CS101:

Fundamentals
of Computer
Programming  
Dr. Tejada
[email protected]
www-bcf.usc.edu/~stejada
Week 1
Basic Elements of C++
 10 Stacks of Coins
›  You have 10 stacks with 10 coins each that
look and feel identical.
›  9 of the 10 stacks contain coins that weigh 1
gram each while the 10th stack has coins that
weigh 1.1 grams each
›  Difference is undistinguishable by humans
›  You have a digital scale which measures the
number of grams of the total items on the
scale, accurate to 0.1 grams. You can only
use the scale ONCE!
›  Select a set of coins to put on the scale all at
once in such a way that you can identify which
stack has the heavy coins

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 10 Stacks of Coins Solution
›  Choose 1 coin from the 1st stack, 2 coins from the 2nd
stack, etc. and weigh that collection
›  The non-integer portion of the weight returned should
indicate which stack

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C++  Programming  
›  Computer  program    
›  Sequence  of  statements  whose  objec9ve  is  to  
accomplish  a  task  
›  Programming    
›  Process  of  planning  and  crea9ng  a  program  

›  Real-­‐world  analogy:  a  recipe  for  cooking  

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A  C++  Program  

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A  C++  Program  Output  

›  Sample  run:  

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Dissec9ng:  A  C++  Program  

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Dissec9ng:  A  C++  Program  

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Memory  for  A  C++  Program  

›  Variable:  a  memory  loca9on  whose  contents  can  
be  changed  

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The  Basics  of  a  C++  Program  

›  Func9on  (or  subprogram):  collec9on  of  statements;  when  
executed,  accomplishes  something  
›  May  be  predefined  or  standard  

›  Syntax  rules:  rules  that  specify  which  statements  

(instruc9ons)  are  legal  or  valid  
›  Seman9c  rules:  determine  the  meaning  of  the  instruc9ons  
›  Programming  language:  a  set  of  rules,  symbols,  and  special  
words  

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Comments  
›  Comments  are  for  the  reader,  not  the  compiler  
›  Two  types:  
›  Single  line:    begin  with  //
// This is a C++ program.
// Welcome to C++ Programming.
›  Mul9ple  line:  enclosed  between  /*  and  */  
/*
You can include comments that can
occupy several lines.
*/
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Special  Symbols  

›  Token:  the  smallest  individual  unit  of  a  program  

wriRen  in  any  language  
›  C++  tokens  include  special  symbols,  word  
symbols,  and  iden9fiers  
›  Special  symbols  in  C++  include:    

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Reserved  Words  (Keywords)  

›  Reserved  word  symbols  (or  keywords):  
›  Cannot  be  redefined  within  program  
›  Cannot  be  used  for  anything  other  than  their  intended  
use  
Examples:  
›  int
›  float
›  double
›  char
›  const
›  void
›  return

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Iden9fiers  
›  Iden9fier:  the  name  of  something  that  appears  in  a  
program  
›  Consists  of  leRers,  digits,  and  the  underscore  character  
(_)  
›  Must  begin  with  a  leRer  or  underscore  
›  C++  is  case  sensi9ve    
›  NUMBER  is  not  the  same  as  number
›  Two  predefined  iden9fiers  are  cout  and  cin
›  Unlike  reserved  words,  predefined  iden9fiers  may  be  
redefined,  but  it  is  not  a  good  idea  
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Iden9fiers  
›  Legal  iden9fiers  in  C++:  
›  first
›  conversion
›  payRate

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Whitespaces  
›  Every  C++  program  contains  whitespaces  
›  Include  blanks,  tabs,  and  newline  characters    

›  Used  to  separate  special  symbols,  reserved  words,  

and  iden9fiers  
›  Proper  u9liza9on  of  whitespaces  is  important    
›  Can  be  used  to  make  the  program  more  readable  

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Data  Types  
›  Data  type:  set  of  values  together  with  a  set  of  
opera9ons  
›  C++  data  types  fall  into  three  categories:  
›  Simple  data  type  
›  Structured  data  type  
›  Pointers  

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Simple  Data  Types  

›  Three  categories  of  simple  data  
›  Integral:  integers  (numbers  without  a  decimal)  
›  Can  be  further  categorized:  
›  char, short, int, long, bool, unsigned
char, unsigned short, unsigned int,
unsigned long
›  Floa9ng-­‐point:  decimal  numbers  
›  Enumera9on  type:  user-­‐defined  data  type  

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Simple  Data  Types  

›  Different  compilers  may  allow  different  ranges  of  

values  

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int  Data  Type  

›  Examples:  
-6728
0
78
+763
›  Cannot  use  a  comma  within  an  integer  
›  Commas  are  only  used  for  separa9ng  items  in  a  list  

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bool  Data  Type  

›  bool  type    
›  Two  values:  true  and  false  
›  Manipulate  logical  (Boolean)  expressions  

›  true  and  false    

›  Logical  values  

›  bool,  true,  and  false    

›  Reserved  words  

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char  Data  Type  

›  The  smallest  integral  data  type  
›  Used  for  single  characters:  leRers,  digits,  and  
special  symbols  
›  Each  character  is  enclosed  in  single  quotes  
›  'A', 'a', '0', '*', '+', '$', '&'
›  A  blank  space  is  a  character  
›  WriRen  ' ',  with  a  space  le\  between  the  single  
quotes  
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char  Data  Type  (cont’d.)  

›  Different  character  data  sets  exist  
›  ASCII:  American  Standard  Code  for  Informa9on  
Interchange  
›  Each  of  128  values  in  ASCII  code  set  represents  a  
different  character  
›  Characters  have  a  predefined  ordering  based  on  the  
ASCII  numeric  value  
›  Colla9ng  sequence:  ordering  of  characters  based  
on  the  character  set  code  
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Floa9ng-­‐Point  Data  Types  

›  C++  uses  scien9fic  nota9on  to  represent  real  
numbers  (floa9ng-­‐point  nota9on)  

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Floa9ng-­‐Point  Data  Types  

›  float:  represents  any  real  number  
›  Range:  -­‐3.4E+38  to  3.4E+38  (four  bytes)  

›  double:  represents  any  real  number  

›  Range:  -­‐1.7E+308  to  1.7E+308  (eight  bytes)  

›  Minimum  and  maximum  values  of  data  types  are  

system  dependent  

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Floa9ng-­‐Point  Data  Types  

›  Maximum  number  of  significant  digits  (decimal  
places)  for  float  values:  6  or  7    
›  Maximum  number  of  significant  digits  for    
double:  15  
›  Precision:  maximum  number  of  significant  digits  
›  Float  values  are  called  single  precision  
›  Double  values  are  called  double  precision  

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Data  Types  and  Variables  

›  Todeclare a variable, must specify the
data type it will store
›  Syntax: dataType identifier;
›  Examples:
int counter;
double interestRate;
char grade;

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Arithme9c  Operators,  Operator  

Precedence,  and  Expressions  
›  C++  arithme9c  operators:  
›  +  addi9on  
›  -­‐  subtrac9on  
›  *  mul9plica9on  
›  /  division  
›  %  modulus  (or  remainder)  operator  
›  +,  -­‐,  *,  and  /  can  be  used  with  integral  and  
floa9ng-­‐point  data  types  
›  Use  %  only  with  integral  data  types  
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Arithme9c  Operators,  Operator  

Precedence,  and  Expressions  
›  When  you  use  /  with  integral  data  types,  the  
integral  result  is  truncated  (no  rounding)  
›  Arithme9c  expressions:  contain  values  and  
arithme9c  operators  
›  Operands:  the  number  of  values  on  which  the  
operators  will  work  
›  Operators  can  be  unary  (one  operand)  or  binary  
(two  operands)  
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Order  of  Precedence  

›  All  opera9ons  inside  of  ()  are  evaluated  first  
›  *,  /,  and  %  are  at  the  same  level  of  precedence  
and  are  evaluated  next  
›  +  and  –  have  the  same  level  of  precedence  and  
are  evaluated  last  
›  When  operators  are  on  the  same  level  
›  Performed  from  le\  to  right  (associa9vity)  
›  3 * 7 - 6 + 2 * 5 / 4 + 6  means  
(((3 * 7) – 6) + ((2 * 5) / 4 )) + 6  
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Expressions  
›  Integral  expression:  all  operands  are  integers  
›  Yields  an  integral  result  
›  Example:  2 + 3 * 5
›  Floa9ng-­‐point  expression:  all  operands  are  
floa9ng-­‐point  
›  Yields  a  floa9ng-­‐point  result  
›  Example:  12.8 * 17.5 - 34.50

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Mixed  Expressions  
›  Mixed  expression:    
›  Has  operands  of  different  data  types  
›  Contains  integers  and  floa9ng-­‐point  

›  Examples  of  mixed  expressions:  

2 + 3.5
6 / 4 + 3.9
5.4 * 2 – 13.6 + 18 / 2

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Mixed  Expressions  
›  Evalua9on  rules:  
›  If  operator  has  same  types  of  operands  
›  Evaluated  according  to  the  type  of  the  operands    

›  If  operator  has  both  types  of  operands  

›  Integer  is  changed  to  floa9ng-­‐point    
›  Operator  is  evaluated    
›  Result  is  floa9ng-­‐point  

›  En9re  expression  is  evaluated  according  to  

precedence  rules  
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Type  Conversion  (Cas9ng)  

›  Implicit  type  coercion:  when  value  of  one  type  is  
automa9cally  changed  to  another  type  
›  Cast  operator:  provides  explicit  type  conversion  
static_cast<dataTypeName>(expression)

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string  Type  
›  Programmer-­‐defined  type  supplied  in  ANSI/ISO  Standard  
C++  library  
›  Sequence  of  zero  or  more  characters  enclosed  in  double  
quota9on  marks    
›  Null  (or  empty):  a  string  with  no  characters  
›  Each  character  has  a  rela9ve  posi9on  in  the  string  
›  Posi9on  of  first  character  is  0  

›  Length  of  a  string  is  number  of  characters  in  it  
›  Example:  length  of  "William Jacob"  is  13  

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Allocating Memory with

Constants and Variables
›  Named  constant:  memory  loca9on  whose  content  
can’t  change  during  execu9on  

 
›  Syntax  to  declare  a  named  constant:    
›  In  C++,  const  is  a  reserved  word  

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Alloca9ng  Memory  with  Variables    

›  Variable:  memory  loca9on  whose  content  may  
change  during  execu9on  

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Assignment  Statement  

›  The  assignment  statement  takes  the  form:  

›  Expression  is  evaluated  and  its  value  is  assigned  to  
the  variable  on  the  le\  side  
›  A  variable  is  said  to  be  ini9alized  the  first  9me  a  
value  is  placed  into  it  
›  In  C++,  =  is  called  the  assignment  operator  

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Assignment  Statement  

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Saving  and  Using  the  Value  of  an  

Expression  
›  To  save  the  value  of  an  expression:  
›  Declare  a  variable  of  the  appropriate  data  type  
›  Assign  the  value  of  the  expression  to  the  variable  
that  was  declared  
›  Use  the  assignment  statement  

›  Wherever  the  value  of  the  expression  is  needed,  

use  the  variable  holding  the  value  

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Declaring  &  Ini9alizing  Variables  

›  Not  all  types  of  variables  are  ini9alized  
automa9cally  
›  Variables  can  be  ini9alized  when  declared:  
 int first=13, second=10;
char ch=' ';
double x=12.6;
›  All  variables  must  be  ini9alized  before  they  are  
used  
›  But  not  necessarily  during  declara9on  
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Input  (Read)  Statement  

›  cin  is  used  with  >>  to  gather  input  

›  This  is  called  an  input  (read)  statement  

›  The  stream  extrac9on  operator  is  >>  
›  For  example,  if  miles  is  a  double  variable  
cin >> miles;
›  Causes  computer  to  get  a  value  of  type  double  
and  places  it  in  the  variable  miles
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Input  (Read)  Statement  

›  Using  more  than  one  variable  in  cin  allows  more  than  one  
value  to  be  read  at  a  9me  
›  Example:  if  feet  and  inches  are  variables  of  type  int,  this  
statement:  
cin >> feet >> inches;
›  Inputs  two  integers  from  the  keyboard  
›  Places  them  in  variables  feet  and  inches  respec9vely  

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Input  (Read)  Statement.)

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Increment  and  Decrement  Operators  

› Increment  operator:  increase  variable  by  1  
›  Pre-­‐increment:  ++variable
›  Post-­‐increment:  variable++    

› Decrement  operator:  decrease  variable  by  

1  
›  Pre-­‐decrement:  --variable
›  Post-­‐decrement:  variable—

› What  is  the  difference  between  the  

following?  

x = 5; x = 5;
y = ++x; yC++=Programming:
x++; Program Design Including
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Output  
›  The  syntax  of  cout  and  <<  is:  

›  Called  an  output  statement  

›  The  stream  inser9on  operator  is  <<

›  Expression  evaluated  and  its  value  is  printed  at  
the  current  cursor  posi9on  on  the  screen  

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Output      
›  A  manipulator,  like  endl,  is  used  to  format  the  output  
 

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Preprocessor  Direc9ves  
›  Many  func9ons  and  symbols  needed  to  run  a  C++  
program  are  provided  as  collec9on  of  libraries  
›  Every  library  has  a  name  and  is  referred  to  by  a  
header  file  
›  Preprocessor  direc9ves  are  commands  supplied  to  the  
preprocessor  program  
›  All  preprocessor  commands  begin  with  #  
›  No  semicolon  at  the  end  of  these  commands  

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Preprocessor  Direc9ves  
›  Syntax to include a header file:

›  For example:

#include <iostream>
›  Causesthe preprocessor to include the
header file iostream in the program
›  Preprocessor
commands are processed
before the program goes through the
compiler

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namespace and Using cin and

cout in a Program
›  cin  and  cout  are  declared  in  the  header  file  
iostream,  but  within  std namespace  
›  To  use  cin  and  cout  in  a  program,  use  the  
following  two  statements:  
 #include <iostream>
using namespace std;

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Crea9ng  a  C++  Program  

›  A  C++  program  is  a  collec9on  of  func9ons,  one  of  
which  is  the  func9on  main
›  The  first  line  of  the  func9on  main  is  called  the  
heading  of  the  func9on:  
›  int main()
›  The  statements  enclosed  between  the  curly  
braces  ({  and  })  form  the  body  of  the  func9on  

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Crea9ng  a  C++  Program  

›  A  C++  program  contains  two  types  of  statements:  
›  Declara9on  statements:  declare  things,  such  as  
variables  
›  Executable  statements:  perform  calcula9ons,  
manipulate  data,  create  output,  accept  input,  etc.    

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Crea9ng  a  C++  Program  

›  C++  program  has  two  parts:    
›  Preprocessor  direc9ves    
›  The  program  

›  Preprocessor  direc9ves  and  program  statements  

cons9tute  C++  source  code  (.cpp)  
›  Compiler  generates  object  code  (.o)  
›  Executable  code  is  produced  and  saved  in  a  file  

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Syntax  
›  Syntax  rules:  indicate  what  is  legal  and  what  is  not  
legal  
›  Errors  in  syntax  are  found  in  compila9on  
int x; //Line 1
int y //Line 2: error
double z; //Line 3

y = w + x; //Line 4: error
 
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Use  of  Blanks  

›  In  C++,  you  use  one  or  more  blanks  to  separate  
numbers  when  data  is  input  
›  Blanks  are  also  used  to  separate  reserved  words  
and  iden9fiers  from  each  other  and  from  other  
symbols  
›  Blanks  must  never  appear  within  a  reserved  word  
or  iden9fier  

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Use of Semicolons, Brackets,

and Commas
›  All  C++  statements  end  with  a  semicolon  
›  Also  called  a  statement  terminator  

›  {  and  }  are  not  C++  statements      

›  Can  be  regarded  as  delimiters  

›  Commas  separate  items  in  a  list  

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Seman9cs  
›  Seman9cs:  set  of  rules  that  gives  meaning  to  a  
language  
›  Possible  to  remove  all  syntax  errors  in  a  program  
and  s9ll  not  have  it  run  
›  Even  if  it  runs,  it  may  s9ll  not  do  what  you  meant  it  
to  do    
›  Ex:  2 + 3 * 5    and    (2 + 3) * 5
 are  both  syntac9cally  correct  expressions,  but  
have  different  meanings  
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Naming  Iden9fiers  
›  Iden9fiers  can  be  self-­‐documen9ng:  
›  CENTIMETERS_PER_INCH

›  Avoid  run-­‐together  words  :  

›  annualsale
›  Solu9on:  
›  Capitalizing  the  beginning  of  each  new  word:  
annualSale  
›  Inser9ng  an  underscore  just  before  a  new  word:  
annual_sale
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Prompt  Lines  
›  Prompt  lines:  executable  statements  that  inform  
the  user  what  to  do  
cout << "Please enter a number between 1 and
10 and "
<< "press the return key" << endl;
cin >> num;

›  Always  include  prompt  lines  when  input  is  needed  

from  users  
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Documenta9on  
›  A  well-­‐documented  program  is  easier  to  
understand  and  modify  
›  You  use  comments  to  document  programs  
›  Comments  should  appear  in  a  program  to:  
›  Explain  the  purpose  of  the  program  
›  Iden9fy  who  wrote  it  
›  Explain  the  purpose  of  par9cular  statements  

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Form  and  Style  

›  Consider  two  ways  of  declaring  variables:  
›  Method  1  

   int feet, inch;

double x, y;
›  Method  2  
   int feet,inch;double x,y;
›  Both  are  correct;  however,  the  second  is  hard  to  
read  
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Processing  a  C++  Program  

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << ”Hello, World" << endl;
return 0;
}    
 
Sample  Run:    
Hello, World

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Processing  a  C++  Program  

#include <iostream>
using namespace std; int main(){ cout << ”Hello, World"
<< endl; return 0;}    
 
Sample  Run:    
Hello, World

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#include <iostream>
using
namespace
std;
int
main()
{
cout
<<
”Hello,
World"
<<
endl;
return
0;
}    
 
Sample  Run:    
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Algorithm  Development  
›  Algorithm:  
›  Get  length  of  the  rectangle  

›  Get  width  of  the  rectangle  

›  Find  the  perimeter  using  the  following  equa9on:  

   perimeter = 2 * (length +
width)
›  Find  the  area  using  the  following  equa9on:  

   area = length * width

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Algorithm  Development  
›  Problem:  Calculate  students’  grades  and  class  average  
›  10  students  in  a  class;  each  student  has  taken  five  tests;  
each  test  is  worth  100  points  
›  Design  algorithms  to:    
›  Calculate  the  grade  for  each  student  and  class  average  
›  Find  the  average  test  score  
›  Determine  the  grade  

›  Data:  students’  names;  test  scores  

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Algorithm  
›  Algorithm  to  determine  the  average  test  score:  
›  Get  the  five  test  scores  
›  Add  the  five  test  scores  
›  Suppose  sum  stands  for  the  sum  of  the  test  scores  

›  Suppose  average  stands  for  the  average  test  

score:    
›  average = sum / 5;

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Algorithm  
›  Algorithm to determine the grade:
if average is greater than or equal to 90
grade = A
otherwise
if average is greater than or equal to 80 and less
than 90
grade = B
otherwise
if average is greater than or equal to 70 and less
than 80
grade = C
otherwise
if average is greater than or equal to 60 and less
than 70
grade = D
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Algorithm  
›  Main  algorithm  is  as  follows:    
›  totalAverage  =  0;  
›  Repeat  the  following  for  each  student:  
›  Get  student’s  data  (name  and  test  scores)  
›  Use  the  algorithm  to  find  the  average  test  score  
›  Use  the  algorithm  to  find  the  grade  
›  Update  totalAverage  by  adding  current  student’s  
average  test  score  
›  Determine  the  class  average  as  follows:  
›  classAverage = totalAverage / 10
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Algorithm Development:    
Fibonacci  Number  
›  Consider  the  following  sequence  of  numbers:  
›  1,  1,  2,  3,  5,  8,  13,  21,  34,  ....    

›  Called  the  Fibonacci  sequence  

›  Given  the  input  n  
›  The  nth  number  an,  n  >=  3,  of  this  sequence  is  given  
by:  an  =  an-­‐1  +  an-­‐2  

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