FAD 1013 : MATHS 1

DR. SITI FATIMAH BT. HASSAN

ROOM NO : BP 105
ROOM TEL NO : 03-79675975
E-MEL : [email protected]

Topics:
-Functions and Graphs
-Limit and Continuity

1
Lecture 1
Domain and Range
Sketching function based on their basic functions
Basic function:
• Constant
• Linear
• Quadratic
• Cubic function
• Rational
• Exponential
• Logarithmic

Domain and range for basic functions

Graph sketching
Domain and range for the functions 2
Domain and Range

Definition :

Domain of a function f is a set of real numbers for which

the function is defined. Domain of a function f is denoted
by D f .
Range of a function f is a set of all values of f(x) where x
varies over the domain. Range of a function f denoted by
Rf .

The domain and range of a function is easier to determined

by looking at its graph.

3
Example 1.1 : Find the domain and range of the following
functions

a) y
b) y

3
3
1.2 x
3 x

-5
-3

Df  R D f   ,3

R f   5,   Rf  R

4
 y
c) d)
y

4 4.3
4
1.8
2 x 8
-6
-5.5 6 x

-4

Df  R D f   5.5,8

R f   ,4 R f   4,4.3

5
Example 1.2 : Find the domain and range of the following
functions

y y

a) 5 b)
3
3
3 -3
-2 x x
5
-3

Df  R D f   ,5

R f   ,3  5 R f   3,  

6
 y y

4
c) d)
5 1.5
1
x x
-6 2 4 2
-1
-7

D f   ,2  4,   R \ 2,4 D f   ,1  2,   R \ 1,2

Rf  R R f  ( , 0]  1.5,4

7
Sketching function graphs based on their basic forms
Elementary transformation as follows :

(I) Vertical shifting (Shift upward or downward)

The graph of y  f ( x )  k is the same as the graph of y  f ( x ) ,

shifted upward k units if k  0 ,

or shifted downward k units if k  0 .

(II) Horizontal shifting (Shift to the right or to the left)

The graph of y  f ( x  h) is the same as the graph of y  f ( x ) ,

shifted to the right h units if h  0 ,

or shifted to the left h units if h  0 .

8
Reflection about a coordinate axis.

a) The graph of y   f ( x ) is the same as the graph of y  f ( x ) ,

reflected about the x  axis.

b) The graph of y  f (  x ) is the same as the graph of y  f ( x ) ,

reflected about the y  axis.

Important Note : For uniformity, reflection always done before shifting.

9
*Example 1.3 :

Find the translations done to the graph of y  f ( x ) in

order to obtain the graph of the following functions.

a) g ( x )   f ( x  2)  3

b) h( x )  f ( 3  x )  1

c) k ( x )   f (1  x )  2

10
*Example 1.4 :

The graph of a function y  f ( x ) as shown below.

y

x
-2 3

a) State the domain and range of y  f ( x ) .

b) Sketch the graph and state the domain and range of the following functions.

i) y  f ( x ) is reflected about the y  axis.

ii) y  f ( x ) is reflected about the x  axis, shifted upward 2 units.

iii) y  f ( x ) is shifted to the left 3 units and then upward 2 units.

iv) y  f ( x ) is reflected about the both axes , shifted to the right 2 units and
then downward 3 units.

11
Solution:
a) D f  ( , 3] R f  ( , 5]
y

2
b) i) Let the new function is g( x )  f (  x ) .
x
Dg  [3 ,  ) Rg  ( , 5] -2 3

y
ii) Let the new function is h( x )   f ( x )  2 . 5
Dh  ( , 3 ] Rh  [3 ,  ) 2

x
-2 3

12
 Example 1.5 :

The graph of y  f ( x ) is shown below.

y

a) State the domain and range of y  f ( x ) .

b) Sketch the graph and state the domain and

range of the following functions.

i) g( x )   f ( x ) 1 x

ii) h( x )  f ( x  2) -2
iii) k ( x )   f ( x )  4

iv) p( x )   f ( x  3)  2

v) q( x )   f (1  x )  2

13
Functions and Graphs

Constant Functions

f ( x )  k , k is a constant and k  R .

D f  R and R f  k

14
Example 1.6 : Constant function

y
a) f ( x )  2

D f  R and R f   2
x

2

b) f ( x)  3 y

D f  R and R f   3 3

15
Linear Function

y
General form is
2

f ( x )  ax  b , a , b  R and a  0 .
2 x
3
D f  R and R f  R

16
 Example 1.7 : Linear function

f ( x )  3 x  2 2

f (0)  2,  y  intercept
2 x
3
f ( x )  0, x  2, x  interept
3

The graph of a linear function can simply be sketched using two

points usually intercepts of the axes, and then joining these two points
using straight line.

The graph of a linear function can also be obtained using infinite sets of
elementary translations of its basic function.

17
*Example 1.8 : Linear function

How to find the graph of g ( x )  3 x  2 using the graph of f ( x )  3 x .

Note : For a linear function f ( x ) ,  f ( x )  f (  x ) , we say reflect about one axis.

Solution
i) g( x )  3 x   2  3 x  2   f ( x )  2
f ( x )  3 x is reflected about one axis and shifted upward 2 units.
,

ii) g( x)  3 x  1  5  3 x  2   f ( x  1)  5
f ( x )  3 x is reflected about one axis and shifted to the left 1 unit and then
upward 5 units.

iii)g( x )  3 x  1  1  3 x  2   f ( x  1)  1
f ( x )  3 x is reflected about one axis and shifted to the right 1 unit and then
downward 1 unit.

18
Quadratic Funtions

y
General form is

f ( x )  ax2  bx  c , a, b , c  R and a  0.
x
The basic form is f ( x )  ax2 , a  R and a  0.

D f  R and R f  0,  .

19
Example 1.9 : Quadratic function

Sketch the graphs of f ( x)  ax2 for

a  1, a  2, a  3, a  1 and a  1 .
2 4

What can you say about the domain and range of the graphs?

20
Example 1.10 : Quadratic function

How to obtain the graph of the following functions using the graph of
the basic function f ( x )  2 x 2 .
State the domain and range of each function.

a) g( x )  2 x  22  1

b) h( x )  2 x 2  4 x  6

21
Solution

D f  R and R f  0,  .

a) g( x )  2 x  22  1  f ( x  2)  1  f ( x  (2))  (1)

Shift the graph to the left 2 units and then downward 1 unit.
Dg  R and Rg   1,   .

b) h( x )  2 x 2  4 x  6  2( x 2  2 x )  6

 2( x 2  2 x  1  1)  6

 2( x  1)2  4  f ( x  1)  4 .
Shift the graph to the right 1 unit and then upward 4 units.
Dh  R and Rh  4,   .

22
*Example 1.11 : Quadratic function

Sketch the graph each of the following functions by indicating

the intercepts if any. State the domain and range of each function.

a) g( x )  3  2 x  x 2

b) h( x )  2 x 2  2 x  2

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Solution

a) g( x)  3  2 x  x 2   x 2  2 x  3  ( x 2  2 x)  3

 ( x 2  2 x  1  1)  3  ( x  1)2  4
y

  f ( x  1)  4 ; f ( x)  x 2
g ( 0)  3  y  intercept
g( x )  0  x  3,1  x  intercepts
x

Dg  R and Rg   ,4.

24
Cubic Funtions

General form is

f ( x)  ax3  bx 2  cx  d , a, b , c, d  R and a  0.

The basic form is f ( x)  ax3 , a  R and a  0.

D f  R and R f  R .

Note : For a cubic function f ( x ) ,  f ( x )  f (  x ) ,

we say reflect about one axis.

25
 Example 1.12 : Quadratic function

Sketch the graphs of f ( x)  ax for

3

1 1
a  1, a  2, a  5, a  and a  .
2 10

What can you say about the domain and range of the graphs?

26
*Example 1.13 : Cubic function

Sketch the graph each of the following functions by indicating

the intercepts if any. State the domain and range of each function.

a) g ( x)  5  x 3

b) h( x)  2  x  2   3
3

27
Rational funtions

The basic rational function is f ( x )  a , a  0 and the graph is

x
as shown below.

D f  R \ {0} and R f  R \ {0} .

x
The x-axis is the horizontal asymptote.
The y-axis is the vertical asymptote.

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Example 1.14: Rational function

Sketch the graphs of

f ( x )  a for a  1 , a  2 and a  1 .
x 2

29
*Example 1.15: Rational function

How to obtain the graph of the following functions

using the graph of the basic function f ( x )  2 .

x

State the domain and range of each function.

a) g( x ) 
2 2
x 1
3x  4
b) h( x ) 
x2

Note : For a rational function f ( x ) ,  f ( x )  f (  x ) ,

we say reflect about one axis.

30
*Example 1.16: Rational function

Sketch the graph each of the following functions by

indicating the axes intercepts if any.
Also indicate the horizontal and vertical asymptotes.
State the domain and range of each function.

a) g( x )  3 x  8
x3

b) h( x )  11  6 x
2x  4

31
Exponential Function

For exponential function f ( x )  e x where

e  2.718281828......, with the graph as shown below.

D f  R and R f  0,  .

The x-axis is the horizontal asymptote.

32
Example 1.17: Exponential function

How to obtain the graph of the following functions

using the graph of the basic function f ( x )  e x .

State the domain and range of each function.

x 1
a) g( x )  e 2
x2
b) h( x )  e 3

33
Solution

a) g( x )  e x 1  2  f ( x  1)  2  f ( x  1)  (2)

Shift the graph to the right 1 unit and then downward 2 units.

Dg  R and Rg   2, 

b) h( x )  e x  2  3  f ( x  2)  3  f ( x  (2))  3 .

Shift the graph to the left 2 units and then upward 3 units.

Dh  R and Rh  3,   .

34
*Example 1.18: Exponential function

Sketch the graph each of the following functions by

indicating the axes intercepts if any.

Also indicate the horizontal asymptote.

State the domain and range of each function.

x2
a) g( x )  3  e

1 x
b) h( x )  e 2

35
Exercise 1.19

Could you recognise the graphs of f ( x )  e

2x

and g( x )  2e x below?
y

36
Logarithmic Function

The logaritmic function f ( x )  ln x with the graph as shown below.

D f  0,   and R f  R .

The y-axis is the vertical asymptote.

37
Example 1.20: Logarithmic function

How to obtain the graph of the following functions

using the graph of the basic function f ( x )  ln x .

State the domain and range of each function.

a) g ( x )  ln( x  1)  2

b) h( x )  ln( x  2)  3

38
Solution

a) g( x )  ln( x  1)  2  f ( x  1)  2  f ( x  1)  ( 2)

Shift the graph to the right 1 unit and then downward 2 units.

Dg  1,  and Rg  R

b) h( x )  ln( x  2)  3  f ( x  2)  3  f ( x  ( 2))  3 .

Shift the graph to the left 2 units and then upward 3 units.

Dh  ( 2,  ) and Rh  R .

39
*Example 1.21: Logarithmic function

Sketch the graph each of the following functions

by indicating the axes intercepts if any.
Also indicate the vertical asymptote.
State the domain and range of each function.

a) g( x )  3  ln( x  2)
b) h( x )   ln(1  x )  2

40
Solution

a) g( x )  3  ln( x  2)   f ( x  ( 2))  3 ; f ( x )  ln x

g(0)  3  ln 2  y  intercept

g( x )  0  ln( x  2)  3  x  e3  2  x  intercept

Dg   2,   and Rg  R y

41
Exercise

Could you recognise the graphs of f ( x )  ln 2 x and g( x )  2 ln x .

42
Lecture 2
Basic function:
• Radical function (square root)
• Modulus
• Piecewise

Domain and range for basic functions

Graph sketching
Domain and range for the functions

43
Square Root Function

The basic functuin is f ( x )  a x , a  0 and the graph is shown below.

D f  0,   and R f  0,  .

44
 Example 2.1 : Square root function

Sketch the graphs of f ( x )  a x for a  1, a  2, a  3 and a  1 .

2

Discuss their domain and range.

Solution

45
Example 2.2 : Square root function

Sketch the graph each of the following functions.

State the domain and range of each function.

a) g( x )  x  2  3

b) h( x )  2 x  2  2

46
 Solution

a) g( x )  x23 x  ( 2 )  3

 f ( x  ( 2))  3 , f ( x)  x

Dg   2,  and Rg  3,   .

47
*Example 2.3 : Square root function

Sketch the graph each of the following functions by

indicating the intercepts if any.
State the domain and range of each function.

a) g( x )  8  4 x  1

b) h( x )    4 x  2  2

48
*Example 2.4 : Square root function

Sketch the graph each of the following functions by

indicating the intercepts if any.
Hence, state the domain and range of each function.

a) g( x )  2  2 1  x

b) h( x )  1   3 x  6

49
Modulus Functions (Absolute Value Function)

The basic modulus function is f ( x )  a x , a  0 and the graph is

as shown below.

D f  R and R f  0,  .

50
Example 2.5: Modulus (Absolute value
function)

Sketch the graphs of f ( x )  a x

for a  1 , a  2 , a  3 , a  1 and a  1 .
2 4

51
Example 2.6: Modulus (Absolute value
function)

How to obtain the graph of the following functions

using the graph of the basic function f ( x )  2 x .

State the domain and range of each function.

a) g( x )  2 x  1  2

b) h( x )  4  2 x  3

52
Solution

a) g ( x)  2 x 1  2

 f ( x  1)  2
 f ( x  (1))  2

Shift the graph to the left 1 unit and then upward 2 units.

Dg  R and R f  2,  .

53
b) h( x)  4  2x  3

 2( x  2)  3
 2 x  2  3
 2 x  2  (3) .
 f ( x  2)  (3)

Shift the graph to the right 2 units and then downward 3 units.
Dh  R and Rh   3,   .

54
*Example 2.7: Modulus (Absolute value
function)

Sketch the graph each of the following functions by

indicating the axes intercepts if any.
State the domain and range of each function.

a) g( x )   x  2  1

b) h( x )  2 2  x  3

55
Piecewise Function
A piecewice function is a function which defined

by more then one equation.

For example, a modulus function f ( x )  x is defined

by two equations, i.e

 x if x  0
f ( x)  
  x if x  0

56
*Example 2.8 : Piecewise function

 x  1 if 2 x0

Given f ( x)    2 if 0 x1
2x2 x1
 if

a) Find f (10) , f (1) , f (0) and f ( 2) .

b) State the domain of f ( x) .

c) Sketch the graphs of f ( x) .

d) State the range of f ( x) .

57
Solution

a) f (10) is undefined ; f ( 1)  2 ; f (0)  2 and f ( 2)  8 .

b) D f   2,  
y
c) f ( 2)  3 ;

x  0,  x  1  1 ;

x  1, 2 x 2  2

d) R f  {2}  1,  
x

58
*Example 2.9 : Piecewise function

Sketch the graph and find the range of

f ( x )  2 x  1  2 x  2 .

59
*Example 2.10: Piecewise function

Sketch the graph of

 1  x if x  0
 2
f ( x )  2  2 x if 0  x  2 .
 2 x  1 if x  2


Find the range of the function.

60