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Scientific Calculator
Owner's Manual
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275 SCIENTIFIC

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1 . Menu keys 9. Full precision of number

2. Clear portions of memory 10. Display format; modes
3. Enter data 1 1. Print calculator line

4. Move through lists 12. Numeric and control menus \-l

5. Shift Key 13. Applications
6. Calculator OFF 14. Backspace
7. Calculator ON; 15. Previous menu \J
clear calculator line 16. MAIN display
8. Available memory
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llP-27s^
Scientific Galculator
Ownerts Manual

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HEWLETI
PACKARD

Edition 2 February 1988

Reorder Nurnber A0027-90028
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Notlce
For warranty and regulatory information for this calculator, see pages
I99 and 203.
This manual and any keystroke programs contained herein are Pro-
vided "as is" and are subject to change without notice. Hewlett'
packard Gompany makes no warranty of any kind with regard to
this manual or the keystroke programs contalned herein, includ-
ing, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability
and fitness for a particular purpose. Hewlett-Packard Co. shall not
be liable for any errors or for incidental or consequential damages in
connection with the furnishing, performance , ot use of this manual or
the keystroke Programs contained herein.
o Hewlett-Packard Co. 1987. All rights reserved. Reproduction, ad-
aptation, or translation of this manual, including any Prograrils, is
piohibited without prior written permission of Hewlett-Packard Com-
pany, except as atlowed under the copyright laws. Hewlett-Packard
bo*pany grants you the right to use any program contained in this
manual in this Hewlett-Packard calculator.

The programs that control your calculator are copyrighted ut i all

righti uri reserved. Reproduction, adaptation, or translation of those
prograrns without prior written permission of Hewlett-Packard Co. is
also prohibited.

Portable GomPuter DiYision

IOOO ltI.E Girc]e Blvd.
Corvallis, OF 97330' U.S.A, \
 Printing History
Edition I October 1987 Mfg. No. 00427-90029
Edition 2 February 1988 Mfg. No. 00027-90046

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Gontents
tt List of Examples
l4 How to Use This llanual

t5 Getting Started
15 Power On and Off
t5 The Display
t5 The Display Contrast
r6 The MAIN Display and Menus
r8 The Calculator Line
20 Display Messages
20 Annunciators
21 The Keyboard
2t The I (Shift) K"y
2l The l-lNPUfl Key
2t Editing and Clearing the Calculator Line
22 Viewing the History Stack With E and E
22 Menu Keys
22 Clearing Portions of Memory With

22
TM
Using Menus
25 Applications
27 Numeric Function Menus
28 Control Menus
28 Calculations With Variables in Menus
30 Display Mode and Format of Numbers

Gontents
 31 Specifying the Number of Displayed Decimal
Places (FIX Mode)
32 Displaying the Full Precision of Numbers
32 Scientific and Engineering Notation
34 Interchanging the Period and Comma
34 Showing the Full Precision of a Number
34 Available Calculator Memory
35 Beeper Function
35 Introducing the Solver and the ALPHA Menu
36 Tpitg Alphabetic Information
38 Editing Alphabetic Information
40 Solving an Equation

2 42 Keyboard Arithmetic and J{umeric Functions

42 The Calculator Line
42 Arithmetic Operators
43 Chain Calculations
43 Operator Priority
45 Using Parentheses in Calculations
46 Reusing the Previous Result ( !| LAm)
46 Using Registers
49 Numeric Functions
51 General Functions
53 Logarithmic Functions
53 Trigonometric and Angle Functions
59 Probability Functions
60 Hyperbolic Functions
61 Parts of Numbers
62 Range of Numbers

3 63 Base Gonversions and Base Arithmetic

63 Switchirg Bases
65 Representation of Numbers
65 Range of HEX, OCT and BIN Numbers
67 Arithmetic Operations

Gontents
4 69 Statistics
70 Entering the STAI Application
71 Entering Data and Ciiculating the Running Tjotal
72 Viewing and Editing the List
74 copying a List Number to the Calculator Line
74 Naming and Renami.g a List
75 Switchirg Lists and Creating New Lists (GET)
76 Clearing a List
76 One-Variable Statistics
79 Statistics Operations With TWo Lists
8r Linear Regression, Curve Fitting, and Estimation
85 Weighted Mean and Grouped Standard
Deviation
87 Summation Statistics

5 89 The Equation Solver

90 Entering the SOLVE Application
91 Entering Equations
92 Doing Solver Calculations
93 Clearing Solver Variables
93 Viewing and Editing the Equation
94 Naming an Equation
94 Shared Solver Variables
95 Deleting the Current Equation and/ or Its Variables
95 Deleting All Equations and/ or Their variables

Gontents
 96 The Syntax of Equations
98 Solver Functions
103 Conditional Expressions (IF Function)
106 Creating Menus for Multiple Equations (S
Function)
108 The Summi^g (>) Function
It0 Summing Operations With STAI Lists
1 10 How the Solver Works
I 10 Direct and Iterative Solutions
111 Halting and Restarting an Iterative Search
112 Entering Guesses
I 13 Outcomes of an Iterative Solution

v 6 117 Time Ualue of Money

\"/ I 18 Entering the TVM Application
l2O Cash Flow Diagrams and Sign Convention
\-/ 122 TVM Calculations
122 Clearing the TVM Variables
\'/ 123 Loan Calculations
\-, 127 Savings Calculations
{ 30 Amortization
v 131 Displaying an Amortization Schedule
\.., 134 Printing an Amortization Schedule

v 7 136 Time, Appointments, and Date Arithmetic

v 136 Viewing the Time and Date
\r 137 Setting the Time and Date
139 Changing the Time and Date Formats
\/ 139 Adjusting the Clock Setting
v' l4O Appointments
l4o Viewing and Setting an Appointment
\-/ 142 Acknowledging an Appointment
\-/ l/li| Unacknowledged Appointments
l{3 Clearing eppiintments

:
Gontents 7
 145 Date Arithmetic
145 Determining the Duy of the week for Any Date
146 Calculating the Number of Days Between Dates
147 Calculating Past or Future Dates
147 Clearing the Date Arithmetic Variables

I 148 Printing
r49 Printing Speed and the Printer's Power Source
149 Printing the Calculator Line (lmn I
150 Printing Other Information (ll pRrr.rrERl)
150 Printing Variables, Lists, and Appointments
15r Printing Descriptive Messages
152 Trace Printing
r53 Interrupting the Printer

9 r54 Additional Examples

154 Vector Calculations
t54 Adding TWo Vectors in Polar Coordinates
r56 Angle Between TWo Vectors
r58 Projection of One Vector on Another
t60 Laws of Sines and Cosines
t63 Probability Calculations
r65 Simulating a Toss of Dice
r66 Motion of a Projectile
r68 The Catenary Equation
171 Distance Between TWo Locations
172 Leasing Calculations
t76 Interest Rate Conversions
r79 Finding Several Roots of a Function
r8r Moving Average
r83 Chi-Squared (x2) Statistics
t86 Calculating Subtotals
r88 Number of Days Until a Speciat Day

Gontents
v A 189 Assistance, Batteries, Memory, and Service
v 189 Obtaining Help in Operating the Calculator
189 Answers to Common Questions
v 191 Power and Batteries
\/ l9l Low-Power Indications
192 Installing Batteries
\v 194 Managing Calculator Memory
\/ 195 Resetting the Calculator
196 Erasing Continuous Memory
v 196 Clock Accuracy
197 Environmental Limits
v 197 Determining If the Calculator Requires Service
v 198 Confirming Calculator Operation-The Self-Test
199 Limited One-Year Warranty
v 199 \A/hat Is Covered
v 2OO What Is Not Covered
20O Consumer Transactions in the United Kingdom
v 2O1 If the Calculator Requires Service
\, 2O1 Obtaining Service
2O1 Service Charge
v 2O2 Shipping Instructions
\, 2O2 Warranty on Service
2O2 Service Agreements
v 203 Regulatory Information
\, 2Og Radio Frequency Interference
2Og Air Safety Notice (U.S.A.)
v

Contents 9
B 204 More About The Solver
204 Direct Solutions
207 Iterative Solutions
207 How the Solver Finds a Root Iteratively
209 The Solver's Ability to Find a Root
211 Cases Where A Root is Displayed (Cases la
and 1b)
215 Case 2 Solutions
222 Case 3: Bad Guesses
224 Case 4: When a Solution Isn't Found
225 Round -off Error

c 226 Equations Used by HP.27S f,lenus

226 SOLVE
228 Statistics
229 Curve Fitting
230 TVM
231 Numeric Function Menus

D 232 llenu ilaps and Tables

238 Error Messages

243 lnder

ro Gontents
List of Examples
The followirg list groups the examples by chapter. The list shows
only the examples that require a moderate number of steps.

Starting to Use the HP-27S

28 Calculating the Percent Change Between TWo
Numbers
29 Calculating NEW in the %CHG Menu
30 Using the %CHG Menu in a Chain Calculation
36 Writing a Solver Equation for Radioactive Decay
37 Typi^g the Radioactive Decay Equation
39 Editing the Radioactive Decay Equation
40 Carbon-l4 Dating

3 Base Conversions and Base Arithmetic

64 Converting Between Bases
67 Arithmetic in HEX, OCT and BIN Bases

4 Statistics
73 Updatirg a Checkbook
77 One-Variable Statistics Calculations
83 Curve Fitting and Estimation Calculations
85 Weighted Mean and Standard Deviation of
Grouped Data
87 Summation Statistics

List of Examples tt
5 The Equation Solver
89 The Equation of Motion for Free-Fall
94 Temperature Conversions Using Shared Variables
105 Nested IF Functions
147 Unit Conversions
109 A Series Expansion
1r3 Entering Guesses

6 Time Value of Money

123 A Car Loan
124 A Home Mortgage
125 A Mortgage With a Balloon Payment
127 A SavingJ Account
129 An Individual Retirement Account
132 Displaying an Amortization Schedule
134 Printing an Amortization Schedule

7 Time, Appointments, and Date Arithmetic

139 Setting the Date and Time
144 Setting and Clearing an Appointment
146 Calculating the Number of Days Between TWo
Dates
147 Determining a Future Date

I Printing
752 Trace Printing an Arithmetic Calculation

l2 List of Examples
 v 9 Additional Examples
.\-' 154 Adding TWo Vectors in Polar Coordinates
156 Angle-Between Two Vectors
\v/ t58 Projection of One Vector on Another
v t60 Law of Sines
162 Law of Cosines
v t63 Probability Calculations
v 165 Simulating a Toss of Dice
166 Motion of a Projectile
v 168 The Catenary Equation
v 171 Distance Between Two Locations
fi2 Calculating a Lease Payment
v 174 Present (Capitalized) Value of a Lease With
v n6 *1Jff"$"iJHi*1,llf,option
to Buv

\r' 179 Finding Several Roots of a Function

v 181 Moving Average
183 Chisquared 1121 Statistics
\/ 186 Calculating Subtotals
, 188 Number of Days Until a Special Day

\r' B llore About the Soluer

\.., 272 A Case 1 Solution With One Root
212 A Case 1 Solution With TWo Roots
v 214 A Discontinuous Function
\-, 216 A Case 2a Solution
218 A Case 2b Solution
\' 22O A Case 2c Solution (Relative Minimum)
\.., 221 A Function Dipping to the X-Axis
222 ACase3Situation

List of Examples 13
How to Use This Manual
The HP-27S is designed to minimtze your need to use the manual. If
you enjoy reading manuals cover-to-coveL we hope that you will en-
joy immersing yourself in this one. Howeveq, we know that most
people don't want to put aside whatever they've been doing to savor
each paragraph. So, we've written the manual to help you learn about
the calculator while you use it.
We have some suggestions for using the manual effectively:
r Read chapter 1 for an overview of how the HP-275 works. It intro-
duces terms and concepts used throughout the manual.
I The HP -275 does keyboard arithmetic using algebraic logic. If you
are unfamiliar with this way of doing arithmetic calculations, please
read pages 43 through 45 in chapter 2 before you do multi-step
qa.lculations.
t There are several ways to locate information: the table of contents,
the subject index, the list of examples, and the menu maps in ap-
pendix D.
r Before doing time-value-of-money problems, learn how the calcu-
lator uses positive and negative numbers in financial calculations.
For this information, refer to page 120.
r Browse through the examples in chapter 9. You may see a k"y-
stroke example you can use. Just as important, you may find some
ideas for putting the HP-275 to work for you.

l4 How to Use This Manual

 Getting Started
Power On and Off
The HP-27S is powered by three mercury batteries. The calculator is
shipped with batteries installed.

To turn on the calculator, press fTLRl. To turn the calculator off, press
the I (shift) key, then IELR l. Since the calculator has Continulus
Memary, turning it off does not affect the information you've stored.
To conserve energy, the calculator turns itself off 10 minutes after you
stop using it.
t\./
If you see the low-battery annunciator ({=) at the top of the dis-
Play, you should replace the batteries as soon as possible, using the
instructions on page L92.

The Display

The Display Contrast

To adjust the display contrast, hold down I-CLR I while you press [T]
or E.

l: Getting Started t5
The MAIN Display and Menus
The display has two major configurations. The "MAIN" display uses
both lines to display numbers. Calculations are done on the bottom
line, called the calculator line, and the result of the previous calcula-
tion is shown on the top line.

Previous result

8161
3r *64. EEBB
Calculator line

The next illustration shows the configuration of the display after you
Press ltqorwERil (I followed by E). The calculator line is now the
toP line, and the bottom line displays the CONVERT menu. The menu
consists of labels that describe the current function of the menu keys at
the top of the keyboard.

Calculator line CONVERT menu

27sl SCIENTIFIC

3r 864. EEBE

Menu keys

r6 l: Getting Started
Pressing I followed by one of the keys shaded in figure 1-1 displays
a menu. Pressing fl-MArN I (t followed by tEXtTl) always restores the
MAIN display. (Sometimes, lml without I restores the MAIN dis-
play. "Using Menus" on page 22 explains these keys.)

E
E
E
@

Figure 1-i. Keys That Display Menus

If necessatf, press I[ rvrnlrrr I to erase the menu labels. Then, k"y in

these calculations to see how the HP-27S displays the results of previ-
ous calculations:

28.6711E 7 .s412 A
1ooE25E
25 E 12.44
6eE56H
The calculator retains four lines of information-the calculator line
and the three previous results. These four lines are the history stsck.

eB.7e99
History 185. EBEE
stack
a.8161
3rI UbEt.
lS EBBE +-t
#64. tItStStI
Gatcutatortin" - - l

l: Getting Started l7
 \-/
't-,

\t_;
The Galculator Line
'\--l'

The followi.g examPles use the calculator line for simple calculations.
Arithmetic calculations are covered in greater detait ln chapter 2.

Keys: Display: Description:

*l-/

24.71 5 f! e4 , 715 +

62.471 f BZ , 1s6s Adcls 2471s and 62.471. \v,

When a calculation has been completed (by pressing [J), pressing a

number kuy starts a new calculation.

19 E 12.68 E e4B, eeEB Calculates lg x 12.6g. \ru

If you Press an operator k"y after completing a calculation, the previ-

ous result remains in the calculator line.
\---'

f} 11s.s e4E,geBE+115,5

r 356.4e88 Completes the

calculation.

Math functions involving one number use the number furthest to the
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right.

3.57 E 2.36 Calculates 2352

lB B, F?BB+F. s69E
g, tg96 \_,
f} Completes the
calculation.

You can do 'chain" calculations without using f] after each step.

6.9 81 5.35 E] 36 , e 158+ Pressing [} displays the
intermediate answer.
\-.
.e18 E 4B.ele4 \,
\_,

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'\---,

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tg l: Getting Started \-,
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 Chain calculations are interpreted accordirg to the priority of the op-
erators (see page 43 for more information).

4EgE 4,BBBB+9,BBBBx Additionisdelayed;

multiplication has higher
priority.

3E JI,BBBB Calculates 4 + (9 x 3).

E displays the exponentiation operator, ^:

4.74@3 4,zBEB^J tE displays ^.

H IBJ, BaJB Completes the

calculation.

Negatiye Numbers. There are two ways to k"y in a negative

number:
\r/

r K"y in the number and press W.

r If the number follows an operator, you can press E before keying
in the number.
\r./
Keys: Display: Description:
\'/
75w -75 Changes the sign of 75.
\rt'

E3E -E5. BBBB Calculates -75 . 3.

4.52 E E 7.1 p after fJ changes the

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E 128 -?,6743 sign of 7 .1,.

Exceeding the Display Width. When the calculator line cont ains 22
characters, information scrolls off the left side of the display and
three dots appear. Although you can no longer view that numerical
\-, information, it is retained in memory.

\-,
3' fi64. BEEE
,,,3598x{ 1. EEEH-8. 56 14x
Calculator line contains more than 21 characters

1: Getting Started r9
Display Messages
Display messages have three purposes:

I HeIp messages are hints about the keystrokes the calculator expects
next or reminders about an assumption the HP-275 is making.
I Error messages are displayed and the HP-275 beeps when you at-
tempt incorrect operations. The error messages are listed starting on
page 244.
I Diagnostic messages are displayed in the SOLVE application at the
end of certain complex calculations. These messages are covered in
chapter 5.

Messages do not affect the history stack. The messages are cleared
when you continue what you were doing by pressing an appropriate
kuy. Tlo clear error messages without doing anything else, press ITLRI
or E.

Annunciators
The display has five annunciators to indicate the current status of the
calculator.

Table I -1. Annunciators

Annuneiator lleaning
_; Shift (l) is active (page 21').

b The HP-27S is transmitting information to the printer (page

148).
(t.D An appointment is past due (page 143).
Ef, Low batteries (page 1 91).
RAD The HP-27S is in radians mode (page S4).

20 l: Getting Started
The Keyboard

The I (shiftl Key

Most keys have a second function printed in blue above the k"y. The
blue shift k*y accesses these operations. Tlo do a "shifted" operation,
press and release I to turn on the shift annunciator (-'). Then,
press the kuy. For example, pressing I followed by Ictn I (also written
![Oref) turns the calculator off.
If you accidentally press J, press ! again to turn off the shift
annunciator.

The [NPm Key

The t tNPUfl kuy is used in certain applications to enter information
into memory. You can also use llr.tpuT I in place of p in arithmetic
calculations. Using I ttww I is covered where it is used throughout the
manual.

Editing and Glearing the Galculator Line

When the cursor is visible, E @ackspace) deletes the last character
you keyed in. When the cursor is not visible, E deletes the number
furthest to the right.

Pressing f cLR-l when the calculator is on usually clears the calculator

line. When an error message is displayed, lct.nl erases the message
and restores the original contents of the calculator line.

l: Getting Started 21
Viewing the History Stack With f and m
E and m roll the history stack up and down. You cannot roll the
history stack when there is an incomplete calculation in the calculator
line.

In the STAI and SOLVE applications, [-I and fl let you view addi-
tional stored information.

Menu Keys
The six keys at the top of the keyboard are menu keys. The menu keys
increase the number of operations available from the keyboard be-
cause they change function as you switch menus.

The menu keys have shifted functi \F , x2, etc, that do not
change as you switch menus. When menu labels are absentr 1lou can
use these functions without pressing l.

Glearing Fortions of Memory With l@

lmclearsthehistorystack-thecalculator1ineandthe
threepreviousresu1ts.IncertainmenuS,l@a1soclears
dataassociatedwiththatmenu.UsingI@tocleardataas-
sociated with menus is covered throughout the manual in the
discussions of those menus.

Using Menus
Pressing one of the shifted keys labeled with bold letters displays a
menu. For example, pressing lt.z"cFtcl displays the %CHG (percent
change) menu:

B. EEBE
litrilEEllEIr
Percent change menu

22 1: Getting Started
The menu keys are now labeled by the bottom line of the display.
Here, "i+',1#*ffiffiffi, giir$ffi;!$ffiffi, and iffiimffirt are variables used to calculate
percent change. Pressing Il MAIN I (or, in this case, tml) erases the
menu and restores the MAIN display.

The keys that display menus are described in table 1,-2 on page 24.
The table is divided accordi.g to the three types of menus:

r Applications. Each of the four applications consists of a group of

menus. Pressitg an application key displays the top-level menu in
that application. Menus "branching" from the top-level menu allow
you to access all the functionality in the application. For example,
pressing fl ril\rtEl displays the TIME menu-the top-level menu in
the TIME application. Each k"y in the TIME menu displays another
menu.
r Numeric functions. Numeric function menus extend the number of
numeric functions available from the keyboard. For example,
If"/"cHGl displays the numeric function menu for percent change
calculations.
I Gontrol menus. Control menus allow you to set certain modes and
to control the optional printer.
Some menus contain more than six labels. In those menus, a ,

k"y switches between the "pages' of the menu.

I r Getting Started
 Thble 1-2. Menus
See
Key Operations Done in This Gategory
Ghapter:
Applications
tlso-Lvtrl Entering equations and solving for variables. 5

llSTAil Statistics, running total, weighted mean, linear 4

regression, curve fitting, estimation.

lf wvn Time value of money (loans, savings, leasing, 6

amortization).

ll nrfitrl Clock, calendar, appointments, date arithmetic. 7

Numeric Function llenus

Il B,qsEI Number base conversions (decimal, hexadeci- 3
mal, octal, binary).
ll PRbBI Probability (permutations, combinations, facto- 2
rial, random number)
|[HYPI Hyperbolic and inverse hyperbolic functions. 2

ItmNVERrl Convert between:

t Degrees and radians. 2
I Hours.Decimal hours and 2
Hours. M in utesSeconds.
t Polar and rectangular coordinates. 2

lto/ocHc-l Percent chanEe between two numbers. 2

Ifprnrsl Number-altering functions (integer part, abso- 2

lute value, etc.)

Gontrol Menus
ItludDest Switch calculator modes:
I Display modes: FlX, scientific, engineering; 1

interchanging the period and comma.

t Angle modes: degrees, radians. 2
r Beeper modes. 1

I Printer power: battery, AC. I

tt-pR tNtrER I Printing stored information. 8

l: Getting Started
 Applications
Figure 1,-2 illustrates two menu levels in the STAI application-the
top-level STAI menu (displayed when you press ltStnn) and the
CALC menu (displayed when you press ). The illustration
shows the function of several other keys:

Use lml to displuy the previous menu. Exiting from the top level
of an application restores the MAIN display.
Use tlrrltAtN] to leave the application and restore the MAIN display.

A
I

lm
s TAT menu CALC INSR DELET NAME
NAME GET TOTAL
I

t
It
l*
MAIN]

\-,
c ALC menu TOTAL MEAN MEDN STDEV RANG MORE
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MIN MAX SORT FRCST MORE
Figure l-2. An Application Menu Map
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{: Getting Started 25
Figure 1-3 illustrates switching from one application to another. You
do not need to press tt MAIN] to switch applications; pressing an
applic4lion-key (for example, f I srnrl ) performs two operations-an
exit from the previous application, and entry into the top-level menu
of the new application.

MAIN Display

APT 3
Menu

A/PM
TIME MSG HELP

Figure l -3, Switching Applications

26 l: Getting Started
 Numeric Function Menus
The major differences between numeric function menus and applica-
tion menus are:
I Numeric function menus have only one level; there are no menus
branching from these menus.
t Numeric functions can be used within applications without leaving
the application.

STAT application

TOTAL
CALC DELET GET
\./
\./ o/o GHG menu lt'/"cHc I

\./
:
\,/ I ruEw I fexnt MORE
OLD %CH TOTAL MEDN RANG
v
\,/
Figure l-4. Using a Numeric Function Menu in an Application
\.,,

Numeric function menus replace one another (see figure 1-5).For ex-
\"" ample, if you display the %CHG menu and then switch to the HYP
menu, tExtrl does not return to the %CHG menu.
\./
\./
\,/
\-,
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l: Getting Started 27
 MAIN Display or
application menu

o/oGl{G menu HYP menu

I r.rew I

OLD %CH ACOSH

Figure 1-5. Switching Numeric Function Menus

-

Gontrol Menus
Each control menu has one level. Exiting a control menu always dis-
plays the menu you were viewing previously. When the control
operation performed is setting the display format or printing stored
data, tl. exit occurs automatically.

Galculations With Variables in Menus

Many application and numeric function menus do calculations using
a set of variables accessed by menu keys. The variables are a named
location in calculator memory. You use the menu keys to store num-
bers into the known variables and to solve for the unknown variable.

Example: Galculating the Percent Ghange Between TWo

t{umbers. Calculate the percent change between 37.5 and 55.5 using
the %CHG menu.
Press I[ "z"cHc I to display the %CHG menu, which consists of the
variables OLD, NEW, and o/oCH. The followirg illustration shows the
keystrokes for doing the calculation.

l: Getting Started
 liiiif+ffiffiiiiii+il
Keys: 55 6
DiSOlaV.
.J
!..: !:::' !.,.i ::::: i:::i :',,, lt, ;.I; ir; ;.1:;

Keys: 97.5 i#i,i,4i ,

';:"
Display: ::.::!.... i"'i::::: .'iii , ::::;!;::ii;::::;::i

OLD NEW % CH
Calculator
Keys Memory
Display''
$ffiF

::':: :'..: i"'! ;:::; !".! i'.. r'::' ;::: ii. ::::,,ii:: *:i r:ii'i"

Example: Galculating IUEII in the o/oGllc Menu, Calculate the

number 15o/o less than 25.85. This calculation uses the same three
variables:

Keys:
Display:

Keys:
Display:

OLD NEW %CH

Calculator
Keys: +++J##ffiffi Memory
Display: i..ii::1,.!r::.-' i. , :l',:= il:li

The rules for using menu variables are:

I To store a yalue, k"y in the number and press the menu k.y.
If the calculator linecontains an expression (for example, e f} 5 B),
the expression is evaluated and the result (in this case, 100) is
stored. Tlo store only the rightmost numbe{, press lsrol before
pressing the menu k.y. Also use lsro I to store a number on the
calculator line that was previously calculated (one that you haven't
just keyed in).

l: Getting Started
I To calculate a value, press a menu k"y without first keying in a
number. In other words, when you press two menu keys one after
another, the second k"y does a calculation. During calculations, the
message f,tlLf,ULHTIHG,,, is briefly displayed.
t To recall a previously stored or calcutated value, press I ncl I fol-
lowed by the menu k"y. For example, lRill ffii$*. displays the
value in OLD.
IToclearallthevariablesinamenu'PreSSl@whilethe
menu is displayed. The history stack is also cleared.
r Gertain variables are store-only or calculate-only. The menu
maps in appendix D indicate these variables.

Example: Using the o/oCHG Menu in a Ghain Galculation. Add

the percent change between 16 and 25 to the product of 45 x .95.
lSrol is used to store only the rightmost number on the calculator line.
Keys: Display: Description:
458.958 4e,75EB+ Calculates the product.

tl'"/"cHC-l 16 Stores 16 in OLD.

Frol $jr+1i 91 4e , PFBB +18 , BBBn

25 [srol Stores 25 in NEI,V.

ir$+" # 42 , 75BB +85 . BEBB

figjffi* 4e , 75BE +56 , eSBE Calculates o/oCH.

E 99, BEBB Completes the

calculation.

Display Mode and Format of Numbers

When you turn on the HP-275 for the first time, numbers are dis-
played with four decimal places and a period as the decimal point.
The display mode controls how numbers are formatted in the display.
The MODES menu is used to change the display mode.

1: Getting Started
 Decimal point, digit separator

Select 0-1 1 decimal places

Regardless of the display mode, each number is stored as a signed,

12-digit mantissa with a signed, three-digit exponent.* For example/
pressing lE in FIX 4 mode displays 3.I4L6. Internally, the number
\r' is stored as 3."!.4159265359 x 19000.
\-t

\-, Specifying the llumber of Displayed Decimal Places

\-/ [FlX Model
\.r"
Tlo specify the number of displayed decimal places:
\-' .
I Press It MopESl.
\,/ 2. Press Wffi. Key in the number of decimal places (an integer
from 0 to 11) and press l'rNPUfl.

* During complex internal calculations, the Hy-275 uses Is-digit precision for intermediate
results.

l: Getting Started 3l
Keys: Display: Description:
45.6 E .1256 Initially, 4 decimal
f E, ?EF4 places.

|[i[mES-l Displays 3 decimal

-+.j.ffi.-ffffi
3 places.
f]ffil s,Trr
It rv'oprs-l Displays 6 decimal
6
+$*u-.-ffii"Elffi places.
tl.rPUTl F. Ferrsu

lllvrbpesl Restores four decimal

ri++iffil#T.* 4 places.
ttNrurl F,?Er4
When a number is too large or too small to be displayed in FIX for-
mat, it is displayed in scientific notation.

Displaying the Full Precision of Numbers

Tlodisplay numbers as precisely as possible up to a maximum of 12
digits, press lt]lmDesl ii* .

Scientific and Engineering Notation

Scientific Notation. Scientific notation expresses a number as a
mantissa with one digit to the left of the decimal point, multiplied by
10 raised to a power.
Digits after Sign of Power
decimal point exponent of 1 0

-J
--L m'=!=
rrL

^/
Sign of
Mantissa (12 digits maximum)
mantissa

32 l: Getting Started
 To specify scientific notation:

v 1. Press ![rvroofS-], then W.

\/ 2. Key in the number of decimal places in the mantissa (0 through
11) and press llliF0il.

Engineering llotation. Engineering notation s(presses a number as

v a mantissa with one, two, or three digits to the left of the decimal
\, point, multiplied by 10 raised to a power divisible evenly by 3.

v significant sion of
-' Power of 1o
digits atter -'e" -' '
v itst oiiii' T'o"">'^utioles
or 3)

\, .a-!2.34s67r
v ,/
\-, ;l:1,,::" -ffiCrlrry'
--+ Mantissa (12 disits maximum)

v To specify engineering notation:

v l. Press ![Tooesl, then ffi.

v 2. Key in the number of significant digits to be displayed after the
first digit and press t-tNpurl.
\J
\- Keying in Jlumbers With Exponents. Regardless of the current dis-
play mode, you can always key in a number as a mantissa followed
\r' by an s(ponent:
v l. Key in the mantissa. If the mantissa is negative, use [+Z to
v change the sign.

v 2. Press l[J to start the er<ponent.

3. If the exponent is negative, press [1.
4. Key in the exponent.
:

:
l: Getting Started 33
Keys: Display: Description:
4.781fil 13 4.78 x 1013 + 8 x 102s
E 8lB 2s equals 5.9750 x 10 - 13.
r='.|
13 5,975HE-1I
236 wlE _2.36 x 10-15 x L2- \_.

E 15 E 12 E -8, BrrHE-14 2.832 x L0-14.

\_,

lnterchanging the Period and Gomma \v,

You can interchange the characters used as the decimal point and digit \v
separator. For example, one million can be displayed: \*.

1 , EEbl , EEE , ffEEB or 1 . EEF , EEE, EBEF

T1o interchange the decimal point and digit separatoq, press IJ MoDESI ,
then 1+tg#; i5.

Showing the Full Precision of a l{umber

v
To temporarily view the full 7z-diglt precision of the number in the calcu- \J
lator li-ne, pressl and then frotJaownlsndm.If there are more than
two numbers in the calculator line, only the rightmost number is shown. \-
Release ISHOWI to restore the calculator line.
\_

Available Galculator Memory

The HP-27S has approximately 6,900 bytes of memory available for your
use. lf MEMI displays the amount of unused memory. The information is
displayed until you release t tvtEt/tl .

HVH ILHELE I'IE]'IT]RY :

6I EE5 EYTES E6T

34 1: Getting Started
If you attempt an operation that requires more memory than you cur-
rently have available, the HP-275 displays:

I HSUFF I f, I EHT I"IE1-IflRY

You must erase a portion of your previously stored information before

proceeding (see "Manatrng Calculator Memory" on page 194 for addi-
tional information). You can also erase all the information you've
stored (see "Erasing Continuous Memory" on page 196).

Beeper Function
Ordinarily, the beeper is on, and the calculator sounds an audible
tone when error messages are displayed and when appointments
come due. Howeveq, the HP-27S has three beeper modes for control-
ling when the beeper sounds. To change the beeper mode:
1. Press lfrrio5esl ffi.
2. Press ,ffi" one or more times to change the mode, until the
HP-275 displays the appropriate message:
r EEEFER 0H I HPPT$ 0HLY. The beeper sounds only when
an appointment comes due.
I BEEPER 0FF. The beeper does not sound.
r EEEPER ilH. The beeper sounds when an appointment comes
due and when error messages are displayed.
3. Press lffil.

lntroducing the Solver and the ALPHA Menu

The SOLVE application, or Solver, lets you enter your own equations
and create menus consisting of the variables in those equations. This
is a brief introduction to the Solver. Because equations usually contain
alphabetic characters, this section also explains how to type letters
and other characters not present on the keyboard. The Solver is cov-
ered in detail in chapter 5.

l: Getting Started
Example: Writing a Solyer Equation for Radioactive Decay. The
equation for comPuting the rate of decay of radioactive substances is:

N
-kt: ln
No

where:

t- elapsed time.
k : the rate constant for the decay, characteristic of the particular
f and k must use the same time units.
substance. Variables
N0 : the amount of the substance present at t - 0.
N: the amount of the substance present at time t.

The equation must be written in a form the Solver can interpret:

Optional spaces
+t
-HHT = .l!{ H+HE }

Solver function

IYping Alphabetic lnformation

The ALPHA menu is displayed when you press .ffi,ffi in the SOLVE
menu, and at other times when you need to enter alphabetic charac-
ters. It allows you to type the characters that are not on the keyboard:

r Uppercase letters A through Z.

I Space.
r Various other characters, includirg punctuation and non-English
letters.

The letters A through Z arc displayed by pressing two menu keys; for
examp1e,Hisdisplayedbypressingffi..Pressi'g
restores the ALPHA menu, so you are ready to type the next
character. .

36 l: Getting Started
ABCDE
I

FGHI
I I

JKLM
rtt
NOPO RSTUV WXYZ
Alpha
menu

Letters,
lspaceOTHER R S T U V OTHER space

:<>#space $
characters

Ag&o4

Each letter menu has an ffi-su k"y for accessirg characters other
than A through Z. Pressing in any letter menu displays the
Samesetoffivecharactersplus.ffi-$,whichallowsyoutoPage
through seven sets of characters.

The letter menus with only four letters (for example, N through a)
include a space character (t ).

The following keystrokes enter the radioactive decay equation. You

can use P to correct typing mistakes discovered right away. Tlo do
further editing, refer to the next section, "Editirg Alphabetic Informa-
tion."

Example: I}ping the Radioactive Decay Equation. Use these

-K xT : LN(N+N0) into the
keystrokes to enter the equation
Solver:

Keys: Display:
It solvEl ALPHA menu
r
riiiH ffiil,:# ti-tii+*HiriffiffiiBffi -K
E -Kx
it,ffi$r$## rl;+++li+ffiF,tuliffi -KxT
i+i*ffi'# il'tEtg,lil,l,,lEi -HxT (space)

E -HxT =

l: Getting Started 37
l# ffiH; .ffi iu+;+:1t*j.lj.ii,trffi (another way -KxT = (space)
to display a space)
lN
*
(typing aid) or -KxT = LH{
i##iffiffi'F** rii$-$;fiffijry *+-ffi *ffi"'t'r.tffiffi B
ffi ''o,1,1.$n$-**ffi,ffi
-HxT = LH(H
E -KxT = LH(H+
i. tt,$.#ffi i,Eiif+$l -KXT = LH(H+N
@ ("zero' k"y) -KxT = LH(H+HB
D -HxT = LH(H+HB)
l-tr\tPrJT I Enters the equation into
memory.

f I trrt I is a typing aid during alphabetic entry. (Table 5-3 on page 98

lists the other typing aids.) The application keys (IfsoLVEl, l[ srArl,
etc.) are not active when the ALPHA menu is displayed.

Editing Alphabetic lnformation ,

The ALPHA menu has a companion menu, the ALPHA-edit menu,

which is displayed when you exit from the ALPHA menu or when
you press +,1,Fro in the SOLVE menu.*

SOLVE
menu
CALC DELETE
At-
I
I
tExrrf
I

ALPHA.edit
menu
A
lmn
I

ALPHA
menu ABCDE FGHI JKLM NOPQ RSTUV WXYZ

* The ALPHA-edit menu is "skipped over" when it

makes no sense to display it-for exam-
ple, when you press 11.41'ff#[il.1';ii, in the SOLVE menu, and when you press tml in the
ALPHA menu before typing any characters.

38 1: Getting Started
v Table 1-2 describes the keys for editing alphabetic information. No
insert kev * position
""::;:l;"H.r;:=;ffi":1""*""r
:
Key Description
ALPHA-Edit Menu
li+,,,ill&Lj l 1,,,-l,ili,,,i Deletes the character at the cursor position.
::.:r:i+::l:.:*n $:i{:;a:jr:::j:!:r;t::::::i:r:i:1:::::rii

Moves the cursor to the left side of the display; when pressed
:::::l:j::l1.1jBa:li+llll:::Li t:illl:::::i:f r::lli
::::lllj:: j::ttrla:::::s:i:t*i*:::::i1t ::l1l

i:iriiii:;iirli+.ailr:::::ilr:iiii:i::j:;+,:.;::::i

again, moves the cursor one display width to the left.

::::li ji:li:.::::ilgj::ti.*;::*jli:j:::::ll:rii:l

,;ii:tliililiiii,i*!:isis::!*:!::,.:}:l;i:ii!:
Moves the cursor one position to the left.
:liii+t:iil_:::i:ii*!i#i:t:tst:tiii:i!:+:t:::il
Moves the cursor one position to the right.
:!:!!:t::!ll:;i!l!l!:istii:9iiiiiji}jii:ii1::::i
:r'ifllii:::::ll::::.t::l*:::i::.G,i::,::r*:,::,r
;1
Moves the cursor to the right side of the display; when pressed
again, moves the cursor one display width to the right.
l1.l;#rt$i,#,0ffi#"#. Displays the ALPHA menu.

E Backspace; erases the character to the left of the cursor.

lcLRl Clears the calculator line.

\., Example: Editing the Radioactive Decay Equation. Name the ra-
\-, dioactive decay equation entered on pages 37 and 38 DECAY. (Names
are used to identify equations. They precede the equation and are
separated from it by a colon.) Also delete the spaces before and after
the equal sign.
Keys: Display:
$$#iffi#j'#*i* $j -HxT = Lf.{ { l.{+l.lE }

...+...ffi i ffi.l..,..i, .i*iiio.i.=i.....t .-....iti.i."..i..i

D-H:'+T= LH{t{+l.lB}
-ii;ffiffii$$ffii';i
ii+i+]ii;*| ;i:]|*|]|' nE-FiHT = LH { H+t{B }
.,i1 .;n'ffi|i. ;..+;11+1l
.111flfii
BE[-HxT = Lt{r:ti+HE}

l: Getting Started 39
*iffi, 11fiprrffiiffi llEf,ff-HxT = LH ( H+HB )
*iri+ffi,ffir#ffi .$-*rtr1j, nECffY-KxT = LH{H+HB}
+4$'ffi:##ffi i EEf,HY:-HxT = LH(H+HE)
i'F*.ffir ffi$,, (four times) NECHY : -KxT = LH { H+HB }

+1i*i'#,#ffi # t]ECHY : -HXT=LH ( H+HB )

t tNPUTI Enters the edited equation.

Solving an Equation
Pressffi to displuy the menu of variables for the radioactive de-
cay equation entered on pages 37 and 38.

E. EBEE
IilIIEICil
Example: Garbon-|4 Dating, Wood on the outer surface of a giant
sequoia tree exchanges carbon with its environment. The radioactivity
of this wood is 15.3 counts per minute per gram of carbon. A sample
of wood from the center of the tree yields 10.9 counts per minute per
gram of carbon. The rate constant for the radioactive form of carbon,
rAC, is 1.20 x 10-4. How old is
the tree? What is the half-life of t4C?

Keys: Display: Description:

1.2 IBE 4 Stores rate constant.
i1$#$j#-ffiffi H= , BBB 1

1 0.9 .F*,,,1,ffi,iF'1ffiffii+H H= t E, 36BE Stores activity at time T.

15.3iffi*'fu-ffi HB=1F, =FBB Stores initial activity.

['.#-ff-*Tuffi T=8, ges , P5EI Calculates age of the tree
in years.

40 1: Getting Started
\-/

\-/ Calculate the half-life (ty,) of.laC, that is, the time required for half
the material present to decay.
v
v 1 ilI H=t.gBBo N:lis derived from the
ratio N/No : r/z when
t- tt/r.
\'/ 2 ffi HE=e, BBEB Stores Ng.
\-/
,v iffi T=s ,TT6, aa65 Calculates half-life.

[EXlTt Displays the SOLVE

\r/
menu.
\l
.\r'

\./
\./
v
\-,
\./
v
\'/
\r/

\-/
v
\-/
v
v
\,/
\-/
\-/

\-/
I r Getting Started 4l
Keyboard Arithmetic and
Numeric Functions
The Galculator Line
The calculator line is almost always present. It occupies the bottom
line of the MAIN display, and moves to the top line of the display
when menu labels are present.

Calculator line

MAIN display
tt%eHGl
115.2795 _____->
les. BBBg I

I
<--
lEAI-U
\
Calculator line % CHG menu

The calculator line can contain messages and labeled numbers, such
as I'lEffH=1e4,68. Pressing an operator or numeric function kuy
erases the label and continues the calculation. For example, pressing
E 2 E *ould calculate 124.6A plus 2.

Arithmetic Operators v
The following keyskokes illustrate simple arithmetic operations. v

42 2= Keyboard Arithmetic and Numeric Functions

 Keys; Display: Description:
54.69 f! 28.33 Addition.
\!-' E s3, BzBB
750 E 12 rl s 'a's' EEE'
: H*l';";l;?,,0"'."Ht "
starts a new calculation'
\_
E 360 E 2s ' BBBB oP
3:",:l'ili:"r','JHn
: continues the calculation.
\/ s lE E + 6as. BBBS Exponentiation.
\/
v lmAtN-l o E I before llil is unnec-
3E 216. BssB
/
essary in the MAIN
v disPlaY.

: Ghain Gatcutations
v Chain calculations do a sequence of operations without pressing p
v after each operation. Chain calculations evaluate expressions using the
system of operator priority described in the next section.
\/
v Keys: Display: Description:

\, 750 EJ 12 E 9, 900 , 6866+ Calculates intermediate

value.
v
.v 360 [-;l es, eoso Completes the
ri calculation'

Operator Priority
\, Some chain calculations might be interpreted several different ways.
For exampre -*T'1';':,
: :: ;l :,'"''::

2z Keyboard Arithmetic and Numeric Functions 43

The HP-275 uses a system of operator priority to evaluate expres-
sions:

E (exponentiation) Highest priority

Ef Lowest f,,o*,,
The HP-275 calculates an intermediate result when the next operator
you kuy in has lower or equal priority.

Calculate g + 12:
3

Keys: Display: Description:

eE12E 9 . BEEB +18 . BBBB+ Pressing E does not add
9 + 12; p has higher
priority than Fl.
3E 13.BBBE

Calculate 4x 73 plus 5x 72 plus 6.

4[lT IE 4,sEEBHp.BEEE^ tE has higher priority

than I x I,
3E 1,3?E,EBBB+ Calculates 4x 73.

5E 1 , 378 . EBBB +5 , BBBffx @ has higher priority

than f;1.
7lE2 ...BBEB +5 . EBBEX lm has higher priority
7, BBBE*E than E.
E 1 , 617 . BEEE + Adds 5x 72 to "!,,372.

6E 1,683, EBEB Completes the

calculation.

Ifa calculation requires that operations be done in an order inconsis-

tent with operator priority (for example, addition before
multiplication), use parentheses.

44 2z Keyboard Arithmetic and Numeric Functions

: Using Parentheses in Galculations
v Use parentheses to group operations and to specify the order in which
\, they are performed.*
u o+12
Calculate - 3
: ;-" o,'","r, Desc'iption!
v ng[]12E 2t.Bass Ievaluatescontentsof
v parentheses.

v [J3E ?.EEEa
\/ 2n
Calculate
\/ 85-12
30 E E 8s E 3s, oBBE+(Bs.6o6s-
nilHlf';"""
ot-
:
v 12 [J 86. gg0o+?3. ssss I evaluates inside of
parentheses.

!lJ
fil 6,411sx Calculates 30 + 73.

\/ 016.9E]8[] 9,4119x8,99s8 [ evaluates contents pf

\/ Parentheses'

v lE o.4t tsxa, eBBs Calculates y'&9.

v f] 1,2?69 Completes the

calculation.

\,/ * Closing parentheses at the end of the otpression can be omitted. For e<ample,
25+(3x(9+12 p is equivalent to 25+(3x(9+tZ) ) E.

2= Keyboard Arithmetic and Numeric Functions 45

Reusing the Previous Result tIt LAsr ll
tl-LASr-l copies the previous result into a calculation you are in the
process of doing. The followirg keystrokes use I[ r-nsr I to calculate:
.0821 x (18 + 273.1): ?
2x.0821 x(18+273.1):?
3 x .0821 x (18 + 273.1): ?
Keys: Display: Description:

.0821 r m 18 First answer.

E2Tg.1 DE EB,BeeB

2 Elt LASTI e,BEBBxPB,BeeB

E 47,7986 Second answer.

ITLnI B. BBEB Clears calculator line;

prevents 47.7986 from
becoming last.

3EIruofl Third answer.

r^ 71 , 6979

Using Registers
The HP-275 has 10 registers for storing numbers-Rg through Re.
They are accessed using [snO] and [EeR.

r rcTol n, where n is an integer 0 through g, copies the rightmost

number in the calculator line to the designated register. The num-
ber is copied with full precision.
I tRTLI n coptes the contents of R, to the calculator line. The number is
displayed in the current display format. ,

To cancel store or recall after you've pressed lsTol or [ncl--], press [T|.

The following keystrokes use Rl and R2 to calculate:

(27.1 *35.5\x1.0823
(27 .1' + 35.6)1'0823

46 2= Keyboard Arithmetic and Numeric Functions

 Keys: Display: Description:
\,
!
27.1 f! 35.6
I=j 6a , TSEB

lsrol sTo - Calculator awaits register

v number.
v 1 6 ?,7BBa Stores 62.7 in R1.

\/ E 1.0823 Stores 1.0823 in Rz.

lEiol 2 6e,?oggxr,BBE3
v i;. I 6z, g6ge+
t-_11

v
lRcll RcL - Calculator awaits register
\-/ number.
v 1 6?. B6Ea+6a, psEB Recalls contents of R1.

tE Fa-l 2 ....868e+62, zBBBs Recalls contents of R2.

v ^l , gBeJ

: E B?Ess i:LTTffi:l:l "oo""

v Glearing Registers. To clear a register, store 0 in it. It is unnecessary
\r' to clear a register before storing a value, since 13T6] n replaces the pre-
vious value with the new value. Furthermore, the registers are not
\r' accessed by any applications or functions.
v Arithmetic in Registers. Table 2-1 describes the arithmetic opera-
v tions that can be performed on numbers stored in registers.
v Table 2-1. Arithmetic in Registers
\"'
Keys New Number in Register
\r/
Isro lp n old number + displayed number
Isro lp n old number - displayed number
\rr'
Isro l@ n old number x displayed number
lsro l@ n old number + displayed number
t€r-61 lE n old number ^ displayed number

2= Keyboard Arithmetic and Numeric Functions 47

The followirg keystrokes use two registers to calculate:

1.097 x 25.6671 : ?
1.097 x 35.667L: ?

Keys: Displayr Description:

1.097fsrol0 t,BezB Stores 1.A97 in Rs.

E 25.6671 Stores 25.5671 in R1.

Frol1 1.Bgpgxts,66z1
pJ eB, 1s6E First answer.

fRTtr0 l,Bepa Recalls contents of Ro

and starts a new calcula-
tion.

E 10 t sro] E sro + Calculator awaits register

number.

1,B97BXlB.BBBB Adds 10 to contents of

Rl.

l-Rcll 1 1,BgzExBS.66z1 Contents of Rl replace

rightmost number.

E 89. ra6a Second answer.

You can also do arithmetic with the values stored in variables. For
example, 2 fsro lE (in the %CHG menu) multiplies the cur-
rent contents of OLD by 2 and stores the product in OLD.

2= Keyboard Arithmetic and J{umeric Functions

! Numeric Functions
\/ Many of the numeric functions are visible on the keyboard-for er<-
v ample, lSjrll(sine), IlT6-dl@ase 10 logarithm). Others are in function
menus (see figare 2-'1. on page 50).
v
This section describes each of the numeric functions, categorized as
v follows:
v
r General functions: \F, ,', | 1x, o/o, and %CHG (percent change).
v r Logarithmic functions: LN, er, LOG, 101.
\-/ I Trigonometric and angle functions:
v r De$ees/radians angle modes.
v lr,
\r' r SIN, COS, TAN, ASIN, ACOS, ATAN.
v r Angle and coordinate conversions: degrees/radians,
Hours.Decimal hours/Hours.Minutes Seconds, polar/rectangular
v coordinates (CONVERT menu).
v r Probability functions: factorial, random number, combinations/ Per-
mutations (PROB menu).
r Hyperbolic and inverse hyperbolic functions (HYP menu).
I Number-altering functions: absolute value, integer and fractional
v parts, rounding (PARTS menu).
\- Base conversions are covered in chapter 3.

-
v

:
2: Keyboard Arithmetic and Numeric Functions 49
 srNH lrnruH lncosH
X CX,Y N! COSH ASNH ATNH
-Q-
SOLVE \ -
STAT \ TVM TIME

---

E tr
tI E tt
> DEG
> RAD

XCORD
YCORD

Figure 2-1. Numeric Function llenus

50 2= Keyboard Arithmetic and Numeric Functions

 General Functions
EB, lE, and I[ vxl act on the rightmost number in the calcu-
lator line. You do not need to press I when menu labels are absent.

Keys: Display: Description:

45 l@ 5, 7882 \6
3ltr/-t E] 4 Calculates 1 + 3, 1 . 4.
II v.l B , 3333 +B . eSBB

r B .5833

125 lE Calculates cube root of

\., 3 lt-1ElE 5,68 r25.
\./ It MArN I 5.9 No need to use I before
\; B 14, B1BB B in MAIN display.
v Percent. The lE function performs two different operations:
\-/ r When there is only one number in the calculator line, or when the
\./ operator preceding the rightmost number is anything but + or ,
\,/ IE divides the rightmost number by 100.
r When + or precedes the rightmost number, l@ interprets the
\'rl
rightmost number as a percentage, and returns that percent of the
v number preceding the + or

Keys: Display: Description:

\./ 85.3 8 27 Divides 27 by L00.
\.r/ IE S5 . SBBBXB. ETBB

\-/ E 23 , 0318 Calculates 27o/o of 85.3

\-/ 200 E 25 Calculates 25% of 200.
t@ EEE . BBBE-58 . BBEB

E 158 . BBBg Completes the

calculation.

2= Keyboard Arithmetic and Numeric Functions 5t

 Percent change. The %CHG menu does calculations based on the
Percent change between two numbers. The menu contains three vari-
ables-OLD, NEIry, and o/oCH. If necessatlr refer to page 29 for
additional information about using variables in menus.

Calculate the percent difference between 291.7 and 3L6.8.

Keys: Display: Description:

lf%eHfl Displays %cHG menu.

291.7 0LU=E91,ZBBB Stores OLD.

316.8, HEH=816.sBgB StoresNEW.

4CHRHGE=B,Eg4Z Calculates percent

change.

To do a percent change calculation in the middte of a chain calcula-

tion, you must use f-SEl with the menu k"y (see the rules for using
menu variables on Page 29).The followitg keystrokes calculate 65 X
1,2 x jhe number 45o/o larger than 80.

65 I 12 E pBB, BBBBx

80 lsro I Stores 80 in OLD.

'
788, BBB6X8g, ggBB
45 fsrol Stores 45 in a/oCH.
ffi 788, BBBBx45, gBBg

ffi 78B.gEBBx116,BBSB 116 is 45o/o largerthan

80.

[} 98, 4gE , BBBB Completes the

calculation.

52 2= Keyboard Arithmetic and Numeric Functions

 Logarithmic Functions
The logarith,mic functions use the rightmost number in the calculator
line. You do not need to press I before [7l and N when the menu
labels are absent.

Table 2-2. Logarithmic Functions

Keys Function Keys Function

IE Natural antilogarithm. l@ Base 10 antilogarithm.

IN Natural logarithm. l[ml Base 10 logarithm.

Show that multiplying numbers is equivalent to adding logarithms.

Keys: Display: Description:

47.5tN 3,s6s7 Natural log of 47 .5.

E 68.3 IN B . s6B? +4 . eerg Natural log of 68.3.

\-/ E IE 3, t44, esBB Natural antilogarithm of
the sum.
\.r/

\,/ 47.5 E 68.3 Compare to previous

E J, e44 , aEBB result.

Trigonometric and Angle Functions

Trigonometric Mode. The two trigonometric modes --Degrees and
Radians-determine how numbers are interpreted when using the
trigonometric and coordinate conversion functions. Degrees mode
assumes that all angles are measured in decimal degrees (rather than
Degrees.MinutesSeconds). In Radians mode, all angles are measured
in radians.

2= Keyboard Arithmetic and Numeric Functions 53

The radians annunciator RAD indicates Radians mode. Changing the
trigonometic mode does not change numbers stored in the history
stack or in variables.

Tlo change the trigonometric mode:

1. Press lt MoDES l, then o

2. Press i,ffi. Check for the presence or absence of the radians

annunciator.
3. Press I EXn l.

There is a second k"y in the CONVERT menu.

r(. Pressi"g lEreturns the Lz-digat value of n, displayed in the cur-

rent display format.
Find the surface area of a sphere with radius : 4.5 inches (surface
area : 4rr2):

Keys: Display: Description:

4ElE 4,BBEBxr,t416 Displays 7r.

E +.s lB 1e, s664xeg , eF6E

f es4,4E9B Surface area in square

inches.

Trigonometric Functions. The trigonometric functions use the

rightmost number in the calculator line. Angles are interpreted in dec-
imal degrees or radians, depending on the current angle mode.

Table 2-3. Trigonometric Functions

Keys Function Keys Function
fEiNl srne I[nsrnt arc sine
lT-o5l cosine lAmsl arc cosine
ITANI tangent ll-ArAN-l arc tangent

2= Keyboard Arithmetic and Numeric Functions

 v If the RAD annunciator is on (indicating Radians mode), press
lmoD-ESf to set Degrees mode.
v
\-, Keys: Display: Description:
\-. 15 ml B , esfig Sine of 15o.
\-' 1 E 60 I'TAN I Calculatesl+tan600.
\../ E e , 73e I

\./ .35 ll Acos I

r .62
llAcclsl 69,51e7-51 ,6839

E 17 . 8e88 Arc cosine of .35 minus

arc cosine of .62.
\/ Angle and l{our Gonversions. The angle and hour conversion are
v in the CONVERT menu. They use the rightmost number in the calcu-
\./ lator line.

\./ Table 2-4. Angle and Hour Gonversion Functions

\t/
Menu Key Function
\./ ,::irltrr'i-i,r:::nr*,riit*r
:,!:::!r:::,#i:! l
*il.i:r:'.i
lt$,rri,:;ii:i
::r

!t;i:!;ii:!:i!:;;!:i!:i;ii:I:::.i..iiifi :::.:ii:;l:i:i:i*:i
To degrees; converts the number from a radian value to its
\-, decimal degree equivalent.

is*.i.
To radians; converts the number a from decimal degree value
'r',ffij

to its radian equivalent.

\{ lS**.t#,'ii*"f.# is+,if
To hours; converts the number from hours(degrees)-minutes-
seconds-decimal seconds format (H.MMSSss or D.MMSSSS)
\.,, to decimal hours (or degrees) format.
v irlm fli To hours-minutes-seconds; converts the number from decimal
hours (or degrees) to hours(degrees)-minutes-seconds-deci-
\./ mal seconds format (H.MMSSss or D.MMSSSS).

\-/
\../
\-,

2z Keyboard Arithmetic and Numeric Functions 55

 lA
sr*l#'ffi ffi#
Il
*l
++=+

A
,r+rr#i*ffi#++ I *u-*

I l

Keys: Display: Descriptionl

f
r.zs Calculates '/.,.79n.
IEE 5,6835
ItcorwERrl Converts'1,.79r radians
3EE, EEBE to degrees.
90.2015 Converts 90 degrees, 20
,'ffi.u 98, 3375 minutes, 15 seconds to
decimal degrees.
25.2589 Converts to D.MMSSss
.=.€ a5 , 1532 format.

I t-sr{owl FULL FRECISIOH I $ : 25 degrees, 15 minutes,

e5 , 153e84 32.04 seconds.

tEXn] Exits the CONVERT

menu.

56 2= Keyboard Arithmetic and Numeric Functions

Polar and Rectangular Goordinate Gonversions. The second
page of the CONVERT menu provides a set of variables for convert-
i^g between polar and rectangular coordinates.

(x-coordinate, y-coordinate)

The angle is interpreted according to the current angle mode-deci-

mal degrees or radians. The menu contains *.q$- for switchitg
between Degrees and Radians modes. (The same k"y appears in the
MODES menu; see page 53.)

Store XCOORD
and YCOORD

++# ffi
i::iint!!i.:i#.ir,;1t1.!n:!is.!tiiiiitil+.i!i!+:;
Displays XCOO RDt
-F

Store R
and 4
-S
i*-utflF,H.ffiffi$H
Displays YCOORDT

* Calculates both R and

4 .

t Calculates both XCOORD and yCOORD.

2= Keyboard Arithmetic and Numeric Functions 57

 Convert the rectangular coordinates (10,-15) to polar coordinates.

Keys: Display: Description:

![coNVERTl Displays the

;irut# polar /rectangular con-
version variables.
If the RAD annunciator is on, press ffir to set Degrees mode.
10 il HCff0RE= 1B , BEEB Stores x-coordinate.
15E yf,ooRn=-ts,EoBB Stores y-coordinate.
i*lifi$l$"#jffi RHErUs=ts,EepB Calculates R.

+1.1|*,41**ii.
$,iffi d=-56, 3899 Calculates the angle.
Tio do coordinate conversions in the middle of a chain calculation, use
\_
tsTol in conjunction with the menu k"y. The followirg keystrokes add
12.734 + 9.231 + the.r-coordinate of the vector (r : 25,,4 : 45o):

12.734 r
e.231 E e I , 9658 +

25 [srol Stores R.
nt$*il1ffi*irffi e 1 , g65B +ES , BEBE

45 [ srol Stores angle.

il+**x*$ ffi E1, S65B +45 . BEEB

* $,Hiffi E I , g65E +17 , 6ppP Calculates .r-coordinate.

E 39, 6487 Completes the

calculation.

[m, Exits the CONVERT

menu.

2= Keyboard Arithmetic and Numerlc Functions

Probability Functions
The PROB menu calculates combinations, permutations and factorials,
and generates sequences of random numbers.

Gombinations and Permutations. The number of clmbinations of x

objects taken y at a time (C*,y) is the number of different sets containirg
y items that can be taken from a larger group of x items. No item occurs
more than once in the set of y items, and different orders of the same y
items are not counted separately.

The number of permutations of x objects taken y at a time (P*,y) is the

number of different arrangements of y items that can be taken from a
larger group of x items. No items can occur more than once in an ar-
rangement, and different orders of the same y items are counted
separately.

Combinations of X objects
taken Y ata time

Permutations of X objects
taken Y ala time

Keys: Display: Description:

It pRoB] Displays the PROB menu.

::,:it..:ii :::::ii+::+.::::iJ:::i+:l:.::::i:_1_+:: jaj::i

Ii

\,
ii.iili:i:i:i:::::ri:l:i:i;1ftF:iliiii:ij+i:liri:ii

ti:i:.li:i:j:+i.:..:.i:ijii:il-4}liii:iiiij.,:'..:l:i;iii:
liiiliii:iii:iiiiji:...:siiiti'jii ,i. ::i::lii,1:irrii
H=5, BBBB Stores x.

V
i!l!liii!lin'l!lti:r':llt'tit#!,.ti.tl;i!:+il!:iii!.r.:ii
i:ilij:i::..rjl:,,..i.,1:l :lL*il,raji!cji!,+-.IiL,i+..i1:
:):::::iniirli;:i:,iilii:i,iiri;ltjlf-iii.;r_liilj;.'_1!:.1.1l1
Y=3, BEBE Stores y.

iI|;:r|iier+ri$# r+i H, Y= 1B , BBBA Calculates combinations.

H, Y=68 , BBBB Calculates permutations.

tEXtrl Exits the PROB menu.

2= Keyboard Arithmetic and Numeric Functions 59

 Random Number, Pressing ;T,1ffi displays a random number in the
range 0

When ".*1 is pressed for the first time, the HP-27S uses the system
clock to generate a seed number that initiates the sequence of ran-
dom numbers. Pressing 0 [sTo I ,t.f'ffi,ffiffi uses a new seed from the
system clock. To specify a particular seed, k"y in the seed (a non -zero
number) and press tErol +,-l..&*ffi to display the random number. you
can repeat a random number sequence by storing the same non-zero
seed.

Factorial' +$ calculates the factorial of the rightmost number on

the calculator line. The number must be an integer in the range 0
through 253.

Hyperbolic Functions
The HYP menu provides the hyperbolic functions. The functions use
the rightmost number in the calculator line.

Table 2-5. Hyperbolic Functions

Menu Key Function Menu Key Function
Hyperbolic sine tTtffi lnverse hyperbolic sine
Hyperbolic cosine u
lnverse hyperbolic
cosine
Hyperbolic tangent fn#*. lnverse hyperbolic
tangent

Keys: Display: Description:

It
*xffi*
HYPI 5 Hyperbolic sine.
F4, EBSE

540.25 i 6, 5fi53 Inverse hyperbolic

cosine.

lmt
* The number is part of a sequence
Exits the HYP menu.
of uniformly distributed pseudo-random numbers. This
sequence Passes the spectral test (D. Ifuuth, Seminumerical Algorithms,Yol.2, London: Addi-
son Wesley, 1981).

2= Keyboard Arithmetic and Numeric Functions

v Parts of Numbers
v The functions in the PARTS menu use the rightmost number on the
v calculator line.

Table 2-6. The PARTS Menu

Menu Key Function
t+iiiri.iiiiiii#i!ffi iilin:];,1#
ritj;r.i:1l::i:..?,i.it:.iir,!:iil fli$lii!:lijg,Si!
lnteger part of the number.
:!iJL;fi ::::ii:.::try::r.ry:!iit:+::::ii:!i:
Fractional part of the number (the number without its integer
part).
::!r.r.:t:t*

Rounds the number internally to the number of digits speci-

*i:+Ui;trLlt:ii1:rffi
I:tSiiJ4lffi

llriii:T;ili$,Bf #*+iif .l#

:il:::i.:jii;;iiii.ti:iii,;:.i.i. iii

fied in the current FlX, SCl, or ENG display mode (no

rounding occurs in ALL mode).
Absolute value of the number.
.r:.:::i.J:::nffi
:!isilsLia..*+ry-.:ry:n:illiii;!q

i:i,ii,i,llil#ffi #*'llir+ii'flJj
,i;l+,u-.:l.i!iili.l.:{:itL::}$iiffi }-9*.!I4il:i!.j

\./
\*,
Keys: Display: Description:

\-, 12.3456789 E 1e . 3457 Enters a nine-digrt

number.
\-,
I lSHdWl FULL pREc I s IoN I s : Displays full precision of
v le,34s6?99 number.

\-' If pARTSI Number is rounded

w,ffiffiilff lffi internally.
iflrior,,..',r*r,n-*t*oo,,oa,,ruooru-,*

\., ItsrrOW] FULL PREcIsroH rs:

1e . 3457
\-,
lmt Exits the PARTS menu.

2= Keyboard Arithmetic and Numeric Functions 6l

Range of Numbers
Figure 2-2 illustrates the range of numbers the HP-275 can store.
Underflow displays a warning, followed by 0. Overflow displays a
warning and the largest positive or negative number possible.

Overflow Underflow Overflow

-Aar'-a
A
I
l-.-\--
I

- 9.99999999999 x 1gaee 9.99999999999 x l gaes

1t1
eeol x g-ase
-1 x 10-4 1

Figure 2-2. Range of ltlumbers

2= Keyboard Arithmetic and Numeric Functions

 Base Gonuersions and
Base Arithmetic
The BASE menu (lt s/rsEl ) does operations with four number
bases-DEc (decimul), HEX (hexadecimal), OCT (octal), and BIN (bi-
nary). The BASE menu converts numbers from one base to another
and performs the arithmetic operations E, E, E, and E it any of
the four bases.

When you press I-BASEI , DEC base is active, as indicated by the

highlighted menu k"y.

E. EEEE
I nsc l]rflIitrrrfiIt
Decimal base is active

Switching Bases
Press one of the menu keys in the BASE menu to switch to a new
base. The menu k"y for the new base is highlighted, and numbers in
the calculator line are converted to the new base. Switching to HEX
base displays the HEX menu, which allows you to k"y in letters A
through F. Exiting the HEX menu restores DEC base

When you switch from DEC to any other base, the integer part of the
number is displayed in the new base. Internally, the l2-digit repre-
sentation of the decimal number is preserved. When you switch back
to DEC base, the full decimal number is displayed, rounded to the
current display format. Numbers are truncated to integers internally
only when they are used in an arithmetic operation in HEX, OCT or
BIN base.

\r/
3: Base Gonversions and Base Arithmetic 63
\b>
Ity
 If a binary number is longer than 21 characters, the display shows the
rightmost (least significant) 20 characters. Press ! and then hold
down fsHow I to view the entire number in two lines with the most
significant digits on the top line.

Example: Gonverting Between Bases. The followirg keystrokes

do a series of base conversions.
Convert "1,251x to binary, octal, and hexadecimal numbers:
Keys: Display: Description:
125 lt BASil l es , BBBB Displays the BASE
menu. DEC base is
active.

1111181 Converts 1,25rc to binary

base.

175 Sets OCT base. l251y :

L75s.

L* 7E Sets HEX base. 7758 :

7Drc.

tmt 1 e5 , BBBg Restores DEC base.

Convert z4EFrc to binary base:

f-$,i1,ffi*Fffi Sets HEX base.

24 1i++fffiffi5 Keys in hexadecimal

$iEr+f E4FF number.

l Exil-l u'- 18818811111111 Converts 24FF* to BIN

base.

lEXlTt 9,471.8888 Exits BASE menu; re-

stores DEC base.

3: Base Gonversions and Base Arithmetic

 Representation of Numbers
:
Decimal numbers are stored internally as a r2-digit mantissa with 3-
\v digit exponent. when a number is converted from its decimal value to
\:. HEX, OCT, or BIN base, the integer part of the number is represented
.v as a 36-bit, binary number. The leftmost (most significant) bit is the
sign bit; it is set it; fot negative numbers.
\-/
Negative numbers are represented internally as the 2's Comprement
v of the positive binary number.
v Keys: Display: Description:

\'/ It BASE I 8738 Converts 8,738fi to

#rg#ffi*ryffi eeee hexadecimal base.

FFF FFN B NE 2's Complement.

\-' tExrrl -s, F3g , BBFE Negative decimal

number.
\-.
\.-
\, Range of HEX, OGT, and Blil Numbers
v The 36-bit word size determines the range of numbers that can be
\v, representedin HEX, OCT, and BIN bases, and the range of decimal
numbers that can be converted to other bases.

Table 3-1. Range of ilumbers for Base Conversions

Base Largest Positive lnteger Largest Negative lnteger
DEC 34,359,739,367 -34,359,739,369
HEX TFFFFFFFF 800000000
OCT 377777777777 400000000000
BIN 11111111111111111 1 00000000000000000
111111111111111111 000000000000000000

3: Base Gonversions and Base Arithmetic 65

When you k.y in numbers in HEX, OCT or BIN base, digit entry
halts if you attempt to k"y in too many digits. For example, if you
attempt to k"y in a lO-digit hexadecimal number, digit entry halts and
the HP-275 beeps after the ninth digit.
If the calculator line contains a decimal number
outside the range in
table 3-1, switching to HEX, OCT or BIN base displays the message
TfiffB I G.

Keys: Display: Description:

It MopEs I
: riiiiril iil.l!*:Sliri.!.:!ii:!l:j:iniiiiri
Sets scientific format.
i:+iir.iri.i1i-f;.Ui.ir.i*liirriiililii:

0 [ tNPUr I

tt BASEI Lx 10- 20 cannot be

11820 converted to OCT base.
l$u.'$* T00E I G

gffi*ffi#ffi# 1 , EeB Restores DEC base.

3lE11r3 3E11 cannot be converted

lE8
i'fun_L'--ffi_ffi,ffi
to HEX base.
ToffB I G- t 1E l HEBB

tt n,tn,*' 3,E11-3.E8 Exits BASE menu, restores

DEC base.

rcLR I Clears calculator line; sets

ll-MopEs-l display to four decimal
:ii+ili+iffitfiiffii$fiii
:ill;iii!:ill:::;ll,i'.:::,iji.::-,:iiiii::!:iricii.::r1i::i,1,,ii
4 places.
f-rNPUT] B, BBEB

If the result of an arithmetic operation in HEX, OCT or BIN base cannot

be represented in 36 bits, the HP-27S displays the overflow warning, fol-
lowed by the largest (or smallest) number possible.

3: Base Gonyersions and Base Arithmetic

 Arithmetic Operations
The arithmetic operations and I can be performed E, E, E, E,
in any of the four bases. Alloperations use 2's Complement
arithmetic. Operations with HEX, OCT or BIN bases use integers
only.

When a division in HEX, OCT or BIN base produces a remainder,

only the integer portion of the number is retained.
Example: Arithmetic in HEX, OCT, and BIN Bases. Calculate
LzFrc + EgA16:
v
Keys: Display: Description:
\,/
IfBnsEl Sets HEX base.
\./ ..=..l-.i###l.+ii.ri:.,
:iiriiiir:ti:+iiii+!iritllirs:!:!i!ii:!H:!:::!'l:!:!,

\./
I2FEEsAE Fce Adds hexadecimal
\./ numbers.
\,/ Calculate 7760s 4326s:
\-'
IExtrl 4,B41,EEBE Exits HEX menu,
\.r/ switches to DEC base
(FC9t6, : 404110).
\-,
i.i*l+,ffi-ffi+ffri.+,i+it
iii:i:i:i:i::i:r:i jii:iii:1.:iH:::ii j;:i:: j+:iH: :iI
771 I Switches to OCT base
(404110 -- 7711a).

7760
r=
E 4326
l-l 3438
\-'
Calculate 1008 . J8.
v
looEsE 14 Integer part of result.

3: Base Conversions and Base Arithmetic

Compare the previous result to the decimal division shown below:
10085 Converts operands to
:lrrtiiffi#ffi+l#it,'+. 64 , BEBB+5, BgBE decimal base.

r 1E . EBBB

liii 6gtgt** 14 Displays integer portion

of 12.81s in OCT base.
Add 5A016 plus 100L1002.
5AO 5HB Keys in HEX base
number.

iTifiiffiiffilG'ffir*=txi Switches to BIN base.

t1,.,
::1,:::lti!:::ffi

161 1A1BBBBB

E 1oo11oo fl 181 1 I tBl lBB Calculates result in BIN

base.

Arithmetic results that cannot be represented in 36 bits display an

overflow warning and the largest positive or smallest negative
number:

${#j SEC Switches to HEX base.

5AAAAAAAA Largest positive number.

E E 4 ouERFLor,r
TFFFFFFFF

EBBBBBBBB Smallest negative

E number.
6CCCCCCCC
[J ovERFLot'l
B BBBggBB B

3: Base Gonyersions and Base Arithmetic

Statistics
The STAI application does one- and two-variable statistics calcula-
tions using sets of data called number lists. As numbers are entered
into a list, the HP-27S displays the running total. Once a list has been
entered, you can:

I Calculate the mean, median, standard deviation, maximurn, mini-

mum, and/ or range (largest minus smallest) of the numbers in the
list.
I Sort the list from smallest to largest number.

The followirg calculations use two number lists:

I Curve fitting and estimation calculations with four models-linear

(linear regression), exponential, logarithmic, and power.
I weighted mean and grouped standard deviation.
r summation statistics-Dx, zx?, zy, zyT,and zxy.

The number of lists you can store and their sizes are limited only by
the amount of available memory.

4z Statistics
Entering the STAT Application
To enter the STAI application, press ll-ffi]. Table 4-1 describes the
STAI menu.

Table 4-7. The STAT Menu

Menu Keys Description

-fti*,#u
Displays the CALC menu for doing statistical calculations.
:rli++#il$*ffi,#i=:::fl
ir:iirj::::it:.r::t:ri.+:lti::::.!.!.::j::t'11:+:::::ij::::i1:
lnserts numbers into the list.
i
Deletes numbers from the list.
ll++lffiffi#tllrii Names or renames the list.
Switches from one list to another and creates new lists.
::+ri:j.ij.ii:.Ij j+lipiiri:J1:riir: ji::+:::::iiri

+#intrffi##fu::it: Erases the STAT menu and displays the total in the calcu-
lator line.

When you enter the STAI application, you are viewing the first empty
item in a particular number list. This list is called the current list. If
there are no lists in memory, the current list is empty and the HP-275
"prompts" you for the first item:

I TEH ( 1 ) =?

If there are lists already in memory, the current list is the one you
worked with most recently. You will be viewing the bottom of the list.
For example, if the current list contained 50 numbers, you would see:

ITEl'l(51)=?
When the STAI menu is displayed, pressing a digit k.y, I'tNp[n, or
;f' erases the menu and displays the calculator line. To restore
the STAI menu, press [EXtrl.

70 4z Statistics
 Entering Data and Galculating the Running
Total
Gener alIy, a new set of data is stored into an empty list. If the current
list already contains data, you can make an empty list available in two
ways:

IClearthecurrent1istbypressinglmffi-ffi(seePa8e
7 6 for additional information).
lCreateanewemptylistbypressingffi.(seePage75
for additional information).
Tlo enter data into an empty list:
1. K.y in the first number or expression (for example, 2 E 7S).
During number entry, the calculator line replaces the STAI
menu. (You can restore the STAI menu by pressing t-Extr l.)

Prompt for ITEM(1)

ITEl'l { 1}=?
E. HEEBxTSI

Calculator line
\-/

2. Press I lr'rnn I to enter the number. If the calculator line contains

an exPression (for example, A, EBEBxPF), the expression is eval-
uated and the result is entered into the list. The HP-27S displays
the running total and a prompt for the next item.

ITEI'I (E)=?
TETHL=[58. ffBEE
Running total in calculator line

4= Statistics 7l
 3, Repeat.steps 1 and 2 to enter all the data. The calculator recog-
nizes the end of a list when an item is left blank.
4. Press I e,rtr I to restore the STAI menu.

Viewing and Editing the List

E and f move up and down the list. lE and Im display the
beginnirg and end of the list. Moving up and down the list does not
affect the value of the running total.

Ghanging a llumber. Tlo change a number in the list:

f. Use the arrow keys to locate and display the incorrect value.
2. K"y in the correct value and press f-lNPUTl.
lnserting a ]lumber. To insert an item:
f. If necess ar!, press I enr I to restore the STAI menu.
2. Use the arrow keys to locate and display the place of insertion.
For example, to insert a number between ITEM(6) and ITEM(7),
display ITEM(7).
3.Presstr'.-.ffitoinsertanewitem,whichisinitial1ysetto0.
4. K"y in the value for the item and press I' TNPUT l.
Deleting a J{umber. To delete a number:
l. If necess ar!, press I Enrl to restore the STAI menu.
2. Use the arrow keys to locate and display the item to be deleted.
3. Press .

72 4: Statistics
 Example: Updating a Checkbook. On May 31, a checking account
v balance was $267.82. The transactions
for the first 10 dayi in ;une
are:

Date Transaction Amount Date Transaction Amount

sl31 Balance 267.82 6/3 Check - 128.90
611 Deposit 837.42 Check
617 - 65.3s
611 Check - 368.23 6/1 0 Deposit 55.67
612 Check - 45.36

\-, Update the checkbook by calculating the running balance.

v Keys: Display: Description:

\-" ll-MopE$l Sets display to two deci-
\-' 'ffiffi mal places.
2 tNpuTl
|'
\-,
v ltsrnrl Enters the STAI
application.
\-'
v If you want to preserve the current list, skip the next step. Instead
. name the list and then press
___E_. W re.
v lltiEAR p-ArA-] Clears the list.
ffi ITEI't(l)=?

\- 267.82nNFUn rTEl,t(z)=? Enters beginning

BZ
TorflL=?6?, barance.

837.42 tlNpurl ITEt't(B)=? Enters deposit on 5/7.

v TorffL=1, los, e4

4t Statistlcs 73
368.238 Enters remaining
ttNPFl transactions.
45.36 w
l' tNPUrl
128.e w
l tNPUi]
65.35 B
t TNPUTI
55.67 t-rNPUr I I TEl'l ( S ) =?
T0THL=553, BT

tmt I TEl'l ( S ) =? Restores the STAI menu.

It-MopEsl Restores four decimal

".{ffit,fi:ffii
:sr::li;rirp,1-li;!i.l,l,::.t1.:i.:ti{i.iH1ii.l,lNjil:1.;:
'1+iri,ii.
4 places.
t tNPUrl

Gopying a List Number to the Galculator

Line
To copy a number from the list to the calculator line, display the item
and press t RdLl t tt\tPtJr l.

Naming and Renaming a List

Naming lists allows you to have more than one list in memory. A list
must be named or cleared before you can switch to a different list.

Tlo name or rename the current list:

1. Press itr+1-ffiffii .

2. Rp" (or edit) the name. (Rpi^g alphabetic information is cov-

ered on pages 36 through 40).
3, Press tl NPUt-l .

74 4= Statistics
v List names can be up to 22 characters long and shourd not contain
\r any of the following characters; *,
-, x , *, ), (, 1, ) , A, i, :, and
sPace.* The first three to five characters (some letters are wider than
others) become a menu label when you press W to switch lists.
v For example, if memory contains three lists named RAIE, AREA, and
CHECKBOOK, pressing displays:

SELEET H HHI'IE
H:HilTffrlllrtrflffi
v To view the name without making any changes, press W, then
fETrr-1.
\-

v Switching Lists and Greating New Lists

v (cETl
v To switch to a different list or create a new list:

\r'
l. If you haven't already done so, name the current list.
2. Display the STAI menu and press W. The GET menu con-
v tains a menu label for each named list, plus WXW$.
v 3. Press the appropriate menu key. W displays a new empty
list.

v Figure 4-1 illustrates switching between two lists named IANCHE3KS

and FEBCHECKS, creating a new list, and naming that list.

:
*
lr,:,:f* *l li;, will accePt names containing these characters. Howeve{, names containing these
characters cannot be used as the listname parameter in the Solver S I ZES and I TEI'I
functions.

4= Statistics 75
 +liig.\rffiffil#iFif,ii+

**#*

+
ri.iLl..-ii'F:Gxf,,i:iltiiir,i...i

r*t+#

Figure 4-7. Switching Between Number Lists

Clearing a List
Clearing a number list erases all the data. The memory used by the
list becomes available for other information.
Toc1earthecuITentlist,preSSt@,then..Ifthelist
is named, the HP-275 lets you choose whether or not to clear the
name by displaying:

HLST] ELEHR L I ST HHI'IE?

Pressing ffi displays an empty, nameless list. Pressing

retains the name, and you will be viewing the empty, named list.

One-Variable Statistics
Press to displuy the CALC menu, which is described in table
4-2. All the menu keys except use the current list.

76 4= Statistics
 Table 4-2. The STAT CALC ltenu
Menu Key Description
* calculates the sum of the numbers in the list.
calculates the arithmetic mean (average) of the numbers in
the list.
Calculates the median.

ffi Calculates the sample standard deviation.* The standard de-

viation is a measure of how dispersed the numbers are about
the mean.
Calculates the difference between the largest and smallest
number.

l*ut
vl
ffiffi Displays the smallest number in the list.

,
Displays the largest number in the list.

, sorts the list from smallest to largest number.

Displays a series of menus for calculations based on two
number lists (curve fitting, estimation, weighted mean and
grouped standard deviation, summation statistics).
* The HP-27S calculates
the sample standard deviation, which assumes the list of numbeq,s is
a sampling of a larger, complete set of data. lf the list is the entire set of data, the frde
population standard deviation can be computed by calculating the mean of the original list,
placing that value into the list, and then calculating the standard deviation. lf you later edit
the list, you must delete the old mean from the tist, calcutate a new mean, and enter the
new mean into the list in order to calculate the new true population standard deviation.

Example: One'Variable Statistics Galculations. Production su-

pervisor Muy Kitt wants to determine how long a certain process
takes. She randomly picks ten people, observes eich one as they carry
out the Process, and records the number of minutes required:

L5.5 9.25 1 0.0 14.75 11.25

12.5 12.0 8.5 13.0 1,2.25

4= Statistics 77
Calculate the mean, range, and standard deviation of the times, and
display the longest time. Also name the list TASK.

Keys: Display: Description:

lf srAfl Enters the STAI

application.

If you want to preserve the current list, skip the next step. Instead,
name the list and then press ., .

l@ Clears the list.

*$rq1. ITEI'|{ 1)=?

15.5 ltNPUTl ITEl{(e}=? Enters the first time.

T0THL= 15 , SBEB

9.25 lml ITEl't (3)=? Enters the second time.

TBTHL=24,7588

10 [ tNPUrl Enters the remaini^g

14.75llNPUrl data.
11 .25 I rNtPrrr I

12.5 t tNPUrl
12 [tNrPrJrl
8.5,liNPUfl
1 3 [ tNPUrl

12.25 tTNPUrl ITEl't( 1t )=?

T0THL= 1 19 , BBBB

lrxtrl l 19, BBBB Displays the CALC

menu.

Calculates mean.
::::::li:.::::ittt::ffi lr:it:i::tc

llti'r"ififfiEffi'v
iiitijlli:.r: tl.lsIGlBGll lx, !i I'IEHH=1t.9BBB
;iiljiffi!#ilLni

iri.$*Xtr.$tffiffirilE
:i:iiiin:-:ia:i-+i,li.;.1.i.i,?,+..
STBEU=2,?468 Calculates standard
deviation.

RHHGE=7 ,EBBE Calculates largest minus

smallest number.

Displays largest number.

::1::i:::lll::::::!:::::t:i.:l:r::ij:t:l::]:$4.1+!:::l:::Iril!

.iiiiiilf;hffi,ffitr
:!:i:iitiiti:!r+:.*1s:+siir$it:lt ii-]
il::ii
: j,',::::it::!:tiii::.r:?,1,1.:.{+::t:1.f.

ii+.r"t'ii#ti*S*.itiii.riii
.+itri{iri:!i+f
i'llL{i!ltlI{i:i::!1
trLLlsitilfi:t'l!:i:1{{::u1i
i,t:il
1'lHH= 15 , SBBB

78 4= Statistics
 tEXrTl ITEl'l{11}=? Displays STAI menu.

'*ulffi TASK Names the list TASK.

t- rNPUil ITEl'l(11)=?

Statistics Operations with TWo Lists

These statistics operations use two lists, and are available in the
FRCST menu:

I Curve fitting for the linear, logarithmic, exponential, and power

models.
I Summation statistics-)r,
2x2, Zy, Dyz, Zxy.
I Mean and standard deviation for grouped data (weighted mean and
\-- grouped standard deviation).
\,/ When you Press ffi, the HP-27S requires you to specify two pre-
viously created lists-one for the x-variable and one ]ot the y-
variable. The two lists must have the same number of items. Table 4-g
\,./ describes the contents of these lists.
\/
Table 4.3. TWo-List Operations
\.,/
Gontents of the Gontents of the
Galculation List Designated List Designated
the X-Variable the Y-Variable
Curve fitting and estima- x-values y-values
tion, summation statistics
Weighted mean Numbers Weights of numbers or
frequencies with which
the numbers occur (inte-
ger or non-integer).
Grouped standard Numbers Frequency with which the
deviation numbers occur (integer
only.).
* No error occurs for non-integer
frequencies, but in most cases the calculated grouped stan-
dard deviation is not meaningful.

4: Statistics 7g
Table 4-4 describes the FRCST menu. The next sections describe two-
list calculations in more detail.
Table 4-4. The FRCST Menu
Menu Key Description
x-variable Used for estimation calculations. Store x and calculate y or
y-variable vice versa.*

'ljlt;lBffi..sli+'
ii!il,\jlih!.,!i*i*::.ijr.r.i:i+
Displays the correlation coefficient. The correlation coefficient
is a number in the range - 1 through + 1 that measures how
closely the data fits the calculated curve. A value of + 1 indi-
cates a perfect positive correlation, - 1 indicates a perfect
negative correlation. A value close to 0 indicates the curve is
a poor fit.
i:l,1i1i;.ii.dr.r,l+tq.;Ig[!1:i$.4{1]-f-..rb'?i-

,+.i:lf.-3i;!Yr'1::b-1,Y,itrlA.+fl.
Displays M. For the linear model, this is the slope.
!{iiiii+tlir+E&!rJ.n:n:-tji

ii$.1.81'le,\1ffitari!Hr,trniiff.i.11$
i *
Displays B. For the linear model, this is the y-intercept.

I
liffi irj?$.rr!{.q$#,Nsi's.s.nxrrsf
j

u
Displays a choice of the four curve fitting models.
#ig1$il**r,ffiffiH+l
tEl:i.:$!.rft:ffi
Calculates the weighted mean of the x-values using the y-val-
ues as weights (or frequencies).
!]!iiiiiiiililE::#r:niilits.*ii$;1.:.;++
ire+1il*l$*iffi*Ffs$ Calculates the standard deviation of a set of numbers (x-val-
ues) occurring with the specified integer frequencies (y'
values).
+:+i *+ffi,.+5-S
iii!:iltltl$i|i$elEE{tli{+:
.r.;.:.*1iltL1,i$.'$l.i,:-1\T.,1$$-:$
Displays the number of items in each list.
I
l'$*ffi
*irsi$\.R}ircl$8:i'. .. .. .

,i..,J,$-tii,i\iffi .rsi*;iiii+i.iii#
:NYii{ii.i.+}ilil5l4g4ldl*1#rP-<?B$i Calculates the sum (total) of the x-values.
Calculates the sum (total) of the y-values.
I;::]llilitii+llr$$d?,illiI:iI:++i!:{ii

iriii'tf.:$.* &-S..,*,1'.f;"f.:$
nii.tsl-rliiiryjiF;tll),i+-i.:1i.,Xi1

Calculates the sum of the squares of the x-values.

r:t!!i!jtsr:nlffi

ii{#F-B\-t*.'.}iift#i.tB..+
iif*r,ilTH&iffi tsai;fl"$!i

{sfrF,1ffiff'ffir#ffi
i,fr$itiiiffi }jjlltu\.fff 1$ Calculates the sum of the squares of the y-values.
iat{r,iti'i.$iilll$FiGrlSH?31#iii
iiiri;iH.\,+jEt.rHs-{*.;:.+.i.:1ifr Calculates the sum of the pr.oducts of the x- and y-values.
. Calculated using the transformed equations for the exponential, logarithmic, and power
models (see table 4-5 on page 82).

80 4= Statistics
 Linear Regression, Gurve Fitting, and Estimation
Curve fitting is a statistical method for finding a relationship between
two variablei-r and y. You can select one of four curve-fitting mod-
els (see figure 4-2).For each model, the HP-275 comPutes M, B and
the conelition coefficient. You can also estimate y for a given
r and
vice versa.

Linear Curve Fit Exponential Curve Fit

ffi ffi

Y:B* Mx

v
\,r

\,/
\-.
\/
\,t Logarithmic Curve Fit Power Curve Fit

\./ ffi ffi

\,t

\,/
v

Figure 4-2. Gurve Fitting Hodels

4z $tatistics 8t
Table 4-5 describes the models in more detail. When curve fitting
uses
the linear model, the calculation is called linear regressinn. Calcula-
tions for the exPonential, logarithmic, and power i1odels use
transformations that allow the data to be ntt.a by standard linear
regression.

Table 4-5. Gurve Fitting ilodels

Model Equation Transformation Gonstraints
Linear y:B+Mx None None
Logarithmic y: B + M lnx y : B + Mlnx x
y versus ln x.
Exponential Y: BEM' lny: lnB + Mx v
ln y versus x.
Power Y -- BxM lny :lnB+Mlnx x> o,y> o
ln y versus ln x

To do curve fitting and estimation:

1' Enter the data into two STAIlists-one for the r-values and one
for the y-values.- The
two items in an x,A pair must have the
same item number in each list. Give both lists meaningful
names. (You do not need to name the current list, but niming it
avoids possible confusion later.)
2. From the STAI menu, press
ffi, then ffi.
3. PressffitodisplayamenuoflistnameS.T1oselectthex.
variable, press the aPpropriate menu kuy. (If the current list is
unnamed, pressing
ffi selects it.)
4. Select the y-vanable by pressing another menu key. The ;g19-1TS
displays the FRCST menu and the current model.
5. If you need to_change models, press ffi ffi, and then
press a menu k.y to select a model.
6. To the curve fitting results, press ffi,
-display
and/orffi. _ ,

7. To do estimation calculations:
1. Kuy in the known value and press its menu k"y.
2- Press the menu k.y for the unknown.

4= Statistics
 Example: Gurye Fitting and Estimation Galculations. The rate of
a certain chemical reaction depends on the initial concentration of one
chemical. When the reaction is run repeatedly, varying only the initial
concentration of the chemical, the following rates are observed:

X Goncentration .050 .075 . L0 .L25 .20

(moles per liter)
Y Rate \ .00620 .00941 .01.40 .01'46 .0230
(moles per liter-
seconds)

Assumirg a linear relationship, calculate the correlation coefficient

and slopJ of the line. Use lineir estimation to calculate the rate of the
reaction when the concentration equals 0.09 moles/liter.

\ Keys: Display: Description:

v

|fsrArl Displays the STAI menu.

v If you want to preserve the current list, skip the next step. Instead,
\-, name the list and then press ffi ffi.
'\,t
l@ Clears the current list.
ITEl'l(l)=?
\,t '
.05 ft{PUTI Enters the concentration
\-, data.
.075 trrrt-Purl
\,/ .1 frNffil
.12s flNpu-Ll
.2 ENPUTI ITEl'l(6)=?
T0THL=B ' 55BB
\./ ffi Displays the STAI menu.
\../

\./
ffi (5)=?
Names the list CONC.
CONC EtPUil ITEl'l
v ffi Switches to a new, empty
\./ ffi ITEl'l(1)=? list.

\-,'

4= Statistics
 .0062 flNffil Enters the rate data.
.ooe41 mFUTI
.014 tltv-pUTl
.0146 t rNFUfl
.023 FNmn I TEl'l ( 6 ) =?
TOTHL=B , B 672

IexTTI I TEl'l ( 6 ) =? Displays the STAI menu.

ffi Names the list RATE.

RATE ttNpUn ITEH(5)=?

ffi
ffi
ffi SELECT H UHRIHBLE

ffi SELECT Y UHRIHELE Specities the list contain-

irg the r-values.
ffi model Specifies the list contain-
ing the y-values.
Do the following step if the current model is not linear:

ffi Selects the linear mod.el.

ffi
ffi
ffi C0RR=E,gsgg Calculates the correlation
coefficient.

ffi 1893
H=E . Calculates the slope.

'09 ffi c0HC=6, ggBB Stores CONC for estima-

tion calculation.
ffi RHTE=B , 61 13 Calculates the estimated
rate.

84 4= Statistics
 Weighted Mean and Grouped Standard Deviation
The followi^g procedure calculates the weighted mean and grouped
standard deviation. The weighted mean is the mean of data points x1,
xz, ...rn occurring with weights wt, wz, ...TJ)n The weights can be non-
integer or integer values (frequencies). Grouped standard deviation is the
standard deviation of data points x"L, xz, ...rn occurring at non-negative
integer frequencies fr, fz, ...f".

To calculate weighted mean andf or grouped standard deviation:

L Enter the data into two STAI hsts-one for the numbers and
one for the weights or frequencies. The number and its weight
(frequency) must have the same item number in each list. Give
bottr lists meaningful names. (You do not need to name the cur-
rent list, but naming it avoids possible confusion later.)
\-'
2. From the STAI menu, press ffi, then ffi.
3.Pressffi.DesignatethelistcontainingthenumberSasthe
r-variable by pressing the appropriate menu k*y. (If the current
list is unnamed, pressing ffi selects it.)
4. Designate the list containing the weights or frequencies as the y-
variable by pressing the appropriate menu k*y. Ignore the
message indicating the current model.
5. Press ffi.
6.Tocalcu1atetheweightedmean,PreSsffi.Tocalcu1atethe
grouped standard deviation, Press .

Exampler Weighted tlean and Standard DeYiation of Grouped

Data. Your manufacturing company purchases a certain part four
times a year. Last year's purchases were:

Part
Pricef $4.25 $4.60 $4.70 $4.10
Number 250 800 900 1000
of Parts

4: Statistics
 The number of parts for each price is the frequency with
which each
price occurred. Therefgtu, you can calculate both tire weighted
mean
and the grouped standard deviation.

Keys: Display: Description:

tlsrATl Displays the STAI menu.
If you want to Preserve the current list, skip the next step. Instead,
name the list and then press
ffi ffiM,.
tm .**ft
,,. ITEI'I (1)=?
Clears the current list.

4.25 t tNpuil Enters the numbers.

4.6 FNprrr I
4.7 [ tNpur I

4.1 ttNPUfl ITEt't (s)=?

T0THL= l Z , 6FgE

++-ffiffiffi Displays the STAI menu.

Names the list PRICE.

PRICE f tNpr,rrl ITEl't (s)=?

Switches to a new empty

, ITE]'|(1)=? list.
250 FmUn Enters the weights
800 t]NpUTl (frequencies).
e00 tlNFFl
1000 ttNmfl rrEr't(F)=?
T0THL=2, 9SB . BBBB

tEXiTt I TEl'l ( 5 ) =? Displays the STAI menu.

.

Names the list WEIGHT.

WEIGHT
f-rNPUil I TEl'l ( 5 ) =?

SELECT H UHRIHBLE
'.,

86 4= Statistics
 gg
,'iLi'!ri{i$'r+rili}'i.'ii*+'Pitr}'xis'}'+SELECT
Y UHRIHBLE Specifieslistcontaining
the prices.

l,.,* model Specifies list containing

the frequencies.

iffi.ffiJ
Iitli!!j1i..ti.i{lirli!iT.ili.,t+.i$,ir.i*+,1
Calculates weighted
H,f'lH=4,4314 mean.
:+::!:uri:iIli:i::+!ir:l+ffi

+FuFffiB.r

t!!:!:rlli:i:i:I:l+:i.:ffi

HrE#4tffi"{ffi.*J
i:+E+s-+-).+.9;ti+slffi-ffi}{
+:.i;!lls+il:l+
G, Stl=H . e541 Calculates grouped stan-
dard deviation.

Summation Statistics
The FRCST menu includes keys for calculating 2x, 2y, 2x2, 2y2, and
Zxy. Zx and 2y are equivalent to the total $OfAq of each list. For
\., calculations involving only one variable, the same list can be desig-
\-/ nated the x- and y-vanable (see the following examPle).

\./ Example: Summation Statistics. Calculate 2r and Zxz for the fol-
lowing values of x: 2.345, 3.456, 4.567.
\'./
\,, Keys: Display: Description:

\,,/ It srArl Displays the STAI menu.

If you want to preserve the current list, skip the next step. Instead,
\,,/ name the list and then Press ,ffi, .

\-, I@
.''n.,,F*[ ITEI'I ( t ]=?
Clears the current list.
\,/
2.34s mpuTl Enters data.
3.4s6 t]ffil
4.567 tlffil rrEl,t(4)=?
TUTFIL= 18 , 3688

fml t,,=_ry,,1,

.itt+'

f SELECT H UHRIHBLE

4= Statistics 87
 \./ "-.J
I
i

ffi Selects, current list as \--,

ffi and y-vanables.
Jc-

\-/
ffi Calculates total (same as \-'
ffi previous TOTAL).
i

ffi EH=18,3689 \-, .

ffi
\
\--l

EX?=38 . SgEs Calculates 2x2.

\--,
l

\,/
\_.,,

\-,
l

.'t

L-r' i
i
I

\-1 i

\_,
t-/
vl
\*, ,

\*/

-i
I

\
l

\-,
i

\-,
l

8A
I

4= Statisties I

\-,.
i
The Equation Solver
The SOLVE application, or Solver, lets you store equations and solve
each equation for any variable. The Solver simplifies equation-solving
by creating a menu consisting of the variables in the equation. Values
ui" stored and calculated using the rules for menu variables covered
in chapter 1 (see page 29). For example, you can enter the equation of
motion for free-fall:

n I STRt{tl.E=l,rt3HT I f,lE- , 5:iG:iT I f'lE*i

and solve for DISIANCE, V0 (velocity at f :0), G (acceleration of grav-
ity), or TIME when three values are known.
The number of equations you can store and the number of variables
in each equation are limited only by the amount of avaiable memory.
The complexity of equations the Solver can interpret is increased by
the availability of the numeric functions in table 5-3 starting on Page
98.

Example: The Equation of llotion for Free-Fall. How far does an

object fall in 5 seconds? How long does it take for an object to fall
500 meters? (The acceleration of gravity is 9.8A57 meters/second2.)

l. Press Il soLVEl, then .

2. Typ" n I5THl.{rl:E=TJEHT I r,1E- , 5.'{G:{T I r'lE'*I [-if,ipw].* (If neces-

sary, see page 36 for instructions on using the ALPHA menu.)
3. Press , then do these keystrokes:

* To type 'o, press

ftn.

5: The Equation Solver 89

Keys: Display: Description:
9.8067, G=g, BB6p Stores the constant.
o ffi uE=E,EBEB Stores V0.
5 ffi TIf'tE=F,BBEB Stores TIME.

, DISTHHEE=-IAA.SSIB Calculates the number of

meters the object falls.
How long does it take for the object to fall 500 meters?
5oo r Stores DISTANCE.
ffi nI$THHCE=-5BB,BBBB

ffi ttmE=la,8981 Iterative solution for

TIME.
During the iteratiae solution for TIME, the Solver displays a series of
estimates. See Page 110 for additional information about iterative
solutions.

Entering the solvE Application

To enter the
lgY.f Press ltsoTvEl. If there are no equations in mem-
oty' the HP-275 displays the SOLVE menu and a *"rrug.t

{HEI,I} FffR H
@rirfiTtErrilEr
SOLVE menu Type a new equation

",---/

5: The Equation Solyer

 If the equation list contains one or more equations, the HP-275 dis-
plays the current equation.

Current equation

F I STHHEE=VBXT I J'IE-
E-XRrfilrrfffTfilEll
Equation is longer than 22 characters

To designate another equation as the current equation, press EJ or E

until that equation is displayed.
\-, Table 5-1 . The SOTVE llenu
\-,
llenu Key Description
\-,
.\,, EdNSNS. {fffi\filffi
Verifies the current equation and displays the menu of
variables.
\-' ffi Displays the ALPHA-edit menu and cursor for editing the cur-
rent equation; also allows you to view the entire equation
\,., when it is longer than 22 characters.
\.r' ffi
ffi&{$sg$w*
Deletes the current equation and/or its variables.

\.-, ffi Displays the ALPHA menu for entering a new equation. The
equation is inserted below the previous current equation.

\",
Entering Equations
T1o enter an equation:

I. Press l[ souyE l.
2. If the list is empty, or if the location of the new equation isn't
important, go to step 3. To insert the equation at a particular
place, use EJ or [Tl to display the equation that will be above
the new equation. Pressing tE] or lfJ moves to the toP or
bottom of the list.
3. Press ffi to display the ALPHA menu.

5: The Equation Solver 91

 4. Typ" the equation. If necess ar!, use p and the ALPHA-edit
menu to correct typographical errors and to view portions of the
equation that have scrolled off the display. (See page g6 for in-
formation about the ALPHA and ALpHA-edit menus.)
5. Press nml to enter the equation.

Doing Solver Galculations

Press'ffi,#ffiffiffi to verify the cuffent equation and display the menu of
its variables.

1. EEEB

Menu of variables for the equation:

B I STHHCE=UBxT I l'IE- . SXGxT I J{E^e

During'verification, the Solver looks for syntax errors-missing oper-

ators, unmatched parentheses, misspelled functions, iltegal viria-ble
names, etc. If the equation passes verification, the HP-275 displays
the menu of variables. The value of new variables is set to 0.

If the equationbreaks any syntax rules, the HP-275 briefly displays

IHUHLIB EQURTI0H and then displays the equation with the cursor
positioned where an error was first detected.

To solve for a variable:

l. Store a value in all but one of the variables. To store each value,
kuy in the number and press the appropriate menu kuy.
2. Optional: After entering all the known values (step L), enter one
or two guesses for the answer. Tlo enter each guess, kuy in the
value and Press the menu k.y for the unkno*^. For eximple, 0
ffi 20 ffi enters 0 and 20 as guesses for TlMElree
Page 11,2 for additional information about guesses).
3. To start the calculation, press the menu k"y for the unknown. If
the Solver finds a solution, the answer is displayed on the calcu-
lator line.

92 5: The Equation Solver

\v In most cases, the Solver displays an answer. However, the Solver can
\_ deal with a wide variety of complo< mathematical conditions. During
certain calculations, the Solver displays sets of changing numbers. (If
v necessary, you can halt these calculations by pressing any key except
v l).The Solver may also display additional information at the conclu-
sion of the calculation to help you analyze the result. "How the solver
v Works" (see page 110) explains how to interpret information dis-
\-, played by the Solver'

\" Glearing Solver Variables

To clear the variables in an equation, press llCuel:onrn]while the
v menu of variables is displayed. Clearing variables sets them equal
\/ to 0.

v Variables are cleared when the equation is edited.

v Viewing and Edating the Equation

v Press W to display the ALPHA-edit menu and cursor. You can
use the cursor movement keys to scroll through the equation. If neces-
v sary, use the ALPHA-edit and ALPHA menus to make any changes
\r' (see page 36 for additional information about alpha entry and
editing).

v If you've edited the equation, ?ress mPUTI to replace_ the old version
of the equation with the edited version. To return to the soLVE menu
v without changing the stored equation, press [ffiI.*
v Editing an equation clears its variables.

* The HP-27S helps prevent loss of an edited equation.If you make changes and press lExtr I
v without pressing ftNEil, the HP-27S gives you another opportunity to save thb edited
.v equation.

5: The Equation SolYer 93

*-
Naming an Equation
Naming an equation helps you identify it. The name precedes the
equation and is seParated from the equation by a colon. Names can
be any length and can include any chaiacters except +, , x :,
, ), (,
<, >, n,:' :, and sPace. The name can be typed in as you initially
enter the equation, or it can be added later ,rJitrg
ffiffi
Equation namb

FHEEFHLL! S15
@Tffirrrf,iilrflEElr

Shared Solver Variables

If a variable aPPears in more than one Solver equatioh, that variable
ts shared among those equations. A value stored br calculated for that
variable remains in memory until a new value is stored or calculated,
or until the variable is cleared or deleted. Switchirg menus does not
affect the stored value.

No sharing occurs between Solver variables and built-in variables

contained in menus outside the Solver. For example, a variable N in a
Solver equation is not shared with the variable N in the TVM
application.

Example: Temperature Gonversions using shared

Variables' Convert 350oF to degrees Kelvin, using the equations:

F=9xC+F +BE and K=C +EZB , I 6

where F, C, and K are degrees Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin.

l.PressIFr-v'EltoentertheSolverapplication,thenffi.
2. Type the equation FrC:F=gxC+F+Be ttNpUTl.
3.PressffiandtyPetheequationKrClK=C+E73.16[NPUTl.
4.PressrffitodesignateFrCasthecurrentequationand
display its menu of variables.

5t The Equation Solver

;
 Keys: Display: Description:

350 F=358, EBBB

j!.rr_r:,iii;Ut&FitIi{4jilrt+_!;ia
re.tai+ir- j: C= 176 , 6667 Calculates oC.

tEXrrlE Displays the menu of

.#ffi '.*-ffi
variables for KrC.

::+,lv.dN:IJii,!nr#Liiffi :ii+I+:+.:+; K=449,8e67 Calculates degrees Kelvin

using the value already
stored in C.

Deleting the Gurrent Equation andlor lts

t\-"
Variables
\-, Tlo delete the variables in an equation, or the equation and its vari-
ables, press , . If the equation is using memory for its variables,
\z the llp-ZfS displays nELETE THE UFRIHELES?. You can respond
v ....ffi.'..-..--...H*o'ffi.Youcannotdeleteanequationwithoutfirstdelet.
ing its variables.
v
When the variables have been deleted, the HP-275 displays
\-/ BELETETHEEfiUHTI0H?.Pressingffiretainstheequation.
The next time you display the menu of variables, memory is reallo-
cated to them.

When a shared variable is deleted, its value is lost to any other equa-
tions that share the variable.

\-. Deleting All Equations andtor Their

Variables
Tlo delete all Solver variables or all the equations and their variables,
disptay the SOLVE menu (the top-level menu in SOLVE) and Press
[email protected]]ELETEHLLUHRIHBLEs?.
p'@deletesallthevariablesinalltheequationS.When
all Solver variables have been deleted, the HP-275 displays
BELETE HLL EHUHT I0HS?, allowing you to choose whether or not
to delete all the equations.
5: The Equatlon Solver 95
,a
 The Syntax of Equations
WhenyouPresSffitocreatethemenuofvariab1es,theSo1ver
inspects the syntax of
equation. If any rules of syntax are broken,
_the
the HP-27S displays the meisage I HuHL I B EfruffT I0H and the AL-
PHA-edit menu.

The following terms are used to discuss equation syntax:

I Variables are the named knowns and unkno for example , V0,
TIME, and DISTANCE.
r Constants are numbers.
r Operators are +, , x, +, and
I Functi\ns do calculations using the arguments enclosed in parenthe-
ses-for example, SQRT(X), XCOOnbln:4). When a function has
more than one argument, the arguments are separated by u colon.
Functions are described in the next section. -

Equations must obey the following syntax rules:

t Equation length is limited only by the amount of available memory.

ll Variable names contain a maximum of 10 characters. Names can-
not begin with a number or decimal point. The characters +,
x, +, n, (, ), <, >' :, '., and space cannot be used in variable,
names.
I The first four or five characters of the variable names become menu
labels in the menu of variables. Therefore, make sure no two vari-
ables have the same first four or five characters.
I Constants must be keyed in as numbers without digit separators or
other characters.

5: The Equation Bolver

v r Algebraic expressions are interpreted according to the operator pri-
\v orities covered on pages 43 and 44. The priorities are expanded to
. include functions and their arguments:
'\-. : (separating arguments in functions) Highes Priority
\-. Expressions inside parentheses

\-, Functions (for example, SIN, ABS, RADIUS)

:H"
\., EE
HflT
HHT}
v
OR HOR Lowest Priority

For example:
v
HxB^3-C is interpreted as A x 83 : C. To raise A x B to the 3rd
v powet, enter ( HxB ) ^3=C.
v R +B+C= 12 is interpreted as A + (B + Q : 12. To divide the sum of

v A+B by C enter (R+B)+C=12.

,v In interpreting HCOORB ( T +le I H-98 ) ^2, the Solver evaluates the
arguments T + 12 and A - 90, computes the value of the function,
v and then squares the function value.
v r You cannot use parentheses for implied multiplication. For exam-
ple, the expression P(l - F) must be entered as Px( 1-F). The x
\/ operator must be inserted between p and the parenthesis.
v r You can use spaces to make the equation more readable as long as
there are no spaces within variable names and function names.
Equations can use any of the functions listed in table 5-3 starting
\'/ on page 98.
v r You cannot use logical operators (seetable 5-4 on page 103) as vari-
\, able names. For o<ample, you cannot name a variable AND, but
CltNDy and LAND are acceptable variable names.
v

5: The Equation Solver 97

Solver Functions
Table 5-3 lists the Solver functions. The function arguments can be
constants, variables, or algebraic expressions.

If a typing aid exists for the functioh, it is accessed by the same k.y-
strokes used to execute the function in calculator-line arithmetic. For
example, f[ pnnrsl lffi displays HBS (.

Table 5-3. Solver Functions

Function Description Typing Aid
ABS(x) Absolute value. tt PAffil
ffiffi
4:NW,r:ffil:$Brs+i.1.+1l.s

ACoS(x) Arc cosine.t tt Acosl

ACOSH(x) Hyperbolic arc cosine. It r{ypl
ffiffiffi
ALOG(x) Common (base 10) antilogarithm;
1 0x.
t@
ANGLE(x:y) 4 polar coordinate for (x,y) rect- tlcoNVffil
angular coordinates.t

ASIN(x) Arc sine.t tfSrwt

ASINH(x) Hyperbolic arc sine. tliirp]
$-B$mmsi
:!:li'1lSilEMliS\\S.rtKS:!9\rS

ATAN(x) Arc tangent.t lArANl

ATANH(x) Hyperbolic arc tangent. It Hypl
t

CDATE Current date.*

COMB(x:y) Number of combinations of x items 11m--l
taken y at a time. ffiNjT*ll$R1H$ffii
:I*i,tIiI*SXS*EHRISNS€

CoS(x) Cosine.t tcosl

CoSH(x) Hyperbolic cosine. IfTrYPl
ffiffiffi$.ffi
* Uses the current date format (MM.DDYYYY or DD.MMYYYY). The date format is changed
in the TIME SET menu.
t Uses the current angle mode-degrees or radians.

98 5: The Equation Solver

 Table 5-3. Solver Functions lGontinuedl
Function Description Typing Aid
CTIME Current time in H.MMSS, 24-hour
format.
DATE(date:n) The date n days after (when n is
positive) or before (when n is nega-
tive) the specified date.*
DDAYS (d1:d2:cat) The number of days between dates
dl and d2.. cal designates the
calendar:
r cel : 1 for the actual calendar,
which recognizes leap years.
\./' I cal: 2 tor the 365-day calendar,
v which ignores leap years.
r cal: 3 for the 360-day calendar,
v which uses 12, 30-day months.
\,/ DEG(x) Converts x in radians to decimal Itcoruvffil
'\./ degrees. rtr-ffiffiiffi,i,rl1i
:tr:::t::::!9.:J::s:Bl:!:Irlis::l:t::::r.r:s

v EXP(x) Natural antilogarithm; ex. IB

\,. EXPMl (x) ex -1.
\-' FACT(x) Factorial; is an integer ttFR6tsl
\-' rgliliE
jili:.i'1:,iir-ti:l:e..:l+:i.l-:irjili::l$i+-!i*:s

\-" FP(x) Fractional part. It pARrsl

r:l-lniiii'ii.i;s::si1.i.{1i.:

\./
\,/
HMS(x) Converts x in decimal hours (de-
grees) to H.MMSS (D.MMSS)
It coNffil
it+

format.
\,,
\./ HRS(x) Converts x in H.MMSS (D.MMSS) ItcoN\ffii
format to decimal format. FiI-Vft il
'\.r/

lDlV(x:y) lnteger part of the quotient of

\.,/
* Uses the current date format (MM.DDYYYY or DD.MMYYYY). The date format is changed
\-/ in the TIME SET menu.
t Uses the current angle mode-degrees or radians.

5: The Equation Solver 99

 Table 5-3. Solver Functions lGontinuedl
Function Description IVping Aid
lF(con:algl :alg2) con is a conditional expression , algl
and alg2 are algebraic expressions.
It con is true, use algl; if con is
false, use alg2. (See page 103 for
additional information.)
INT(x) The greatest integer less than or
equal to x.
INV(x) Reciprocal, 1 lr. t@
lP(x) lnteger part. Il
W
iiiw
pARiSl
ffi*HINW

ITEM(istname:x\ Returns value of ITEM(x) in the

specified STAT list.
LN(x) Natural (base e) log. IN
LNPl (x) ln (1 + x).
LoG(x) Common (base 10) log of x. lfmcl
MAX(x:y) Larger of x and y.
MIN(x:y) Smaller of x and y.
MOD(x:y) The remainder of the division x + y;
MOD(x,y) : x y x INT(x + yl.
PERM(x:y) Permutations of x items taken y at a
time.
PI r, 3.1 41 59265359 (1 2 digits).
RAD(x) Converts x in decimal degrees to
radians.
RADIUS(x:y) R polar coordinate for (x,y) rectan-
gular coordinates.t
ffiW
RAN# Pseudo-random number (0 <r< 1).

* Uses the current date format (MM.DDYYYY or DD.MMYYYY). The date format is
changed
in the TIME SET menu.
t Uses the current angle mode-degrees or radians.

100 5r The Equation Solver

 Table 5-3. Solver Functions (Gontinuedl
Function Description lYping Aid
RND(x:y) x rounded to y decimal places (when tm=Tst
0 $ffiffiH$i$
s-hiln\1$4$}-rh\\s$$n:ra\i*t::RR

its (when -12

be an integer.
S(var) var is a variable; used with the lF
function to create a menu of vari-
ables from more than one equation.
(See page 106 for additional
information.)
SGN(x) Sign of x (+1 if x
-1 it x
Z(cv:cI :c2:s:alg) Sums values of the algebraic
expresson (a/g) for values of the
v counter variable (cv). The counter
variable starts with value c7 and is
\-' incremented in steps of s, to a final
value at c2. (Refer to page 1 08 for
\,,, additional information.)
\-t SIN(x) Sine.t rcm
v SINH(x) Hyperbolic sine. It-Hyp I

\-,
W
SIZES(listname) Returns the number of items in the
specified STAT list.
SPFv(io/o:tt\ Future value of a single $1 .00 pay-
ment; equivalent to (1 + io/o +
100)n. n is the number of compound-
ing periods. io/" is the interest rate
per compounding period, expressed
as a percentage.
SPPv(io/o:tt) Present value of a single $t.OO pay-
ment; equivalent to 1 + SPFV(to/o:nl.
n is the number of compounding pe-
\., riods. io/o is the interest rate per
compounding period, expressed as a
percentage.
* Uses the current date format (MM.DDYYYY or DD.MMYYYY). The date format is changed
in the TIME SET menu.
t Uses the current angle mode-degrees or radians.

5: The Equation Solver I Ol

 t

Table 5-3. Solver Functions lGontinuedl

Function Description lYping Aid
Sa(x) x2 rtf,
SQRT(x) w I
l@
TAN(x) langent. I
trAN]
TANH(x) Hyperbolic tangent. It Hypl
WNN
TRN(x:y) x truncated to y decimal places
(when 0
cant digits (when - 12 < y
y must be an integer.
USFv(io/o:tt) Future value of a uniform series of
$l payments; equivalent to
.OO
(SPFV(io/o:nl-1) T (i"/" + 100). n is
the number of payments. i"/" is the
periodic interest rate, expressed as
a percentage..!\"b . *r.

USPv(to/o:tt\ Present value of a uniform series of

$1.00 payments; equivalent to
USFV(ro/o:tt) T SPFV(io/o:n). n is the
number of payments. i% is the peri-
odic interest rate, expressed as a
percentage.
xcooRD(R 4) x-coordinate of polar coordinates.t ItcoNVERrl
ffi
ffi
YCOORD(R 4) y-coordinate of polar coordinates.t tlcoNVERr-l
ffi
ffi
* Uses the current date format (MM.DDYYYY or DD.MMYYYY). The
date format is changed
in the TIME SET menu.
t Uses the current angle mode-degrees or radians.

lo.2 5: The Equation SolYer

\/ Gonditional Expressions llF Functionf
Equations can include conditional expressions using the IF function,
\-. which has the syntax:
v IF@onditional expression t.algebraic expression r algebraic expression)
v
For example, the equation:

Y=IF(HlE RHt] H{lB I 3xH^3-45xH^a+358 I lBBE)

: -ffi\""
expression
er""/
The two colons separate the function into a conditional expression*, a
v "Then" atgebraic expression, and an "Else" algebraic expression. The
v equation states that when the conditional expression is true (0 < X <
10), then Y : 3X3 - 45X2 * 350; otherwise, Y : 1000.
\-
v Conditional expressions can contain the logical and relational oper-
ators described in tables 5-4 and 5-5.

\./ Table 5-4. Operators Used in

Gonditional Expressions
\-
Logical
\-" Operators
Relational Operators

AND Greater than.

OR Less than.
XOR Equal to.
\., NOT Greater than or equal to.
Less than or equal to.
v Not equal to.

* Conditional expressions containing algebraic expressions

may generate the error
v INVffLID EAUHTI0HS. If this happens, insert "*" before the left parenthesis. For ex-
ample, change IF( (F+2)+S{12: ...to IF( +(H+2)+S{12 r ... .

5: The Equation Solver I 03

 Table 5-5. Evaluating Logical Expressions

When When When When

Expression A True A True A False A False
B True B False B True B False
AANDB True False False False
AORB True True True False
AXORB False True True False
NOT A False False True True
NOT B False True False True

Here are several additional examples of equations using the IF

function:

Equation: B =IF (r(H HHB Fl{=lF:exH=6:IxH+18)+[

lnterpretation: If 7
wise,B:3xA+10+C.
Equation: uffLUE=F I Rsr +I F ( H0T F I Rsr=E : 1+F I Rsr :E )

lnterpretation: If FIRST 0, then VALUE : FIRST

+ + (1 .

FIRST). If FIRST : A, then VALUE : FIRST.

Equation: T=l,lx I F ( H=S H0R E=E : H +E : ffxg I

lnterpretation: T : w x (A + B) if A or B, but not both, equals 0.

Otherwise, :
T W x A x B. In other words:
When A: 0 and B * 0, T : W x B
WhenA*0andB:0,T:WxA
WhenA-0andB:0,T-0
When A * O and B + O, T : W X A X B

r04 5: The Equation Solver

\-. Example: Nested lF Functions. An IF function can be used as the
\_ argument of another IF function. Placing one IF function within an-
other is called "nesting."

u A corporation uses a rating system to determine salary. Employees are

rated on a scale 1 through 3, and are given the following annual per-
v cent raise based on their rating:

Rating Percent Salary lncrease

1 3"/o

2 6o/o

3 10o/"

v
\r' Create a Solver equation that calculates employees' new salaries
based on their previous salary and rating. Then, calculate the new
v annual salary for an employee with rating 2 who currently earns
v $27,500 annually.
v L Press llsolVel, then W.
\- 2. Iyp",
v HSFL=OSRLx(1+IF(R=1 I,BJ: IF(R=P: .BEr, 1))) t]NFUTl
3. Press ffi,ffi to verify the equation and display the menu of
variables.

Keys: Display: Description:

\r'

v 27500 W osnL=a?,sss. gegg Stores the old salary.

v 2 W R=2. EBBB Stores the rating.

\r' ffi NSFL=a9, lEB, gggg Calculates the new
v salary.

\/

5: The Equation Solver 1O5

Greating Menus for Multiple Equations tS Function|
The S (solving for) function is used with the IF function to grouP
equations and to specify the conditions under which one or the other
is used. For example, consider these two equations for converting
units:

Kilograms x 2.205 : Pounds and Meters x 3.28I - Feet

The equations can be rearranged to place 0 on one side of the equa-

tion:

Kilograms x 2.205 Pounds - 0

Meters x 3.28"1. Feet - 0

To create one menu that can do either conversion, enter the equation:

Optional; : 0 is imPlied if omitted

IF(S(KG) 0R S(FHB) :KGx2, eB5-FNB:l'1x3, eSl-FTrl*

Solving for lf true: use lf false: use
either KG this expression this expression
or PND?

The S function appears within the IF function in the conditional ex-

pression. In this case, the conditional expression is true if you solve
for KG or PND, and false if you solve for anything else. The algebraic
expressions in the IF function are the two equations, rewritten to
gather all the terms on one side of the equation, so that each expres-
sion is equal to 0.*

When you press 'ffi , the HP-275 displays:

1. EEBE
IflMITIIil

* The IF function can be set equal

to an expression common to both equations. For example,
the equations H+Y+1B=H=Z and Q+R+1B=FI=T can be combined to
IF(S(H) 0R S(Y) 0R S(Z) : X+Y-Z :fi+R-T)=-1B+ff. Note that the Solver
uses the second equation when solving for Q, R, T, or A.

I OG 5: The Equation Solver

:
v Exampte: Unit Gonvelsions. To do kilograms/pounds and
\J meters/feet conversions:
\/ l. Press llsor-vel, then:.
v 2. Type the equation and press []ffi|.
v 3. Press I to verify the equation and display the menu of
variables.
v
v Convert 225 pounds to kilograms.
v Keyr: Display: Descrlptlon:
v 225: puo=?as ,gggg Stores number of
v pounds.
v : KG=192.6449 Calculates number of
v kilograms.

v How many feet equal 100 meters?

v 100 : H=180,0696 Stores number of meters..
v n FT=328. togg Calculates number of
v feet.

v The Solver always selects the equation based on the unknown vari-
v able. For orample, if you store 100: and then press f,
the Solver solves for PND using the kilogram/pound equation and
v the cunmt value stored in KG.

5: The Equatlon Solver lO7

The Summing t>l Function
The 2 function provides the ability to do a variety of summing opera-
tions. The syntax of the function is:

2 ( counter variable t starting aalue t ending aalue z step size z algebraic

expression j

The counter aariable takes on a series of values, beginning with the

starting ualue, and incrementing according to the step size, until it
passes the ending ualue. For each value of the countel, the algebraic
expression is evaluated, and the value is added to the previous value.
The function returns the final summation.

For example, when the the equation:

SER I ES=E ( I II : 6 : 1 : I xH^ I)

is solved for SERIES, it uses the stored value of X to calculate X + zxz
+ 3X3 + 4X4 + sxs.'/..,2,3,
+ 5X6. The counter I runs from 1 through 5 in
steps of L-that is, 4,5, 6. For each value l, the expression
I x X ^ I is calculated and added to the sum. The counter variable does
not appear in the menu of variables.
The followi.g equation uses a variable as the ending value, 0 as the
beginni.g value, and a step size of 2.

SERIES=E( I : B: LHST:2: IxH^I )

If 8 is stored in LAST,I takes on values of 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8. Solving for

SERIES in this equation calculates 2X2 + 4X4 + 6X6 + 8X8.

I 08 5: The Equation SolYer

v Eranple A Seriet Expancion. Sin r can be calculated by the
v series:

v sinx:9 (-t)tl'*t
v l=o (2, + 1)!
v l. To enter the equatiorl press l[sor_vel, then:.
v 2, Type:*

v SINH=E( I :0 I LffST I I I (-l )^IxH^(AxI +1 )+

Ff, CT ( Ax I +t ) ) [iN-pu-il.
3. Press f to verify the equation and display the menu of
v variables.
v Calculate the sine of. r/2 radians:
v
Keysr Dirpley: Detcrlption:

v 10 : LHST=16. BsoB Store ending value for I.

v lE E 2 stores angle in radians.

: x=l.5?98

v f s=l,oEBE Calculates sine.

*To typ" E, press

n n,::.
v 5l The Equation Sotver lOg
w
Sumnring Operations With STAT Lists
The
stored in STAI lists. TWo Solver functions allow you to access that
data.

I SIZES(list name) returns the number of items in the specified list.

I I T E Yl (list name z item number j returns the value of the specified
item.

For example, the following equation calculates 2x12y] for two lists
named XVAR and WAR that have the same number of items:

SH2YZ=E( I : 1r SIZES(HVHR) I 1: ITEl'l(HUHR: I )^2x

ITEI',I(YUHR: I )^2)

"Calculating Subtotals' on page 186 illustrates another application of the

How the Solver Works

Dirgct and lterative Solutions

When you start a calculation, the Solver attempts to find a direcf solution
by algebraically rearranging the equation to isolate the unknovtm. If a di-
rect solution is found, the HP-275 displays the answer with no other
information. For example, to solve:

t] I STHNCE=UBxT I l,lE_, SxGxT I I,lE^a

for V0, the Solver internally rearranges the equation to isolate V0:

v0 : (DlsTANcE + .5 x G x TIME^2) + TIME

IIO 5: The Equation Solver

-
 If the Solver cannot isolate the unknown, it uses an iteratiae (repeti-
tive) Process to search for a solution that sets the left side of the
equation equal to the right side. The Solver starts with two initial esti-
mates of the answer-your guesses, or numbers it generates. Using
one of the estimates, the Solver evaluates the left and right sides of
the equation (LEFT and RIGHD and calculates LEFT minus R/GHT
(LEFT -NGHT). Then, the Solver repeats the calculation for the other
estimate. If neither estimate produces a value of 0 for LEFT-KIGHT,
the Solver produces two new estimates that appear to be closer to the
answer. By repeating this process many times, the Solver approaches
the answer.
During the iterative search, the HP-27S displays the two current esti-
mates and the sign of LEFT-R/GHT for each estimate.*

Sign of LEFT-RIGHT for each estimate

18. E9SE74 14e7

rT II ],IE:
I'lE: 18. EggE74 14e6

Gurrent estimates

Halting and Restarting an lterative Search

The iterative search can take several minutes. You can halt the search
by pressing any k"y except !. Then, press [] ot [T'LR I to see the best
estimate the Solver has found. To restart the search from where it left
off, press the menu k"y for the unknown.

If the estimates don't seem to be proceeding towards a number you

judge to be a reasonable answe[, you can halt the search, enter your
own guesses, and restart the search.

* A question mark beside an estimate

indicates that LEFT-RIGHT cannot be calculated for
that estimate.
v
5: The Equation SolYer I I I
Entering Guesses
Entering guesses gives you control over the initial estimates used in an
iterative search. Since the search starts in the range between the two
initial estimates, entering guesses can reduce the number of iterations L.
required to find a solution. Also, if more than one solution ocists,
guesses can help select the desired answer. The closer your guesses ---

are to the desired solution, the better chance the Solver has of finding !
it.

You can enter one or two guesses at these times:

r Before beginning the calculation, after you've stored a value for :

every variable except the unknown. If you enter one guess, the
Solver generates a second estimate.
r After you've halted the iterative search. !
r After the Solver has refurned an answex, and you wish to search
for another solution.
v
To enter one guess, key in the value and press the menu key. Press v
the menu key again to start the calculation. For ocample, 4.5 n
ffi starts the calculation with the guess A : 4.5. !
To enter two guesses, key in the first guess and press the menu key.
Keyinthesecondguessandpressthemenukeyagain.Tostartthe
calculation, press the menu key a third time. For example 0:
100 lI n starts the search for A in the range 0 through
100. u

112 5: The Equation SolYer

v Erample: Entering Guesses. Use the equation of motion for free
\v. fall from the o<ample on page 89 to calculate how long it takes an
obiect to fall 1,000 meters. Use 10 and 1.5 as guesses.
\J

\-. If you have not already entered the equation, follow steps 1 through 3
on page 89, and store 9.8067 in G and 0 in V0. Then:

v Keys: Ditplayt DercriPtion:

\, 1000 EJ Stores the DIS?hNCE.

\-' t IIISTfiNCE=
-l, 006. gggo
v Enters the guesses.
10 ru
\/ 15 : TIHE=ls ' oEOS
v t TIHE=l4.zsBg lterative solution for
. TIME.

\/ Outcomes of an lterative Solution

\/ Cases 1, 2, 3, and.4 describe the possible outcomes of an iterative
v solution. See appendix B for o<amples of the four cases.
v Gase l: The HP-27S displays an answer on the calculator line. It is
v aery l*ely that the solver has found a solution.

v There are two sifuations in which the Solver returns a case 1 answer
(see figure 5-1).
v
v r Gase la: LEFT-RIGHT is exactly 0.
v r Gase lb: LEFT-RIGHT is not zero for either estimate. However,
the two final estimates are neighbors-they are as close together as
\-' possible, given the calculator's l2-digit precision. IEFT-RIGHT is
v positive for one estimate, arrd negative for the other estimate.

\-/ 5: The Equation Solver ll3

LEFT - RIGHT LEFT _ RIGHT

Estimate Estimate

Figure 5-1. ltelatiye Solutions-Gase I

At the conclusion of the calculation, you can determine whether the

solution is case La or lb by pressing the menu k.y for the unknown.
If LEFT-RIGHT is not exactly 0, the HP-275 displays LEFT and
RIGHT for the answer. Pressing tcln-l or E redisplays the answer.

Value of left side of the equation for the answer

l-
I
t-->
t*intCHf : -+S9.9999
I
l- Value of right side of the equation for the answer

The equation could have more than one solution. If the answer does
not seem reasonable, enter one or two guesses and recalculate the
answer.

Gase 2= The HP-275 beeps and displays the values of LEFT and
R/GHT for the answer. The Solver has found a possible solution, but
you must use judgement in interpreting the results. To view the answe4
press lml or [J. If the answer seems unreasonable, it could be be-
cause the equation has more than one solution. You might want tg
enter one or two initial estimates and restart the search.

ll4 5: The Equation Solver

 There are three comparisons to help you interpret a case 2 solution:

I Whether the values of LEFT and RIGHT are relatively far apart or
close together.
r Whether LEFT-R/GHT for the two final estimates have the same
or opposite signs.
I Whether the two final estimates are relatively far apart or close to-
gether; in particular, whether they are neighbors.

Tloview the two final estimates, press and hold down the menu k"y
for the unknown until the numbers stop changing. As long as you
hold down the k"y, the HP-275 displays the last estimates and the
signs of LEFT-R/GHT for each estimate.

There are three situations in which the Solver returns a case 2 solu-
tion: (see figure 5-2):
I Gase 2a= The signs of LEFT -RIGHT are opposite and the two esti-
mates are neighbors. The Solver found two estimates that bracket
an ideal solution (a solution where LEFT-R/GHT equals 0). The
answer may possibly be a solution. It is more likely that the answer
is a solution if LEFT and RIGHT are relatively close together than if
they are relatively far apart.
I Gase 2b= The signs of LEFT -R/GHT are opposite and the two esti-
mates are not neighbors. You should be very cautious about
accepti.g the answer as a solution. Howeve{, if LEFT and R/GHT
are relatively close togethel, the answer may be a solution.
I Gase 2c= LEFT-RIGHT for the two estimates have the same sign.
The Solver halted because it could find no estimates that further
reduced the magnitude of LEFT -R/GHT. You should reject the an-
swer unless the values of LEFT and RIGHT are relatively close
together. If LEFT and RIGHT are relatively close together, the an-
swer may possibly be a solution.

\r/ 5: The Eguation SolYer 115

 LEFT _ RIGHT LEFT _ RIGHT

Estimate Estimate

Gase 2a Gase 2b

LEFT - RIGHT

Estimate

Gase 2c

Figure 5-2. lteratiye Solutions-Gase 2

Gase 3: The HP-275 displays:

BHB GUESSES I

PRESS ECLR] TO UIEl,I

The Solver cannot begin the search with the initial estimates. Pressing
tEiH] or E displays the two initial estimates. Pressing any other ke|
except ! restores the calculator line and menu of variables. There may
be a solution you can find by entering good guesses (see "Enterinf
Guesses" on page ll2).

Gase 4= The HP-275 beeps and displays SoLUT I0H HoT FSUHE.
The Solver is unable to make progress towards a solution. Make sure
the equation has been entered correctly. Also check the values of the
known variables. If the equation and variables are correct, you may be
able to find a solution by entering very good guesses.

I 16 5: The Equation Solver

 \-/
\-/
\-/ Time Value of Money
\-/
\./ The TVM application does time aalue of money calcttlations, which are
based on money earning compound interest over a period of time.
\-, Compound interest calculations take into account that interest, added
v to the principal at specified compounding periods, also earns interest.
Loans, savings accounts, pension funds, and leases are examples of
v time value of money calculations.
v Specifically, the TVM application does calculations based on a series
\./ of cash flows (money received or money paid) where:
v r The dollar amount is the same for each payment.
v I The payments occur at regular intervals.
v I The payment periods coincide with the compounding periods.
v The TVM application also does amortization calculations, which de-
\./ termine the amounts applied toward principal and interest in a
payment or series of payments.
\-/
v
v
v
v
v
\r/

v
v

\-/ 6: Time llalue of toney 117

'b.'-/
Entering the TVM Application
To enter the TVM application, press lt
rvtvt] . The HP-27S displays the
top-level TVM menu and a message describi.g the current payment
conditions.
the end of

fffiflffifrrml-ffll.-\
TVM Variables Top-level
TVM menu
Change payment conditions
and access amortization
calculations

The k"y displays the second-level menu, which is used to

change the payment conditions and to access the amortization
(AMRT) menu.

I 18 6: Time Yalue of toney

 Table 6-7 describes the top-level and second-level menus.
: Table 6-1. TVll Menu Keys
llenu Key Description
Top LeYel
bt Stores or calculates the total number of payments or com-
pounding periods.* N can be expressed in any unit of time-
for example, years, months, or days.

T'HYH Stores or calculates the nominal annual interest rate as a per-

centage.
:.',,P,$.' Stores or calculates the present value-an initial cash flow or
a discounted value of a series of future cash flows (PMTs +
FV). To a lender or borrower, PV is the amount of the loan; to
an investor, PV is the initial investment. PV always occurs at
the beginning of the first period.
P.F{t Stores or calculates the dollar amount of each periodic pay-
ment. All payments are equal, and no payments are skipped.
Payments can occur at the beginning or end of each period.
Ftd Stores or calculates the future value-a final cash flow or a
compounded value of a series of previous cash flows (PV +
PMTs\. FV always occurs at the end of the last period.
v r+
I lIrxrrl
0rHER
t- Level
tSecond
PrYR Stores the number of payments per year or compounding pe-
riods per year. The value must be an integer in the range 1
through 999.
8EG Sets Begin mode; payments occur at the beginning of each
period.

EHB Sets End mode; payments occur at the end of each period.
RilRT Displays the AMRT (amortization) menu for calculating am-
ortization schedules.
* When the calculator calculates a non-integer N, the answer must be interpreted carefully.
lnterpreting a non-integer N is shown in the savings account example on page 127 .

Calculations using a stored non-integer N produce a mathematically correct result, but this
result has no simple, useful interpretation.

6: Time Value of Money I 19

Gash-Flow Diagrams and Sign Gonvention
It is helpful to illustrate TVM calculations with cash-flow diagrams.
Cash-flow diagrams are time lines divided into equal segments of
time representing complunding (or payment) periods. Arrows show the
cash flows. Money received is a positive number; money paid out is a
negative number. The directions of the arrows for a transaction de-
pend on the point of view taken in the problem. For example, a loan
is an initial positiae cash flow to the borrower and a negatiae cash
flow for the lender (see figures 6-l and 6-2).

PV
(Loan)

Money re-
ceived is a
positive Equal periods
number

PMT
Money paid out
is a negative FV
number
Equal payments

Figure 6-1. Loan From Borrower's Point of View

Equal payments
FV

PMT

Loan

Equal periods

Figure 6-2. Loan From Lender's Point of Uiew

12O 6: Time Value of toney

 Figures 5-3 and 6-4 illustrate payments occuoirg at the beginning and
end of each period.

PV

Capitalized
value
of lease
\-,
\./
PMT
v
\-, FV
v
Figure 6-3. Lease Payments at Beginning of Each Period
v
\-,
\./
v
v
v
v
\-,
PV
\-,
\-, Figure 6-4. Deposits lnto an Account at End of Each Period
\-,
\.,
v
\./
\r/

\./
v

6: Time Value of toney l2l

TVM Galculations
To do TVM calculations:

l. Press l[ rw I to enter the TVM application.

2. To clear the TVM variables M lq/oYR, PV PMT and FV, press
I@. This step is unnecessary if you will be entering
new values for all fiae variables.
3. Read the message that describes the payment conditions. If you
need to change the number of payments per year or the
BegSn/End mode, press ru.
I To change the number of payments per yea\ key in the new
value and press ru.
I To change the B"g+/End mode, press ru or ru.
t to return to the top-level TVM menu.
Press fexn I
4. To store the known values, k"y in the number and press the ap-
propriate menu k.y.
5. To calculate a value, press the appropriate menu k.y.

Some time-value-of-money calculations require that certain variables

be set to zero. For example, FV must be set to zeto when you are
calculating the periodic payment (PMn required to fully repay a loan.
There are two ways to set a value to zetoi

tBeforestoringanyTVMvalues,PresSl@toclearthe
TVM variables (step 2, above).
tStorezeto;forexample,pressing0ffisetsFvtozeto.

Glearing the TVM Variables

The calculator retains the values stored in the TVM variables until
[email protected]
playingthetop-levelTVMmenu,pressingt@clearsN,
l0/oYR, PV, PMT, and FV. When the second-level menu is displayed,
pressing l@ sets the payment conditions to
12 PrYR EHD 1'l0DE. /

122 6: Time Value of toney

 Loan Galculations
The following examples illustrate common loan calculations. Loan cal-
culations typically use End mode. For amortization of loan payments,
see page 130.

Erample: A Gar Loan. You are financi.g the purchase of a car with
a 3-year loan at 10.5% annual interest, compounded monthly. The
purchase price of the car is $7,250. Your down payment is $1,500.
What are your monthly payments? (Assume payments start one
month after purchase-in other words, at the end of the first period.)
Also, what interest rate would reduce your monthly puyment by $10?
\-,
\,/ PV:7,250-1,500
\-,
FV:0
v l"/"YR:10.5
N- 3x 12
P/YR:12; End mode

\./ PMT:?
\-,

Keys: Display: Description:

\-, It rwtl Enters TVM application.

\-, It MopES-l Sets display to two deci-

ffi mal places.
2 [ tNPUr I

t@ Optional; clears TVM

variables.

ffi Ifnecessary: sets 12 pay-

l@ ment periods per year;
l-ffit I? PrYR EHD 1'l0BE End mode.

6: Time Value of toney 123

3812 Stores number of
ffi H=BE,BE payments.
10.5 ffi lzyR=la, so Stores annual interest
rate.

7250 a 1500 Stores the loan amount.

ffi PU=S,758,98
om FU=B,gg Sets W to 0; not neces-
sary if you previously
cleared the variables.

ffi Pl'{T=- | 8g , 89 Calculates the pay-

ment-money paid ottt.

To calculate the interest rate that reduces the payment by $10:

E10m Pl'{T=- t 76 , 89 Stores reduced payment

amount.

ffi IU YR=6 , 75 Calculates annual inter-

est rate.

Erample: A Home tortgage. The maximum monthly mortgage

Payment you can afford is $630. You can make a $ 12,000 down pay-
ment, and annual interest rates are currently lL.So/o.If you take out a
30-year mortgige, what is the maximum purchase price you can
afford?

PV:?

FV:0
IY"YR:1 1 .5
N-30 x 12
P/YR:12i End mode

124 6: Time Value of toney

 Keys: Display: Description:

tt rvM] Enters the TVM

application.

lt-MoDESt Sets display to two deci-

ffi-w mal places.
2 [ rNPUr I
\-,
\-, l@ Optional; clears TVM
variables.
\-/
v ffi If necessary: sets 12 pay-
l@ ment periods Per Year;
\-/ lffil la P.,YR EHB I'loBE End mode.

\-, 30 [} 12 Stores number of

v' ffi B6
H=368, payments.

\,/ 11.5ffi lzyR=tt,sg Storesannualinterest

rate.
\-,
.\,, 630 E Stores monthty puyment.

\-,
ffi Pl,lT=-fi39 , gB

\-/
0ffi FV=E , gB Sets W to 0; not neces-
sary if you previously
\./ cleared TVM variables.

\-/ ffi PU=63,617.64 Calculates loan amount.

\./ E 12ooo E 75,617,64 Calculates total price of
\-, the house (loan plus
down payment).
\-,
Example: A llortgage With a Balloon Payment. You've taken out
\-/ a 2l-yeag fi75,250 mortgage at 13.8o/o annual interest. You anticipate
\-/ that you will own the house for four years and then sell it, repaytng
the loan in a "balloon payment." What will be the size of your balloon
\-/ payment at the end of four years?
\-/
\-/

6: Time Yalue of toney 125

 PV:75,250

l"/"YR:13.8
N - 4x12
P/YR:12i End mode

PMT:?

The problem is done in two steps:

l. Calculate the monthly payment to repay the loan in 25 years.

2. Calculate the balloon payment after 4 years.
Keys: Display: Description:

lrmn] Enter the TVM

application.

ll MmFl Sets display to two deci-

ffi mal places.
2 [lrrtpUn

lm Optional; clears TVM

variables.

ffiffi If necessary: sets 12 pay-

lm
lml le pryR ENB t'looE
ment periods per year;
End mode.
Step l. Calculate PMT for the mortgage:

258 12 Stores total number of

ffi H=3Bg.Bg payments.
13.8 ffi rzyR=l=, BB Stores annual interest
rate.

75250 ffi PU=75,esg,gg Stores loan amount.

12o 6: Time Value of toney

 O ffi FU=8,80 Sets FV to 0; not neces-
\- sary if
You PreviouslY
v cleared the variables.

v re Pl{T=-894,33 Calculates monthly

PaYment'
v
v Step 2. Calculate the balloon payment after 4 years:

v IIFIR-1s| Rounds displayed num-

v X ber internally to two

lExrr I -e9433 . decimal places.*
\/ pnr=-894.r3
X Stores rounded value.

. 4 E 12 Stores number of pay-

v X H=4B, EE ments in 4 years.
v Bl
m FV=-?3,4gg, Calculates balloon pay-
v ment.
\' The balloon plus the last monthly payment fully repays the loan:
'\-
E fEdIl Amount to repay loan.
v nE -?4,3s3,14

v Savings Galculations
v Example: A Savings Account. You deposit $2,000 into a savings
account that pays 7.29/o annual interest, compounded annually. If you
v rnake no other deposits, how long will it take for the account to con-
v tain $3,000? (Since PMT:0, the Begin/End mode is inelevant.)

\./
\./
* PMT calculated in the previous step is stored as the l2-digit number -894.330557971. The
\'/ calculation of the balloon paymeni should use the actual monthly payment amount (dollars
v and cents), the rounded number $894.33.

6: Time Value of toney 727

v\
 FV:3,000

PMT:0

l"/"YR:7.2
P /YR:1
N:?

PV: - 2,000

Keys: Display: Description

I[Tu'l Enters the TVM
application.

tt MoDESI Sets display to two deci-

nntr
2
mal places.
I tNrprJrl

tm Optional; clears TVM

variables.

ffiE
1ffi
Sets L compounding pe-
riod per year.
[Enn 1 PrYR

7.2m IZYR=7,?8 Stores annual interest

rate.

2ooo @ Stores amount of the \

ffi PU= -2 , EgE , gB deposit.

0ffi PHT=0 , EB There are no payments;
not necessary if you pre-
viously cleared TVM
variables.

3000n FU=3, BgB . Ag Stores future account

balance.

TT H=5 . 83 Calculates number of

years.

128 6: Time Value of lloney

g
Since the calculated value of N is between 5 and 6, it will take 6 years
of annual compounding to achieve a balance of at least $3,000. fn.
actual balance at the end of six years can be calculated:

6 ffi H=6,88 Stores N for six years.

ffi FV=J,B3E,eg Calculates balance after

six years.

Erample: An lndividual Retirement Account. You opened an in-

dividual retirement account on April L5, 1985 with a deposit of
$2,000. Thereafte{, you deposit $80.00 into the account semimonthly
at the end of each half-month. The account pays 8.3o/o annual inter-
est, compounded semimonthly. How much will the account contain
on April 15th, 2000?

5
(tl l"/"YR:8.3
(o P/YR:2x12i End mode
@
(tl N- 15 x 12x2
359 360
5
(tl
t\)
PV: - 2,000 o
o
o

6: Time Value of toney t29

 Keys: Display: Description:

ItruM-l Enters the TVM

application.

lvtm-Esf Sets display to two deci-

*$ mal places.
2 [nprn

t@ A, BB Optional; clears TVM

variables.

2E Sets payment conditions.

12
ffi
i

Eml ?4 PzYR END I'10 0 E

1s E 1282 Stores total number of

N=368. gB deposits.

8.3 IU YR=8,38 Stores annual interest

rate.

2ooo @ Stores initial deposit.

:f PV=-2, gAB.6B
80Effi P1'lT=-$9.88 Stores semimonthly
payment.
:lfi$i FU=63, 963 . 84 Calculates balance after
15 years.

Amortization
The AMRT menu displays or prints the followirg values for a single
loan payment or a seriei of loan payments:
I The balance of the loan after the payment(s) are made.
I The amount of the payment(s) applied toward interest.
I The amount of the payment(s) applied toward principal.

r30 6: Time Value of toney

 Table 6-2. The AMRT Menu
Menu Key Description
For displaying an amortization schedule:
{t? Stores the number of payments to be amortized, and calcu-
lates an amortization schedule for that many payments. #P
must be an integer in the range 1 through 1 ,200.
IHT Displays the amount of the payments applied toward interest.
PRIN Displays the amount of the payments applied toward
principal.

BFL Displays the balance of the loan after the payments have
been made.
H€HT Calculates the amortization schedule for the next set of pay-
ments, using the stored value of #P.
For printing an amortization schedule:
TRBLE Displays a menu for printing an amortization schedule.

v Displaying an Amortization Schedule

\/ The following steps display an amortization schedule. (See page 134
\, for printing an amortization schedule). If you've just completed the
TVM calculation for the loan, skip steps 1 through 3.
\,
\, L Set the display format to the desired number of decimal places.
Amortization calculations use values of. PV PMI and INT
\/ rounded to the number of decimal places specified by the cur-
\- rent display setting. (This does not affect the stored values of PV
and PMT)
v 2. Press !f to enter the TVM application.
rVn,rl
v 3. Store the values for l,/oYR, PV, andPMT.lf. you need to calcu-
v late one of these values, follow the instructions for doing TVM
calculations on page 1.22.
v
4. Press .,s!llGlt. to display the second-level TVM menu.
\/ 5. If necessary, change the number of payment periods per year by
keying in the value and pressing Fr-)ilR ..
:

6: Time Value of Money l3l

 6.IfneceSsdtY,changethepaymentmodebypressingffior
i.H$ffi.
7- Press *$ffi&.
8. K"y in the number of payments to be amortized and press
. The HP-275 displays a message indicating the pay-
ments that have been amortized, and the history stack is filled
with the calculation results.
9. To display the calculation results:
I You can press EJ repeatedly to roll the history stack.
I You can display one or more particular values by pressing
ffi,m,and/orm.
10. To continue displaying the schedule for subsequent payments,
do one of the following:
t K"y in the number of succeeding payments to be amortized
and press m.
t Press ffi to use the previously stored value for #P.
To start the amortization schedule over from payment #1, press
t@ and proceed from step 8.

Example: Displaying an Amortization Schedule. To purchase

your home, you have taken out a 30-year, $55,000 mortgage at 12.5o/o
annual interest. Your monthly payment is $693 .72. Calculate the
amount of the first year's and second year's payments that are ap-
plied toward principal and interest. Then, calculate the loan balance
after making payments for 3t/z years.

Keys: Display: Description:

It-Mop-es] Sets amortization round-

j
irg to dollars and cents.
2 [ rnpuR

lrvt\il Enters TVM application.

12.5 ffi IZYR=1e.58 Stores annual interest
rate.

65000 PU=55, gBE , EB Stores loan amount.

132 6: Time Ualue of toney

 6e3.728 Stores monthly puyment.
ffi Pl"lT=-$93,7e

ffi Sets payment conditions.

\-, l@ 1a PrYR EHD 1,l0BE

\-' ffi KEY *Pl,lTS; PRESS Displays AMRT menu.

{*P}
\.,
\./ 12 ffi *P=12 Pl'lTS: 1-14 Calculates amortization
\./ schedule for payments
L-12.
\-,
\./ E IHTEREST=-8, I 13. 16 Displays results by roll-
E PRIHCIPHL=-11 1 .48 ing the history stack.
\-, E BHLHHCE=E 4 ,7 88 , 5e

\-, ffi *P= 12 Pl'lTS : 13-24 Calculates amortization

\-, schedule for next 12
Payments.
v
v ffi IHTEREST=-8,Bgs,ls Displays results using the
iffi pRIHcIpHL=-!sg,49 menu keys.
v , BHLHHCE=54, 549 . BB

v To display the balance after 3y2 years (42 payments), amortize 18 ad-
\-, ditional payments (42 24: 18):

v 18 *P= 18 Pl,lTS : 25-4A Calculates amortization

schedule for the next 18
\,/ months.
\.,
{ BHLHNCE=64, 1 29 , Bs Displays balance.
\.,
\./
v
\.,
\./
\-,
\-,
\./
6: Time Value of toney 133
Printing an Amortization Schedule
Toptint an amortization schedule using the optional Infrared Printer,
do steps 1 through 7 for displaying an amortization schedule (see
page 131). Then, proceed to step 8 below (ignore the message
KEY #PHTS; PRESS { *P }):

8. Press i.
9. Kuy in the payment number of the first payment in the schedule
and Press ffi.
10. K"y in the payment number of the last payment in the schedule
and press $rffi*.
I 1. Key in the increment-the number of payments per table en-
try-and press .

12- Press ffi.

The values set in the TABLE menu are retained until you exit the TA-
BLE menu.

Example: Printing an Amortization Schedule, For the loan de-

scribed in the example on page L32, print an amortization schedule
with entries for the fifth and sixth years.
Usethesamekeystrokesuptoandincludi.gpressingffi.Then:
Keys: Display: Description:

Displays TABLE menu.

4812E1 Starts table from 49th

FIRST=49,98 payment.

6812 The 72nd payment is the

ffi LHsr=Pz,gg last one in year six.

134 6: Time Value of toney

\./

12 t:r INCR=12,89 Each table entry repre-

sents L2 payments.

\-, ffi Calculates and prints the

amortization schedule
\-,
shown below.
\-,
v
\,/ I ZYR= 12.59
PV= 65 , ggg, g0
\./ Pl'lT= -693,7?
PzYR= le,0g
END I'IOOE
\,/
PHTS:49-69
v I NTEREST= -7 ,976. 87
PRIHCIPHL= -347,77
\,/ BRLfiNCE= 63, 6??. 94

v Pl,lTS : 61-72
I HTEREST= -7 ,930 . 8e
v PRINCIPRL=
BRLfrHCE=
-393 . 82
63, 229. 1 2
v
v
v
v
\,/
v
v
\.,
v
v
\,/
\'/
v
\./
\,/
\./
\-/ 6: Time Ualue of f,oney r35
'1
Tifii€r Appointmentsl and
Date Arithmetic
The calculator contains a clock and calenda{, which are used by the
TIME application. You can select a l2-hour or 24-hour clock, and an
American (month/ day /year) or European (day.month.year) calendar
format. You can also:
I Store appointments that set alarms with optional messages.
I Determine the duy of the week for a particular date.
t Calculate the number of days between two dates, using the 360-
duy, the 365-day, or the actual calendar.

Viewing the Time and Date

To view thed"y of the week, date, and time, press I[ rrrrrelto enter
the TIME application.

Current date and time A(AM) or P(PM); disptayed in

12-hour format only

iffiffiffi'm
If you overwrite the time and date, you can restore them to the dis-
play by pressing [ffi-].

r 36 7= Time, Appointments, and Date Arithmetic

! Table 7 -7 describes the TIME menu:

Table 7-1. The TIME Menu

Menu Key Description
CRLC Displays the CALC menu, which is used for date arithmetic,
and to determine the day of the week for any date.
RFPT Displays the APPT menu for setting and viewing
appointments.
ROJ$T Displays the ADJST menu for adjusting the clock setting.
SET Displays the SET menu for setting the time and date; also
selects the time and date formats.

\, Setting the Time and Date

v. Table 7-2 describes the SET menu, which is used to set the time and
\r date and to change the time and date formats.

\/ To set the time:

\/ 1. Enter the TIME application (press tlTtME l) and press ,iiii$"st+r. to
v display the SET menu. Note the current time format-H or p
after the time indicates l.2-hour format.
2. Using the current format, key in the correct time* as a number in
\/ the form HH.MMSS. For example 9:08:30 p.m. would be keyed
v in as 9.0830 (l2-hour format) or 21.0830 (24-hour format).
v 3. Press , fJfiE to set the clock.
4. For l2-hour format only: If necessary, press ,- f,zpf{ to switch
between AM and PM.
:

:
* To set the exact time from a time standard, k"y in an HH.MMSS value 15 to 30 seconds in
the future. Press TI I'lE when the two times match.

7= Time, Appointments, and Date Arithmetic 737

To set the date:

l. Note the current date format. If the date contains slashes (for
example, 1'0/23/89),the current format is month /duy/year. If
the date contains periods (for example, 23.10.89), the current
format is day.month.year.
2. Key in the correct date as a seven- or eight-digit numbet, using
the current format. For example, April 3, 1989 would be
4.03L989 (MM.DDYYYY) in month/day/year format or
3.04 1989 (DD.MMYYYY) in day.month.year format.
3. Press ffi.
Table 7-2. The SET tenu
llenu Key Description

,
Enters the number in the calculator line as the current date.
.
Enters the number in the calculator line as the current time.

ffi ln 12-hour format, switches between AM and PM.

i Switches between month/day lyear and day.month.year

formats.

ffi Switches between 12-hour and 24-hour formats.

ffiffi Displays the keystrokes for keying in the date and time.

138 7= Time, Appointments, and Date Arithmetic

 Example: Setting the Date and Time. Set the date and time to
\v fune 9, 7988, 4:07 p.m.
v Keys: Displays: Description:

tlrrMFr the current

: I'i,r,#J
v ffi.# Displays the SET menu.
v 0.0919g8 sets the date.
v ,ry:ffi€i THU 66199z88
v 4.07 mruff&
\, $ffi * THIJ EErEgrEE 94: g? txxP
Sets the time.

\-. Ghanging the Time and Date Formats

\,, Use the SET menu to change the time and date formats (press
v ttTIME l, then # ). To switch between the 1,2- and 24-hour time
format, press . To switch between month / d"y /year and
v day.month.year format, press m.
\-,
\-,
\, Adjusting the Glock Setting
v The ADJST menu adjusts the time setting forward or backward in in-
crements of hours, minutes, or seconds.

v To adjust the time setting, from the TIME menu:

v l. press
ffi.
v 2. Press the appropriate menu key(s) until the correct time is dis-
.v played. For example, if the current time setting is 11:20:rr AM
(ignoring seconds), pressing n
twice changes the tirrre to
\/ 1:20 PM. Then, pressing mru
three times changes the time to
1:17 PM.

* Press if necessary to switch to P (p.m.).

7= Time, Appointments, and Date Arithmetic 139

Appointments
The HP-27S has 10 appointments. Each can contain an optional mes-
sage. You can also deslgnate repeatitg appointments-ones that go
off at regular intervals.

Viewing and Setting an Appointment

Tlo set an appointment or view its current setting:

l. Press tl TIME l, then i*ffi$,,.. The bottom line contains menu la-
bels for the first five appointments. If any of those appointments
are oset" to some time in the fufure, or are past "drJe" because
they went off without being acknowledged, the top line de-
scribes their status.

Status: Appointments 2 and 3 are set

Appointment 5 is past due

APPT (appointment) menu

Pressing ,,,,g,sR,g displays the rest of the APPT menu and the
status of appointments 6 through L0.
2. Press a menu k.y- r:,,n$f l r through r',HpT,t,$ .. The display
shows the date and time for that appointment and the menu for
setting appointments described in table 7-2.

Appointment Appointment
number

E: TUE B6/E1rE8
Viewing and storing the message
Viewing and setting the repeat interval

l40 7= Time, Appointments, and Date Arithmetic

 Table 7-2. The Appointment.setting Menu
Menu Key Description
BfrTE Enters the number on the calculator line as the appointment
date.
TIHg Enters the number on the calculator line as the appointment
time.
f rPfl ln 12-hour time mode, sets AM or PM.
I'tsG Displays the current message or ALPHA menu for typing a
message.
RFT Displays the current repeat interval and the menu for chang-
ing the repeat interval.
}IELF Displays the keystrokes for setting the appointment time and
date.

tTLRl restores the appointment time and date to the display if it has
been overwritten by calculator line operations.

3.Optional:Pressl@tocleartheappointment.
4. If you are uncertain how to k"y in the time or date, press
HELP

5. Setting the appointment time: Note the time format in us6-H

or P after the time indicates l2-hour format. Kuy in the time of
the appointment in HH.MM format. For example, 2:25 p.m.
would be 2.25 (l2-hour format) or 14.25 (Z|-hour format). Press
T I l'{E . If the date setting was a date in the past (includi.g
00/00 /0000), the date is autornatically set to the current date.
For 12-hour format only: If necess ar!, press B.rrfl to switch
between AM and PM.
6. Setting the appointment date: K"y in the appointment date as a
numbet, using the current date format. For example, October 4,
1988 would be 10.041988 (month/day /year format) or 4.101988
(day.month.year format). Press nfiTr . If you omit the year, the
calculator assumes the appointment is within the next year.

7z Time, Appointments, and Date Arithmetic l4l

 7. The appointment message: Press to store a message or
to view or edit the current message. Typu the message (if neces-
sary, see page 36 for information about the ALPHA and
ALPHA-edit menus). Messages can have a maximum of 22 char-
acters. Press ltr,tptJTl to store the new message, or Ienrlto retain
the original message (the one that was displayed when you
pressed ).
8. The repeat interyal: Press to displuy the current repeat
interval and the RPT menu.

Repeat interval

RFT=I I'IEEK(S)
nn-rHEItlITflrilEflErfif,
RPT (repeat) menu

in an integer and press

To set or change the repeat interval, key
theaPProPriatekuy.Forexample,2fficausestheappoint.
ment to go off at the same time every other day;90 sets
the repeat interval to lr/2 hours. ffiffiffi sets the appointment to
non-repeating. You can specify repeat intervals up to 104 weeks
in length (728 days, "1,7,472 hours, etc.)
9* ^Press I exn I to return to the APPT menu. The appointment you
just set will be listed as set.

Acknowledging an Appointment
When an appointment "comes due," the HP-275 beeps and the ap-
pointment annunciator comes on.* If the appointment has a message,
it is displayed; otherwise, the HP-275 displays the date and time. If
the calculator is turned off , it turns itself on to announce the
appointment.

* If the HP-275 is in the middle of a complex calculation when an appointment comes due,
the appointment annunciator comes on and the calculator beeps once. When the calculation
is done, the HP-27S displays the message and resumes beeping for 20 seconds.

The beeper does not sound in BEEPER OFF mode.

142 7= Time' Appointments, and Date Arithmetic

 To acknowledge the appointment and clear the message, press any
kuy excePt ! while the calculator is beeping. Appointments not ac-
knowledged within 20 seconds become past due.

Unacknowledged Appointments
\-, If an appointment is not acknowledged within 20 seconds, the beep-
\-, i.g stops and the appointment becomes past due (unacknowledged).
The appointment annunciator ( (tot) ) remains on to inform you of the
\- past due appointment.
'\-.
To acknowledge a past due appointment:
\-,
l. Press tl TIilrE l, then ru. Press ffi , if necess to see
v the status of appointments 6 through L0. "rI,
v 2. Press the menu key for the past due appointment. You can view
\-, the message by pressing m.

v 3' Press lEXtTl to return to the APPT menu. The acknowledged ap-
pointment is no longer listed as past due.
v
A repeating appointment is deactivated while it is past due. It will not
\-, go off at subsequent repeat intervals until the appointment is
\., acknowledged.

\,,
\-, Glearing Appointments
\./ Clearing an appointment changes the date and time to 00/00 /0000,
\-, 12:00 AM. The message is erased and the repeat interval is set to
NONE.
v
\-/ To clear an appointment, display the appointment-setting menu for
the appointment and press l@.
\,/
To clear all ten appointments, displuy the APPT menu (the menu with
\r/
menu keys ffi, m, etc.) and pressl@ m.
\,/
\-/

\./
7= Time, Appointments, and Date Arithmetic 143
Example: Setting and Glearing an Appointment. Today is Friday,
April "1,5, 1.988. You want to set an appointment to go off every Tues-
duy at 2:'l'5 p.m. to remind you of a staff meeting. The example
assumes L2-hour time format and month /day/year date format.

Keys: Display: Description:

![ntvrE-l Displays the APPT

menu.

Displays the setting for

appointment #4.

I@ Clears the appointment.

2j5 ffi 4: FRI E4rl5rBB 2 : 15H

Stores appointment time;
sets current date.

ffi 4r FRI 84r15rBB 2r 15P

Sets PM.

4.19 , 4: TUE 84r19188 2 : 15P

Stores appointment date
using the current year.

i Stores the message.

STAFF t INPUil

Displays the RPT menu.

1$ RPT=1 I'IEEK(S)
4: TUE F4119188 2 : 15P
Sets the repeat interval.

lExrrl SET:4 Returns to the APPT

menu. Appointment #4
o
is set."

144 7= Timer Appointments, and Date Arithmetic

-\
 \/ Date Arithmetic
\/ The CALC menu does date arithmetic-finding the number of days
v between two dates, or determining the date a given number of days
v. in the future or past. Date arithmetic uses one of three calendars-
actual, 365-day, or 350-day (see table 7-3). The CALC menu also de-
v termines the day of the week for any date.
v To display the CALC menu, press llTrrvrel, then X.
Table 7-3. The GALC tenu for Date Arithmetic
\-,
tenu Key Description
v
\,/ Stores or calculates a date using the current date format-
month/day lyear (MM.DDYYYY) or day.month .year
\,, (DD.MMYYYY); also displays the day of the week. lf you omit
YYYY the calculator uses the current year.
v Stores or calculates the number of days between DATE1 and
\./ DATE2 using the actual calendar, which recognizes leap
years.
v Calculates the number of days between DATE1 and DATE2
'

v using the 360-day calendar, which uses 12, 30-day months.

v '
Galculates the number of days between DATE1 and DATE2,
using the 365-day calendar, which ignores leap years.
\-, Displays the current date.
*
\-,
\./
v Determining the Day of the Week for Any Date
\./ To find the duy of the week for any date, key in the date and press
\-, or.
\-/
\-,

7= Time, Appointments, and Date Arithmetic 145

!.\
Galculating the Number of Days Between Dates
To calculate the number of days between two dates, starting from the :
TIME CALC menu:

l. Key in the first date in the current date format and press
,ffiffi.
2. Key in the second date and press ffi
3. Press $ffi, l8llffi, or ro to calculate the number of
days using that calendar.

Erample: Calculating the llumber of Days Between lWo

Dates. Find the number of days between April 20, 1982 and August
2, 1986, using both the actual calendar and the 355-day calendar. As- v
sume the date format is month/day/yeat

Keyc Display: Description! v

ItTtME I Displays the CALC \J
ffi menu.

4.201982 Stores the first date and v

ffi DFTEI= displays day of the week.
8412611982 llE0
v
8.021986 Stores the second date.
DfiTE2=

ffi carcuratesnumberor :
"';r':':::,:"
1,565.0880 days (actual calendar).
!
ffi 36s 0FYS= Calculates number of
1,564,sBo0 days (365-day calendar).

146 7= Time, Appointments, and Date Arithmetic

! Galculating Past or Future Dates
v
To calculate a date a specified number of days from another date:

\/ l. Key in the known date in the current date format and press
oRT€t
v 2. Key in the number of days. If the unknown date precedes the
v known date, press [+2. Press ffi*:?. (You must use the actual
calendar).
v 3. Press gnrEt .

Example: Determining a Future Date. On February 9, 1989, you

v purchase a 120-day option on a piece of land. Determine the o<pira-
v tion date. Assume the date format is month/dayfyear.
v Keys: Display: Description:
v I Displays the CALC
IFIME
\/ Cnlc, menu.

v 2.091989 Stores DATEI.

v EfiTE! DFTEI=
2t89r1989 THU

120 :iigfis:X HcTUfiL OFYS= Stores the number of

\/ raB, BBBB days in the future.
v
'&*r€a Calculates the er<piration
\, lll5lir*, ,*,
v Glearing the Date Arithmetic Variables
DATEI, DATE2, and DAYS remain in memory until they are cleared.
v To clear them, display the TIME CALC menu and press
ltaLEAB DArAl.
:

:
v 7: Time, Appointments' and Date Arithmetic 147
Printing
The calculator can print information using the HP 82240A Infrared
Printet, which accepts the infrared signal generated by the printer
port. This chapter describes the types of information you can print.
Operation of the printer is covered in the printer owner's manual.*

Theprintannunciator(h)comesonwheneverthecalculator
sends information through its printer port.

275 sctENTtFtc

Figure 8-1 . The lnfrared Printer Port

Because conununication goes only one way (from the calculator to the
printer), the calculator cannot determine whether the printer is receiv-
itg information.
To preserve battery power, the HP-275 will not transmit data to the
printer when the low batteries annunciator ({=) is on. If low bat-
tery power occurs after you've started printing, printing stops and the
calculator displays BHTT T00 L01'l T0 PRINT.

* Since the HP-275 cannot send control characters to the printer, portions of the printer's
manual pertaining to control codes and graphics characters do not apply.

148 8: Printing
 Printing Speed and the Printer's Power
Source
The speed with which the printer can print a line of information de-
pends on whether it is using its optional AC adapter. To optimize
printing performance, set the calculator's PRNT (print-speed) mode to
mAtch the power source of the printer. To view and/ or change the
\,, print-speed mode:

l. Presslfffil m.
2.Pressffitochangethemode.Amessageindicatesthenew
mode.IfneceSsdTY,Pressffiagaintosetthedesired
\./ messaSe:
v r PR I HTER : HC HDHPTER (printing with printer optional AC
v adapter).
I PRIHTER: H0 HC HDHPTER (printing withouf the printer
\-,
AC adapter).
3. Press I EXtr l.

For print operations involving large amounts of information, printing

\- is faster using the printer's AC adapter and the calculator's appropri-
\,/ ate PRNT mode. When the printer is powered by batteries alone, set
the mode to PR IHTER I H0 HC R0HPTER so that the calculator will
not transmit data too rapidly.

\..,

v
Printing the Galculator Line tlt PRr ll
\-, Press Ilpnr I to print the current contents of the calculator line. The
entire contents of the calculator line is printed, including characters
v that have scrolled off the display. In the SOLVE menu, pressing
lf PRTI prints the current equation.

8: Printing 149
Printing Other Information 1Il pnlttten ll r
The PRINTER menu allows you to print most of the information
you've stored, including variables, lists, appoin[nents, the history v
stack, registers, and the currmt date and time. You can also print
messages to label the output.
:
In addition to printing specific information, you can produce a record
of your calculations and other keystrokes (tracing).
To display the PRINTER menu, press llFnrrlien-]. -
Table 8-1. The PRII|TEB tenu
tenu Key Description
Prints data associated with the current menu (see "Printing
Variables, Lists, and Appointments," below).
Prints the history stack.
ffi Prints the contents of registers 0 through 9.
Prints the current date and time.

ffi Displays the ALPHA menu for typing a message.

ffi Switches between trace on and trace off modes. See 'Trace
Printing" on page 152.

Printing amortization tables is covered in chapter 6.

Printing Variables, Lists, and Appointments

Theoperationperformedbyffiismenu-dependenUthein-
formation printed varies from menu to menu.

l5O 8: Printing
 Printing Variables. lAy'hen a menu consists of variables,l[TRtNiERl
v LIsr prints those variables. For example:
v I In the %CHG menu, OLD, NEW, and o/oCH are printed.
v r In the STAI CALC menu/ TOTAL, MEAN, MEDN, STDEV, MNG,
MIN, and MAX are printed.
\- I In a menu of variables for a Solver equation, those variables are
!- printed.
\/ Printing l{umber Lists. When the HP-27S is displaying the top-
v level STAI menu,IfFRtNrERl '1.{*}r prints the contents of the
current list.
v
! Pilnting Solver Equations. To print one or all of the Solver equa-
tions, display the topJevel SOLVE menu. Then:
\,
v r To print the current equation, press !l pnil.
r To Print the entire equation list, press llpRrNTERl ':"tls?
\,
\- Printing Appointments. To print all stored appointments, display
the APPT menu (the menu displayed when you press p,i!tr*f,1,r,) and
\/ lfFnlrrtienl LI8T
press .

\; tenus ilot Associated With Stored Data. Many menus do not

\/ have stored information associated with them. Pressing lfp€tNTERl
\/ LI$T while viewing these menus prints no information. For exam-
ple, the HYP and BASE menus have no stored data. Similarly, menus
v such as the GET menu in the STAI application and the SET menu in
the TIME, application are activity-oriented menus, and no information
v rs Pnnteo.

:
Printing Descriptive llessages
v
You can include messages to label your printed output. Pressing
lfFRtNrERl .!;.l$$i; displays the ALPHA menu. Type the message
and press ttNPUr I to transmit it to the printer.

8: Printing l5l
Trace Printing
Tiace printing produces a record of all the keys you've pressed and
the calculated results. To switch trace printing on and off:

I . Press l[ pR tr.trER I .

2.Pressffiffitochan8ethesetting.AmessageinformSyouthat
tracing is on or off. If necessary, press ffiffi again to display
the desired message.
3. Press fEml.
You should turn tracing off when you are not using it, since transmit-
ting data uses calculator battery power and slows calculator operation.

Erample: Trace Printing an Arithmetic Galculation. Produce a

record of the keystrokes you use to do the followirg calculation and
store the result in the %CHG variable OLD.

Vrzx4,800+1,25
Keys: Printed Record:
*
It pR tNrERl f
tffit EX I T

l./"crdt KCHG

12aT*f 12,BBBB 1rH

E , BS33 ***

E X

4800 E 4, BBB , EEBB +

125 tbLD-l 1E5, EEBB OLD

5E5, BBEB ***
It PR rNrER-l PR I HTER

trffi TRRCE

tEXlTt

* If the HP-275 HT TRHCE OFF, press

displays PR I I'|ODE :
ffffi again.

152 8: Printing
\-,

v lnterrupting the Printer

\-/ To stop the transmission of data to the printer during long operations,
\./ pr€se any key. The printer may continue to print additional informa-
\v tion, since information is stored temporarily in the printer during
certain print operations.
\./
\./
\/
\./
v
v
\./
v
\./
v
v
v
v
\./
\./
v
\,/
\./
v
\./
\./
\,/
v
v
\-/ 8: Printing 153
Y
Additional Examples
Vector Galculations
The following examples use polar/rectangular coordinate conversions
to do vector operations.

Adding Tlro Uectors in Polar Goordinates

The sum of two vectors r1i + yi and x2i + y2i is (x1 + xz)i + Ur +
Az)j.

Erample: A ship travels 150 miles on a course 50o east of north, and
then travels an additional 80 miles on a course 15o west of north.
How far is the ship from its starting point?
In what direction must the ship travel to return to its starting point?
Angles are measured counterclockwise from 0o. East is 0o.

r54 9: Additional Examples

 \v Keys:* Display: Descrlpilon:
\/'
llcoNVERr I Displays the coordinate
v ffi conversion variables.
\/ If the RAD annunciator is on, press n to set Degrees mode.
150 UEIKfi RFDIUS=!S9. EBOa Enters first leg.
v 30 ffi r=3o.9oog
v ilm$ls-ro-"ll Hcoono=rz9.90BB Stores 11 in R1.

ffit-sE-|2 Yc00R0=?5,6008 Calculates yl and stores

\./ value in R2.

v 80 ffi RFDIUS=BE.Bgag Enters second leg.

v 105 XK <=195 ' 0eBE
v Xff lsro-] Calculates x2 and adds it
\r' E} 1 HC00RD=-28, ?Bss to contents of R1.

v iltm rci6"1 Calculates y2 and adds

v E2 ,z?4t
vcooRlt=?z value to contents of R2.

v enl X xc00RD=1B9. tgBB Stores q* x2in

xcooRD.
F n2t YC0ORD=152,274t Stores h I yzn
v YcooKD.
v RRoIUS=tgz,BBla
ro Calculates distance from
v starting point.

v *This problem, and the Law of Cooines problem on pate 162 canbe done using the Solver
V equation:
I F ( S ( FNG) : FNGLE ( XCOITRD (RI I R I ) +XCOORO ( R2 I F2} : YCOORB( R I :FT )+
v ycooRo(Rz: HZ) )-RNG: RfiDIUS(xcooRD(Rt r Ft ) +
XCOORD( R2 : F2 ) I YCOORD ( R I I ff I ) +YC00R0 (Re I fi 2 ) )-R )
where vector (R/NG) is the sum of vectors (R1,.{1) and (R2A2), and all vectors are o<-
v pressed in polar coordinates.

\-/ 9: Additional Erampler 155

b\
\-,
\./
\,/
\-,
\-,
\-, Keys:* Display: Description:
\-, llcoNVERrl Displays the coordinate
\-, ffi conversion variables.

\-, IftheRADannunciatorisof,,PressffitosetDegreesmode.
\-, 2 @ ffi xcooRo=-! , BEgg stores x and y for v1.
\-, 4ffi YC00RD=4,6BEB

\./ ffi c= 1 16 . 5615 Calculates 4 for V1.

\-, E 6l5Tol Stores x (6) for Vz.t

v ffi 1 16 , 5551-5 , SEBB

\.r, 5 [srol Stores y (5) for Vz.t

\., ffi 1 16 , 5651-5 , BBSE

\-, ffi 1 15,5551-39,9956 Calculates 4 for Y2.

\-, E 76 ,7595 Calculates angle between

Vl and Y2.
\-,
\r/
lmt Exits CONVERT menu.

\-/ * This problem can be done using the Solver equation:

FNG=RNGLE(Xl : Y1 )-HHGLE(X2: YZ)

\-,
where ANG is the angle between vectors (4,y1)and (xz,yz).
\-/ lffi] to store just the rightmost number.
t You must use If necessary, refer to the rules for
using menu variables on page 29.

9: Additional Examples 157

 v

Proiection of One Vector on Another

The projection of vector V1 : xi + /rj on vector V2 : xzi * yzi has
the direction of V2 and:

Length : x$'z * Igz

lv2l

where lV2l is the length of Y2.

Example: Find the projection of 6i + 4i on 10i 2i.

-21

r58 9; Additional Examples*

 Keyr: Display; Description:

v IttdilffiTl Displays the coordinate

conversion variables.
v If the RAD annunciator is on, press n to set Degrees mode.
10 I xcooRo=tg,0gg0 Calculates {, for V2.
\'/ 2 91; YCooRB=-z, Bss6
\-/ ; d=-11.3999
v I RFDIUS=16.1988 Calculates lV2L
\-' l@ 6, s98l Calculates 1/lV2L
v * !fl2.
EB o E 10 Calculates xg2
\-, f!4E2
. [*ZDl s, eegtxse ,asss

v n RRDIUS=5,0990 Stores projection length.

\.: I XCOORO=S. B9BS Calculates r for

v Projection'

v I YCooRD=-l ,6EEB Calculates Y for

projection.

fExrrl Exits CONVERT menu.

v The projection vector is 5i - lj.

\./

\-' 9: addltlonal Eramplca 159

\,
Laws of Sines and Gosines
The law of sines and law of cosines apply to all triangles:

Side c

Law of sines: Law of cosines:

a:b:c a2:62 + c2 2bc cosA
sin A sin B sin C
Use when you know:
Use when you know:
I

I One side, two angles.

r TWo sides, angle between
them.
t TWo sides, angle opposite a
I Three sides.
known side.

Example: Law of Sines. You look down from the top of a 5000-foot
mountain with your telescope and see two large water towers, one
behind the other. When you point the telescope at one towe{, the an-
gle from horizontal is 33o. For the other towe{, the angle from
horizontal is 48o. How far apart are the towers?

r60 9: Additional Eramples

\<-
:
\/ The unknown is side a of hiangle ABC. Angles A, B, and C are easily
v found:

\/ A:48-33:15o
v B:180-48:7320
c : 180 - (ls + 132): 33o
Side a can be calculated using the law of sines if we know any other
\/ side. We do, since c sin E : SbOO, and E : 180 - lg2 :48o. There-
v f.ore, c : 5000 + sin 48o.
v If the RAD annunciator is on, presslf Mop-E5-l : : lHl?-l
v to set Degrees mode.
v Keys: Ditplay: Dercfiptlon:
v 5000 f! 48 Calculates side c.
\./ lEifrn E 6,?zs. 16B6

v Now, use the law of sines to calculate side a; a : c sin A + sin C:

\r' E 15 l-sltrlE 1, ?41 . B?69+
v B, tg?. g046
33 lErN I EJ Calculates side a.

v 9: Additlonal Exampler 16l

Example: Law of Gosines. A plane travels north for 175 miles be-
fore furning around. On the return trip, a strong wind from the east
pushes the plane 1.8o off course. After traveling 150 miles, how far is
the plane from the airport?

Airport

TWo sides and the angle between them are known:

b: 1,75
c:150
A : 18o
By the law of cosines, fl : -2bc cos A

If the RAD annunciator is or, press Il MopeSf ffi ffi tffil

to set Degrees mode.
Keys: Display: Description:
175 fB [J BB, Eas , BsB6 +

150 lB E s3, 1as ,saBB-

281758
150 EJ ,AggE-
,,,25
. 52, 5gB , BBEEX
18 [6'Sl ,..B-sa, s6B . 6BEox Calculates cosine of 18o
a , 951 1

ETE 56,528e Distance from airport.

1o,2 9: Additional Eramples

 Probability Galculations
The following calculations use the PROB menu and the relationship:

probability of an event : # of combinations that produce the event

total # of combinations
\-,
A company employing L4 women and L0 men is forming a six-person
\-. committee to deal with health and safety issues.
\./
Part 1: How many different combinations of people are possible?
\-,
Keys: Display: Description:
\.,
\., IFmB-l Displays the PROB
menu.
\.,
24 ffi x=24.oEBB Stores number of
\-,
employees.
\-/
6 Y=E , EBBa Stores committee size.
\-/
C H, Y=134, 596, ABBB Calculates number of
\,, combinations.
\-,
Part 2: If employees are chosen at random, what is the probability
\-, that the committee will contain six women?
\-/ lEro-l 1 c x, Y=134, sg6. ggBB Stores previous result.
\-,
14 $ H=I4,gBgB Stores number of women
\-, employees.
\-, C H,Y=3,gg3.6A8B Calculates number of
\./ combinations of six
women.
v
\-, Emar 1E B,8223 Probability of committee
being all women.
\-,
\./
\-/
\-/
9: Additional Eramples 163
Part 3: If employees are chosen at random, what is the probability
that the committee will contain equal numbers of men and women?

10 H=lA, 688B Calculates combinations

3 ffi Y=3,8690 of 10 men, 3 at a time.
C H,Y=128.ggBB
EJ 14 [ srol stores number of women
I?9. BBBEx 14 . AB6B employees.

,ffi 128,Bg0Bx364.BBgB Calculatescombinations

of 14 women taken 3 at a
time.
p] 48, 6g8 , 86Bg Number of 6-person
committees with 3 men
and 3 women.

Emm 1 E s.3a4s Probability of the com-

mittee containing 3 men
and 3 women.
Part 4: The Safety Officer, Billy fohnson, must be on the committee.
How many combinations are possible? (Since one employee must be
on the committee, there are five openings for the 23 remaining
employees.)

23 ffi X=23. EEBB Number of combinations

5ffi Y=5 . BEB0 of 23 taken 5 at a time.
ffi C X, Y=33 ,649 . 8AB6
Part 5: Once the committee members are chosen, how many ways
can they arrange themselves in a room containing six chairs?

There are 6! ways of seating themselves:

6 ffi Tzg.EBaB Calculates 51.

164 9: Additional Examples

: Part 6: If there are 7 chairs in the room, how many seating arrange-
\- ments are possible?

\-, 7 ffi x=z,oEBo Permutations of 7 taken

6 ffi Y=6,ggEo 6 at a time.
\-' P H, Y=5, g4g. BggB
\-,
- Exits PROB menu.
lEXril
-

v Simulating a Toss of Dice

\/ The Solver random number function RAN# can simulate the toss of
v one or more six-sided dice. The equation:

v T0SS=IP(RfiH*x6+1 )
v generates integers in the range I through 5. Similarly,
v
T0s$=Ip(RHN*x6+r ) +Ip(RBH#x6+r )
simulates the toss of trso dice.

\, l. To enter the equation, pressltEo-NFl, then:.

\, 2. Type the equation for the appropriate number of dice and press
I tNpur l.
v 3. to vedfy the equation and display the menu of
Press f,
v variables.

v 4. Press f as many times as desired to see the results of the

tosses.

'\/ 9: Additional Eramples 165

-v
Motion of a Proiectile
The equations:

X: Agt CosA
and

y: h + ast sinA Y2gP

define the position of a projectile at time f after it was fired with ini-
tial altitude h, inital velocity as feet/second, and initial trajectory of
angle A from the horizontal axis. 8 is a constant, the acceleration of
gravity (32 f eet/ second2).

(x t ,h)

(xe,o)

The S (solving for) function allows the two equations to be grouped

together in one Solver equation:

IF(S(H) : X-VExTxC0S(H) ! Y-H-VExTxSIN(H) +, SxGxT^Z)

The expression X-UBxTxCOS(H)(:0) is used when solving for x;

otherwise, Y-H-UBxTxSIH(H) +, SxGxT^A(:g) is used.

166 9: Additional Eramples

\-/ Exarnple: Shot-putter Hi Hurler can throw a shot-put with an initial
\/ velocity of 34 f.eet/second. If the initial angle of the trajectory is 43o,
and the shot-put is released at a height of 5 feet, how far can Hi
v throw? What is the highest altitude the shot-put reaches?
v
l. To enter the equation, press I[EowFl, then f .
v 2. Type the Solver equation and press l-lxpufl.
v 3. Press f to verify the equation and display the menu of
v variables.

v If the RAD annunciator is on, press lmbbES-l n I [Hm

v to set Degrees mode.

v Since X is a function of T, you must first solve for T.

v Keyr: Dirplay: Descrtptlon:

34 t U6=34,EgSg Stores initial velocity.

43 I fi=43,BBgg Stores angle.
v o: y=0,0688 Stores final altitude.
v
: Stores release height.
v 5n H=S,EBBo
v 32; G=3Z,09BB Stores constant.

v I Stores guesses for T

1: T=l,Bg00
v 5: T=5.6690
v : T=1.6398 Calculates flight time.
v flf t4,=48,1?S? Calculates 12, the hori-
v zontal dista;ce.

\,/
\,/
v

9: Additional Eramples 167

The maximum altitude occurs in exactly half the time it takes the
shot-put to fly from (0,h) to (xt,h).

5 ffi Y=S,BBBE Stores altitude at point

(0,h).

ffi T= 1 , 449e Calculates time required

to reach (xr,h).
E2m T=E ,7?46 Calculates time to reach
maximum altitude and
stores value in T.

ffi Y= 13 . 4B 13 Calculates maximum

altitude.

The Gatenary Equation

The curve formed by suspendit g a flexible cable from two points is
called a catenary, and is defined by the equation:

y: a cosh (x/ a)
The length of the cable is calculated by the equation:

L : 2a sinh (x/a)

where a is the lowest height of the cable and L is the cable length.

168 9: Additional Eramples

 Example: You want to suspend a cable between two poles that are
40 feet apart. The cable must pass under a tree limb 25 feet high
located 5 feet from one of the poles. How far off the ground will the
cable be at its lowest point?

At what height should the cable be attached to the poles?

What length of cable is needed?

\-,
\,/
\-,
\-,
\-/
\-,
x- -20 x- 0 I x:20
\-, I

x- 15
\-,
\-, l. To enter the first equation, press lt-S-LVE l, then ffi.
\-, 2. Type Y=HxC0SH ( N+H ) mFm.
v 3. Press ffi and type L=zxHxs I NH ( x+H ) [JtiFwl.
\-, 4. Press EJ to display the first equation.
\- 5.Pressffitodisplaythemenuofvariablesforthefirst
equation.
\-/
\./
\-,
\-,
\-/
\-/'

\-/
v 9: Additional Eramples 169
Use the one point known (15,25) to calculate A.

Keys: Display: Description:

15 ru x=ls,EB6g Stores X.

25 t y=ts,ga6g Stores Y.

10 ru ff=t6,6EgB Stores guesses for A.

20 t H=a6,BBBB

il H=18,6268 Calculates height at the

midpoint of the cable.
Find the height m at the end of the cable (X:20):
20 n x=zg.ao6g Stores horizontal dis-
tance from midpoint to
end of cable.

ffi Y=BB,4BE0 Calcrrlates height at end

of cable.

Use the second equation to calculate the cable length. Variables A and
X are shared between the two equations:
lmt E Displays the second
equation.

ffi Displays the menu of

variables.

t L=48.1418 Calculates the cable

length.

l7O 9: Additional Eramples

 Distance Between TWo Locations
If the longitude and latitude of two locations are known, the angle
between them can be calculated by the equation:

cosA : sin LTI srnLT2 + cos Ufl, cos LT2 cos(LGI-LG2)

where A is the angle of the arc between the two points. The relation-
ship between distance and angle of arc is:

10 of arc : 50 nautical miles : 7r x D+ 350 statute miles

\-,
where D is the diameter of the earth, 7917.59 miles.
\./
The following Solver equation calculates the approximate nautical or
\-,
statute miles between two points. Angles are entered in
\-t Degrees.MinutesSeconds format (D.MMSSss). South Latitude and
East Longitude are negative numbers. The calculator must be in De-
\-,'
grees mode.
\-,
DISTHHCE=CXHCOS(S IH(HRS(LT1 ) )XSIN (HRS(LT2) ) +
\-. COS(HRS(LT1 ) )XCOS(HRS(LTE) )XCOS(HRS(LG1 ) -
\-, HRS ( LGE ) ) )

\, where C is a constant:
\-, C : 50 to compute nautical miles.
\,, C : 69.0940 compute statute miles.
\- Example: Find the statute miles between Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
\- (40o35'N, 75010'w) and Corvallis, Oregon (44o35'N, 'J,23016'W).

\-, l. To enter the equatior, press llso-LVE l, then n.

\- 2. Type the equation and press [-lN-FUfl.
\-/ 3.Pressffitoverifytheequationanddisplaythemenuof
variables.

9: Additional Eramples 171

Keys: Display: Description:
69.0940 Enters constant for stat-
i C=69, E94A ute miles.
40.35ffi LTl=46.3589 Stores latitude and longi-
75.10ffi LGl=75. lBgg tude for Philadephia.
44-35 ffi LT2=44.3568 Stores latitude and longi-
123.1 6m LG2=123,1689 tude of Corvallis.

ffi D I STHHCE= Calculates distance.

? , 4?6 ,9794

Leasing Galculations
TWo common leasing calculations are calculating the lease payment
necessary to achieve a specified yield, and finding the present (capi-
talized) value of a lease. Leasing calculations typically use Begin
mode. For example, "one payment in advance' means that payments
are made at the beginning of each period. For two payments in ad-
vance, add one extra payment to the present value.

Erample: Galculating a Lease Payment. A new car valued at

$13,500 is leased for 3 years. The lessee has the option to purchase
the car for $7,500 at the end of the leasing period. What monthly
Payments, with one payment in advance, are necess ary to yield the
lessor l4o/o annually?

FV:7,500

PMT:?

34
l"/"YR:1 4
N:36
P/YR:12; Begin mode
PV: - 1 3,500

172 9: Additional Eramples

\-'

Keysi Display: Description:

\-, Il ivtop-Es-l Sets display to two deci-

ffi mal places.
\-, 2 tltpUfl
|

\-. tmnat Enters the TVM

\., application.

\,, ilmm
12m
Sets payment conditions.

v trffi ltlm te pryR BEGrH I'torlE

\-' 96 ru N=s6,Bg Stores number of
\,, payments.
\" 14 t IZYR=14.68 Stores annual interest
v rate.

\,, 13500 @ Stores lease amount.

\-, t PV=-13,569, BB

v 7500: FU=z,sBg,og Stores purchase option

value.
\-,
\-, t PHT=289, 19 Calculates monthly pay-
ment received. ^ ,_

\-,
v
v
\-,
\./
\-,
\./
\-/
\,,
\-,

9: Additional Eramples 173

Erample: Present lGapitalizedl Value of a Lease with Ad.
Yanced Payments and Option to Buy. Your company is leasing a
machine for 4 years. Monthly payments are $2,400 with two pay-
ments in advance. The leasing agreement includes an option to bry
the machine for $15,000 at the end of the leasing period. What is the
capitalized value of the lease, assuming that the interest rate you pay
to borrow funds is "1,8o/o, compounded monthly?

PV:?
N:47
IT"YR:18
P/YR:12; Begin mode

,r,[
4,900
FV : - 15,000

The problem is done in four steps:

1. With future value set to 0, calculate the present value of the 47

monthly payments.
2^ ^Add to the calculated present value the additional advance
payment.
3. Find the present value of the bry option.
4. Sum the present values calculated in steps 2 and 3.

174 9: Additional Eramples

v Keys: Display: Description: ..
\-
llMopES I Sets display to two deci-
v ffiffi mal places.
v 2 lrNPUTl

v lfTVMl Enters the TVM

application.
\,
\- IIELEAR pArA-l Optional; clears TVM
variables.

v ffi Sets payment conditions.

12ffi
v ffilfllffil rz PzYR BEcIN r.roDE

v Step l: Find the present value of the monthly payments:

\- o K FV=B,oB Sets FV to 0; not neces-
v sary if you previously
,v cleared the variables.

\, 47 m N=42,68 Stores number of

payments.

18 m;m IZYR=18.08 Stores annual interest

v rate.
v 24OO E Stores monthly payment.
v ffi pHT=-Z,4gB.g0
v W PU=BI, Z3s, sg Calculates present value
v of the 47 monthly
Payments'
v
Step 2r Add the additional advance payment to PV Store the answer.
\/
v E 2400 E 84, 135 . 58 Calculates present value
of all the payments.
\,
\- ts-fu-l 0 84, 13s, ss Stores 84,135.58 in Ro.

9: Additional Eramples 775

Step 3: Find the present value of the bry option.
48 ffi_ffi H=48 . Bg Stores number of pay-
ment periods.
15000 E Stores the bry option.
FU=- 1 5, BBB , gA

0ffi P1'IT=8. BB Sets PMT:O.

ffi PU=7, 348 , 43 Calculates present value

of the bry option.
Step 4= Add the results of step 2 and 3.

ElRcn0E 91, 476, gB Calculates the present

(capitalized) value of the
lease.

lnterest Rate Gonuersions

Interest rates are generally stated as nominal interest rates. A nominal
interest rate is an annual rate that is compounded periodically-for
example, l8o/o Per year, compounded monthly. When investments
have different compoundi.g periods, effectiae interest rates are used to
compare them. The effective rate is the rate that, compounded annu-
ally, would produce the same interest earnings as the nominal rate.
For example, earning L9o/o annual rate compounded monthly (nominal
rate) is equivalent to earning 19.5 60/o annual interest, compounded
annually (effective rate).

176 9: Additional Eramples

: There are two compounding methods and two corresponding
\- equations:

v r Periodic compounding; for o<ample, quarterly, monthly, or daily

v compounding.

: EFF% :f(,
L\ * #=I
_
100xP/ rlI * roo

\/ EFF% and NOM% are the effective and nominal percentage inter-
v est rates; P is the number of compounding periods Per year.
r Continuous compounding.

rv 1 NOMolo \
\, EFFo/o : (r t' - r) x roo

v The variables NOMO/o and EFF,|o are shared between the two
v equations.

v To do interest conversion calculations:

v l. PressllEot-vel, then ru.
v 2. Type the Solver periodic compounding equation:
v PERCI'IPD I EFFZ=( ( 1+H01.lZ+( lBgxP) )^P-1)xlgg llNFUrr

v 3. Press f . Type the Solver continuous compounding

equation:
v CONTCHPD I EFFZ=(EHp(HogZ+tgA)-1 )xtgB l tNpUTl
v 4. Display the appropriate equation and press tn to verify the
v equation and display the menu of variables.

v 9: Additional EramPles 1ll

Erample: You are considering opening a savings account in one of
three banks. Which bank has the most favorable interest rate to you?

Bank #l 6.70/o annual interest, compounded quarterly

Bank #2 6.550/o annual interest, compounded monthly
Bank #3 6.650/o annual interest, compounded continuously

?itpJ"y the menu of variables for the equation labeled pERcmpo by

displayrng the equation and pressing n.

Keys: Display: Description:

4n P=4 , ABgg Stores compounding
periods/year for bank
#"1..

6.7 |f, N0HZ=6,Tggg Stores nominal annual

rate for bank #1.

ffi EFF?I=6,8?ge Calculates effective rate

for bank #1.
12 ru P=r?,gBog Stores compounding
periods/year for bank
#2.
6.65 n HoFl?t=6.6569 Stores nominal annual
rate for bank #2.

ffi EFFX=E,8565 Calculates effective rate

for bank #2.
lmilE Displays the continuous
compounding equation.

ffi Displays the menu of

variables.

ffi EFF'+=G. BZE1 Calculates effective rate

for bank #3.
Bank #3 is offering the most favorable interest rate.

178 9: Additional Eramples

\- Finding Several Roots of a Function
v The function f(x) : xs 5x2 10x +' 20 has three roots.

: r(x)
t(x)

-5
I I
5
t t-/
T I

\-/
\,,
\-,
v The Solver can find each root by entering appropriate guesses that
v bracket the root. One way to determine appropriate guesses is to eval-
uate the function at different values of r and look for places where flr)
v changes sign. To evaluate an equation, algebraically rearrange it so
\, that all the terms are on the left, and set them equal to a "dummy'
variable.

v Example: To find the three roots of the function:

v f@:f -sxz-1or+20:o
\/ l. Press llEor-Vel, then ilX.
v 2. Set f(x) equal to the "dummy" variable y by typing:
v Y=X^3-5xH^2-lgxN+26 tlNPUTl.
v 3. Press I to verify the equation and display the menu of
variables.
v 4. Store various values of X and calculate Y:
\-,

9: Additional Eramples l7g

 x Y x Y

- 10 - 1,390.0000 1 6

-g -.'/.,,024.0000 2 - 12.0000
- g -732.0000 3 -28.0000
-7 - 499.0000 4 - 36.0000

- 6 - 315.0000 5 - 30.0000
-5 - 190.0000 5 - 4.0000
-4 - 94.0000 7 49.0000
- 3 -22.0000 8 L32.0000

-2 12.0000 9 254.0000

- 1. 24.0000 10 420.0000
0 20.0000

Set Y : 0 and use the locations of the sign changes as initial guesses
for Xi
Keys: Display: Description:
o m Y=E.BB9B Stores 0 in Y.

3[%Jru x=-g,E8gg Stores guesses.

2@il; fi=-z,soBg
ffi X=-?,4438 Calculates first root.
1ru x=r,8B6g Stores guesses.
2 ffi x=z,g6oB

ffi x=l,J416 Calculates second root.

6 ffi x=6,BBaB Stores guesses.

7 ffi H=z,BgaB

ffi x=E,16rz Calculates third root.

l8O 9: Additional Eramples

Moving AYerage
Moving averages are often used to predict trends in data over time. In
moving average calculations, a specified number of values are aver-
aged. Each time a new value is acquired, the oldest is discarded.

The following Solver equation calculates the moving average of data

stored in a STAI list:

I'IHUG=E( I : I'IHH( I : LHST-H+l ) : LHST : 1 : ITEl'l( name: I ) )

+]'IIH(LRST:H)

where N is the number of values averaged in each calculation, LAST is

the item number of the most recent value to be averaged, an d name is
the name of the STAI list.

l. Press lt soLVE I and enter the equation.

2. Press lSTnfl to enter the STAI application. Enter the values
into a list. Name the list, making sure the name matches the
name in the equation.
3. Press ll soLVE I to return to the Solver. Display the menu of vari-
ables for the equation (press ).
4.K"yinthenumberofvaluestobeaveragedandPressffi.
5. For each average:
l. K"y in the item number of the last value in the set to be
averaged and press .

2- Press ffi.

9: Additional Examples l8l

Erample: Calculate a three-month moving average for the number
of units manufactured during the first half of the yeat Manufacturing
volumes were:

|anuary February March April May fune

4400 s360 2900 3670 4040 3200

Enter the equation into the Solveq, with name set to U0 L. Then:
Keys: Display: Description:

ll-MopFf Sets display to two deci-

ffi
2 tNpur
mal places.
[ I

Its-ilil Enters the STAI

application.
If you want to preserve the current list, skip the next step. Instead,
Pressffiffi.
Im \:-

4400 llNFUtl Enters data.

5360 I'lNtun
2eoo I|NFUTI
3670 llNFffil
4040 l'lNilfl
3200 JlilFm rrEt't(z)=?
T0THL=23, 578 , gE

ExlTt ffi
VOLITNFw-I rrEt't(?)=?
Names the list VOL.

ItEdir/El Enters the Solver.

182 9: Additional Eramples

 If necess drp, use EJ or [Yl to display the moving average equation.
ffi Displays menu of
variables.

3ffim H=3 , Bg Stores number of points.

3ffi Calculates average for
]'IHUG=4 , ??B , 86 months l, 2, and 3.

4ilm Calculates average for

ffi l,lHUG=3 ,976,6? months 2, 3, and 4.

\-, 5ilru Calculates average for

\-, ffi ]'IHVG=S, 535 . 67 months 3, 4, and 5.

\-, 6ffi Calculates average for

ffi l,lHUG=3, 63 6 ,67 months 4, 5, and 6.
\-,
\./
\./ Chi-squared 1x2l Statistics
\-/ The Chi-squared statistic is a measure of the goodness of fit between
\-, data and an assumed distribution.* It is used to test whether a set of
observed frequencies differs from a set of expected frequencies suffi-
\-, ciently to reject the hypothesis under which the expected frequencies
\-, were obtained. In other words, you are testing whether discrepancies
between the observed frequencies (O;) and the expected frequencies (Er)
\-, are significant, or whether they may reasonably be attributed to chance.
\-, The equation is:
\- (o,:E,)'
x2: i:li tr;

\-/ If there is close agreement between the observed and expected fre-
quencies, xz is small; if the agreement is poor, x2 is large.
\.,
\-,

* The statistic can be assumed to be with n 1 degrees of freedom if. n or

x2 distributed
some of the E; values are large.

9: Additional Eramples 183

 The followitg Solver equations calculate 12 using data in one or two
STAI lists:

If the expected values vary:

I : CH I E=E ( I : I I $ I ZES (namel ) : 1 : ( I TEl'l (namel t I ) -
ITEIl(name2t I ) )^E+ITEI'l(name2z I ) )

If the expected value is a constant:

E I CH I e=E ( I : I : S I ZES (namel j : I : ( I TEl'l (namel r I ) -
EHPT ) ^E+EHPT )

where:

namel : the name of the list containing the observed values.

name2 : the name of the list contai.i^g the expected values.
EXPT : the expected value, if constant.

l.Press]snEffiandentertheaPProPriateequation(s).
2. Press lt srAr lto enter the STAI application. Enter the observed
values into a list. Name the list, making sure the name matches
namel in the equation.
3' If the expected values va\, enter them into a second list. Name
the list, making sure the name match es name2 in the equation.
4. Press lfsor_ve I to return to the Solver. Display the appropriate
equation and press m.
5. If the expected value is a constant, k"y in the value and press

6,
m. Press ffiffi|ilHfffi.*

Erample: To determine whether a suspect die is biasedr

/ou toss it
1'20 times and observe the followit g reJults. (The expected frequency
is the same for each number, 1,20 . G.)
Number12345G
Observed 25 17 15 2g 24 1,6
Frequency

* If the HP-27s doesn't display CHLCULHTING, , ,, press ffiFHffi again.

184 9: Additional Eramples

! Enter the second 12 equation into the Solvel with namel set to
\- 08. Then:
\- Keystrokes: Dirplay: Description:

: rrEilir #iLl["":*
\- If you want to preserve the cunent list, skip the no<t step. Instead,
'\- name the list and then press :.
\- IIELEA-F5ITil Clears the list.
\, ffi ITEH(I)=?

\- 25 ftl'lpuil Enters observed values.

17 ltNpurl
\- 15 IINPUT I
v 23lTNPUrl
24 NNPUTI
\- 16ITNPUT] ITEI'I(?)=?
\, T0TffL=l?B,gAgg
'\- lExtrlffinX Names the list OB.
OB TtxPUil ITEt't(?)=?

\, llEo-LV-Fl Enters the Solver.

\- If necessary, use [Tl or E to display the second 12 equation.

\/ ffi Displays menu of
v variables.

\- 120 E6 Stores expected value.

ryX EXPT=Z9. sBBs

v ffi CHI2=5 'sssg Calculates 12.

v The number of degrees of freedom is (n -1):5. Consult statistical ta-

bles to find x2 to a significance level of 0.05 with 5 degrees of
\' freedom. The table shows that 12s.s5,5 : 77.07. Since ttre computed
\- value (5.00) is less than 11.02 you can conclude that, to a 0.05 signifi-
cance level (95% probability), the die is fair.

9: Additional Eramples 185

 Galculating Subtotals
The followi.g Solver equation calculates subtotals of a STAI list:

srOTL=E( I : srHRT r sr0p : I r ITEl,l( namer I ) )

where SThRT and STOP define range of items subtotaled-
ITEM(S?hRD through ITEM(STOP), and name is the name of the
STAI hst containing the data.

l. Press llsoivel ffi and enter the equation.

2. Press lrcfTr I to enter the STAI application. Enter your data.
3. Name the list, making sure the name matches name in the
equation.
4. Press tfsolvtrl to return to the Solver. Display the menu of vari-
ables for the equation (press m).
5. Store values for START and STOP by keying in the values and
pressing the menu keys.
6. Press to calculate the subtotal.
Example: You have collected the followi.g data. Calculate the
subtotals for observations '!.-9, l-4, and 2-G.

Obseryation 1 2 3456
Ualue 25.1 l2.T 35 .7 27 .2 lg.g L 0.3

Enter the equation into the Solvef, with name set to DATA. Then:

Keys: Display: Description:

ll r\to5esl Sets display to one deci-

I'f,r#1ffi# mal place.
1 l]N-PUil

lrcrnn Enters the STAI

application.

186 9: Additional Examples

\- If you want to preserve the current list, skip the next step. Instead
\-, Press r
v ll€LEA-H-6ATn Clears the list.
v t ITEI'I( 1)=?

.
v
25.1 ITNPTTI Enters the data.
12.7 nfrFrfl
v 35.7 I TNPUT I
,v 27.2 nffil
18.ellNFFl
v 10.9l-TfrFiiTl rrEr't(?)=?
v T0TfiL=129.9

\,, lexil-l: Names the list DATA.

. DATA lrNPUTl ITE|'4(Z)=?

\., ll-s€Ttrl Enters the Solver.

v If necessary, use [Il or EJ to display the subtotal equation.

\., n Displays the menu of
\., variables.

t-, 1 : srRRT=l .0 Calculates subtotal for

.v 3 I ST0P=3. E items 1, 2, and,3.
lI SrorL=73. S

4 I sT0p=4,0 Calculates subtotal for

\./ !f $ToTL=leO, ? items 1, 2, 3, and 4.
2n sTfiRT=?.6 Calculates subtotal for
\,, 6n sToP=6.0 items 2 through 5.
lI SrOrL=tBa.8

\- 9r Addltional Erampler 18i7

Number of Days Until a Special Day
The followi.g equation calculates the number of days between
today's date and some other meaningful date within one year from
today-for example, Christmas. The calendar in the TIME application
must be set properly.

Christmas

SHHTH=BT}HYS ( CBHTE :8..rB+. ff l XFP ( CBHTEX l EB +

IF(CtlHTE{=12, e5+, El :BI 1E-4) ) : I )
ffi,
For other special days, replace L 2.25 with the special day, expressed in
MM.DD format.
l. To enter the equation, press lfso-Lvtrl , then m.
2. Type the equation and press t-Npuil.
3.Pressffitoverifytheequationanddisplaythemenuof
variables.

Example: If today is April 20, 1988, how many days remain until
Christmas?

Keys: Display: Description:

fffi sHHTH=249. BBBo Calculates number of

days until 12/25/1988.

188 9: Additional Examples

\- Assistance, Batteries,
\-,
\-
Memory, and Seruice
\-, Obtaining Help in Operating the Galculatol
\-, Hewlett-Packard is committed to providing the owners of HP calcu-
\-, lators with ongoing support. You can obtain answers to your
questions about using the calculator from our Calculator Technical
\,/ Support department (see the address and phone number on the inside
\./ back cover).
\,, We suggest that you read, "Answers to Common Questionso, below
\-/ before contacting lrs. Past experience has shown that many of our
customers have similar questions about our products.
\-/
\-,
\- Answers to Gommon Questions
\-, Q. How can I determine if the calculator is functioning properly?
\-, A. Refer to page 198, which describes the diagnostic self-test.
v O. How do I change the way numbers are formatted in the display?
\., A. See "Display Mode and Format of Numberso on page 30.
v
Q. My numbers contain conunas instead of periods as decimal points.
\., How do I restore the periods?
\-, A. Changing the decimal point is covered on page 34.
\-, O. How doI clear all or portions of memory?
v A.l@clearsvariousportionsofmemory,dependingon
\-,
whichmenutheHP-27Sisdisplaying.(See@intheindex
for page references.) Erasing the entire contents of memory is covered
v on page 196.

A: Assistance, Batteries, temory' and Service 189

O. Why does calculating the sine of 7r radians display a very small
number instead of 0?
A. The calculator is not malfunctioni^g. ?r cannot be expressed exactly
with the l2-digit precision of the calculator.
Q. Why do I get incorrect answers when I use the trig functions?
A. You must be in the correct angle mode-radians or degrees. The
RAD annunciator is on in radians mode. Angles in degrees are inter-
preted as decimal degrees (not Degrees.MinutesSeconds).

Q' Why do I get the wrong answer using the TVM application?
A. Before beginning a TVM calculation, be sure to clear the TVM
variables(!m),settheaPPropriatepaymentmode,and
specify the number of payments per year ( ).

Q. How do I indicate multiplication in a Solver equation?

A. You must use the multiplication sign (fJ). You cannot use the
k"y. Also, you cannot specify implied multiplication using pa-
rentheses.

O. The calculator has displayed IHSUFFIcIEHT 1'lE1,l0Ry. What

should I do?
A. Refer to "Manatrng Calculator Memory" on page lg4.
Q. The calculator is operating slowly and the h annunciator is
blinking. Why?
A. The calculator is in trace mode for printing. Press ilpRtr\rTen-l
ffi lenrl to turn off tracing.
Q. Why doesn't the HP-27S beep when an appointment comes due?
A. The beeper has been turned off (see page 35).

t90 A: Assistance, Batteries, tlemorS and Seryice

 Power and Batteries
The HP-275 is shipped with three mercury batteries. A fresh set of
three mercury or silver oxide batteries provides approximately a year
of normal use. (Alkaline batteries last about half as long.) However,
expected battery life depends on how the calculator is used. Printing
and long computations require much more power than other
operations.

Use only fresh, button-cell batteries. Do not use rechargeable batter-

ies. The following batteries are recommended for use. Not all batteries
are available in all countries.

Mercury Alkaline Silver Oxide

Panasonic NP675 Panasonic LR44 Panasonic SR44W
or SP357
Duracell MP675H V13GA Varta Eveready 357
Tloshiba NR44 or MR44 Eveready A76 Ray-O-Vac 357
Radio Shack NR44 or MR44 Duracell LR44 Varta V357
Eveready EP675E

\-' Low-Power lndications

When the low-battery annunciator (E) comes on, the calculator
can continue normal operations for several hours. If the calculator is
turned off, Continuous Memory will be preserved for approximately
two weeks. To conserve battery powe{, printing does not function
when the battery annunciator is on. Printing may halt during a print-
ing operation due to a borderline low battery condition; the calculator
can detect insufficient power for printing before the battery annunci-
ator comes on.

If you continue to use the calculator after the battery annunciator

comes oil, power can eventually drop to a level at which the calcu-
lator stops powering the display and keyboard. The calculator will
require fresh batteries before it can be turned on. When you furn the
calculator on after fresh batteries have been installed, the HP-27S dis-
plays l'l tl rl H I t'{ E F; E:lE T if your stored data is intact or
t'l E f'lrl F;
*r' L Il5 T if data has been lost. In either case, the clock may be
incorrect.
A: Assistance, Batteries, Memory and Service 191
Installing Batteries
Once the batteries are remoued, you must replace the batteries
within one minute to prevent loss of Gontinuous Memory. There-
fore, you should have the new batteries readily at hand before
opening the battery comPartment. Also, you must make sure the cal-
culator is off during the entire process of changing batteries.

To install batteries:

l. Have three fresh button-cell batteries ready at hand. Make sure

no appointment will come due while the batteries are out.
2. Make sure the calculator is off. Do not press lcln-l (ON) again
until the entire procedure for changing batteries is Goln-
pleted. Ghanging batteries with the calculator on could erase
the contents of Gontinuous Memory. (If you have set any ap-
pointments, make sure they will not come due while the
batteries are out.)
3. Hold the calculator as shown. To remove the battery-compart-
ment doo{, Press down and outward on the ribbed area until the
door slides off.

4. Turn the calculator over and shake the batteries out.

Do not mutilate, puncture, or dispose of batteries in

w fire. The batteries can burst or explode, releasing haz-
w arni ng ardous chemicals.

192 A: Assistance, Batteries, llemory, and Service

 5. Hold the calculator as shown and stack the batteries, one at a
time, in the battery comPartment. Orient the batteries according
to the diagram inside the battery compartment. Be sure the
raised and flat ends match the diagram.

\-,

\-,
\-,
v
\-,
6. Slide the tab of the battery-compartment door into the slot in the
\-/ calculator case, as shown.
\./
v
\,,
v
\-,
\-,
\,,
\-,
\-, tf the calculator does not function properly after the new batteries
\./ are installed, you might have taken too long or inadvertently turned
the calculator on while the batteries were out. Remove the new bat-
\-, teries and lightly Press a coin against both battery contacts in the
\-, calculator for a few seconds. Put the batteries Uact in and turn the
calculator on; it should display FtE t't0 R y L 0 s r.
\-/
\-/
\./
\-/
\-/
,.^
A: Assistanee, Batteries, llemory and Seryice l 93
\.,
ilanaging Galculator Memory
The HP-275 has approximately 6,900 units (or "bytes") of memory
available for your use. Thble A-1 describes the memory requirements
of stored information. Non-Solver variables are not listed, since mem-
ory is allocated to them elsewhere in calculator memory.
The HP-275 displays IHSUFFICIEHT I'lEl,lORY if you attempt an
operation that uses more calculator memory than is currently avail-
able. If you see this message:

l. Complete any arithmetic calculations you were doing in the cal-

culator line (press EJ or [ElR l). This frees the memory that was
being used to store each of the numbers and operators.
2. To further reduce the amount of occupied memory, you can:
r Rename your STAI lists to shorter names (see page 74), and
clear any lists you no longer need (see page 76).
I Shorten or delete any messages associated with appointments
(see page 142).
r Delete any Solver variables you no longer need (see page 95).
I Delete any equations you no longer need (see page 95).

194 A: Assistance, Batteries, temory, and Service

\
 Table A-1. llemory Requitements
lVpe of lnformation Amount of Hemory Used
STAI number lists (excluding the list 16 bytes per list + 8 bytes for each
name) item.
STAT list names 1 byte + 1 byte for each character
in the name.
Equations 101/z bytes per equation + 1 byte
for each character in the equation.*
Solver variables 15 bytes for each variable + 1 byte
for each character in the variable
name.
\- Calculator line Numbers-8 bytes + 1 byte for
each character.
\-,
Operators-3l/z bytes.
\-,
Appointment messages 41 bytes for the first message
\- stored + 1 byte for each character
in each message.
\-,
An equation's memory requirements increase substantially while displaying its menu of
\,, variables.

\-
\,,
\-, Resetting the Galculator
\-, If the calculator doesn't respond to keystrokes or is behavi.g unusu-
\-, ally, attempt to reset it. Reset halts the current calculation, clears the
calculator line, and displays the MAIN display. Stored data remains
\-, intact.
\-,
To reset the calculator, hold down the lTFl kuy while you press the
\-, third menu k"y from the left. It may be necessary to repeat ihe reset
\-. keystrokes several times. The HP-275 displays mncH I HE RESET to
confirm that reset has occurred.
\-,
\-,
A machine reset may occur automatically if the calculator is dropped
or if power is intemrpted.
\-,

v
A: Assistance, Batteries, temory, and service l 95
Erasing Gontinuous Memory
Erasing Continuous Memory:

t Clears the calculator line and history stack.

r Deletes all Solver equations and their variables, and clears all other
variables in application and numeric function menus.
t Clears all STAI lists and their names.
I Clears all appointments.
I Sets the calculatorto certain "start-up' settings-month/day /year
date format, l2-hour time format, 4 decimal places, period (.) deci-
mal point, Degrees mode, printer tracing of f , print-speed without
the AC adapteq, and beeper on.
I Starts a new random number sequence using a seed from the sys-
tem clock the next time ffi is pressed.
Erasing Continuous Memory does not affect the current time and
date.

To erase Continuous Memory press and hold down lclnl, the

leftmost menu k"y, and the rightmost menu k"y. (You will be press-
ing three keys simultaneously). When the keys are released, the
HP-275 displays l',lEH0RY L0ST.

Continuous Memory may inadvertently be erased if the calculator is

dropped or if power is intemrpted.

Glock Accuracy
The system clock is regulated by a quartz crystal accurate to within
three minutes per month for normal operating temperatures. The ac-
curacy of the clock cryrstal is affected by temperature, physical shock,
humidity, and utr g. Optimum accuracy is maintained at 25oC (77oF).

f 96 A: Assistanee, Batteries, temory, and Service

\- Environmental Limits
In order to maintain product reliability, you should observe the fol-
\- lowing temperature and humidity timits:
v r Operating temperature: 0o to 45oC (32o to 1L3oF).
\/ r Storage temperature: -20o to 6SoC (-4o to 149oF).
v r Operating and storage humidity: 90% relative humidity at 40oC
(104oF) maximum.
v

v Determining lf the Galculator Requires

v Service
v Use these guidelines to determine if the calculator requires service. If
v these procedures confirm that the calculator is not ftrnctioning prop-
erly, read "If the Calculator Requires Service" on page 201.
v
v r r the calculator won't turn on (nothing is yisible in the disprayf:
v l. Attempt to reset the calculator (see page 195).
v 2. If the calculator fails to respond after step r., replace the bat-
teries (see page 196). If you've just replaced the batteries, see
v the bottom of page 193.
v If steps 1 and 2 do not restore the display, the calculator requires
service.
r It the calculatot doesn't respond to keystrokes (nothing hap-
v pens when you ptess the keysl!
v l. Attempt to reset the calculator (see page 195).
v 2. If the calculator fails to respond after step #1, attempt to erase
Continuous Memory (see page 196). This will erase all the in-
v formation you've siored.
-

v If steps 1 and 2 do not restore calculator function, the calculator

requires service.
v

A: Assistance, Batteries, Memor$ and Seryice lg7

 lf the calculator responds to keystrokes but you suspect that it
is malfunctioning:
1. Do the self-test (described below). If the calculator fails the
self test, it requires service.
2. If the calculator passes the self-test, it is quite likely you've
made a mistake in operating the calculator. Try rereading por-
tions of the manual, and check "Answers to Common
Questions' on page 1,89.
3. You can communicate with an expert on calculator operation
by contacting the Calculator Technical Support department.
The address and phone number are listed on the inside back
cover.

Gonfirming Galculator Operation-fhe Self-

Test
If the display can be turned on, but it appears that the calculator is
not operati.g properly, you can do a diagnostic self-test. The self-test
runs continuously, repeati^g until you halt it.

To run the self-test:

l. Turn the calculator on.

2. If you have the optional Infrared Printer, turn it on. Certain di-
agnostic information is printed during the test.
3. If possible, return to the MAIN display (press l[MAtNl).
4. To start the self-test, hold down IELR I while you press the fifth
menu k.y from the left.* Once the self-test has begun, do not
press any keys until you are ready to halt the test.

* Pressing the fourth menu key from the left starts another self-test that is used at the factory.
Ifyou accidently start this self-test, you can stop it by holding down the fclnl key while
you press the third menu key from the left.

198 A: Assistance, Batteries, llemory, and Seryice

 5. During the test, the calculator beeps periodically, and displays
various patterns and characters. Watch for one of two messages
that are displayed at the end of each test cycle, before the test
automatically repeats:
I If the calculator passes the self-test, the HP-275 displays
0K-e7s-E.
I If the HP-27S displays FF I L followed by u five-digrt number,
the calculator may require service.
6. To halt the self-test, hold down lEin] while you press the third
menu k.y from the left. The HP-275 displays
I'IHCHIHE RESET. If you press any other k"y instead, the test
halts and the HP -27S displays a F H I L message. This message re-
sults from an incorrect kty being pressed, and does not mean that the
calculator requires seruice.
7. If the HP-275 failed the self-test, repeat steps 4 through 6 to
verify the results. If you do not have a printeq, write down the
messages that are displayed after the component tests.

Limited One-Year Warranty

What ls Goyered
The calculator (except for the batteries, or damage caused by the bat-
teries) is warranted by Hewlett-Packard against defects in materials and
workmanship for one year from the date of original purchase. If you sell
your unit or give it as a grft,the warranty is automatically transferred
to the new owner and remains in effect for the original one-year
period. During the warranty period, we will repair ot, at our option,
replace at no charge a product that proves to be defective, provided
you return the product, shipping prepaid, to a Hewlett-Packard ser-
vice center. (Replacement may be with a newer model of equivalent
or better functionality.)
This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have
other rights that vary from state to state, province to province, or
country to country.

A: Assistance, Batteries, Memory and service r gg

What ls Not GoYered
Batteries, and damage caused by the batteries, are not coaered by the
Hewlett-Packard wArranty. Check with the battery manufacturer about
battery and battery leakage u)arranties.

This warranty does not apply if the product has been damaged by
accident or misuse or as the result of service or modification by other
than an authorized Hewlett-Packard service center.

No other express warranty is given. The repair or replacement of a

product is your exclusive remedy. AllY OTIIER IilPLIED WARRANTY
OF TERGHANTABILITY OR FIT]IESS IS LITITED TO TIIE O]IE.YEAR
DURATIOI| OF THIS WRITTEI{ WARRANTV. Some states, provinces,
or countries do not allow limitations on how long an implied war-
ranty lasts, so the above limitation may not apply to you. tl{ llO
EYEI{T S}IALI HEWLETT.PACKARD GOTPA]IY BE LIABLE FOR
COIISEOUEI{TIAL DAilAGES. Some states, provinces, or countries do
not allow the exclusion or limitation of incidental or consequential
damages, so the above limitation or exclusion may not apply to you.

Products are sold on the basis of specifications applicable at the time

of manufacture. Hewlett-Packard shall have no obligation to modify
or update products once sold.

Gonsumer Transactions in the United Kingdom

This warranty shall not apply to consumer transactions and shall not
affect the statutory rights of a consumer. In relation to such transac-
tions, the rights and obligations of Seller and Buyer shall be
determined by statute.

A: Assistance, Batteries, temoryr and Service

 lf the Galculator Requires Service
Hewlett-Packard maintains service centers in many countries. These
centers will repair a calculator or replace it with the same model or
one of equal or greater value, whether it is under warranty or not.
There is a charge for service after the warranty period. Calculators
normally are serviced and reshipped within 5 working days of receipt.

Obtaining Service
I ln the United States: Send the calculator to the Calculator Service
Center listed on the inside of the back cover.
I ln Europe: Contact your HP sales office or dealer or HP's European
headquarters for the location of the nearest service center. Do not
ship the calculator for seraice without first contacting a Hewlett-
Packard office.
Hewlett-Packard S.A.
150, Route du Nant-d'Avril
P.O. Box CH l2l7 Meyrin z
Geneva, Switzerland
Telephone: (022) 82 81 11
t ln other countries: Contact your HP sales office or dealer or write
to the U.S. Calculator Service Center (listed on the inside of the
back cover) for the location of other service centers. If local service
is unavailable, you can ship the calculator to the U.S. Calculator
Service Center for repair.
Allshippitrg, reimportation arrangements, and customs costs are
your responsibility.

Service Gharge
There is a standard repair charge for out-of-warranty service. The
-back
Calculator Service Center (listed on the inside of the cover) can
tell you how much this charge is. The full charge is subject to the
customer's local sales or value-added tax wherever applicable.

A: Assistance, Batteries, llemory, and Seryice 2g^1

Calculator products damaged by accident or misuse are not covered
by the fixed service charges. In these cases, charges are individually
determined based on time and material.

Shipping lnstructions
If your calculator requires service, ship it to the nearest authorized
service center or collection point. (You must pay the shipping charges
for delivery to the service center, whether or not the calculator is un-
der warranty.) Be sure to:

I Include your return address and description of the problem.

I Include proof of purchase date if the warranty has not expired.
I Include a purchase orde{, check, or credit card number plus expira-
tion date (Visa or MasterCard) to cover the standard repair charge.
In the United States and some other countries, the serviced calcu-
lator will be returned C.O.D. if you do not pay in advance.
I Ship the calculator in adequate protective packaging to prevent
damage. Such damage is not covered by the warranty, so we rec-
ommend that you insure the shipment.
t Puy the shipping charges for delivery to the Hewlett-Packard ser-
vice centel, whether or not the calculator is under warranty.

All shippiflg, reimportation arrangements, and customs costs are your

responsibility.

Warranty on Service
Service is warranted against defects in materials and workmanship for
90 days from the date of service.

Service Agreements
In the fJ.S., a support agreement is available for repair and service.
Refer to the form in the front of the manual. For additional informa-
tion, contact the Calculator Service Center (see the inside of the back
cover).

A: Assistancer Batteries, llemoryr and Service

 Regulatory lnformation

Radio Frequency lnterference

U'S.A. The HP-275 generates and uses radio frequency energy and
may interfer with radio and television reception. The calculatoi com-
plies with the limits for a Class B computing device as specified in
Subpart I of Part 15 of FCC Rules, which provide reasonable protec-
tion against such interference in a residential installation. In the
unlikely event that there is interference to radio or television reception
(which can be determined by turning the HP-275 off and on or by
removi^g the batteries), try:
t Reorienting the receivirg antenna.
v t Relocating the calculator with respect to the receiver.

For more information, consult your dealer, an experienced

\., tadio /television technician, or the following booklet, prepared by the
\-. Federal Communications Commission: How to ldentifu and Resolae Ra-
dio-TV lnterference Problems. This booklet is available from the U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, Stock Number
004-000-00345-4. At the first printing of this manual, the telephone
number was (202) 783-3238.

West Germany. The HP-275 and the HP 82240A printer comply

with VFG 1'046/84, VDE 08718, and similar non-interference stan-
dards.
If you use equipment that is not authorized by Hewlett-Packard, that
system configuration has to comply with the requirements of Para-
$taPh 2 of the German Federal Gazette, Order (VFG) 1046/84, dated
December 14, 1984.

Air Safety Notice (U.S,A.I

The HP-275 and the HP 82240A printer comply with the require-
ments of RTCA (Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics) Docket
1608, Section 21. Many airlines permit the use of calculators in flight
based on such a qualification. Howeveq, before boarding a flight,
check with an airline representative regarding use of calculators in
flight'
A: Assistance, Batteries, Memory, and service 2o3
More About the Soluer
Section 5 explains how to enter equations and interpret results. This
appendix provides additional information about direct and iterative
solutions.

Direct Solutions
In seeking a direct solution, the Solver attempts to isolate the un-
known on one side of the equation. The value of the other side is the
solution. The Solver can isolate the unknown if the equation meets
these conditions:

I The only operators involving the unknown are *, , x, +, and ^.

t The unknown does not appear as an exponent.
I The unknown occurs only once in the equation. There are two
exceptions:
l. Occurrences of the unknown as the argument of the S func-
tion can be ignored. For example, IF(S(H) : Y-H I Y-5) can
be solved directly for X.
2. The variable is counted as appearing only once within an IF
function if it appears only once in the conditional expression,
or it appears only once in one or both of the algebraic expres-
sions. For example, both Y=IF(H(B r 4xH;5xH) and
Y=IF(H(B l4xH: IF(H=B:SxH:6xlt) ) can be solved di-
rectly for X.

20,4 B: tore About the SolYer

 r The unknown does not appear in the conditional expression in an
IF function, except as the argument of an S function. For example,
Y=IF(HlB: exB: B+1e) cannot be solved directly for X.
t The unknown does not appear as an argument for any of these
functions:

ABS(x) MOD(x:y)
COMB(x:y) PERM(xy)
\-, FACT(x) RND(xy)
FP(x) SGN(x)
\,, IDIV(x:y) SPFV(i%:n)
\- INT(x) SPPV(i%:n)
IP(x) rRN(xy)
\-, MAX(x:y) USFV(i%:n)
\- MIN(x:y) USPV(i7o:n)

\- I The unknown does not appear as the third argument (cat) of the
DDAYS function.
\-
\. When the equation contains the unknown raised to a positive, even
Powef, there may be more than one solution. If the solver can isolate
\., the unknown, it finds one of the solutions using the positive root. For
v example, ( H- I ) ^2=25 has two solutions. Th; Solver algebraically
reduces this equation to X 1 : 5 and calculates X : 5. -To find the
\-, other solution, the equation can be rewritten ( I -H ) ^Z=ES. The
Solver then refurns X :
- 4.
'
\./
\-, If the unknown can be isolated but an answer cannot be found, the
HP-275 displays S0LUTI0H HOT F0UHE. There are two reasons
\-, this might happen:
v
r Rearrangement causes a mathematical error. For example, when the
\-/ Solver tries to isolate X in t +H =8, division by 0 occurs.
\-, I The rearranged equation violates an algebraic rule. For example, the
equation E+H-l rearranges to x : 0, which obviously is not a
\-,
solution.
\-,
\-.

B: tore About the Solyer

Since the Solver selects only the positive root when the unknown
is raised to an even powel the HP-275 may display
S0LUTI0l'l H0T F0UHI] when a solution could be found using the
negative root. You can rewrite the equation to force the Solver to use
the negative root by negating the algebraic expression that is raised to
the even power. For example, ( 1-1+H)^2=1 cannot be solved be-
cause it is rearranged to 1 + X : 0. Howeveq, if the equation is
rewritten as ( 1+H-1)^e=L, a solution X : 0.5 is found.

lVhen the unknown is an angle argument (arguments of SIN, COS,

TAN, XCOORD, YCOORD), there usually are an infinite number of
solutions. If the Solver can isolate the unknowrl, it finds lne of the
solutions. For example, THN(H)=1 has an infinite number of solu-
tions: A - 45o + 180 x n, n: 0, ''/-.,2, ... . The Solver algebraically
reduces this equation to A: ATAN(I) and calculates A : 45o. The
equation can be rewritten to find other direct solutions. For example,
THH(H-1BB)=1 is reduced to A - AIAN(I) + 180; A: 2250.
Another way to find other solutions is to append unknown-unknoLDn +
to the beginni.g of the equation to "force" an iterative solution. For
example, H H + THN(H) = 1 cannot be solved directly. Different
solutions can be found by entering appropriate guesses.

B: tore About the SolYer

\/ lterative Solutions
\/
when the solver cannot isolate the unknown, it seeks an iterative
\-' solution by searching f.or a number that sets the left side of the equa-
v tion equal to the right side. A convenient way to conceptualize the
process is to think of the equation as a function of one (unknown)
\-' variable for which the Solver is seeking a root.

\/ How the Solver Finds a Root lteratively

Consider an_equation containing a number of variables, including un-
v known r. when values have been entered for all variables o<cep"t the
.v unknown, the equation has the form:
v gft) : h(x)
! where-g(r) and, h(x) are the left and right sides of the equation. For
v o<ample, when the equation:
\/
of +L*-l cx*it
v14
v issolvedforrwith n : -2,b : B,r : 2,c : 24,andd : -g,ithas
\r' the form:

v -2x3+4x2:6x-g
s-_, +/J
v g(x) h(x)
v g(d-lr(x) :
Since 0, the equation can be rewritten:

. : g(x) - h(x) : -2f * 6x t8 :

f(x) 4x2 - 0

B: tore About the Solver 2Ol

The value of x for which f(x) : 0 is called a root of the equation. The
Solver iteratively seeks a root for f(x) by evaluating the function re-
peatedly at estimates of x, and comparing the results to previous
estimates. Using a complex algorithm, the Solver intelligently "pre-
dicts' a new estimate where the graph might cross the r-axis.
Figure B-1 illustrates the function f(x): -2x3 + 4x2 5x + 8. The
gpaph shows one root. (The first example on page 212 calculates this
root.)

t(x)

\t
I

Figure B-l . flrl : -2x3 + 4r2 - 6r + 8

\-
'\-,

208 B: tore About the Solver

\- :
Figure B-2 illustratesflx) x3 - 5x2 - 10r + 20, which has three
\- roots.

t(x)

5
I I
\ ll
I ,r/

\-
\-
\-, Figure B-2. flxl : x3 - 5x2 - lor + 20
\.,
All three roots can be found by entering appropriate guesses for x
\-, before solvin g f or x. To help select guesses, you can get some idea of
\- the behavior of the function by calculating the value of f(x) at various
values of x. (See the example "Finding Several Roots of a Function' on
\. page 179.)
\-.

The Solver's Ability to Find a Root

If any two estimates yield f(x) with opposite signs, the Solver Pre-
\- in at least one place between the two
sumes that f(x) crosses the r-axis
\- estimates. The interval is systematically narrowed until a root is
found.
\-,
\-
\-,
\-,

B: tore About the Solver 2O9

For the Solver to find a root, the root has to exist within the range
of
numbers of the calculator, and f(x) must be defined in the domain
where the iterative search occurs. The Solver always find a root if one
or more of these conditions are met:
I TWo estimates yield f(x) values with opposite signs, and the
function's graph crosses the r-axis in at least one place between
those estimates (figure B-3a).
I f(x) always increases or decreases as x is increased (figure B-3b).
I Th" SaPh of f(x) is either concave or convex everywhere (figure B-
3c).
r It f(x) has one or more local minima and maxima, each occurs singly
between adjacent zeros of f(x) (figure B-3d).

Figure B'3. Functions for Which a Root Gan Be Found

2lO B: tore About the Solyer

 In most situations, the calculated root is an accurate estimate of the
theoretical, infinitely precise root of the equation. An 'idealr solution
is one for which f(x) - 0. However, a non -zero value for f(x) is often
also acceptable, because it results from approximating numbers with
limited (12-digrt) precision.
The Solver can deal with a wide variety of complex situations. Results
of an iterative solution are divided into four major situations-cases t,
2, 3, and 4.

Gases Where a Root ls Displayed lGases la and lbl

In case 1, the Solver automatically displays the calculated root. Table
B-1 describes the two case 1 situations. (Also see figure 5-1 on Page
L 14.)
\-,
Table B-1 . Gase I Solutions
\-,
Signs of J(xI for Gomparision of Trends in f(xl
\./ Gase
Final Estimates Final Estimates
\-,
Case 1a f (x):o
\, Case 1b Opposite Neighbors f(x) tor the estimates
have not been
\-.
strongly diverging
\-, from zero as x ap-
proaches the two
\-, neighbors from both
sides.
\-,

For case la, the calculated root sets f(x) exactly equal to 0. For case lb,
the calculated root is a 12-digit number adjacent to the place where
the function's graph crosses the r-axis. Cases La and Lb are differenti-
\-. ated by pressing the menu k.y for the unknown after the root has
been displayed. For case lb solutions, the HP-27S displays the values
of g(x) (LEFT) and h(x) (RIGHD.

B: tore About the Solver 2ll

 \-,

Example: A Gase I Solution With One Root. Find the root of the
equation:

.2f + 4x2 Gx +8:0

l. Pressl[so-LVFl, thenm.
2. Type -2xH^3 +4xH^e-6xH +g=6 fiNFUilru.
Keys: Display: Description:
0ffi H=B , gEB0 Enters guesses.
10m X=lB,BEAA

ffi X= 1 , 6596 Calculates X.

ffim LEFT I -8, EEEBBEEEBE4

RIGHT: g, EBBBB6AB0BB
Optional; indicates
case Lb.

[| H=t , EF8E Clears message.

Example: A Gase I Solution With Ttro Roots. Find the roots of

the equation:

x 6:
x2 + o

l. Press lrcbml, then m.

2. Type x^e+H-6=E tJN-FUfl m.

212 B: tore About the Solver

v Keyr: Displayr DcscilPtlonl

O : H=8. OBBE Enters guesses for the

v 10 n x=10, 9868 positive root.
v I H=2,9899 Calculates the positive
root.

\,, n X=2, E06B Optiona! indicates

case 1a'
\.,
\-/ O: x=6,9BoB Enters guesses for the
IOElI H=-lB,Og09 negative root.

\., t !t=-3,0868 calculates the negative

root.

I X=-3,8099 OPtiona! indicates

v case la'
v
v r(x)

\./
v -5 I
5
I

\,/
\-r
\./
v
\-,
v FigureB-4.flx| : x2 +x - 6
v
v
\./
\./
\,,
\-,
\-/
B: tore About the Solver 2lg
 Example: A Discontinuous Function. A case I solution may exist
for a function that is discontinuous. For example, the function:

f(x) : [ 3xs 4Sx2 + 350 for x 10 l

L looo for x 10J
is defined for all values of x, but discontinuous at x : 10.

l. Press |[soml, then m.

2. Typ" IF(X{IB: BxH^B-4SxH^Z+ESB: 1EgE)=B tntFFl
ffi.
Keys: Display: Description:
o ffi H=B, BEBS Enters guesses.
I ffi H=9,BBBB

H=3, tgsg Calculates positive root.

W$ LEFT r -8, BBBgaSBBIBB

RIGHT: g,0BBBBBB6E0B
Indicates case lb.
El x=3, lBsB Clears message.

1{
yo"r Suesses bracket the discontinuity or occur in the region where
f(x) is constant, the solver returns a different answer.
effi X=9 , BBBE Enters guesses.
11 ffi H=lt,BEgg
X=lE.gABB Calculates X.

ffi LEFT : I,B0g,EBBEBBBB

RIGHT I B, BgBBgBggEEE
Indicates case lb.

214 B: llore About the Solyer

Notice that LEFT and RIGHT are relatively far apart. This indicates
that the answer is probably not a good solution to the equatiorl, and
demonstrates the importance of viewing LEFT and R/GHT for a case I
solution if you have any doubt about the answer. Examining the
graph of the function (see figure B-5) shows how the Solver arrived at
the answer. When the iterative process produced the estimate X - 10,
the Solver determined that two neighboring estimates yield values of
f@ with opposite signs.

t(x)

- 1000

t,/ I I
\ tl

Figure B-5. flxI For a Discontinuous Function

Gase 2 Solutions
In case 2,the Solver does not find an estimate for which flr) : 0.
Furthermore, the criteria for a case lb solution are not met. The
HP-27S automatically displays the values of LEFT and R/GHT for the
best final estimate, rather than an answer. Pressing any key displays
the final estimate that generated those values. LJse great caution in
interpreting the results.

B: llore About the SolYer 215

Table B-1 describes the case 2 conditions. (Also see figure S-2 on page
116.) To view the two final estimates, press and hold down the menu
k"y for the unknown until the displayed estimates stop changing.

Table B.l. Gase 2 Solutions

Gase Signs ol flrl for Gomparision of
Final Estimates Final Estimates Trends ln flxI

Case 2a Opposite Neighbors t(x) for the two esti-

mates have been
strongly diverging
from zero as x ap-
proaches the two
neighbors from both
sides.
Case 2b Opposite Not neighbors Not relevant
Case 2c Same Not relevant May be relative mini-
mum of magnitude

Example: A Gase 2a solution. Find the root of the equation:

x
x-6 1:o
l. Press tf so-1vil, then- mm.
2- Typ. H+(H^e-6)-t=B tr-Fiifl ffi.

21o^ B: llore About the Solyer

\- As r approaches fO, f(r) becomes a very large positive or negative
v number:

v Keys: Display: DescriPtion:

\- H=z, J6BB E$"o
2.3 m guesses bracketing
v 2.7 ffi t1=2,7686 V5.
v LEFT r81,649,6s8,494,6
v RIGI{T:0. BOBBBBASBB0
Case 2.

v [] H=2.4495 Displays best estimate

of X'
- *ffiffi Final estimates are
v (hold doan) Hr 2 , 449489?4??9 + neighbors; case 2a.
v Xr2.44948974278

v [| H=2.4495 Displays calculator line.

v Figure 8-6 illustrates the pole between the final estimates. The initial
\-, guesses yielded opposite signs for flr). The Solver narrowed the inter-
val between successive estimates until two neighbors were found. The
v function has roots at -2 and 3, which can be found by entering ap-
v propriate guesses.
\-/
t(x)
\,,
\./
\., 1 2 3
I I
\..
\,/
\.,
\,/
\-,
v Figure8-6. IIrl: x + lx2 - 6l - I

B: tore About the Solver 217

'>
 I

Example: A Gase 2b Solution. Find the root of the equation:

.5:o
l. Press Il'So-LTEl, then m.
2. Type SeRT(lt+(H+,8) )-, S=E tffil :.
Keys: Display: Description:
o X x=o,g8gB Enters guesses.
10 m x=rE,ggag

ffi x=o.196g Calculates root.

NoW attempt to tind a negative root by entering guesses 0 and
- 10.
otlil x=E . gBgB Enters guesses.
10[Il-Jffi fi=-lB,ggsB
ffi LEFT :-B,EBAgggBBgEB
RIGHT: g,BEBggBEB66g
Case 2.

[| X=8. B6gB Displays best estimate

of X.

ffi
(hold down) H:B.BogBBgBBggB
Final estimates.

XI -g,3gBgAAABgB +

[| X=6,0868 Displays calculator line.

218 B: tore About the Solyer

(
\-,

Notice that f(x) has opposite signs for the two final estimates, and that
the final estimates are not neighbors. This is a case 2b solution. Figure
B-7 illustrates the function. The final two estimates bracket a region
\-, where flr) is undefined.
v
t(x)
v
\-,
\-,
\-,
l
v
\-,
\-,
J I

v -1 1

\.,
Figure B-7. fftl : -.5
\./
v
v
\,/
\,/
v
v
v
\-,
v
v
\./
\-/
v
\./
\./
\-, B: tore About the SolYer 2t9
r-
Example: A Gase 2c Sotution lRelative tlinimuml. Calculate the
root of the equation:

x2 6x + 13: o

l. Pressllsoml , then ffi.

2- Typu H^e-6xH+13=B llN-Fufl m.
Keys: Display: Description:
0 ffi H=E,BBEB Enter guesses to search
10 ffi H=tg.EEEB for positive root.
ffi LEFT :8.99999999996
RIGHT: E, BBBBBBBBBBE
Case 2.

fJ X=J, BBEB Displays the best esti-

mate of X.

ffi.ffi.ffiffii Final estimates; case 2c.

(holddyn) HTJ,aEEEEE?TB6B +
H I 3, gBBBEB?TEBS +

f,] H=J, BBBB Displays calculator line.

f(x) has the same sign for both estimates, indicating that the Solver
has not found a place where the function probably Jros"s the r-axis.
Figure B-8 illustrates the function, a parabola with a minimum at
X - 3. To find the y-coordinate of the minimuffi, edit the equation to
H^e-6xl(+13=Y, enter 3 for X, and solve for Y.

B: tore About the Solver

 \-,

t(x)

10

\-,
I

5
v
\-,
Figure B-8. IIrl : x2 - 6r + 13
\-,
\-/ Eramplel A Function Dipping to the X.Aris. Calculate the root of
v the equation:

v lx2-21 :o
v l. Press m.llsolvel, then
\- 2. Type flBS(X^Z-A)=6 firlElru.
\" Keys: Display: Description:
\-,
1 ffi H= 1 , BBBB Enters guesses.
\-' 2 ffi X=2.BBEB
\-'
,**,ffi
::::r:L:iiii,ii

ff#ffi{ LEFT !B,BBBEEBBBBBl

\-, RIGHT r B. BB0BEBBB600
Case 2.
\-,
v E) x=l ,4142 DisPlaYs the answer.

v ffi Final estimates; case 2c'

(hold dou:n) xr1,4l4et3s6e3? +
H:1.41421356e36 +

v t' 4142
[[ H= Displays calculator line.
v
\.,

B: tore About the SolYer 221

7;:.
This is a case 2c solution becaus e f(x) has the same sign for both esti_
mates. Howeveq, LEFT and RIGHT are very close together and the
final estimates are neighbors. It appears that the Solvlr has found an
accurate root. Figure B-9 shows that the function is never negative,
but dips to the x-axis at r \E LEFT-R/GHT does not
- "q,ruf
0 be_
cause V2 cannot be expressed exactly in lZ digits.

t(x)

-5

-2 -1 1 2

Figure B-9. A ilinimum at the X-Aris

Gase 3: Bad Guesses

If both initial
guesses are outside the domain in which f(x) is defined,
the Solver cannot use them. In this case, the HP-27S displays:

BHU GUESSES I
PRESS ECLR] TO UIEl,I

Example: A Gase 3 Situation. Find the root of the equation:

.5:0
l. press ltsoutEl, then ffi.
2. Typ"SART(X+LH(H))-,5=Bm-pUfll .

B: llore About the Solyer

 Keys: Dirplay: DescriPtion:

These keystrokes attempt to find a negative root.

.v 0 I X=0.8960 Solver will start search-

10 Eln H=-lB ,gsgg ing in the range -10
\- through 0.
v X BFII GUESsES: flr) is undefined in this
v PRESS ECLRI T0 range (see figure B-10).
u I E]'l
\r
fcfF] x:8, go666gsgssg Displays guesses.
v X r -19 .ggggBg0ggg
v
E] x=-to ,sggg, Displays calculator line.

. Enter different guesses and search again:

\,, 0 n x=6. o9o6 Enters guesses.

10 n x=10.0999

v t x=6.5622 Case I answer.

\., f LE,,,r-1 ,ssgggBgg6ooE-12

RIGHT r 6.66060099599
v OPtiona! indicates
\-/ case lb.
\-, [[ x=0.6622 Redisplays X.

\-/
v B: Iorc About thc SdY.t 229
 t(x)

r
-llrrr 1

Figure B.lO. flxI: \ffi -.5

Gase 4= when a solution lsn't Found

The Solver can fail to find a solution because no iterative solution
exists, or because the search algorithm cannot find a solution using
the initial estimates. For example:

t
\l x
Vffi- '5: o
can be solved by entering appropriate positive guesses (see figure B-
7) - However, entering negative guesses in the range where the
function is defined causes the Solver to search the function as it
asymptotically approaches 1. Eventually, the HP-27S displays
SOLUT I OH HOT FOUHII.

Figure B-11 illustrates a function that equals 1 throughout the range

of numbers, except that it equals 0 at x: 0. The Solver finds a solu-
tion only if one of the guesses is 0.

224 B: llore About the Solver

 rit

.5

\-,
\-,
Figure B-ll. tlxl : lSGlllrll
\-,
v Round-Ofl Error
v The limited (l2-digit) precision of the calculator can cause "round-off"
errors that adversely affect iterative solutions. For example:
v
\. [(rl + 1) + tOtslz - 1030 : 0
v has no roots because the left side of the equation is always positive.
v Howwer, the Solver finds an answer. When the equation is edited to
the form y : f(x) and solved for y, the Solver calculates y : 0 due to
v round-off error. By recognizing situations where round-off error
v might occur, you can better waluate the results, and perhaps rewrite
the function to reduce the effects of round-off.

\-,
\-,
\,,
\-,
\-,

B: llore About the Solver 225

Equations Used by l{P-27S-
Menus
SOLYE
ActuariCl Functions. The following equations describe the four
Solver actuarial functions.

n : number of compounding periods.

io/o : periodic interest rate, o(pressed as a percentage.

Single Payment Present Value Function

of a single $1.00 payment occurring n periods
(Present value in the
future.)

: (t + -t%-\-'
SPPV (io/o:n)
\^ ' looI
Single Payment Future Value Function
(Future value after n periods of a single $1.00 payment.)

sPFV (io/o:n): (t + *rJ

G: Equations Used by HP-27S llenus

\-,,,
\-,
\-/
\-' Uniform Series Present Value Function
\-, (Present value of a $1.00 payment that occurs n times.)
\-,
\-,
\- USPV (io/o:n'1 :
io/o
\-, 100

lz Uniform Series Future Value Function

\,/ (Fufure value of a $1.00 payment that occurs n times.)

\-,
\-,
USFV (io/o:n) :
v io/o

v 100

v
v
v
v
v
\-1

\-,
v
v
\./
v
.

\-/
\,/
\-,
v
\-,
U
v G: Equations Used by llP-?ff9 tenus 22?
iq
J.
Statistics
n : number of items in the list.
{ : an element of the sorted list.

TOTAL: Zxi
Zxi
MFAI:{ : 7,:
n

MEDIAN : ti' for odd n, where i : n + 1

(xi' * xi+')
i:
- n
MEDIAfI - ,o, even n, where
2 2

2 (x, - 7)z
smEv:

RANGE : LIAX MIN

2u x,,t
W.MN : "t
2Yi

: zyi xiz (>y) Tz

G.SD
(2y;) 1

>X : Zxt
>y : Zyi
>X2 : 2xi2
>Y2 : 2yi2
>Xy : Zxili

\-/
228 Gr Equatlons Used by HP-27S tenus \-/
g
 Gurve Fitting

todel Transformation x, Yf

LIN y:B+hlk y :B+IIx xi Ai

EXP Y: BCW lny:lnB+hlx X; ln yi
LOG y: B + Mlnr y : B + Mlnx ln X; Ai
PWR Y: BXM lr,y: lnB + Mlnr ln X; ln Yi

Let:

T_ 2X; v_
T- ZYi
^: nn
\-, sxz: )(Xi T),
\-'
SY2: )(Y; T)'
\-,
\-, sxv : )(x; x-l (Yi n
\-'
Then:
\-,
M: sxy
sx2

B: b (LIN, LOG models)

\-.
\- B: eb (EXR pWR models)

\-, whereb:T-MT
\-,
CORR : SXY

\-.
\-,

Gr Equations Used by HP-27S llenus 229

TVM
S : payment mode factor (O'for End mode; 1 for Begin mode).

i"/" : lo/oYR
P /YR

0: nv + (r . #) x pMr x uspv (P/":n) * FV x Sppv (io/o:n)

Amortization

>INT : accumulated interest

>PRIN : accumulated principal
i : periodic interest rate
BAL is initially the TVM value of PV, rounded to the current display
setting.
PMT is initially the TVM value of PMT rounded to the current display
setting.

loloYR
P /YR x 100

For each payment amortized:

INf is rounded to the current display setting; INT, : 0 for period 0

in Begin mode.
INf :BAL x i
INT : INT' (with sign of PMf)
PRIN:PMT+/Nf
BALnew: BAL16 + PRIN

>lNTnew:2lNTs74 + INT

>PR/Nnew : ZPRIN s16 + PRIN

G: Equations Used by HP-27S tenus

\-' J{umeric Function tenus
v PRoB

\- CX,Y: yt(r - y)l

\-, PllY:, (x Oy)t.,

-
\-, COTYERT

\-, XCOORD - R cos {

\-' ycooilD: R sin {,

\-, n:@
\r {, : <4<
tan YCOORD+ XCOORD - 1800 1800

%cHG

\., %cFTANGE: (*"a;o-) x 1oo

\,,'
\.,
\.,
\-, G: Equatlonc Urcd by tlP-27S Xenur 231
Menu Maps and llables
The following menu maps illustrate how to displ"y each of the menus
within the HP-275 four applications. The numeric function menus
and control menus are listed in table form.

Variables are enclosed in boxes to illustrate how they are used:

Variable used to store and/or calculate values.

O Calculate-only or display-only variable. Values cannot

be stored in this variable. \-,

D Store-only variable. Variable cannot be calculated in

this menu.

232 D: tenu taps and Tables

 SOLVE llenu tlap

Il-soLVtrl

CALC

ALPHA.Edit

ALPHA menu
\-,
\- Menu of equation variables

\-,
\-,
\-/
\.,
\-/
\,,
\-/
v
\-,
\./
\-
\-,
\.,
\-,
\-,
\-/
\-,

D: tenu taps and Tables 2gg

\,.
STAT llenu ilap

ttSrnt t

CALC INSR DELET NAME GET TOTAL

ALPHA-Edit menu

ALPHA menu
*NEW Names of lists

SORT FRCST MORE

(Select x and y)

MORE<

MODL MORE

LIN LOG EXP PWR

I
RE

D: Menu taps and Tables

\-/=-
 TVlt tenu llap

\-
\-,
\,
\-,
\-,
v
\-
\-,
\,/
\-,
\-,
\-,
\-,
\-.
\-,
\-
v
\-,
\-,

D: llenu llaps and Tables

,v
Time llenu llap

II nrvrEl

CALC APPT ADJST SET

-HR +MIN -MIN +SEC _SEC

APT1 APT2 APT3 APT4 APT5 MORE

APT6 APTT APTS APT9 APT1 O MORE

A/PM MSG HELP

ALPHA or ALPHA-Edit menu

lpprEl A/PM M/D 12124 HELP

lilATEll lpA'rezl lpAYSl

236 D: tenu taps and Tables

 llumeric Function tenus
IlEAstrl DEC HEX ocr BIN

I[TmBl X Y C X,Y P X,Y N! RAN#

Il Hypl SINH COSH TANH ASNH ACOSH ATNH

llcoNiffit >DEG > RAD >HR > HMS MORE

XCORD YCORD R 4 D/R MORE

ll .z.enA OLD NEW o/"CH

ll-pART3-l IP FP RND ABS

\-.
Gontrol tenus
\-.
\./ lrvrdDFl FIX SCI ENG ALL I MORE

\- D/R BEEP PRNT MORE

\-,
llFRiNffil LIST STK REGS TIME MSG TRACE
\-,
\-,
\,
\-,
v
\-,
\-,
\-,
\-,
\-,
\-,
\-,

v
\r'l

\./ D: llenu taps and Tables 2gz

v_
Error Messages
The messages are listed in alphabetical order. The calculator
distinguishes between math errors on the calculator line and other
types of errors- messages for math errors start with ERR0R:.

Press rc-m] or [J to erase error messages and restore the previous

display.

BHD GUESSES:
PRESS ECLR] TO UIEI,I
The Solver cannot begin a numerical search using the initial estimates
(see page 116).

BHTT TOO LOI'I TO PR I NT

The calculator requires fresh batteries before information can be
printed.

CURRENT LIST UHHHl'IED;

HHI,IE OR CLEHR THE L I ST
Attempted to get another list without first clearing or naming the cur-
rentlist.Pressl@toclearthelistoriltonameit.
E1',IPTY L I ST
Attempted to do a calculation using an empty STAI list.

\-,
'\-,
23,8 Error tessages
--
-,-
\-
1--
 ERR0R ! THI'| ( HEG )
L0GHR I
v ERR0RT L0GHRITHl't(B)
.v Attempted to take the base 10 or natural log of a negative number or
zero. This can happen during curve-fitting calculations if you attempt
\- to calculate:
\-' r A logarithmic forecasting model with a negative or zero r-value.
\- r An er<ponential forecasting model with a negative or zero y-value.
\- r A power forecasting model with a negative or zero x- and/or y-
value.

'\- ERROR I HEG^H0N I NTEGER

\- Attempted to raise a negative number to a non-integer power.

\' ERR0R r ouERFLol,l

\-. An internal result in a calculation was too large for the calculator to
handle.

\/ ERROR I SORT(HEG)
Attempted to calculate:
\-
v r The square root of a negative number.
v r The grouped standard deviation with a negative frequency.

\- ERRSR: UHttERFLoH
\- An internal result in a calculation was too small for the calculator to
handle.

\/ ERR0R r 6^HEG
Attempted to raise zero to a negative power.
\J

\- ERROR I 6+9
Attempted to divide zero by zero.
v
'v ERROR I E^6
v Attempted to raise zero to the zero power.

\/ ERR0R l +B
\, Attempted to divide by zero.

:
Error tessages 239
I HPUTS CHUSED +E
The numbers stored in variables caused a division by zero in the cal-
culation. Change one or more stored values.

IHSUFFICIEHT BHTR

I Attempted to calculate standard deviation with only one value in

the list.
r Attempt to do curve fitting using an r-variable list in which all the
items are equal.
r Attempt to do curve fitting using the logarithmic or power models
with a list for which the transformed values of. x (ln(r)) are equal.

IHSUFF ICIEHT ]'IEI,IORY

The calculator has insufficient memory available to do the operation
(see "Managrng Calculator Memory' on page 194).

I HTEREST (- - 1 BEZ
I0/0yR + P/YR is less than or equal to -100 in the TVM application.
I HTERRUPTED
Calculation of l0loYR (in the TVM application), amortization results, a
Solver variable, or a STAI list sort was intermpted.

IHVHLID I}HTE
The number entered cannot be interpreted as a proper date. Check its
format (page 138). Acceptable dates are:
r Clock/calendar and appointments I I /1 /1987 1,2/31 /2086.
t Date arithmetic: L0/15/1582 L2/31,/9999.

INUHLIB EGUHTIOH
The Solver cannot interpret the equation due to a syntax error. Refer
to "The Syntax of Equations" on page 96.

\_.-

Error tessages
 I HVHL I t} I HPUT

I Attempted to store into a menu variable a number that is outside

the range of values permitted for that variable.
r The number entered cannot be interpreted as a proper time.
I The appointment repeat interval is out of range.
I Attempted to enter a non-integer or negative number when speci-
fy*g the number of displayed decimal places (in MODES menu).
r Attempted an illegal math operation.

IHVHLIB H
Attempted to calculate l\loYR with N

I'IHCH I NE RESET
The calculator has been reset by the use4 or a reset ocurred automatically
(see pages l9l and 195).
\-,
\.. l,IHHY OR HO SOLUT I OHS
The calculator cannot calculate ln/oYR. Check the values and signs of PV,
\- PMT and FV If the values of PV PMT and FV are correct, the calcula-
\- tion is too complex for the TVM menu.

v 1'lE1'l0RY L0ST
\- Continuous memory has been erased (see page 195).

\-,
HH1'IE HLREHT}Y U$EB
The list name is already in use; enter a different name.

HO SOLUT I OH
No solution is possible using the current values stored in menu variables
or the current list.

H! H(E OR H HOHIHTEGER
Attempted to calculate the factorial of a negative or non-integer value.

OVERFLOI,I
Warning (displayed momentarily); the magnitude of a result is too large
for the calculator to handle. The HP-275 returns +9.999999999998499
in the current display format. (See "Range of Numbers" on page 62.)

Error Messages 241

SOLUT I OH HOT FOUHT}
No solution was found for a Solver equation using the current values
of the variables (see page I1,G and page 226).

TOOB I G
The magnitude of the number is too large to be converted to HEX,
oCT or BIN base. The number must be in the range
-34,359,739,369

UHBERFLOl,I
Warning (displayed momentarily); the magrutude of a result is too
small for the calculator to handle. The HP-27S returns 0. (See "Range
of Numberso on page 62.

UNEOUHL LIST LENGTHS

Attempted a two-list STAI calculation (curve-fitting, weighted mean,
grouped standard deviation, summation statistics) using lists of un-
equal lengths.

242 Error tessages

\--.
 lndex
Page numbers in bold type indicate prim ary references; page numbers
in regular type indicate second ary references.

Special Gharacters A
$$ l key, 55
k"y, 55
ffik"v
for setting appointment time, l4l
rr#,.ffi$
#ifr$ key, ss in SET menu, 138
$ k.y, 75 (absolute value) k.y, 61'
l k"y, 55 ABS Solver function, 98
'q, k.y, 131 AC adapteq, printing with, 149
-b:*iiffi.St key, 80 Accounts, savings, 127-130
* key, 80 Accuracy of clock, 196
\- 1$1if, k.y, 80 Acknowledging appointments,
k"y, 80 142-143
.# k.y, 80 Itacost k"y, 54-5s
k.y, 138, 139 ACOS Solver function, 98, L7l
i,$ffi key, 145 key, 60
ffi key, r45 ACOSH Solver function, 98
[J key, 18 Actual calendar, 136, 145, 147
t@ k.y, 51 Actuarial functions,
t@ k.y, 51 equations for, 226
ll ./"cHGl key, 24 Solver functions, 102
lE k.y, 54 Adding vectors, 154-156
Ek.y, 19 ffi k.y, 137
lE k.y, sl Adjusting the clock, 139
l@
o/oCH,
k.y, 53 Advance payments, leasing, 172-176
28-29, 51 Alarms, 140-147, See also
%CHG menu, 28-29, 51, 231 Appointments
2 Solver function, 101, 108-110, 1.8L, ALL display mode, 31
184, 185 ALOG Solver function, 98
x2 statistics, 183-185 ALPHA-edit menu, 38-39

lnder 243,
't ,, kuy, gg Appointment(s)
ALPHA menu, 35-40 acknowledging, 142-143
Alphabetic characters, typing, 35-38 annunciator, 20, 142, 143
AM/PM, switching between, 137, beepeq, 35
138 clearing, 143
American calendar format, "1,36 memory used by, 195
Amortization message, 140, 142
definition, ll7 numbe{, 140
equations for, 232 past due, 140, 143
menu, ll9, 131 printing, 151
schedule, calculating, 131-133 repeating, 141, 142
schedule, printing, l3l, 134-135 setting, 140-142
t rtt, key, l1r9 status of, 140
AMRT menu, ll9, 131 unacknowledged, 143
AND operatoq, 103-104 viewing, 140-14l
Angle ffi key ,137, 140
between two vectors, 156-157 APPT menu, 140-14l
conversions, 55-56 Arc cosine, 54-55
degrees or radians, 53-54 Arc sine, 54-55
ANGLE Solver function, 98 Arc tangent, 54-55
Annunciator Arithmetic
appointment, 142-143 for dates, 145-147
definition, 20 in calculator line , 18-19, 42-46
low batteries, L5, l9l in HEX, OCT or BIN base, 63,
print, 20, 148 67-68
radians, 20, 54 in registers, 47-48
shift, 20, 2l operators, 42-44
Antilogarithms, 53 Arrangements (permutations), 59
Applications, Arrow keys
definition, 23 changing the current equation, 91
during ALPHA entry, 38 moving through STAI lists, 72
entering, 25 rolling the history stack, 22
leaving ) ZS viewing long equations, 93
switching, 26 |[ ASf N I kuy, 54-55
top-level menu of, 23 ASIN Solver function, 98
using numeric functions with, 27 ASINH Solver function, 98
ffiffi kuy, 60
tl'ArAN] k.y, 54-55
AIAN Solver function, 98
ffik.y,60
ATANH Solver function, 98
Available memory determining, 34,
See also Memory
Average-, moving, 181-183

244 lndex
B Calculator line
arithmetic in, 18-19, 42-46
B, equation for, 229
clearing, 2l
k"y, 80-82
containing more than 22 charac-
Backspace, 2l
ters, 19
Bad guesses, 116, 222
displaying in STAI menu, 70
ffikey, 131
for simple calculations, 18
Balance of loan, L30, 1'31-132
editing, 2l
Balloon payment, 125-127
mernory requirements of, 195
Base 10 logarithm and antilogarithm,
printing, 149
53
using 15, 42
Base arithmetic, 63, 57-68
Calculator technical support, 189
Base conversions, 63-68
Calendar
lmorE-, kuy, 24 actual, '/.,36, 145, 147
BASE menu, 63-58
forrnat, L36
Batteries
setting, 138
effect on printing, l9I specifying in Solver, 99
installing, l9l 360-day, 136, 145, 147
life,l9I 365-day, L36, 145, L47
low, l9l
Car loan, L23-1,24
k"y, 35
Carbon-l4 dating, 40-41'
Beepeq, turning on and off, 35
Case 1 solutions, ll3-114, 21'l-21'5
ffi k.y, l1'9
Case 2 solutions, ll4-115, 215-222
Begin mode, 1,l9
Case 3 situation, tl6, 222-223
ffikuy,63 Case 4 situation, 1,16, 224
Bytes of memory remaining, 34
Cash flow
definition, ll7
G diagrams, 120-l2l
sign of, 120
ffikey Catenary equation, 168-170
in SOLVE menu, 9l CDATE Solver function, 98, 188
in STAI menu, 76-77 Chain calculation
in TIME menu, 137 doing, 18-19, 43-45
CALC menu, operator priority during, 43-44
in SOLVE, 92 used in a menu calculation, 30
in STAf,, 77 Changing list numbers, 72
in TIME, 145 Changing the sign of a numbe{, 19
Calculate-only variables, 30 Characters, alphabetic, typing, 36-38
Checkbook, updating, 73-74
Chi-squared statistics, 183-185

lndex 245
l|cr-enn onro t k.y Continuous Memory, See also
general information, 22 Memory
in AMRT menu, 132 definition, 15
in APPT menu, 143 erasing, 196
in menus of variables, 93 Contrast of display, 15
in SOLVE menu, 95 Control menus
in STAI menu, 76 definition, 28
in TIME CALC menu, 147 table of, 237
in TVM menus, 122 Conversions, angles and hours, 55-56
Clearing ll itvERTl k.y, 24 See also CON-
appointments, 143 VERT menu
calculator line, 2l CONVERT menu
date arithmetic variables, 147 decimal degrees/D.MMSS, 55-56
list names, 76 degrees/radians, 55-55
Solver variables, 93 equations for, 231
STAI lists, 76 examples, 154-159
TVM variables, 122 polar /rectangular coordinates, 57
variables, 30, 93 using, 55-58
Clock Converting between number bases,
accuracy, 196 53-64
adjusting, 139 Coordinate conversions
setting, 137 calculations, 57-58
ITLR I k"y equations fog 231
to clear calculator line, 21, 39 Copying list number to calculator
to see Solver estimates, 111 line, 74
to turn on calculator, 15 CORR, See Correlation coefficient
Combinations
calculating, 59, 163-164
ffinffi k"y, 80-82
Correlation coefficient
equation for, 231 calculating, 80
Solver function f.or, 98 equation fog 229
COMB Solver function, 98 tco'S] k.y, 54-55
Comma, interchanging with period, COS Solver function, 98
34
Compound interest
ffik.y,60
COSH Solver function, 98, 168
calculations, ll7-135 Cosine, hyp"rbolic, 60
definition, 1'l7 Cosines, law of, 160, 152
Compounding periods, 120 Counter variable, in
Conditional expressions, 103-105 Creating lists, 75
Conditional operators CTIME Solver function, 99
description of, 103-104 Cube root, 51
priority of, 97 Current date
Constants, in Solveq, 96 in date arithmetic, 145
Continuous compounding, 177 viewing, 136

24o, lnder
Current equation Deleting
definition, 9l equations, 95
deleting, 95 list numbers, 70, 72
editing, 93 variables, 94-95
printing, 149 Diagnostic messages, 20
Current list, 70 Diagnostic self-test, 198-199
Current time, viewing, 135 Dice, simulating, 165
Curve fitting Digit separator, changing, 34
calculations, 81-85 Digits, showing all of, 34
equations f.or, 229 Direct solutions
list contents for 79 definition of, 110, 204-206
C X,Y, equation f.o\ 231 more than one answeD 206
requirements for, 204-205
Discontinuous function, 214-215
D Display
key, 54 clearing, 22
Date configurations, 16
arithmetic, 145-147 contrast, 15
format for keying in, 138 format, 30-34
in the past or future, 147 messages, 20. See also Messages
setting, L38 mode, 30-34
viewing, 136 width, exceeding, 19
Date format, changing, 139 Distance between locations, l7l-172
ffi k"y,138 Division, in HEX, OCT, or BIN base,
67
DATE Solver function, 99
k.y, 145
key, 145
Day.month.year format, 136, 138
E
D"y of the week, determining, 145 lB k.y, 33
k.y, 145
Days between two dates, 146
ffi k.y, in SOLVE menu, 9L,
93
DDAYS Solver function, 188 Editing
kuy, 63 alphabetic characters, 38-40
Decimal hours, 55-56 calculator line, 2l
Decimal places, 3l-32 equation, 93
Decimal point, interchanging with list name, 74-75
comma, 34 STAI list, 72
Default settings, 196 Effective interest rate, 176
DEG Solver function, 99
Degrees mode, 53-54
ffiffi kty, ttg
End mode, 1,l9
Degrees to radians, 55-55 ffik"y,33
ffiiffiffi k.y, 3e Engineering notation, 33-34
ffi',ffikey Entering data into STAI list, 7l-72
in SOLVE, 9L Entering equations, 9l-92
in STAI menu, 70, 72 Environmental limits, 197

lnder 247
Equations Functions
deleting, 94-95 in Solver, 96, 98-109
editing , 38-40, 93 numeric, 49-62
entering, 9l-92 roots of, 179-180
functions, 96, 98-109 Fufure date, determining, 147
length, 96 Future value
memory requirements of, 195 of a single payment, 1'.01,, 226
naming, 94 of a series of payments, 102, 227
printing, 149, 151 variable in TVM, 1,1,'9
syntax rules of, 96-97 iil k"y, ll9
typing, 35-38
variables, printing, 151
viewing, 91, 93 G
Error messages, 20, 21, 35, 238-24A
Estimates, entering in Solvel 92
,ffi ffi k.y, 70, 75-76
Grouped standard deviation
Estimation calculations, 79, 80-82 calculating, 85
European calandar format, 136 equation for, 228
tEnT=l k.y, 17, 25 list contents for, 79
EXP Solver function, 99
ffi-H,ffi*ffi k"y, 80
EXPM1 Solver function, 99 Guesses
Exponential model, 81-82 bad, 222
Exponential notation, 32-34 entering, 92, ll2-ll3
Exponentiation, 19 used to find roots, 179-180, 209,
Exponents, changing the sign of , 33 212-213
l@ k"y, 53

H
F
Halting an iterative solution, l1..l
Factorial, 60 l4l
FACT Solver function, 99
, k.y, 138,
Help messages, 20
FIX format, 3l-32 k.y, 63
Format HEX menu, 63
date, 138 Hierarchy of operators
of numbers, 30-34 in calculator line, 43-44
time, 137 in Solve4, 96-97
Formulas, See Equations History stack, 17
1$$*i-T,##ffi k"y, 6t clearing, 22
FP Solver function, 99, 188 definition of, 17
Fractional part, 6l previous result in, 46
F*ffi kuy, 77 printing, 150
Free-fall equation, 89 viewing, 22
Frequencies, for grouped standard HMS Solver function, 99
deviation, 79, 85 Hours-minutes-seconds, 55-56
Full precision, showing, 34 HRS Solver function, 99, 171,

248 lndex
Humidity limits, 197 Iterative solution
llHwI k.y, 24 case 1, 211,-215
Hyperbolic functions, 60 case 2, 215-222
case 3, 222-223
case 4, 116, 224
I definition of, 207
IDIV Solver function, 99 forcing, 206
IF function halting, l1,l
description of, 100, 103-105 interpreting, 113-116
example using, 188 method for finding, 207-209
nesting, 105 outcomes of, 113-1,16
Individual Retirement Account, requirements for finding a root,
129-r30 209
Infrared printeq, 148 restarting, 111
tlwur I key round-off error, 224
in arithmetic calculations, 2l solution not found, 224
with sTAr lists, 7l-72 ffi k"y, ll9
Inserting characters, 39
Inserting numbers, 72
ffi k"y, 70,72
K
Installing batteries, 192-193 Keyboard functions, 42-62
Insufficient memory, 35, 194 Known variables, 28
ffi k"y, 131
INT Solver function, 100
Integer part, 6l L
Interest Labels on display, L6-17
payments applied towards, 130, Largest number in a STAI list, 77
tlt-132 IITASTI key, 46
rate conversions, 176-178 Law of cosines, 160, 162
TVM variable, ll9 Law of sines, 160-16l
Internal representation of numbers, Leap years/ 145
31 Lease
Intemrpting the Solver, 111 calculating the payment, 172-174
INV Solver function, 100 cash flow diagram for, Lzl
Invalid equation, 92 present value of, 174-176
Inverse hyperbolic functions, 60 LEFT,111-115
ffikey,6l Letter menus , 96-37
IP function, 165 Letters, typing and editing, 35-40
IP Solver function, 100 Linear model, 81-82
IRA, 129-130 Linear regression, 81-85
ITEM prompts, 70 ffi kuy, 150-151
ITEM Solver function
description of, L00, 110
examples using, L81, 184, 185

lndex
Lists k"y, 77
inserting and deleting numbers, ll' MEMI k.y, 34
70, 72 Memory
moving through, 72 determining available, 34-35
naming, 74-75 erasing, 196
printing, 151 insufficient, 194
LN Solver function, 100 managing, 194-195
lN k.y, 53 requirements, 195
LNP1 Solver function, 100 Memory lost message, 196
Loans Menu keys 16-17, 22, 43
amortizing, 130-135 Menu map
calculations for, 123-127 for SOLVE, 233
cash flow diagrams f.or, I20 for STAI, 234
LOG Solver function, 100 for TIME, 236
It Loc I k"y, 53 for TVM, 235
Logarithmic functions, 53 Menu of variables, 29, 40, 92
Logarithmic model, 81-82 Menus
Logical operators, 103-104 application, 23, 24, 25-26
Low battery annunciator, 15, 20, control , 23, 24, 237
l4g, lgr for more than one equation,
Low memory, 35, 194 106-107
numeric function, 23, 24, 237
of variables, clearing, 30
M table of, 24
ffi key, 80-82 using, 22-30
k.y, 138, 139 Messages
Machine reset, l9l, 195 for appointments, '/..40, 142
MAIN display, 16 clearing, 20
It unLrt k.y, 17, 29, 25 diagnostic, 20
Mantissa, 32, 33 errot, 20, 238-242
Math functions, 18 help, 20
ffifi
MAX
k"y, 77 memory requirements of, 195
printing,
Solver function, 100, 188 151
Mean ffik.y,77
calcuting, 77 MIN Solver function, 100, 181
equation for, 228 Minimum of a function, 220-222
ffikuy,77 MOD Solver function, 100
Mean for grouped data, 85, See also Models, for curve fitting, 81-82, 229
Weighted mean Modes
Median display, 30-34
calculating, 77 print-speed, 149
equation for, 228 set by menus, 23, 24
start-up, 196
trace printing, 752

250 lndex
lmopEsl k"y, 24 Numeric function menus, 27, 237
MODES menu/ 15, 30-34, 54 Numeric functions, 23, 24, 42-62
I'lsflL kuy, 80
Month /day/year format, 736, 138
Ir{ortgage o
amortization schedule for, 132-135 :,,,;,Gcf k"y, 6g
calcultions, 124-127 oLD, 28-29, 51
Motion of a projectile, 166-168
Moving average, 181-183 One-variable statistics, 7 6-79
l'lSG k.y, 150, 151 Operator keys, 18
Multiplication, specifying in Solver, Operator priority
97 in calculator line, 43-44
in Solver, 95-97
OR operator, 103-104
N
,,,,$,t'H.gR k.y, 118-119
H kuy, ll9 Overflow
NI k.y, 50 in arithmetic calculations, 62
N, non-integel, 129 in HEX, OCT BIN base, 68
tlfrt'lg k"y, in STAI menu, 70
Naming
equations, 94 P
STAI lists, 74-75 Parentheses
Natural logarithm and antilogarithm, in calculator line, 45
53 in Solver, 97
Nautical miles, l7l It PARrsl k.y, 24
Negative numbers PARTS menu, 6l
decimal, 19 Past date, calculating, 147
exponents, 33 Past due appointments, 140, 143
in HEX, OCT BIN base, 55 Payment conditions, clearing, 122
neighbors, estimates in Solver, 113 Payment mode, setting, ll9, 122
NEW, 28-29, 51 Payment periods, "1."1.9, 120
,,:,.1{gp : :l key Payments
in %CHG menu, 28-29, 51 lease, 172-174
in SOLVE menu, 9l total number of , in TVM, ll9
New lists, creating, 75 Pending appointments, 140
lf[]{T kuy, 131 Percent, 51
Nominal interest rate, 176 Percent change
Non-integer N, 129 calculations, 28-29, 52
NOT operatoq, 103-104 equation fo1 231
Notes, printing, 151 menu, 22
Number bases, switching, 63-64 Period, interchanging with comma,
Number lists, 69 34
Number of payments, in TVM, 179 Periodic compounding, 777
Number of payments per year, PERM Solver function, 100
changing, 122

lndex 251
Permutations
calculations, 59
ffi k"y, r49
tFmB I k.y, 24
equation fog 231 PROB menu, 59-60
example using, 164-1,55 Probability
Pr (lE),s4 equations fog 231
PI Solver function, 100 example using, 153-155
ffi k.y, 1.l9
Polar coordinates
menu, 59-60
Projectile motion, 166-168
adding vectors in, 154-155 Projection of a vecto!, 158-159
calculations, 57-58 llPRn k.y, 149
examples using, L55-157, 159 Punctuation characters, 36-37
Pole, 217
Population standard deviation, 77
ffi k.y, 1'19
P X,Y, equation for, 231
Powet, battery, l9l-193
Power model, 81-82
ffi k"y, rl9

Power on and off, 15

Precision, full, displaying, 32 R
Precision of numbers, internal, 3l RAD annunciato[, 20, 54
Present value RAD Solver function, 100
definition, 1,I9 Radians mode, 53-54
of a lease, 174-174 Radians to degrees, 55-56
Previous menu, displaying, 25 Radio frequency interference, 203
Previous result, using, 16-'1,7, 46 Radioactive decay, 35,37-38, 40
ffi k.y,131
Princip al, payments applied towards,
RADIUS Solver function, 100
Radix, changing, 34
130, 131-132 Raising a number to a power, 19
Print annunciatot, 20, 148 RAN# Solver function, 100, 165
Print-speed mode, I49 Random number
Print tracing, 152 generatin& 50
PRINTER menu, 150-152 seed at start-up, 196
IIFRINffiI k.y, 24, 150 Solver function, 100, 1,65
Printing
amortiztion schedule, 134-135
ffikuy,77
R/{NGE
calculator line, 149 calculating, 77
descriptive messages, 151 equation fot, 228
equations, 149 Range of numbers
STAI lists, 151 decimal numbers, 62
variables, 151 in HEX, OCT BIN base, 65-66
Priority of operators lRdL'l k.y, 30, 46
in calculator line, 43-44 Reciprocal of a numbex, 51
in Solvet, 96-97 Rectangular coordinates
calculating, 57-58
examples using, 154-159

252 lnder
 \- Registers Self-test, 198-199
\, arithmetic in, 47-48 Series er<pansion, 109
clearing, 47 Service
\- using, 46-47 charge f.or,20l-202
jjffi key, 150 determining if necessary, 197-198
\-' Relational operators, 103 obtaining; 201
\_ Relative minimum, 220-221 shipping calculator for,202
Remaining memory, determining, 34 warranty on, 202
\- Renaming a list,74-75 ffi key, 137
Repeating appointments, l4l, 142 SET menu, 138
\- Replacing batteries, lg2-193 Setting
\- Representation of numbers, 55 appointment, 1N-142
Resetting the calculator, 195 date, 138
'v Restarting an iterative solution, 111 time, 137
.\- Result, using in another calculation, SGN Solver functon, 101
46 Shared variables, in Solvet, 94
\- RIGHT, 111-115 Shift annunciatot 20,21
Sffi key, 61 Shift key, 21
\-- RND Solver functon, 101 llsHbwl key, 34
\- Root of a number, 51 Sigma (>) Solver functon, 101,
Roots of a function 108-110, l8l, 184,186
\. calculating, 207-225, See also llera- Sign of number, changing, 19
tive solutions Sign conventions in TVM, 120
\- definition of., 207-219 fErrvlkey, 54-55
, fhding; 179-180 SIN Solver functon, 101
more than one, 179-18O, 2ll, Sine, hyperbolic, 60
\- 212-213 Sines, law of,160-l6l
Round-off error, 26 SINH function, 168
\' Rounding a numbex, 61 m key, 60
\- Running balance, TS-74 SINH Solver functo+ 101
Running total, in STAI list, 71 il key, 80
\-. Size of 5141 lisl, 80
SZES Solver function' 101' 110' 184
\- S Slope of a line, calculating; 80
\- S Solver function, 701,105-107,165 Solution not found
Sample standard deviation, 77 in direct solutions, 205
\- Santa Claus, 188 in iterative solutions, 207, 224
.\- Savings accounts,L27-lgl Solutions
,t*# key, 33 dtuect, 204-206, See also Direct
\- Scientific notation,32-34 solutions
scrolling characters, 19 iterative, 207-225, See also Iterative
\- Seed, for random number, 60 solutions
\- IfS6iVA keY' 24

lndex 253
t
I \1
Solver STAI menu, 70
calculations, 92 ll srATl k.y, 24, Z0
direct solutions, 204-20G, See also Statistics
Direct solutions application, 59-88
entering, 90-91 equations for, 228-229
equations, printing, 40, "1,49, 151 one-variable, 75-79
functions, 98-109 two-variable, 79-84
introduction to, 35-40 Status annunciators, 20
iterative solutions, 207-225, See Status of appointments, 140
also Iterative solutions Statutue *il.r, l7l
menu map, 233 STDEV, See Standard deviation
round-off error in, 224 BT0E$ k.y, 77
solutions, 113-ll5 $TK' kuy, 150
variables, clearing, 93 fErol k.y, 29, 46, 51
variables, printing, 15L Storage registers, 46-48, See also
variables, retained in memory, 94 Registers
Solving for function, 101, 106-10T Store-only variables, 30
SORT k.y, 77 Subtotals, 186-18T
Spaces, in equations, 97 Summation statistics
SPFV calculating, 87
equation for, 226 list contents for, 79
Solver functon, l0l Summing function
Sphere, surface area, 54 description, 101, 108-110
SPPV examples using, 181, '1,84, 186
equation for, 226 with STAI lists, 110
Solver function, 101 Support department, 189
SQ Solver function, 102 Surface area of a sphere , 54
SQRT Solver function, 102 Switching equations, 9l
Square of a numbeq, 51 Switching lists, 75-75
Square root, 51 Syntax errors, 92
Standard deviation
calculating, 77
equation for, 228 T
for grouped data, calculating, 79, Tfi'EUE' k.y, 131
85
I rAN Ikuy, 54-55
for grouped data, equation for, 229 TAN Solver function, 102
Start-up settings, 795 Tangent, hyperbolic, 60
STAI application, 25-26, O9-BB, 294 Tfitdll k"y, 50
STAI list TANH Solver function, 102
entering data into, 7l-72 Technical support department, 189
memory requirements, 19S Temperature conversions, 94
printing, 151 Temperature limits, 797
subtotals of, 1,86-187 Testing the calculatoL lgs-199
viewing and editing, 72

254 lndex
Time U
adjusting, 139
Unacknowledged appointments, 143
format for keying in, 137
Underflow, in arithmetic calculations,
setting, 137
62
viewing, 136
Unit conversions, using the Solvet,
TIME application, 136-147, 236
107
Time format, changing, 139
Unknown variables, 28
ll-ltuE] kuy, 24 Unused memory, determining, 34
fiffi k.y USFV function
in appointment menus, l4l equation foq 227
in PRINTER menu, 150 Solver function, 102
in SET menu, 138 USPV
TIME menu, 23, 136-137
equation f.or, 227
Time value of money, See also TVM
Solver function, 102
calculations, ll7-I35
equations for, 230
ffi k"y,145
Top-level menu, 23, 26
v
Toss of dice, simulating, 165 Variables
TOTAL calculating values for, 30
calculating, 70, 77 clearing, 30
equation fo\ 228 definition, 28
deleting, 94-95
ffi kuy, 70,77
for date arithmetic, clearing, 147
,, # k.y, 150, 152
memory requirements of, 195
Trace printing, 152
Trajectory, equation for, 766-168 printing, 151
Triangles, 160-162 recalling, 30
Trigonometric functions, 53-55 names, in Solver, 96
TRN Solver function, I02 rules for using, 29-30
TVM shared in Solvel 94
application, entering, 118 storing values f.or, 29
calculations, 122 Vectors
adding, 154-156
il#H:J:i,3" angle between, 156-157
projections, 158-159
menu, second-level, 118, ll9
menu, top-level, 118-119 Verification of equations, 92
payment conditions, 1 18, ll9
variables, 1 18
variables, clearing, 122
w
It wvn key, 25, 118 "1,36, Warranty, 199-200
TWelve hour clock, 1,37 Warranty on service, 202
TWenty-four hour clock, 135, 137 Weighted mean,
TWo-variable statistics, 79-84 calculating, 85
TWo's Complement arithmetic, 67 equation f.or, 228
Typi.g aids, 38 list contents f.or, 79
W.MN, See Weighted mean
kuy, 80

lndex 255
 ^t
\-l 1

x
l@J kuy, 18, 51
X variable, in PROB menu, 59
r-variable, in curve fitting, 80-82
XCOORD Solver function, 102
XCOORD variable, in CONVERT
menu, 57
XOR operatoX, 103-104

Y
Y variable, in PROB menu, 59
y-vanable, in qlrve fitting 80-82
Y-intercept of a line, calculatin& 80
YCOORD Solver function, 102
YCOORD variable, in CONVERT
menu, 57
IE k"y, 19

v.l
 \-
\-.
\-.
\-
Gontacting Hewlett-Packard
\-
For lnformation About Using the Galculaton If you
v have questions about how to use the calculator, first check
v the Table of Contents, the Subject Index, and "Answers to
Common Questions' in appendix A. If you can't find an
\, answer in the manual, you can contact the Calculator Tech-
\', nical Support department:
\.. Hewlett-Packard
Calculator Technical Support
\- 1000 N.E. Circle Blvd.
\-, Corvallis, OR 97330, IJ.S.A.
(s03) 757 -2004
\, 8:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. Pacific time
v Monday through Friday
\- For Service. If your calculator doesn't seem to work prop-
\, erly, see appendix A to determine if the calculator requires
service. Appendix A also contains important information
v about obtaini.g service. If your calculator does require ser-
\- vice, mail it to the Calculator Service Center:
\- Hewlett-Packard
Calculator Service Center
\-, 1030 N.E. Circle Blvd.
\-. Corvallis, OR 97330, U.S.A.
-\., (s03) 7s7 -2002

w For lnformation About Hewlett-Packard Dealers,

Products' and Prices. Call the following toll-free
\- number:
\- (800) 7s2-0e00
\-
\-,
\-
\,
\.
\.
\-,
\z
 v
\-
Gontents \,
\-,
Page I I List of Eramples a
l4 How to Use This Manual
\,
t5 l: Getting Started
42 2= Keyboard Arithmetic and Numeric Functions v
63 3: Base Gonversions and Base Arithmetic \-,
69 4= Statistics
89 5: The Equation Solver v
117 6: Time Value of Money v
136 7= Time, Appointments, and Date Arithmetic
t48 8: Printing v
154 9: Additaonal Examples v
r89 A: Assistance, Batteries, Memory, and Service v
206 B: More About The Solver
228 G: Equations Used by HP-27S Menus v
234 D: Menu Maps and Tables \-,
240^ Error Messages
245 lndex v
v
v
\,
v
v
v
v
\,
v
v
v
v
ftE H"=311"=JI v
Reorder Number v
ooo27-90028
\.,
00027 -90046 English
Printed in U.S.A. 2/88 \-i
l

\r
.l
-