 Ibm/tV .PL. p., = 2 . 1 9 I b m / f t ^ D u n s a n d R o s l i m i t t h e valué o f E i d t o b e n o s m a l l e r t h a n M t = 13.09 cp 0 . 0 0 1 a n d n o greater t h a n 0 . 5 0 . F r i c t i o n f a c t o r is e s t i m a t e d ^, = 0 . 0 1 9 c p f r o m t h e e I d valué c a l c u l a t e d f r o m E q . 2 . 3 7 a n d u s i n g a s t a n - (7 = 3 1 . 6 d y n e s / c m = 0 . 0 6 9 6 I b m / s e c ^ d a r d f r i c t i o n - f a c t o r c h a r t f o r s i n g l e - p h a s e flow, a s s h o w n i n C h a p . 1. W h e n t h ecalculated e I d is outside t h e limits, t h e Calcúlate t h e p r e s s u r e g r a d i e n t a t t h i s p o i n t . l i m i t i n g valué i s u s e d . The Hagedorn-Brown Correlation.
2.5.3 Hagedorn and Brown Method. H a g e d o r n a n d ^U=''SLÍPL'8<^)°-'^ = 1.601(55.042/32.2X 0.0696)0-25= 3.56.
Brown^-' recognized that f o r vertical a n d near-vertical sys- v^j=v^^ipjga)°-'-^ = 2 . 8 2 4 ( 5 5 . 0 4 2 / 3 2 . 2 X0.0696)0-25= 6.29. tems, t h estatic-head loss accounts f o r m o s t o fthe total pres- s u r e d r o p a n d t h a t a n y r e a s o n a b l e estímate o f t h e f r i c t i o n a l Nj = ¿ ( ^ p ^ / c r j O - 5 = ( 0 . 2 5 ) ( 5 5 . 0 4 2 x 3 2 . 2 / 0 . 0 6 9 6 ) 0 - 5 = 3 9 . 7 5 .
