Scribd
Upload
332 views16 pages

Graphics Standard PDF

Graphic software can be general programming packages or special-purpose applications. Two main graphics standards are GKS and PHIGS, which aim to provide portability. Graphics use Cartesian coordinates by default. Objects are constructed in local coordinates and placed in a world coordinate system before being converted to device coordinates for display.

Uploaded by

ahija
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
332 views16 pages

Graphics Standard PDF

Graphic software can be general programming packages or special-purpose applications. Two main graphics standards are GKS and PHIGS, which aim to provide portability. Graphics use Cartesian coordinates by default. Objects are constructed in local coordinates and placed in a world coordinate system before being converted to device coordinates for display.

Uploaded by

ahija
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

CMP 477 COMPUTER GRAPHICS

MODULE THREE: GRAPHIC


SOFTWARE AND STANDARDS
DR. S.A. AREKETE
REDEEMER’S UNIVERSITY, EDE

1
GRAPHICS SOFTWARE

• There are two general classes of graphics software:


• General programming packages, and
• Special-purpose applications packages.

2
GRAPHICS SOFTWARE..

• A general graphics programming package provides an extensive set of


graphics functions that can be used in a high-level programming language,
such as C or FORTRAN.
• An example of a general graphics programming package is the GL (Graphics Library)
system on Silicon Graphics equipment.
• Basic functions in a general package include those for generating picture components
(straight lines, polygons, circles, and other figures), setting colour and intensity values,
selecting views, and applying transformations.

3
GRAPHICS SOFTWARE..

• Application graphics packages, on the other hand, are designed for


nonprogrammers, so that users can generate displays without worrying about
how graphics operations work.
• The interface to the graphics routines in such packages allows users to communicate with
the programs in their own terms.
• Examples of such applications packages are the artist's painting programs and various
business, medical, and CAD systems.

4
GRAPHICS STANDARDS

• The primary goal of standardized graphics software is portability.


• When packages are designed with standard graphics functions, software can
be moved easily from one hardware system to another and used in different
implementations and applications.
• Without standards, programs designed for one hardware system often cannot
be transferred to another system without extensive rewriting of the programs.

5
GRAPHICS STANDARDS..

• After lots of efforts, two general standards have been developed:


• GKS
• PHIGS

6
GRAPHICS STANDARDS..

GKS - Graphical Kernel System


• This system was adopted as the first graphics software standard by the
International Standards Organization (ISO) and by various national standards
organizations, including the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
• GKS was originally designed as a two-dimensional graphics package
• A three-dimensional GKS extension was also subsequently developed.

7
GRAPHICS STANDARDS..

PHIGS – Programmer's Hierarchical Interactive Graphics Standard


• This is second software standard to be developed.
• It features increased capabilities for object modelling, colour specifications,
surface rendering, and picture manipulations than GKS.
• An extension of PHIGS, called PHIGS+, was developed to provide three-
dimensional surface-shading capabilities not available in PHIGS.

8
GRAPHICS STANDARDS..

• Standard graphics functions are defined as a set of specifications that is


independent of any programming language (at abstract level).
• A language binding is then defined for a particular high-level programming
language.
• This binding gives the syntax for accessing the various standard graphics
functions from this language.

9
GRAPHICS STANDARDS..

10
GRAPHICS STANDARDS..

• Although PHIGS presents a specification for basic graphics functions, it does not
provide a standard methodology for a graphics interface to output devices, nor does
it specify methods for storing and transmitting pictures.
• Separate standards have been developed for these areas.
• Standardization for device interface methods is given in the Computer Graphics
Interface (CGI) system.
• And the Computer Graphics Metafile (CGM) system specifies standards for
archiving and transporting pictures.

11
COORDINATE REPRESENTATIONS

• With few exceptions, general graphics packages are designed to be used


with Cartesian coordinate specifications.
• If coordinate values for a picture are specified in some other reference frame
(spherical, hyberbolic, etc.), they must be converted to Cartesian coordinates
before they can be input to the graphics package.
• Special-purpose packages may allow use of other coordinate frames that are
appropriate to the application.
12
COORDINATE REPRESENTATIONS

• In general; several different Cartesian reference frames are used to construct and display a
scene.
• We can construct the shape of individual objects, such as trees or furniture, in a scene within
separate coordinate reference frames called modelling coordinates, or sometimes local
coordinates or master coordinates.
• Once individual object shapes have been specified, we can place the objects into appropriate
positions within the scene using a reference frame called world coordinates.
• Finally, the world-coordinate description of the scene is transferred to one or more output-
device reference frames for display.
13
COORDINATE REPRESENTATIONS..

• These display coordinate systems are referred to as device coordinates, or screen


coordinates in the case of a video monitor.
• Modelling and world coordinate definitions allow us to set any convenient floating-
point or integer dimensions without being hampered by the constraints of a particular
output device.
• For some scenes, we might want to specify object dimensions in fractions of a foot,
while for other applications we might want to use millimetres, kilometres, or light-
years.

14
COORDINATE REPRESENTATIONS..

• Generally, a graphics system first converts world-coordinate positions to normalized


device coordinates, in the range from 0 to 1, before final conversion to specific
device coordinates.
• This makes the system independent of the various devices that might be used at a
particular workstation.
• Figure 2-65 illustrates the sequence of coordinate transformations from modelling
coordinates to device coordinates for a two-dimensional application.

15
COORDINATE REPRESENTATIONS..

16

You might also like