Exposure Draft: Proposed Statement On Auditing Standards

EXPOSURE DRAFT
PROPOSED STATEMENT ON AUDITING

STANDARDS
OMNIBUS STATEMENT ON AUDITING STANDARDS—

2018
 Amends the following sections of SAS No. 122, Statements on Auditing Standards:
Clarification and Recodification:
— Section 210, Terms of Engagement (AICPA, Professional Standards, AU-C sec.

210) as proposed to be amended by Exposure Draft Proposed Statements on
Auditing Standards: Auditor Reporting and Proposed
Amendments―Addressing Disclosures in the Audit of Financial Statements
— Section 240, Consideration of Fraud in a Financial Statement Audit, as amended

(AICPA, Professional Standards, AU-C sec. 240)
— Section 260, The Auditor’s Communication With Those Charged With

Governance (AICPA, Professional Standards, AU-C sec. 260) as proposed to be
amended by Exposure Draft Proposed Statements on Auditing Standards:
Auditor Reporting and Proposed Amendments―Addressing Disclosures in the
Audit of Financial Statements
— Section 265, Communicating Internal Control Deficiencies Identified in an Audit

(AICPA, Professional Standards, AU-C sec. 265)
— Section 315, Understanding the Entity and Its Environment and Assessing the
Risks of Material Misstatement, as amended (AICPA, Professional Standards,
AU-C sec. 315) as proposed to be amended by Exposure Draft Proposed Statements
on Auditing Standards: Auditor Reporting and Proposed
Amendments―Addressing Disclosures in the Audit of Financial Statements
— Section 330, Performing Audit Procedures in Responses to Assessed Risks and
Evaluating the Audit Evidence Obtained (AICPA, Professional Standards, AU-C
sec. 330)
— Section 510, Opening Balances—Initial Audit Engagements, Including Reaudit

Engagements (AICPA, Professional Standards, AU-C sec. 510)
— Section 550, Related Parties, as amended (AICPA, Professional Standards, AU-C

sec. 550)
— Section 560, Subsequent Events and Subsequently Discovered Facts (AICPA,

Professional Standards, AU-C sec. 560)
— Section 580, Written Representations (AICPA, Professional Standards, AU-C sec.

550)
— Section 600, Special Considerations—Audits of Group Financial Statements

(Including the Work of Component Auditors), as amended (AICPA, Professional
Standards, AU-C sec. 600)
— Section 930, Interim Financial Information (AICPA, Professional Standards, AU-

C sec. 930)
 Amends SAS No. 130, An Audit of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting That Is
Integrated With an Audit of Financial Statements (AICPA, Professional Standards, AU-
C sec. 940)
November 28, 2017
Comments are requested by May 15, 2018

Prepared by the AICPA Auditing Standards Board for comment from persons interested
in auditing and reporting issues
Comments should be addressed to Sherry Hazel at [email protected].
2
Copyright © 2017 by
American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, Inc.
New York, NY 10036-8775
Permission is granted to make copies of this work provided that such copies are for personal,
intraorganizational, or educational use only and are not sold or disseminated and provided further that
each copy bears the following credit line: “Copyright © 2017 by American Institute of Certified Public
Accountants, Inc. Used with permission.”
3
CONTENTS
Page
Explanatory Memorandum
Introduction ............................................................................................................. 5
Background .............................................................................................................. 6
Effective Date .......................................................................................................... 6
Explanation of Proposed Changes ........................................................................... 7
Issues for Consideration ..............................................................................................9
Guide for Respondents ............................................................................................. 10
Comment Period ...................................................................................................... 100
Auditing Standards Board Members ........................................................................ 11
Exposure Draft
Proposed Statement on Auditing Standards Omnibus Statement on Auditing Standards–
2018...........................................................................................................................12
4
Explanatory Memorandum
Introduction
This memorandum provides background to the proposed Statement on Auditing Standards (SAS)
Omnibus Statement on Auditing Standards–2018. If adopted as final, this proposed SAS will
amend the following SASs:
 SAS No. 122, Statements on Auditing Standards: Clarification and Recodification
— The following sections are also proposed to be amended by exposure draft

Proposed Statements on Auditing Standards Auditor Reporting and Proposed
Amendments—Addressing Disclosures in the Audit of Financial Statements. This
document assumes those revisions as final. Please refer to that exposure draft in
conjunction with considering the proposed amendments of this exposure draft:
o Section 210, Terms of Engagement (AU-C sec. 210)1
o Section 260, The Auditor’s Communication With Those Charged With
Governance (AU-C sec. 260)
— The following sections are amended only by this exposure draft:
o Section 240, Consideration of Fraud in a Financial Statement Audit, as
amended (AU-C sec. 240)
o Section 265, Communicating Internal Control Deficiencies Identified in
an Audit (AU-C sec. 265)
o Section 315, Understanding the Entity and Its Environment and Assessing
the Risks of Material Misstatement, as amended (AU-C sec. 315)
o Section 330, Performing Audit Procedures in Responses to Assessed Risks
and Evaluating the Audit Evidence Obtained (AU-C sec. 330)
o Section 510, Opening Balances—Initial Audit Engagements, Including
Reaudit Engagements AU-C sec. 510)
o Section 550, Related Parties, as amended (AU-C sec. 550)
o Section 560, Subsequent Events and Subsequently Discovered Facts (AU-
C sec. 560)
o Section 580, Written Representations (AU-C sec. 550)
o Section 600, Special Considerations—Audits of Group Financial
Statements (Including the Work of Component Auditors), as amended
(AU-C sec. 600)
o Section 930, Interim Financial Information (AU-C sec. 930)
1
All AU-C sections can be found in AICPA Professional Standards.
5
 SAS No. 130, An Audit of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting That Is Integrated
With an Audit of Financial Statements (AU-C sec. 940)
Background
The mission of the Auditing Standards Board (ASB) is to serve the public interest by developing,
updating, and communicating comprehensive standards and practice guidance that enable
practitioners to provide high-quality, objective audit and attestation services to nonissuers in an
effective and efficient manner. The ASB accomplishes this mission in part by developing
auditing, attestation, and quality control standards that inspire public trust in the profession. In
developing and updating auditing standards, the ASB considers the standards of other standard-
setters, such as the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB), the PCAOB,
and the General Accounting Office (GAO).
Since the ASB completed its auditing standards clarity project, which clarified generally accepted
auditing standards (GAAS) and converged them with the International Standards on Auditing
(ISAs) issued by the IAASB, the PCAOB has issued Auditing Standard (AS) 1301,
Communication With Audit Committees; AS 2701, Supplementary Information; and AS 2410,
Related Parties (AICPA, PCAOB Standards and Related Rules). The release of these auditing
standards included conforming amendments to other PCAOB auditing standards. The ASB
Disclosures Task Force was asked to also consider whether these three standards included
material that, if included in the requirements or application material of GAAS, would enhance
audit quality for audits of financial statements of nonissuers in an effective and efficient manner.
The ASB reviewed the three PCAOB auditing standards and, for each requirement in a PCAOB
auditing standard that the ASB believes does not have an equivalent in GAAS, considered
whether an amendment to GAAS was appropriate.
With regard to its evaluation of material from AS 2701 no changes to GAAS are being proposed.
Release No. 2013-008, Auditing Standard No. 17―Supplementary Information Accompanying
Audited Financial Statements, explains that a primary consideration in developing AS 2701
related to the PCAOB’s oversight of brokers and dealers in securities. After consideration of the
PCAOB’s objective and evaluating the sufficiency of the procedures and reporting in existing
GAAS, the ASB concluded that no amendments to GAAS are necessary.
Effective Date
If issued as final, the proposed SAS will be effective for audits of financial statements for periods
ending on or after June 15, 2019. This date is provisional but will not be earlier than June 15,
2019.
6
Explanation of Proposed Changes
AS 1301, Communication With Audit Committees
The proposed amendments to GAAS for material from AS 1301 are to AU-C section 260, The
Auditor’s Communication With Those Charged With Governance. Proposed amendments add
requirements to communicate the auditor’s views relating to the entity’s significant unusual
transactions, and the potential effects of uncorrected misstatements on future-period financial
statements. Proposed amendments to application material provide guidance about communicating
the possible implications of uncorrected misstatements, matters for which the auditor consulted
outside the engagement team, and complaints or concerns about accounting or auditing matters
that have come to the auditor’s attention. Additionally, an amendment is proposed to provide
application material addressing documentation when management has communicated some or all
the matters the auditor is required to communicate with those charged with governance.
AS 2410, Related Parties

The proposed amendments to GAAS for material from AS 2410 are primarily to AU-C section
550, Related Parties. The proposed amendments to AU-C section 550 add or amend requirements
and application material to heighten the auditor’s focus on related parties and relationships and
transactions with related parties. The proposed amendments accomplish the following:
 Enhance requirements to identify previously unidentified or undisclosed related parties or

significant related party transactions.
 Enhance the auditor’s response to the risks of material misstatement associated with
related party relationships and transactions, including procedures to test the accuracy
and completeness of the related parties and relationships and transactions with related
parties identified by the entity, taking into account the information gathered during the
audit.
 Provide application material regarding the enhanced requirements, as well as additional
examples of significant related party findings and issues that may be communicated to
those charged with governance.
The other proposed amendment is to AU-C section 600, Special Considerations―Audits of

Group Financial Statements (Including the Work of Component Auditors), to include, in the
required communication to the component auditor, the nature of the entity’s relationships and
transactions with those related parties in the list of related parties prepared by group management
and any other related parties of which the group engagement team is aware.
Conforming Amendments
Appendixes 2 and 3 of PCAOB Release No. 2014-002, Auditing Standard No. 18―Related
Parties, comprise conforming amendments to other PCAOB standards.
7
Significant Unusual Transactions: Appendix 2 of Release No. 2014-002 contains amendments
regarding significant unusual transactions. Proposed amendments addressing appendix 2
accomplish the following:
 Amend AU-C section 240, Consideration of Fraud in a Financial Statement Audit, to

define significant unusual transactions as significant transactions that are outside the
normal course of business for the entity or that otherwise appear to be unusual due to
their timing, size, or nature
 Include, in AU-C section 240, requirements for basic procedures for obtaining
information for evaluating significant unusual transactions
 Include conforming changes to have consistent usage of significant unusual transactions
throughout GAAS
Other Amendments: Appendix 3 of Release 2014-002 contains amendments other than those
related to “significant unusual transactions.” Related proposed amendments include changes to
various AU-C sections to enhance guidance for (1) obtaining information about related parties
and significant unusual transactions from predecessor auditors and when performing procedures
related to subsequent events and (2) requesting representations about related party transactions.
In addition, the phrase “business rationale” was changed to “business purpose” when used
throughout GAAS for consistency with the language used in the PCAOB auditing standards.
Relationship With the Auditor Reporting Exposure Draft
Issued simulateously with this exposure draft is Proposed Statements on Auditing Standards
Auditor Reporting and Proposed Amendments―Addressing Disclosures in the Audit of Financial
Statements (auditor reporting exposure draft). The auditor reporting exposure draft proposes four
new SASs and proposes amendments to various AU-C sections to address auditor reporting
related to those sections and to heighten auditor focus on disclosures throughout the performance
of an audit of financial statements.
As mentioned previously in the introduction, both this omnibus SAS exposure draft and the
auditor reporting exposure draft have proposed amendments for some of the same AU-C sections.
In particular, the text and paragraph numbering of AU-C section 260 is affected by both exposure
drafts. To help make your review easier, the proposed amendments from the auditor reporting
exposure draft have been incorporated into the relevant paragraphs in this SAS as if they had been
finalized. We encourage you to consider the proposed amendments in this exposure drafts in
conjunction with the proposed amendments in the auditor reporting SAS, particularly with respect
to AU-C section 260.
In evaluating amendments proposed to AU-C section 260 as part of the auditor reporting project,
the ASB also considered whether there should be a more specific requirement for the timing of
the communication of certain matters. AS 1301, Communications with Audit Committees, states
that all audit committee communications required by that standard should be made in a timely
manner and prior to the issuance of the auditor's report; it also states that the appropriate timing
of a particular communication to the audit committee depends on factors such as the significance
8
of the matters to be communicated and corrective or follow-up action needed, unless other timing
requirements are specified by PCAOB rules or standards or the securities laws. The auditor
reporting exposure draft asks respondents to provide their views on whether the requirement in
AU-C section 260 should be more specific regarding the timing of the communication with those
charged with governance about certain matters, including requiring certain communications to be
made prior to issuance of the auditor’s report. If you have not otherwise provided your views on
this matter to the ASB, we ask that you do so in response to this omnibus SAS exposure draft.
Issues for Consideration

In addition to overall views on the proposed amendments described previously, the ASB would
like you to respond on the following issues.
Issue 1: Significant Unusual Transactions
As described previously, amendments are proposed to define significant unusual transactions and
to use the term consistently throughout GAAS. The ASB believes that audit quality may be
enhanced if the use of the term significant unusual transactions were to be consistent between
GAAS and PCAOB standards. A definition of significant unusual transactions as “significant
transactions that are outside the normal course of business for the entity or that otherwise appear
to be unusual due to their timing, size, or nature” is proposed as an amendment to AU-C section
240. Alternatively, the phrase “significant transactions that are outside the normal course of
business or that otherwise appear to be unusual” could be used consistently throughout GAAS;
currently the phrase “that otherwise appear to be unusual” is not always included.
Please provide your views on the use of the phrase “significant unusual transactions” instead of
the phrase “significant transactions that are outside the normal course of business or that otherwise
appear to be unusual” consistently throughout GAAS.
Issue 2: Proposed Amendment to AU-C section 240
PCAOB Release No. 2014-002 includes conforming amendments to AS 2401 to require specified
procedures for the auditor to evaluate fraud risks arising from significant unusual transactions. A
proposed amendment to GAAS would amend paragraph .32 of AU-C section 240. Paragraph .32
requires the auditor, among other things, to evaluate whether the business purpose (or the lack
thereof) of significant unusual transactions suggests that they may have been entered into to
engage in fraudulent financial reporting or to conceal misappropriation of assets. The proposed
amendment would require that the evaluation include the following procedures:
1. Reading the underlying documentation and evaluating whether the terms and
other information about the transaction are consistent with explanations from
inquiries and other audit evidence about the business purpose (or the lack
thereof) of the transaction
2. Determining whether the transaction has been authorized and approved in
accordance with the entity’s established policies and procedures
9
3. Evaluating the financial capability of the other parties with respect to significant
uncollected balances, loan commitments, supply arrangements, guarantees, and
other obligations, if any
4. Evaluating whether significant unusual transactions that the auditor has
identified have been properly accounted for and disclosed in the financial
statements
Please provide your views on whether requiring these procedures, in particular the procedure of
“evaluating the financial capability of the other parties with respect to significant uncollected
balances, loan commitments, supply arrangements, guarantees, and other obligations, if any,” is
appropriate for audits of financial statements of nonissuers or whether these procedures would be
better placed as application material.
Guide for Respondents

Comments are most helpful when they refer to specific paragraphs, include the reasons for the
comments, and, where appropriate, make specific suggestions for any proposed changes to
wording If you agree with proposals in the exposure draft, it will be helpful if you make the ASB
aware of this view, as well.
Written comments on the exposure draft will become part of the public record of the AICPA and
will be available on the AICPA’s website after May 15, 2018, until a final standard is issued.
Please send responses to Sherry Hazel at [email protected] by May 15, 2018.
Comment Period
The comment period for this exposure draft ends on May 15, 2018.
10
Auditing Standards Board Members
(2016–2018)
Michael J. Santay, Chair Ilene Kassman

Gerry Boaz G. Alan Long
Jay D. Brodish, Jr. Richard I. Miller
Dora A. Burzenski Daniel D. Montgomery
Joseph S. Cascio Steven Morrison
Lawrence M. Gill Richard N. Reisig
Steven M. Glover Catherine M. Schweigel
Gaylen R. Hansen Jere G. Shawver
Tracy W. Harding M. Chad Singletary
Daniel J. Hevia
Disclosures Task Force

Jan Herringer, Chair Laura Schuetze
Bridgett Gyorfi Dan Wernke
Courtney Drake
AICPA Staff
Charles E. Landes Ahava Goldman

Vice President Associate Director
Professional Standards and Services Audit and Attest Standards—Public
Accounting
11
Proposed Statement on Auditing Standards, Omnibus Statement on
Auditing Standards—2017
Proposed Amendment to SAS No. 122, Section 260

AU-C section 260, The Auditor’s Communication With Those Charged With Governance, addresses the auditor’s
responsibility to communicate with those charged with governance in an audit of financial statements. If issued as
final, the proposed amendments in this exposure draft will amend AU-C section 260 to include material from PCAOB
AS 1301 that the ASB believes will enhance the quality of audits of financial statements of non-issuers. Requirements
are proposed to add communications about the auditor’s views relating to the entity’s significant unusual transactions,
and about the potential effects of uncorrected misstatements on future-period financial statements. Proposed
amendments to application material provide guidance about communicating the possible implications of uncorrected
misstatements and complaints or concerns about accounting or auditing matters that have come to the auditor’s
attention. Additionally, an amendment is proposed to provide application material addressing documentation when
management has communicated some or all of the matters the auditor is required to communicate with those charged
with governance.
As mentioned previously, the proposed amendments are not to extant AU-C section 260, but rather to AU-C section
260 as proposed to be amended by the auditor reporting exposure draft. In the following text, the proposed
amendments from the auditor reporting exposure draft are incorporated as if they had been issued as final, including
the paragraph numbering. For example, the auditor reporting exposure draft added list item (d) under paragraph 12.
This omnibus SAS exposure draft renumbers that list item as item (e) under paragraph 12. We urge you to consider
the proposed amendments to AU-C section 260 in this exposure draft in conjunction with the proposed amendments
to AU-C section 260 in the auditor reporting exposure draft. Supplementary material is available to aid you in tracking
changes. This material shows extant AU-C section 260 marked for proposed amendments from both the auditor
reporting and omnibus SAS exposure drafts and is available on the AICPA website at
https://www.aicpa.org/research/exposuredrafts/accountingandauditing.html.
Boldface italic denotes new language. Deleted text is in strikethrough.

[No amendments to paragraphs .01–.11]
.12 The auditor should communicate the following with those charged with governance:
(Ref: par. .A25–.A26)
a. The auditor’s views about qualitative aspects of the entity’s significant

accounting practices, including accounting policies, accounting estimates, and
financial statement disclosures. When applicable, the auditor should do the
following:(Ref: par. .A27–.A29)
i. Explain to those charged with governance why the auditor considers a

significant accounting practice that is acceptable under the applicable financial
reporting framework not to be most appropriate to the particular circumstances
of the entity.
ii. Determine that those charged with governance are informed about the
process used by management in formulating particularly sensitive accounting
estimates, including fair value estimates, and about the basis for the auditor's
conclusions regarding the reasonableness of those estimates.
12
b. Significant unusual transactions, if any. (Ref: par. .A30)
bc. Significant difficulties, if any, encountered during the audit. (Ref: par. .A30A31)
cd. Disagreements with management, if any. (Ref: par. .A31A32)
de. Circumstances that affect the form and content of the auditor’s report, if any; and
(Ref: par. .A32.A33–.A33.A34)
f. Other findings or issues, if any, arising during the audit that are, in the auditor’s
professional judgment, significant and relevant to those charged with governance
regarding their responsibility to oversee the financial reporting process. (Ref: par.
.A34.A35–.A36.A38)
Uncorrected Misstatements
.13 The auditor should communicate the following with those charged with governance:
(Ref: par. .A37-.A38.A39-.A40)
a. Uncorrected misstatements accumulated by the auditor and the effect that they,
individually or in the aggregate, may have on the opinion in the auditor’s report. The
auditor’s communication should identify material uncorrected misstatements
individually. The auditor should request that uncorrected misstatements be corrected.
b. The effect of uncorrected misstatements related to prior periods on the relevant

classes of transactions, account balances or disclosures, and the financial statements
as a whole and that those uncorrected misstatements or matters underlying those
uncorrected misstatements could potentially cause future-period financial
statements to be materially misstated, even if the auditor has concluded that the
uncorrected misstatements are immaterial to the financial statements under audit.
[No amendments to paragraphs .14–.A29]

Significant Unusual Transactions (Ref. par. .12b)
.A30 The communication of significant unusual transactions may include
 the auditor’s views on the policies and practices management used to account for
significant unusual transactions; and
 the auditor's understanding of the business purpose for significant unusual
transactions.
[No amendments to paragraphs .A30–.A34, renumbered as .A31–.A35]
.A36 The auditor may communicate, among other issues, complaints or concerns regarding
accounting or auditing matters that have come to the auditor's attention during the audit and
the results of the auditor's procedures regarding such matters.
13
[Paragraph ..A37 is renumbered from .A35. The content is unchanged.]
.A36A38 To the extent not already addressed by the requirements in paragraph .12a–df and
related application material, the auditor may consider communicating about other matters for
which the auditor consulted outside the engagement team or that were discussed with, or
considered by, the engagement quality control reviewer, if one has been appointed, in accordance
with AU-C section 220, Quality Control for an Engagement Conducted in Accordance With
Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (AICPA, Professional Standards).15
15
[Footnote omitted for purposes of this proposed SAS.]
[Paragraphs .A37–.A54 are renumbered as .A39–.A56. The content is unchanged.]
Documentation (Ref: par. .20)
.A55A57 Documentation of oral communication may include a copy of minutes prepared by

the entity as part of the audit documentation if those minutes are an appropriate record of the
communication. If, as part of its communication to those charged with governance,
management communicated some or all of the matters the auditor is required to
communicate, and as a result, the auditor did not communicate these matters at the same
level of detail as management, the auditor may include a copy or summary of management’s
communications provided to those charged with governance in the audit documentation.

This amendment is effective for audits of financial statements for periods ending on or after June 15, 2019.*
Amendment to SAS No. 122, AU-C section 550

AU-C section 550, Related Parties, addresses the auditor’s responsibility relating to related party relationships and
transactions in an audit of financial statements. The proposed amendments add material from PCAOB AS 2410,
Related Parties, that the ASB believes will enhance the quality of audits of financial statements of non-issuers.
The proposed amendments to AU-C section 550 add or amend requirements and application material to heighten the
auditor’s focus on related parties and relationships and transactions with related parties. The proposed amendments
accomplish the following:
 Enhance requirements to identify previously unidentified or undisclosed related parties or significant

related party transactions.
 Enhance the auditor’s response to the risks of material misstatement associated with related party
relationships and transactions, including procedures to test the accuracy and completeness of the
related parties and relationships and transactions with related parties identified by the entity, taking
into account the information gathered during the audit.
*
This effective date is provisional but will not be earlier than June 15, 2019.
14
 Provide application material regarding the enhanced requirements, as well as additional examples of
significant related party findings and issues that may be communicated to those charged with
governance.
Identification of Previously Unidentified or Undisclosed Related Parties or Significant

Related Party Transactions
.14 The auditor should inquire of management and others within the entity regarding
the following:
a. The identity of the entity’s related parties, including changes from the
prior period (Ref: par. .A9–.A1415)
b. The nature of the relationships between the entity and these related
parties
c. The business purpose of entering into a transaction with a related party

versus an unrelated party
d. Whether the entity entered into, modified, or terminated any transactions

with these related parties during the period and, if so, the type and
business purpose of the transactions
.15 The auditor should inquire of management and others within the entity and perform
other risk assessment procedures fn11 considered appropriate to obtain an
understanding of the controls, if any, that management has established to (Ref:
par. .A15–.A20.A16–.A21)
a. identify, account for, and disclose related party relationships and

transactions.
b. authorize and approve significant transactions and arrangements with

related parties. (Ref: par. .A21A22)
c. authorize and approve significant unusual transactions and arrangements

outside the normal course of business.
Inquiries should include asking about any related party transactions

a. that have not been authorized and approved in accordance with the
entity’s established policies or procedures regarding the authorization
and approval of transactions with related parties.
b. for which exceptions to the entity's established policies or procedures

were granted and the reasons for granting those exceptions.
15
fn 11
.16 The auditor should inquire of those charged with governance regarding
a. their understanding of the entity's relationships and transactions with
related parties that are significant to the entity and
b. whether any of those charged with governance have concerns
regarding relationships or transactions with related parties and, if so,
the substance of those concerns.
Maintaining Alertness Evaluating Accuracy and Completeness of for Related Party

Information When Reviewing Records or Documents
.1617 During the audit, the auditor should remain alert when inspecting records or
documents for arrangements or other information that may indicate the existence
of related party relationships or transactions that management has not previously
identified or disclosed to the auditor. In particular, the auditor should inspect the
following for indications of the existence of related party relationships or
transactions that management has not previously identified or disclosed to the
auditor: (Ref: par. .A22–.A24.A23–.A25)
a. Bank and legal confirmations obtained as part of the auditor’s procedures
b. Minutes of meetings of shareholders and of those charged with

governance and summaries of actions of recent meetings for which
minutes have not yet been prepared
c. Such other records or documents as the auditor considers necessary in the

circumstances of the entity
.18 The auditor should perform procedures on account balances with affiliated
entities as of concurrent dates, even if fiscal years of the respective entities differ. The
procedures performed should address the risks of material misstatement associated
with the entity’s accounts with affiliates.
.17.19 If the auditor identifies significant unusual transactions outside the entity’s
normal course of business when performing the audit procedures required by
paragraph .17 or through other audit procedures, the auditor should inquire of
management about the following: (Ref: par. .A25–.A26A26–.A27)
a. The nature of these transactions (Ref: par. .A27.A28)
b. Whether related parties could be involved (Ref: par. .A28.A29)
[Paragraph .18 is renumbered as paragraph .20. The content is unchanged.]
Identification and Assessment of the Risks of Material Misstatement Associated

With Related Party Relationships and Transactions
16
.1921 In meeting the requirement of section 315 to identify and assess the risks of
material misstatement, the auditor should identify and assess the risks of material
misstatement associated with related party relationships and transactions and
determine whether any of those risks are significant risks. In making this
determination, the auditor should treat identified significant unusual related
party transactions outside the entity’s normal course of business as giving rise to
significant risks.
[Paragraph .20 is renumbered as paragraph .22. The content is unchanged.]
Responses to the Risks of Material Misstatement Associated With Related Party

Relationships and Transactions
. 2123 As part of the requirement in section 330 that the auditor respond to assessed
risks, the auditor should evaluate whether the entity has properly identified its
related parties and relationships and transactions with related parties. The
auditor should design and perform further audit procedures to obtain sufficient
appropriate audit evidence about the assessed risks of material misstatement
associated with related party relationships and transactions, including
procedures to test the accuracy and completeness of the related parties and
relationships and transactions with related parties identified by the entity,
taking into account the information gathered during the audit. fn 14 (Ref: par.
.A34–.A37.A35–.A38)
fn 14
[Paragraph .22–.23 are renumbered as paragraphs .24–.25. The content is unchanged.]
Identified Significant Unusual Related Party Transactions Outside the Entity’s

Normal Course of Business
. 2426 For identified significant unusual related party transactions outside the entity’s
normal course of business, the auditor should
a. inspect the underlying contracts or agreements, if any, and evaluate

whether
i. the business rationalepurpose (or lack thereof) of the transactions

suggests that they may have been entered into to engage in
fraudulent financial reporting or to conceal misappropriation of
assets. fn 15 (Ref: par. .A41–.A42.A42–.A43)
ii. the terms of the transactions are consistent with management’s

explanations.
iii. the transactions have been appropriately accounted for and

disclosed.
17
b. obtain audit evidence that the transactions have been appropriately
authorized and approved. (Ref: par. .A43–.A44.A44–.A45)
fn 15
[Paragraphs .25–.28 are renumbered as paragraphs .27–.30. The content is unchanged.

No amendments to paragraphs .A1–.A10.]
.A11 In the context of a group audit, section 600, Special Considerations—Audits of

Group Financial Statements (Including the Work of Component Auditors),
requires the group engagement team to provide each component auditor with a
list of information about related parties prepared by group management and any
other related parties of which the group engagement team is aware. fn 22 When the
entity is a component within a group, this information provides a useful basis for
the auditor’s inquiries of management regarding the identity of the entity’s
related parties.
fn 22
[No amendments to paragraphs .A12–.A13.]
.A14 The inquiry about the identity of the entity’s related parties may include
background information concerning the related parties, for example, physical
location, industry, size, and extent of operations.
[Extant paragraph .A14 is renumbered as paragraph .A15. The content is unchanged.]
The Entity’s Controls Over Related Party Relationships and Transactions (Ref: par.
.15)
.A1516 Others within the entity are those considered likely to have knowledge of the
entity’s related party relationships and transactions and the entity’s controls over
such relationships and transactions, as well as the existence of related parties or
relationships or transactions with related parties previously undisclosed to the
auditor. These may include, to the extent that they do not form part of
management, the following:
 Those charged with governance
 Personnel in a position to initiate, authorize, process, or record

significant unusual transactions that are both significant and outside the
entity’s normal course of business and those who supervise or monitor
such personnel
 The internal audit function
 In-house legal counsel
18
 The chief ethics officer or equivalent person
 Chief compliance officer
.A1617 The audit is conducted on the premise that management and, when appropriate,
those charged with governance, have acknowledged and understand that they
have responsibility for the preparation and fair presentation of the financial
statements in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework and
for the design, implementation, and maintenance of internal control relevant to
the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements that are free from
material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error. fn 24 Accordingly, the
preparation of the financial statements requires management, with oversight from
those charged with governance, to design, implement, and maintain adequate
controls over related party relationships and transactions so that these are
identified and appropriately accounted for and disclosed. In their oversight role,
those charged with governance monitor how management is discharging its
responsibility for such controls. Those charged with governance may, in their
oversight role, obtain information from management to enable them to
understand the nature and business rationalepurpose of the entity’s related party
relationships and transactions.
fn 24
.A1718 In meeting the requirement of section 315 to obtain an understanding of

internal control, the auditor may consider features or elements relevant to
mitigating the risks of material misstatement associated with related party
relationships and transactions, such as the following: fn 25
 Internal ethical codes, appropriately communicated to the entity’s

personnel and enforced, governing the circumstances in which the entity
may enter into specific types of related party transactions
 Policies and procedures for open and timely disclosure of the interests
that management and those charged with governance have in related
party transactions
 The assignment of responsibilities within the entity for identifying,

recording, summarizing, and disclosing related party transactions
 Timely disclosure and discussion between management and those

charged with governance of significant unusual related party transactions
outside the entity’s normal course of business, including whether those
charged with governance have appropriately challenged the business
rationale purpose of such transactions (for example, by seeking advice
from external professional advisers)
19
 Clear guidelines for the approval of related party transactions involving
actual or perceived conflicts of interest, such as approval by a
subcommittee of those charged with governance comprising individuals
independent of management
 Periodic reviews by the internal audit function, when applicable
 Proactive action taken by management to resolve related party disclosure

issues, such as by seeking advice from the auditor or external legal
counsel
 The existence of whistle-blowing policies and procedures, when

applicable
fn 25
[Paragraph .A18 is renumbered as .A19. The content is unchanged.]
.A1920 Fraudulent financial reporting often involves management override of controls

that otherwise may appear to be operating effectively. fn 26 The risk of
management override of controls is higher if management has relationships that
involve control or significant influence with parties with which the entity does
business because these relationships may present management with greater
incentives and opportunities to perpetrate fraud. For example, management’s
financial interests in certain related parties may provide incentives for
management to override controls by (a) directing the entity, against its interests,
to conclude transactions for the benefit of these parties, or (b) colluding with
such parties or controlling their actions. Examples of possible fraud include the
following:
 Creating fictitious terms of transactions with related parties designed to

misrepresent the business rationale purpose of these transactions
 Fraudulently organizing the transfer of assets from or to management or

others at amounts significantly above or below market value
 Engaging in complex transactions with related parties, such as entities

formed to accomplish specific purposes, that are structured to
misrepresent the financial position or financial performance of the entity
fn 26
[Paragraph .A20 is renumbered as .A21. The content is unchanged.]
.A2122 Authorization and approval of significant transactions and arrangements (Ref:

par. .15b). Authorization involves the granting of permission by a party or
20
parties with the appropriate authority (whether management, those charged with
governance, or the entity’s shareholders) for the entity to enter into specific
transactions in accordance with predetermined criteria, whether or not
judgmental. Approval involves those parties’ acceptance of the transactions the
entity has entered into as having satisfied the criteria on which authorization was
granted. Examples of controls the entity may have established to authorize and
approve significant transactions and arrangements with related parties or
significant unusual transactions and arrangements outside the normal course of
business include the following:
 Monitoring controls to identify such transactions and arrangements for

authorization and approval
 Approval of the terms and conditions of the transactions and

arrangements by management, those charged with governance, or, when
applicable, shareholders
Identification of Significant Unusual Transactions Outside the Normal Course of

Business (Ref: par. .1719)
.A2526 Obtaining further information on significant unusual transactions outside the

entity’s normal course of business enables the auditor to evaluate whether fraud
risk factors, if any, are present and to identify the risks of material misstatement
due to fraud.
.A2627 Examples of transactions that may be significant unusual transactions outside

the entity’s normal course of business may include the following:
 Complex equity transactions, such as corporate restructurings or

acquisitions
 Transactions with offshore entities in jurisdictions with less rigorous

corporate governance structures, laws, or regulations
 The leasing of premises or the rendering of management services by the

entity to another party if no consideration is exchanged
 Sales transactions with unusually large discounts or returns
 Transactions with circular arrangements (for example, sales with a

commitment to repurchase)
 Transactions under contracts whose terms are changed before expiration
21
.A2728 Understanding the nature of significant unusual transactions outside the normal
course of business (Ref: par. .1718a). Inquiring into the nature of the significant
unusual transactions outside the entity’s normal course of business involves
obtaining an understanding of the business rationale purpose of the transactions
and the terms and conditions under which these have been entered into. fn 27
fn 27
.A2829 Inquiring into whether related parties could be involved (Ref: par. .17b). A
related party could be involved in a significant unusual transaction outside the
entity’s normal course of business not only by directly influencing the
transaction by being a party to the transaction but also by indirectly influencing it
through an intermediary. Such influence may indicate the presence of a fraud
risk factor.
Responses to the Risks of Material Misstatement Associated With Related Party

Relationships and Transactions (Ref: par. .2123)
.A3435 Evaluating whether an entity has properly identified its related parties and
relationships and transactions with related parties involves more than
assessing the process used by the entity. The nature, timing, and extent of the
further audit procedures that the auditor may select to respond to the assessed
risks of material misstatement associated with related party relationships and
transactions depend upon the nature of those risks and the circumstances of the
entity.
.A3536 Examples of substantive audit procedures that the auditor may perform when
the auditor has assessed a significant risk that management has not appropriately
accounted for or disclosed specific related party transactions (whether due to
fraud or error) include the following:
 Confirming the business purposes, specific terms, or amounts of the

transactions with the related parties (this audit procedure may be less
effective when the auditor judges that the entity is likely to influence the
related parties in their responses to the auditor).
 Inspecting evidence in possession of the other party or parties to the

transaction.
 Confirming or discussing significant information with intermediaries,

such as banks, guarantors, agents, or attorneys, to obtain a better
understanding of the transaction.
 Referring to financial publications, trade journals, credit agencies, and

other information sources when there is reason to believe that unfamiliar
22
customers, suppliers, or other business enterprises with which material
amounts of business have been transacted may lack substance.
 With respect to material uncollected balances, guarantees, and other

obligations, obtaining information about the financial capability of the
other party or parties to the transaction. Such information may be
obtained from audited financial statements, unaudited financial
statements, income tax returns, and reports issued by regulatory agencies,
taxing authorities, financial publications, or credit agencies.
[No amendment to paragraphs .A36–.A40, renumbered as .A37–.A41.]
Identified Significant Unusual Related Party Transactions Outside the Entity’s Normal
Course of Business
Evaluating the Business Rationale Purpose of Significant Related Party

Transactions (Ref: par. .2426a(i))
. A4142 In evaluating the business rationale purpose of a significant unusual related

party transaction outside the entity’s normal course of business, the auditor may
consider the following:
[The content of list items is unchanged.]
.A4243 The auditor also may seek to understand the business rationale purpose of such
a transaction from the related party’s perspective because this may help the auditor to
better understand the economic reality of the transaction and why it was carried out. A
business rationale purpose from the related party’s perspective that appears inconsistent
with the nature of its business may represent a fraud risk factor.
. A4344 Authorization and approval by management, those charged with governance, or,
when applicable, the shareholders of significant unusual related party transactions
outside the entity’s normal course of business may provide audit evidence that these
have been duly considered at the appropriate levels within the entity, and that their terms
and conditions have been appropriately reflected in the financial statements. The
existence of transactions of this nature that were not subject to such authorization and
approval, in the absence of rational explanations based on discussion with management
or those charged with governance, may indicate risks of material misstatement due to
fraud or error. In these circumstances, the auditor may need to be alert for other
transactions of a similar nature. Authorization and approval alone, however, may not be
sufficient in concluding whether risks of material misstatement due to fraud are absent
because authorization and approval may be ineffective if there has been collusion
between the related parties or if the entity is subject to the dominant influence of a
related party.
. A4445 Considerations specific to smaller entities. A smaller entity may not have the same
controls provided by different levels of authority and approval that may exist in a larger
entity. Accordingly, when auditing a smaller entity, the auditor may rely to a lesser
23
degree on authorization and approval for audit evidence regarding the validity of
significant unusual related party transactions outside the entity’s normal course of
business. Instead, the auditor may consider performing other audit procedures, such as
inspecting relevant documents, confirming specific aspects of the transactions with
relevant parties, or observing the owner-manager’s involvement with the transactions.
The discussion of management domination in paragraph .A32 and the fraud
considerations discussed in paragraph .A8 provide further relevant guidance.
Communication With Those Charged With Governance (Ref: par. .2729)
.A5152 Evaluating the related party disclosures means considering whether the facts and
circumstances of the entity’s related party relationships and transactions have
been appropriately summarized and presented so that the disclosures are
understandable. Disclosures of related party transactions may not be
understandable if
a. the business rationale purpose and the effects of the transactions on the
financial statements are unclear or misstated.
b. key terms, conditions, or other important elements of the transactions

necessary for understanding them are not appropriately disclosed.
.A5253 Communicating significant findings and or issues arising during the audit in
connection with the entity’s related parties helps the auditor establish a common
understanding with those charged with governance of the nature and resolution
of these matters. Fn 33 Examples of significant related party findings and issues
include the following:
 Nondisclosure (whether or not intentional) by management to the auditor of

related parties or significant related party transactions, which may alert those
charged with governance to significant related party relationships and
transactions of which they may not have been previously aware
 The identification of significant related party transactions that have not been
appropriately authorized and approved or that appear to lack a business
purpose, which may give rise to suspected fraud
 Disagreement with management regarding the accounting for, and disclosure

of, significant related party transactions, including disagreements regarding
the inclusion of a statement in the financial statements that a transaction
with a related party was conducted on terms equivalent to those prevailing
in an arm’s-length transaction
24
 Noncompliance with applicable laws or regulations prohibiting or restricting
specific types of related party transactions
 Difficulties in identifying the party that ultimately controls the entity.

fn 33
AU-C section 210, Terms of Engagement, addresses the auditor’s responsibilities in agreeing upon the terms of the
audit engagement with management and, when appropriate, those charged with governance. The proposed
amendment to AU-C section 210 is intended to enhance guidance relating to obtaining information about related
parties and significant unusual transactions from predecessor auditors.
As mentioned previously, the proposed amendments to AU-C section 210 in this SAS assume as final the proposed
amendments in the auditor reporting exposure draft. Amendments proposed to AU-C section 210 by the auditor
reporting exposure draft result in paragraph .A31 in extant AU-C section 210 being renumbered as paragraph .A33.
[No amendments to paragraphs .01–.A30]
.A33 The communication with the predecessor auditor may be either written or oral. Matters
subject to the auditor’s inquiry of the predecessor auditor may include the following:
 Information that might bear on the integrity of management
 Disagreements with management about accounting policies, auditing procedures,

or other similarly significant matters
 Communications to those charged with governance regarding fraud and

noncompliance with laws or regulations by the entity
 Communications to management and those charged with governance regarding

significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in internal control
 The predecessor auditor’s understanding about the reasons for the change of
auditors
*
25
 The predecessor auditor's understanding of the nature of the entity’s
relationships and transactions with related parties and significant unusual
transactions
[No further amendments to AU-C section 210.]
AU-C section 240, Consideration of Fraud in a Financial Statement Audit, addresses the auditor’s responsibilities
relating to fraud in an audit of financial statements. Proposed amendments define significant unusual transactions as
significant transactions that are outside the normal course of business for the entity or that otherwise appear to be
unusual due to their timing, size, or nature and include requirements for basic procedures for obtaining information
for evaluating significant unusual transactions. Amendments also include guidance and conforming changes related
to significant unusual transactions.
.11 For purposes of GAAS, the following terms have the meanings attributed as follows:
Fraud. An intentional act by one or more individuals among management, those

charged with governance, employees, or third parties, involving the use of
deception that results in a misstatement in financial statements that are the
subject of an audit.
Fraud risk factors. Events or conditions that indicate an incentive or pressure to

perpetrate fraud, provide an opportunity to commit fraud, or indicate attitudes
or rationalizations to justify a fraudulent action. (Ref: par. .A11, .A30, and
.A56)
Significant unusual transactions. Significant transactions that are outside the

normal course of business for the entity or that otherwise appear to be
unusual due to their timing, size, or nature.
[No amendments to paragraphs .12–.16.]
.17 The auditor should make inquiries of management regarding
*
26
a. management’s assessment of the risk that the financial statements may be
materially misstated due to fraud, including the nature, extent, and
frequency of such assessments; (Ref: par. .A14–.A15)
b. management’s process for identifying, responding to, and monitoring the

risks of fraud in the entity, including any specific risks of fraud that
management has identified or that have been brought to its attention, or
classes of transactions, account balances, or disclosures for which a risk
of fraud is likely to exist; (Ref: par. .A16)
c. management’s communication, if any, to those charged with governance

regarding its processes for identifying and responding to the risks of
fraud in the entity; and
d. management’s communication, if any, to employees regarding its views

on business practices and ethical behavior; and
e. whether the entity has entered into any significant unusual transactions
and, if so, the nature, terms, and business purpose (or the lack thereof)
of those transactions and whether such transactions involved related
parties.
[No amendments to paragraph .18.]
.19 For those entities that have an internal audit function, the auditor should make
inquiries of appropriate individuals within the internal audit function to obtain their
views about the risks of fraud; determine whether they have knowledge of any actual,
suspected, or alleged fraud affecting the entity; whether the entity has entered into any
significant unusual transactions; whether they have performed any procedures to
identify or detect fraud during the year; and whether management has satisfactorily
responded to any findings resulting from these procedures.
[No amendments to paragraph .20.]
.21 Unless all of those charged with governance are involved in managing the entity, the
auditor should make inquiries of those charged with governance (or the audit committee
or, at least, its chair) to determine their views about the risks of fraud, and whether they
have knowledge of any actual, suspected, or alleged fraud affecting the entity, and
whether the entity has entered into any significant unusual transactions. These
inquiries are made, in part, to corroborate the responses received from the inquiries of
management.
.32 Even if specific risks of material misstatement due to fraud are not identified by the
auditor, a possibility exists that management override of controls could occur.
Accordingly, the auditor should address the risk of management override of controls
27
apart from any conclusions regarding the existence of more specifically identifiable risks
by designing and performing audit procedures to accomplish the following:
[No changes to list items a–b.]

c. Evaluate, for significant transactions that are outside the normal course of business for
the entity or that otherwise appear to be unusual given the auditor’s understanding of the
entity and its environment and other information obtained during the audit, whether the
business rationale purpose (or the lack thereof) of significant unusual transactions the
transactions suggests that they may have been entered into to engage in fraudulent
financial reporting or to conceal misappropriation of assets. The procedures should
include the following: (Ref: par. .A54)
i. Reading the underlying documentation and evaluating whether the terms
and other information about the transaction are consistent with
explanations from inquiries and other audit evidence about the business
purpose (or the lack thereof) of the transaction
ii. Determining whether the transaction has been authorized and approved in
accordance with the entity’s established policies and procedures
iii. Evaluating the financial capability of the other parties with respect to
significant uncollected balances, loan commitments, supply arrangements,
guarantees, and other obligations, if any
iv. Evaluating whether significant unusual transactions that the auditor has
identified have been properly accounted for and disclosed in the financial
statements
[No amendments to paragraphs .33–.A18.]
.A19 Examples of others within the entity to whom the auditor may direct inquiries
about the existence or suspicion of fraud include the following:
 Operating personnel not directly involved in the financial reporting process
 Employees with different levels of authority
 Employees involved in initiating, processing, or recording complex or unusual
transactions (for example, a sales transaction with multiple elements or a
significant related party transaction) and those who supervise or monitor such
employees
 In-house legal counsel
 Chief ethics officer or equivalent person
 The person or persons charged with dealing with allegations of fraud
Business Rationale Purpose for Significant Transactions (Ref: par. .32c)
.A54 Indicators that may suggest that significant unusual transactions that are outside
the normal course of business for the entity, or that otherwise appear to be unusual, may
have been entered into to engage in fraudulent financial reporting or to conceal
misappropriation of assets include the following:
28
 The form of such transactions appears overly complex (for example, the
transaction involves multiple entities within a consolidated group or multiple
unrelated third parties).
 Management has not discussed the nature of and accounting for such transactions
with those charged with governance of the entity, and inadequate documentation
exists.
 Management is placing more emphasis on the need for a particular accounting
treatment than on the underlying economics of the transaction.
 Transactions that involve nonconsolidated related parties, including special
purpose entities, have not been properly reviewed or approved by those charged
with governance of the entity.
 Transactions that involve previously unidentified related parties or relationships
or transactions with related parties previously undisclosed to the auditor.
 Transactions involve other parties that do not have the substance or the financial
strength to support the transaction without assistance from the entity under audit.
 Transactions lack commercial or economic substance or are part of a larger
series of connected, linked, or otherwise interdependent arrangements that
lack commercial or economic substance individually or in the aggregate (for
example, a transaction is entered into shortly prior to period end and is
unwound shortly after period end).
 Transactions occur with a party that falls outside the definition of a related
party (as defined by the accounting principles applicable to that entity), with
either party able to negotiate terms that may not be available for other, more
clearly independent parties on an arm's-length basis.
 Transactions exist to enable the entity to achieve certain financial targets.
.A71 Other matters related to fraud to be discussed with those charged with
governance of the entity may include, for example, the following:
 Concerns about the nature, extent, and frequency of management’s

assessments of the controls in place to prevent and detect fraud and of the
risk that the financial statements may be misstated
 A failure by management to appropriately address identified significant

deficiencies or material weaknesses in internal control or to appropriately
respond to an identified fraud
 The auditor’s evaluation of the entity’s control environment, including

questions regarding the competence and integrity of management
 Actions by management that may be indicative of fraudulent financial

reporting, such as management’s selection and application of accounting
policies that may be indicative of management’s effort to manage
29
earnings in order to deceive financial statement users by influencing their
perceptions concerning the entity’s performance and profitability
 Concerns about the adequacy and completeness of the authorization of

significant unusual transactions that appear to be outside the normal
course of business.
Appendix A—Examples of Fraud Risk Factors (Ref: par. .11, .24, and
.A30)
.A75
[No amendments to prior sections of this appendix.]
Opportunities
The nature of the industry or the entity’s operations provides opportunities to

engage in fraudulent financial reporting that can arise from the following:
 Significant related party transactions not in the ordinary course of

business or with related entities not audited or audited by another firm
 Related party transactions that are also significant unusual

transactions
 Significant transactions with related parties whose financial statements

are not audited or are audited by another firm
 A strong financial presence or ability to dominate a certain industry

sector that allows the entity to dictate terms or conditions to suppliers or
customers that may result in inappropriate or non-arm’s-length
transactions
 Assets, liabilities, revenues, or expenses based on significant estimates

that involve subjective judgments or uncertainties that are difficult to
corroborate
 Significant, unusual, or highly complex transactions or significant

unusual transactions, especially those close to period end that pose
difficult “substance over form” questions
 Significant operations located or conducted across jurisdictional borders

where differing business environments and regulations exist
 Use of business intermediaries for which there appears to be no clear

business justification
30
 Significant bank accounts or subsidiary or branch operations in tax-haven
jurisdictions for which there appears to be no clear business justification
 Contractual arrangements lacking a business purpose
The monitoring of management is not effective as a result of the following:
 Domination of management by a single person or small group (in a

nonowner-managed business) without compensating controls.
 Oversight by those charged with governance over the financial reporting

process and internal control is not effective.
 The exertion of dominant influence by or over a related party.
[No further amendments to this appendix.]

AU-C section 265, Communicating Internal Control Deficiencies Identified in an Audit, addresses the auditor’s
responsibility to appropriately communicate to those charged with governance and management deficiencies in
internal control that the auditor has identified in an audit of financial statements. Proposed amendments are
conforming amendments for the use of the term significant unusual transactions.
[No amendments to paragraphs .01– .A7.]
.A8 Risk factors affect whether there is a reasonable possibility that a deficiency, or a
combination of deficiencies, in internal control will result in a misstatement of an account
balance or disclosure. The factors include, but are not limited to, the following:
 The nature of the financial statement classes of transactions, account

balances, disclosures, and assertions involved
 The cause and frequency of the exceptions detected as a result of the

deficiency, or deficiencies, in internal control
 The susceptibility of the related asset or liability to loss or fraud
 The subjectivity, complexity, or extent of judgment required to determine the

amount involved
*
31
 The interaction or relationship of the control(s) with other controls
 The interaction with other deficiencies in internal control
 The possible future consequences of the deficiency, or deficiencies, in

internal control
 The importance of the controls, such as the following, to the financial

reporting process:
— General monitoring controls (such as oversight of management)
— Controls over the prevention and detection of fraud
— Controls over the selection and application of significant accounting

policies
— Controls over significant transactions with related parties
— Controls over significant unusual transactions outside the entity’s normal

course of business
— Controls over the period-end financial reporting process (such as controls

over nonrecurring journal entries)
AU-C section 315, Understanding the Entity and Its Environment and Assessing the Risks of Material Misstatement,
addresses the auditor’s responsibility to identify and assess the risks of material misstatement in the financial
statements through understanding the entity and its environment, including the entity’s internal control. Proposed
amendments are conforming amendments for the use of the term significant unusual transactions.
[No amendments to paragraphs .01– .29.]
.29 In exercising professional judgment about which risks are significant risks, the auditor
should consider the following at least
*
32
[No amendments to list items a–e.]
f. whether the risk involves significant unusual transactions that are outside
the normal course of business for the entity or that otherwise appear to be
unusual. (Ref: par. .A139–.A143)
This amendment is effective for audits of financial statements for periods ending on or after
June 15, 2019.*

AU-C section 330, Performing Audit Procedures in Response to Assessed Risks and Evaluating the Audit
Evidence Obtained, addresses the auditor’s responsibility to design and implement responses to the risks of
material misstatement identified and assessed by the auditor in accordance with section 315, Understanding the
Entity and Its Environment and Assessing the Risks of Material Misstatement, and to evaluate the audit evidence
obtained in an audit of financial statements. Proposed amendments are conforming amendments for the use of
the term significant unusual transactions.
[No amendments to paragraphs .01–.A57. Paragraph .A58 is amended to include new text
and is split into two paragraphs.]
.A58 Paragraph .22 requires the auditor to perform substantive procedures that are
specifically responsive to risks the auditor has determined to be significant risks.
Because significant unusual transactions can affect the risks of material
misstatement due to error or fraud, substantive audit procedures that take into
account the types of potential misstatements that could result from significant
unusual transactions may be necessary, including procedures performed
pursuant to paragraph .32 of section 240.
.A59 Audit evidence in the form of external confirmations received directly by the
auditor from appropriate confirming parties may assist the auditor in obtaining
audit evidence with the high level of reliability that the auditor requires to
respond to significant risks of material misstatement, whether due to fraud or
error. For example, if the auditor identifies that management is under pressure to
meet earnings expectations, a risk may exist that management is inflating sales
by improperly recognizing revenue related to sales agreements with terms that
preclude revenue recognition or by invoicing sales before shipment. In these
circumstances, the auditor may, for example, design external confirmation
*
33
procedures not only to confirm outstanding amounts but also to confirm the
details of the sales agreements, including date, any rights of return, and delivery
terms. In addition, the auditor may find it effective to supplement such external
confirmation procedures with inquiries of nonfinancial personnel in the entity
regarding any changes in sales agreements and delivery terms.
AU-C section 510, Opening Balances—Initial Audit Engagements, Including Reaudit Engagements, addresses the
auditor’s responsibilities relating to opening balances in an initial audit engagement, including a reaudit engagement.
The proposed amendment is intended to enhance guidance relating to obtaining information about related parties and
significant unusual transactions from predecessor auditors.
.A5 It is customary for the predecessor auditor to make himself or herself

available to the auditor and to make available for review certain audit
documentation. The predecessor auditor determines which audit documentation is
to be made available for review and which may be copied. The predecessor auditor
ordinarily permits the auditor to review audit documentation, including
documentation of planning; risk assessment procedures; further audit procedures;
audit results; and other matters of continuing accounting and auditing significance,
such as the schedule of uncorrected misstatements, working paper analysis of
balance sheet accounts, and those relating to contingencies, related parties, and
significant unusual transactions.
Amendment to SAS No. 122 Section 560,
AU-C section 560, Subsequent Events and Subsequently Discovered Facts, addresses the auditor’s responsibilities
relating to subsequent events and subsequently discovered facts in an audit of financial statements. The proposed
amendment to AU-C section 560 is intended to enhance guidance relating to obtaining information about related
parties and significant unusual transactions from predecessor auditors.
*
*
34
.A6 In inquiring of management and, when appropriate, those charged with

governance about whether any subsequent events have occurred that might affect the
financial statements, the auditor may inquire about the current status of items that were
accounted for on the basis of preliminary or inconclusive data and may make specific
inquiries about the following matters:
 Whether new commitments, borrowings, or guarantees have been entered into
 Whether sales or acquisitions of assets have occurred or are planned
 Whether there have been increases in capital or issuance of debt instruments, such
as the issue of new shares or debentures, or an agreement to merge or liquidate has
been made or is planned
 Whether any assets have been appropriated by the government or destroyed (for
example, by fire or flood)
 Whether there have been any developments regarding contingencies
 Whether any unusual accounting adjustments have been made or are contemplated
 Whether any events have occurred or are likely to occur that will bring into
question the appropriateness of accounting policies used in the financial
statements, as would be the case, for example, if such events call into question the
validity of the going concern assumption
 Whether any events have occurred that are relevant to the measurement of
estimates or provisions made in the financial statements
 Whether any events have occurred that are relevant to the recoverability of assets
 Whether there have been any changes in the entity’s related parties
 Whether there have been any significant new related party transactions
 Whether the company has entered into any significant unusual transactions
Amendment to SAS No. 122 AU-C section 580
AU-C section 580, Written Representations, addresses the auditor’s responsibilities to obtain written representations
from management and, when appropriate, those charged with governance in an audit of financial statements.
Proposed amendments to AU-C section 580 are intended to enhance guidance relating to obtaining representations
about related parties and related party transactions.
.17 The auditor should request management to provide written representations that (Ref:
par. .A15–.A16)
*
35
a. it has adequately disclosed to the auditor the identity of all the entity’s
related parties and all the related party relationships and transactions of
which it is aware and
b. it has appropriately accounted for and disclosed such relationships and

transactions.
.A15 Circumstances in which it may be appropriate to obtain written representations

about related parties from those charged with governance in addition to
management include the following:
 When they have approved specific related party transactions that (a)
materially affect the financial statements or (b) involve management
 When they have made specific oral representations to the auditor on

details of certain related party transactions, including support for any
assertion that a transaction with a related party was conducted on terms
equivalent to those prevailing in an arm's-length transaction
 When they have financial or other interests in the related parties or the
related party transactions
.A18 In addition to the written representations required by paragraphs .10–.18, the

auditor may consider it necessary to request other written representations about the
financial statements. Such written representations may supplement, but do not form part
of, the written representations required by paragraphs .10–.18. They may include
representations about the following:
 Whether the selection and application of accounting policies are appropriate
 Whether matters such as the following, when relevant under the applicable
financial reporting framework, have been recognized, measured, presented, or
disclosed in accordance with that framework:
— Plans or intentions that may affect the carrying value or classification of

assets and liabilities
— Liabilities, both actual and contingent
— Title to, or control over, assets and the liens or encumbrances on assets
and assets pledged as collateral
 Aspects of laws, regulations, and contractual agreements that may affect the
financial statements, including noncompliance
36
 The absence of side agreements or other arrangements (either written or oral)
undisclosed to the auditor
AU-C section 600, Special Considerations—Audits of Group Financial Statements (Including the Work of
Component Auditors), addresses special considerations that apply to group audits, in particular those that involve
component auditors. The proposed amendment is intended to enhance requirements relating to obtaining information
about related parties.
.41 The group engagement team should communicate its requirements to a component
auditor on a timely basis. This communication should include the following:
[No amendments to list items a–b.]
c. A list of related parties prepared by group management and any other related
parties of which the group engagement team is aware, including the nature of
the company's relationships and transactions with those related parties. The
group engagement team should request the component auditor to communicate
on a timely basis related parties not previously identified by group management
or the group engagement team. The group engagement team should identify such
additional related parties to other component auditors.
This amendment is effective for audits of group financial statements for periods ending on or after June 15, 2019.*
AU-C section 930, Interim Financial Information, addresses the auditor’s responsibilities when engaged to review
interim financial information under specified conditions. Proposed amendments are intended to enhance guidance
relating to obtaining information about related parties and significant unusual transactions.
*
*
37
.21 For all interim financial information presented and for all periods covered by the
review, the auditor should request management to provide written representations,
as of the date of the auditor’s review report (Ref: par. .A29–.A30)
[No amendments to list items a–l.]
m. that management has adequately disclosed to the auditor the identity of all
the entity’s related parties and all the related party relationships and
transactions of which it is aware, and it has appropriately accounted for
and disclosed such relationships and transactions.
[No amendments to list item n.]

.A30 The auditor may request additional representations, including representations

regarding the following:
 Matters specific to the entity’s business or industry
 Support for any assertion that a transaction with a related party was conducted
on terms equivalent to those prevailing in an arm's-length transaction
 The absence of side agreements or other arrangements (either written or oral)
that have not been disclosed to the auditor
Appendix B—Unusual or Complex Situations to Be Considered by the Auditor When

Conducting a Review of Interim Financial Information (Ref: par. .A18)
.A55 The following are examples of situations about which the auditor may inquire of
management:
 Business combinations
 New or complex revenue recognition methods
 Impairment of assets
 Disposal of a segment of a business
 Use of derivative instruments and hedging activities
 Sales and transfers that may call into question the classification of investments in
securities, including management’s intent and ability with respect to the
remaining securities classified as held to maturity
 Adoption of new stock compensation plans or changes to existing plans
 Restructuring charges taken in the current and prior quarters
38
 Significant, unusual, or infrequently occurring transactions
 Infrequent transactions
 Significant unusual transactions
 Changes in litigation or contingencies
 Changes in major contracts with customers or suppliers
 Application of new accounting principles
 Changes in accounting principles or the methods of applying them
 Trends and developments affecting accounting estimates, such as allowances for

bad debts and excess or obsolete inventories, provisions for warranties and
employee benefits, and realization of unearned income and deferred charges
 Compliance with debt covenants
 Changes in related parties or significant new related party transactions
 Material off-balance-sheet transactions, special purpose entities, and other equity

investments
 Unique terms for debt or capital stock that could affect classification
This amendment is effective for reviews of interim financial information for interim periods of fiscal years ending
on or after June 15, 2019.*
Amendment to SAS No. 130
AU-C section 940, An Audit of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting That Is Integrated With an Audit of
Financial Statements, establishes requirements and provides guidance that applies only when an auditor is engaged
to perform an audit of internal control over financial reporting that is integrated with an audit of financial statements.
The proposed amendment is a conforming amendment for the use of the term significant unusual transactions.
[No amendments to paragraphs .01–-.A24.]
*
39
.A25 Section 240 addresses the auditor’s identification and assessment of the risks of
material misstatement due to fraud. fn 13 Controls that might address these risks
include the following:
 Controls over significant, or unusual transactions, particularly those that

result in late or unusual journal entries
 Controls over journal entries and adjustments made in the period-end

financial reporting process
 Controls over related party transactions
 Controls related to significant management estimates
 Controls that mitigate incentives for, and pressures on, management to falsify
or inappropriately manage financial results
[No further amendment to AU-C section 940.]
This amendment is effective for integrated audits for periods ending on or after June 15, 2019.*
*
40

Exposure Draft: Proposed Statement On Auditing Standards

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Exposure Draft: Proposed Statement On Auditing Standards

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EXPOSURE DRAFT

PROPOSED STATEMENT ON AUDITING

OMNIBUS STATEMENT ON AUDITING STANDARDS—

— Section 210, Terms of Engagement (AICPA, Professional Standards, AU-C sec.

— Section 240, Consideration of Fraud in a Financial Statement Audit, as amended

— Section 260, The Auditor’s Communication With Those Charged With

— Section 265, Communicating Internal Control Deficiencies Identified in an Audit

— Section 510, Opening Balances—Initial Audit Engagements, Including Reaudit

— Section 550, Related Parties, as amended (AICPA, Professional Standards, AU-C

— Section 560, Subsequent Events and Subsequently Discovered Facts (AICPA,

— Section 580, Written Representations (AICPA, Professional Standards, AU-C sec.

— Section 600, Special Considerations—Audits of Group Financial Statements

— Section 930, Interim Financial Information (AICPA, Professional Standards, AU-

November 28, 2017

Comments are requested by May 15, 2018

Comments should be addressed to Sherry Hazel at [email protected].

 SAS No. 122, Statements on Auditing Standards: Clarification and Recodification

— The following sections are also proposed to be amended by exposure draft

AS 2410, Related Parties

 Enhance requirements to identify previously unidentified or undisclosed related parties or

The other proposed amendment is to AU-C section 600, Special Considerations―Audits of

 Amend AU-C section 240, Consideration of Fraud in a Financial Statement Audit, to

Relationship With the Auditor Reporting Exposure Draft

Issues for Consideration

Issue 1: Significant Unusual Transactions

Issue 2: Proposed Amendment to AU-C section 240

Guide for Respondents

Michael J. Santay, Chair Ilene Kassman

Disclosures Task Force

Charles E. Landes Ahava Goldman

Proposed Amendment to SAS No. 122, Section 260

Boldface italic denotes new language. Deleted text is in strikethrough.

a. The auditor’s views about qualitative aspects of the entity’s significant

i. Explain to those charged with governance why the auditor considers a

b. The effect of uncorrected misstatements related to prior periods on the relevant

[No amendments to paragraphs .14–.A29]

[No amendments to paragraphs .A30–.A34, renumbered as .A31–.A35]

[Paragraphs .A37–.A54 are renumbered as .A39–.A56. The content is unchanged.]

Documentation (Ref: par. .20)

.A55A57 Documentation of oral communication may include a copy of minutes prepared by

[Paragraphs .A56–.A57 are renumbered as .A58–.A59. The content is unchanged.]

Amendment to SAS No. 122, AU-C section 550

 Enhance requirements to identify previously unidentified or undisclosed related parties or significant

[No amendments to paragraphs .01–.13]

Identification of Previously Unidentified or Undisclosed Related Parties or Significant

c. The business purpose of entering into a transaction with a related party

d. Whether the entity entered into, modified, or terminated any transactions

a. identify, account for, and disclose related party relationships and

b. authorize and approve significant transactions and arrangements with

c. authorize and approve significant unusual transactions and arrangements

Inquiries should include asking about any related party transactions

b. for which exceptions to the entity's established policies or procedures

Maintaining Alertness Evaluating Accuracy and Completeness of for Related Party

a. Bank and legal confirmations obtained as part of the auditor’s procedures

b. Minutes of meetings of shareholders and of those charged with

c. Such other records or documents as the auditor considers necessary in the

a. The nature of these transactions (Ref: par. .A27.A28)

b. Whether related parties could be involved (Ref: par. .A28.A29)

[Paragraph .18 is renumbered as paragraph .20. The content is unchanged.]