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Switching Angle Characteristics

The document describes numerical techniques to calculate switching angles for various multi-level voltage source inverters (VSI) to eliminate low order harmonics. It provides the set of equations to be solved, program code including function definitions and results for: 1) three-phase two-level VSI with two switching angles, 2) three-phase three-level VSI with two switching angles, 3) single-phase five-level VSI with two switching angles, and 4) three-phase seven-level VSI with three switching angles. The Newton-Raphson method is applied to solve the nonlinear equations using initial guesses for the switching angles.

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Neha Rajput
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59 views13 pages

Switching Angle Characteristics

The document describes numerical techniques to calculate switching angles for various multi-level voltage source inverters (VSI) to eliminate low order harmonics. It provides the set of equations to be solved, program code including function definitions and results for: 1) three-phase two-level VSI with two switching angles, 2) three-phase three-level VSI with two switching angles, 3) single-phase five-level VSI with two switching angles, and 4) three-phase seven-level VSI with three switching angles. The Newton-Raphson method is applied to solve the nonlinear equations using initial guesses for the switching angles.

Uploaded by

Neha Rajput
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ASSIGNMENT - 02

APPLY A NUMERICAL TECHNIQUE FOR CALCULATING SWITCHING ANGLES FOR

1. THREE-PHASE TWO-LEVEL TWO-SWITCHING ANGLE VSI

Set of Equations to be solved:

𝑉1 = 1 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼1 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼2 = 0.6 𝑝. 𝑢


𝑉5 = 1 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝛼1 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝛼2 = 0 𝑝. 𝑢
𝑉7 = 1 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠7𝛼1 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠7𝛼2 = 0 𝑝. 𝑢

PROGRAM CODE:

%Function for determining the intersection point where Fundamental


voltage is
%0.6 p.u. and Fifth harmonic is eliminated

function [a,iter] = newtonm(a0,f,J) %Function common to all questions

N = 500; % define max. number of iterations


epsilon = 1e-3; % define tolerance
maxval = 10.0; % define value for divergence
aa = a0; % load initial guess
while (N>0)
JJ = feval(J,aa);
if abs(det(JJ))==0
disp('newtonm - Jacobian is singular - try new x0');
break;
end

an = aa - inv(JJ)*feval(f,aa);

if abs(feval(f,an))<epsilon
a=an;
iter = 500-N;
return;
end

if abs(feval(f,aa))>maxval
iter = 500-N;
disp(['iterations = ',num2str(iter)]);
disp('Solution diverges');
break;
end
N = N - 1;
aa = an;
end
end
Function Definitions:

%Equations relating switching angles and voltages


%f1= Fundamental voltage equation
%f2= Fifth harmonic voltage equation

function [f] = f2(a)


f1 = (0.4-(2*cosd(a(1)))+(2*cosd(a(2))));
f2 = (1-(2*cosd(5*(a(1))))+(2*cosd(5*(a(2)))));
f = [f1;f2];
end

%Determination of Jacobian Matrix

function [J] = Jacobian2x2(a)


J(1,1)= 2*sind(a(1)); J(1,2)=-2*sind(a(2));
J(2,1)= 10*sind(5*(a(1))); J(2,2)=-10*sind(5*(a(2)));
end

%Function to determine whether 5th & 7th harmonics are eliminated with
%fundamental voltage =0.6 p.u.

function [f_7] = f7(a)

f7=(1-(2*cosd(7*(a(1))))+(2*cosd(7*(a(2)))));
f_7=f7;
if f_7==0
disp('Solution Coverges');
else
disp('Soluion Diverges');
end
end
Results:

First initial guess:

a0=[45;55]

a0 =

45
55

>> f2(a0)

ans =

0.1329
2.5885

>> Jacobian2x2(a0)

ans =

1.4142 -1.6383
-7.0711 9.9619

>> [a,iter]=newtonm(a0, 'f2','Jacobian2x2')

a =

21.6368
43.1499

iter =

444

>> f7(a)
Solution Diverges

ans =

3.8182

Second initial guess:

>> a0=[72;84]

a0 =

72
84
>> f2(a0)

ans =

-0.0090
-0.0000

>> Jacobian2x2(a0)

ans =

1.9021 -1.9890
0 -8.6603

>> [a,iter]=newtonm(a0,'f2','Jacobian2x2')

a =

72.2434
84.0030

iter =

124

>> f7(a)
Solution Diverges

ans =

1.3146
2. THREE-PHASE THREE-LEVEL TWO-SWITCHING ANGLE VSI

Set of Equations to be solved:

𝑉1 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼2 = 0.6 𝑝. 𝑢


𝑉5 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝛼1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝛼2 = 0 𝑝. 𝑢
𝑉7 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠7𝛼1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠7𝛼2 = 0 𝑝. 𝑢

PROGRAM CODE:

Function definitions:

%Equations relating switching angles and voltages


%f1= Fundamental voltage equation
%f2=Fifth harmonic voltage equation

function [f] = f2(a)


f1 = 0.4-cosd(a(1))+cosd(a(2));
f2 = 1-cosd(5*(a(1)))+2*cosd(5*(a(2)));
f = [f1;f2];
end

%Determination of Jacobian Matrix

function [J] = Jacobian2x2(a)


J(1,1)= sind(a(1)); J(1,2)= -sind(a(2));
J(2,1)= 5*sind(5*(a(1))); J(2,2)= -5*sind(5*(a(2)));
end

%Function to determine whether 5th & 7th harmonics are eliminated with
%fundamental voltage =0.6 p.u.

function [f_7] = f7(a)

f7=1-cosd(7*(a(1)))+cosd(7*(a(2))));
f_7=f7;
if f_7==0
disp('Solution Coverges');
else
disp('Solution Diverges');
end
end
Results:

First initial guess:

>> a0=[10;45]

a0 =

10
45

>> f2(a0)

ans =

0.1223
-1.0570

>> Jacobian2x2(a0)

ans =

0.1736 -0.7071
3.8302 3.5355

>> [a1,iter]=newtonm(a0,'f2','Jacobian2x2')

a1 =

5.2159
53.4220

iter =

435

>> f7(a1)
Solution Diverges

ans =

1.1667

Second Initial Guess:

>> a1=[20;40]

a1 =
20
40

>> f2(a1)

ans =

0.2264
-0.7057

>> Jacobian2x2(a1)

ans =

0.3420 -0.6428
4.9240 1.7101

>> [a,iter]=newtonm(a1,'f2','Jacobian2x2')

a =

5.2149
53.4223

iter =

475

>> f7(a)
Solution Diverges

ans =

1.1667
3. SINGLE-PHASE FIVE-LEVEL TWO-SWITCHING ANGLE VSI

Set of Equations to be solved:

𝑉1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼2 = 0.6 𝑝. 𝑢


𝑉5 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝛼1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝛼2 = 0 𝑝. 𝑢
𝑉7 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠7𝛼1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠7𝛼2 = 0 𝑝. 𝑢

PROGRAM CODE:

Function definitions:

%Equations relating switching angles and voltages


%f1= Fundamental voltage equation
%f2=Fifth harmonic voltage equation

function [f] = f2(a)


f1 = cosd(a(1))+cosd(a(2))-0.6;
f2 = cosd(5*a(1))+cosd(5*a(2));
f = [f1;f2];
end

%Determination of Jacobian Matrix

function [J] = Jacobian2x2(a)


J(1,1)=-sind(a(1)); J(1,2)=-sind(a(2));
J(2,1)=-5*sind(5*(a(1))); J(2,2)=-5*sind(5*(a(2)));
end

%Function to determine whether 5th & 7th harmonics are eliminated with
%fundamental voltage =0.6 p.u.

function [f_7] = f7(a)

f7=cosd(7*(a(1)))+cosd(7*(a(2)));
f_7=f7;
if f_7==0
disp('Solution Coverges');
else
disp('Solution Diverges');
end
end
Results:

First initial guess:

>> a0=[10;50]

a0 =

10
50

>> f2(a0)

ans =

1.0276
0.3008

>> Jacobian2x2(a0)

ans =

-0.1736 -0.7660
-3.8302 4.6985

>> [a,iter]=newtonm(a0,'f2','Jacobian2x2')

a =

5.2544
113.2537

iter =

392

>> f7(a)
Solution Diverges

ans =

1.0970

Second Initial Guess:

>> a1=[50;70]

a1 =

50
70

>> f2(a1)

ans =

0.3848
0.6428

>> Jacobian2x2(a1)

ans =

-0.7660 -0.9397
4.6985 0.8682

>> [a,iter]=newtonm(a1,'f2','Jacobian2x2')

a =

53.5996
89.5882

iter =

365

>> f7(a)
Solution Diverges

ans =

0.9147
4. THREE-PHASE SEVEN-LEVEL THREE-SWITCHING ANGLE VSI

Set of Equations to be solved:

𝑉1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼3 = 0.6 𝑝. 𝑢


𝑉5 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝛼1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝛼2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝛼3 = 0 𝑝. 𝑢
𝑉7 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠7𝛼1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠7𝛼2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠7𝛼3 = 0 𝑝. 𝑢

PROGRAM CODE:

Function definitions:

%Equations relating switching angles and voltages


%f1= Fundamental voltage equation
%f2=Fifth harmonic voltage equation

function [f] = f2(a)


f(1) = cosd(a(1))+cosd(a(2))+cosd(a(3))-0.6;
f(2) = cosd(5*(a(1)))+cosd(5*(a(2)))+cosd(5*(a(3)));
f(3) = cosd(7*(a(1)))+cosd(7*(a(2)))+cosd(7*(a(3)));
f=transpose(f);
return;

end

%Determination of Jacobian Matrix

function [J] = Jacobian3x3(a)


J(1,1)=-sind(a(1)); J(1,2)=-sind(a(2)); J(1,3)=-sind(a(3));
J(2,1)=-5*sind(5*(a(1))); J(2,2)=-5*sind(5*(a(2))); J(2,3)=-
5*sind(5*(a(3)));
J(3,1)=-7*sind(7*(a(1))); J(3,2)=-7*sind(7*(a(2))); J(3,3)=-
7*sind(7*(a(3)));
return ;
end

MAIN FUNCTION:

function [a,iter] = newtonm(a0)

N = 500; % define max. number of iterations


epsilon = 1e-3; % define tolerance
maxval = 1000.0; % define value for divergence
aa = a0; % load initial guess
while (N>0)
JJ = Jacobian3x3(aa);
if abs(det(JJ))==0
disp('newtonm - Jacobian is singular - try new x0');
break;
end
f=f2(aa);
an = aa- inv(JJ)*f;

if abs(f)<epsilon
a=an;
iter = 500-N;

return;

end

if abs(f)>maxval
iter = 500-N;
disp(['iterations = ',num2str(iter)]);
disp('Solution diverges');
break;
end
N = N - 1;
aa = an;

end
end

RESULTS:

First Initial Guess:

a0=[15;30;60]

a0 =

15
30
60

>> [a,iter]=newtonm(a0)

a =

59.1896
131.2711
41.6118

iter =

489

>> f2(a)

ans =
1.0e-03 *

0.2374
-0.9695
0.0252

Second Initial Guess:

>> a0=[20;100;50]

a0 =

20
100
50

>> [a,iter]=newtonm(a0)

a =

41.5618
59.1659
131.3297

iter =

429

>> f2(a)

ans =

1.0e-03 *

0.4030
-0.2943
-0.9817

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