FAULT ANALYSIS

Example 9.1

Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3

𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒3𝜙 = 10 𝑀𝑉𝐴 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒3𝜙 = 10 𝑀𝑉𝐴 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒3𝜙 = 10 𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝑘𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒3𝜙 = 11 𝑘𝑉 33 6.6
𝑘𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒3𝜙 = ( ) (11) = 33 𝑘𝑉 𝑘𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒3𝜙 = ( ) (33) = 6.6 𝑘𝑉
𝒁𝑮𝟏 = 𝒋𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 𝒑𝒖 = 0.15∠900 11 33
𝒁𝑮𝟐 = 𝒋𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒑𝒖 = 0.125∠900 332 6.62
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = = 108.9Ω 𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = = 4.356Ω
𝑿𝒕𝟏 = 𝒋𝟎. 𝟏𝟎 𝒑𝒖 = 0.1∠900 10 10
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒3𝜙 𝑍𝑡1 (𝑖𝑛 Ω 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦) 𝑍𝑡1 (𝑖𝑛 Ω 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦)
𝑋𝑡1 = 0.10( 2 ) 33 2 6.6 2
𝑘𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒3𝜙 = 1.21 ( ) = 10.89Ω = 17.424 ( ) = 0.69696
112 121 11 33
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = = = 12.1Ω 10.89
10 10 𝑍𝑡1 = = 𝑗0.1 𝑝𝑢 0.69696
𝑋𝑡1 (𝑖𝑛 Ω) = 12.1(0.1) = 1.21Ω 108.9
Ω 𝑍𝑡2 (𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑢) = = 𝑗0.16
10 × 103 𝑍𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 (Ω) = 30(0.27 + 𝑗0.36)(𝑘𝑚) ( ) 4.356
𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒1 = = 524.86 𝐴 𝑘𝑚 Ω
√3(11) = (8.1 + 𝑗10.8)Ω 𝑍𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 (𝑖𝑛 Ω) = 3(0.135 + 𝑗0.08)(𝑘𝑚) ( )
𝑘𝑚
𝟖. 𝟏 + 𝒋𝟏𝟎. 𝟖 = (0.405 + 𝑗0.24)
𝒁𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 (𝒑𝒖) = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟓 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟐𝟒
𝟏𝟎𝟖. 𝟗
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟒𝟒 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟗𝟐 𝒁𝒄𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 (𝒑𝒖) =
𝟒. 𝟑𝟓𝟔
0
= 0.124∠53.130 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟗 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟏
𝟏𝟎 𝟑𝟑 𝟐 = 0.108∠30.670
𝑿𝒕𝟐 (𝒑𝒖) = (𝟎. 𝟎𝟖) ( ) ( ) = 𝒋𝟎. 𝟏𝟔 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒3𝜙 10 × 103
𝟓 𝟑𝟑 𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒3 = = = 874.77 𝐴
= 0.16∠900 𝑘𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒3𝜙 √3(6.6)
332
𝑋𝑡2 (𝑖𝑛 Ω) = (0.08) ( ) = 17.424 𝑍𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑢) = 𝑍𝐺1 ||𝑍𝐺2 + 𝑋𝑡1 + 𝑍𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 + 𝑋𝑡2
5
332 + 𝑍𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝑋𝑡2 (𝑖𝑛 Ω) = (0.16) ( ) = 17.424 = (0.0744 + 0.0929)
10
+ 𝑗(0.0682 + 0.1 + 0.0992
10 × 103 + 0.16 + 0.0551)
𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒2 = = 174.95 𝐴
33√3 = 0.1673 + 𝑗0.4825 = 0.5107∠70.880
 1∠00
𝐼𝑆𝐶 (𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑢) =
0.5107∠70.80
= 1.9582∠−70.880
𝐼𝑠𝑐 (𝑖𝑛 𝐴) = 1.9582 × 874.77 = 1.958 × 875
= 1,713 𝐴
𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐹 & 11 𝑘𝑉 𝑏𝑢𝑠 =
= (0.0744 + 0.0929) + 𝑗(0.1 + 0.0992
+ 0.16 + 0.0551)
= 0.1673 + 𝑗0.4143 𝑝𝑢
= 0.4468∠680 𝑝𝑢
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 (𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑢)
= 0.4463∠680 × 1.9582∠ − 70.880
= 0.8739∠ − 2.880
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑉 = 0.8729 × 11
= 9.60 𝑘𝑉

Example 9.2

A 25 MVA, 11 kV generator with 𝑋"𝑑 = 20% is connected through a transformer, line and a transformer to a bus that supplies three identical
motors. Each motor has 𝑋"𝑑 = 25% and 𝑋′𝑑 = 30% on a base of 5 𝑀𝑉𝐴, 6.6 𝑘𝑉. The three-phase rating of the step-up transformer is
25 𝑀𝑉𝐴, 11/66 𝑘𝑉 with a leakage reactance of 10% and that of the step-down transformer is 25 𝑀𝑉𝐴, 66/6.6 𝑘𝑉 with leakage reactance of
10%. The bus voltage at the motors is 6.6 kV when a three-phase fault current occurs at the point F. For the specified fault, calculate

(a) the sub-transient current in the fault

(b) the sub-transient current in the breaker B

(c) the momentary current in the breaker B, and

(d) the current to be interrupted by breaker B in five cycles.

Given: Reactance of the transmission line =15% on a base of 25 MVA, 66 kV. Assume that the system is operating on no load when the fault
occurs.
Solution:

Zone 1 (Generator Circuit) Zone 2 (Transmission Line) Zone 3 (Motor Circuit)

𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒3𝜙 = 25 𝑀𝑉𝐴 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒3𝜙 = 25 𝑀𝑉𝐴 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒3𝜙 = 25 𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝑘𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒(𝐿−𝐿) = 11 𝑘𝑉 66 6.6
𝑘𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒(𝐿−𝐿) = ( ) (11) = 66 𝑘𝑉 𝑘𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒(𝐿−𝐿) = ( ) (66) = 6.6 𝑘𝑉
𝑋"𝑑 = 20% = 𝑗0.20 𝑝𝑢 11 66
𝑋𝑡1 = 10% = 𝑗0.10 𝑝𝑢 662 6.62
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = = 174.24 Ω 𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = = 1.7424Ω
112 25 25
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = = 4.84 Ω (25 × 103 ) 25 × 103
25 𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = = 218.69 𝐴 𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = = 2,186.93 𝐴
25 × 103 66√3 6.6√3
𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = = 1,312 𝐴 𝑋𝑡1 (𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑓. 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦) 25
11√3 𝑋"𝑑 = (0.25) ( ) = 𝑗1.25 𝑝𝑢
𝑋𝑡1 (𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎) = (0.1)(4.84) = 𝑗0.484Ω 66 2 5
= ( ) (𝑗0.484) 25
11 𝑋′𝑑 = (0.3) ( ) = 𝑗1.5 𝑝𝑢
= 𝑗17.424 Ω 5
17.424 1∠00
𝑋𝑡1 (𝑝𝑢) = = 𝑗0.1 𝑝𝑢 𝐼"𝑔 = = 1.8182∠ − 900 𝑝𝑢
174.24 0.55∠900
𝑋𝑡2 = 𝑗0.10 𝑝𝑢 1∠00
𝑋𝑙 = 𝑗0.15 𝐼"𝑚 = 3 × = 2.4∠ − 900 𝑝𝑢
1.25∠900
𝐼"𝑆𝐶 = 𝐼"𝑔 + 𝐼"𝑚 = −𝑗1.8182 − 𝑗2.4
= −𝑗4.22 𝑝𝑢
𝐼"𝑆𝐶 (𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠) = 4.22 × 2,187 = 9,229 𝐴

2
𝐼"𝑆𝐶 = ( ) (−𝑗2.4) − 𝑗1.8182 = −𝑗3.42
3
= 3.42 × 2,187 = 7,479.5 𝐴
𝐼𝐵 (𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦) = 1.6 × 7,479.5
= 11,967 𝐴
𝐼"𝑆𝐶 (𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑟)
= 1.1 × 2187
1 1
× (2 × + )
𝑗1.5 𝑗0.55
= 7,581 𝐴