Five Story Wood Frame Structure Over Podium Slab 2017

D E S I G N E X A M P L E
Five-Story Wood-Frame
Structure over Podium Slab
Developed for WoodWorks by

Douglas S. Thompson, PE, SE, SECB
STB Structural Engineers, Inc.
Lake Forest, CA
$FRA-593_Five-Over-One_TechDoc_Dec2017.indd 1 12/7/17 11:18 AM

Free design and engineering support for
non-residential and multi-family wood buildings
WoodWorks provides free Five reasons to choose wood

for your next project:
resources that allow engineers,
Wood typically provides more value—in terms of its beauty,
architects and others to design design flexibility and environmental attributes—for less cost than
and build non-residential and other major building materials, all while meeting fire, safety and
other code requirements.
multi-family structures out
1. Wood costs less – In addition to lower material costs,
of wood more easily and at wood building systems typically cost less to install than other
materials. Wood construction is fast, and wood’s relative light
less cost. This includes free
weight reduces the need for foundation capacity and
one-on-one project assistance associated costs.
as well as educational events 2. Wood structures meet code – The International Building
Code recognizes wood’s safety and structural performance
and online resources such as capabilities and allows its use in a wide range of building
CAD/REVIT details, case studies, types, from multi-story condominiums and offices to schools,
restaurants, malls and arenas.
and Continuing Education Units.
3. Wood performs well in earthquakes and high
winds – Because wood-frame buildings are lighter and have
more repetition and ductility than structures built with other
For tools and resources materials, they are very effective at resisting lateral and uplift
forces.
related to multi-story
4. Wood is versatile and adaptable – Wood’s design
wood buildings, visit flexibility lends itself both to traditional and innovative uses.
With the exception of major members that are made to spec
www.woodworks.org and
off site, wood can be adapted in the field, allowing quick
look under Building Types, solutions if changes are required. Wood is also well suited to
additions and retrofits, and wood systems can be dismantled
Multi-Residential/Mixed-Use. with relative ease and the materials used elsewhere.
5. Using wood helps reduce your environmental

impact – Wood grows naturally and is renewable. Life
cycle assessment studies also show that wood buildings
have less embodied energy than structures made from steel
or concrete, are responsible for less air and water pollution,
and have a lighter carbon footprint.
For more information, visit: woodworks.org

Table of Contents
UPDATE NOTE – In September 2016, updates were made to the following sections: 4a. Stiffness Determinations,
4b. Period Determinations, and 6h. Determine Resisting Moments and Uplift Forces. In November 2017, additional
changes were made to 4a. Stiffness Determinations, and 4b. Period Determinations.
PART I – Overview
Overview.............................................................................................................. 4
Codes and Reference Documents Used................................................................. 5
Factors that Influence Design................................................................................ 5
Species of Lumber......................................................................................... 5
Grade of Lumber........................................................................................... 5
Moisture Content and Wood Shrinkage......................................................... 6
Condition of Seasoning................................................................................. 6
Location of Shear Walls................................................................................. 6
Support of Floor Joists................................................................................... 7
Given Information................................................................................................ 7
PART II – Structural and Non-structural

1. Seismic Height Limitation ................................................................................ 10
2. Fire and Life Safety.......................................................................................... 10

a. Height and Area Allowances...................................................................... 10
b. Fire Resistance........................................................................................... 11
c. Fire Retardant-Treated Wood..................................................................... 12
3. Vertical Displacement (Shrinkage) in Multi-Level Wood Framing....................... 14

a. Comprehensive Shrinkage Estimation........................................................ 15
b. Quick Shrinkage Estimation....................................................................... 16
PART III – Seismic Design

4. Two-Stage Design for Seismic Lateral Analysis.................................................. 20
a. Stiffness Determinations............................................................................ 20
b. Period Determinations............................................................................... 21
c. Design of Flexible Upper Portion................................................................ 23
d. Design of Rigid Lower Portion................................................................... 23
5. Seismic Design of Flexible Upper Portion and Rigid Lower Portion.................... 24

a. Seismic Design of Flexible Upper Portion................................................... 24
b. Assumption of Flexible Diaphragms........................................................... 30
c. Flexible vs. Rigid Diaphragm Analysis......................................................... 30
d. Flexible Upper Portion Redundancy Factor................................................. 31
e. Seismic Design of Rigid Lower Portion....................................................... 31
2 | Table of Contents

6. Shear Wall Design Example............................................................................... 31
a. Determination of Lateral Loads to Shear Wall............................................ 31
b. Determination of Shear Wall Sheathing and Nailing................................... 33
c. Shear Wall Cumulative Overturning Forces................................................. 33
d. Load Combinations using 2012 IBC........................................................... 34
e. Load Combinations using 2012 ASCE 7-10................................................. 34
f. Shear Wall Chord (Boundary) Members...................................................... 35
g. Example Compression Member Capacity Determination............................ 39
h. Determine Resisting Moments and Uplift Forces........................................ 40
i. Shear Wall Tie-Down System Components................................................. 41
7. Considerations with Continuous and Discontinuous Anchor Tie-Downs............ 45
8. Shear Wall Deflection, Tie-Downs and Take-Up Devices................................... 46

a. Continuous Tie-Down Assembly Displacement.......................................... 46
b. Shear Wall Deflection................................................................................ 51
c. Story Drift Determination........................................................................... 54
d. Load Path for Rod Systems........................................................................ 56
e. Proprietary Software for Continuous Tie-Down Systems............................ 58
9. Discontinuous System Considerations and the Overstrength (Ω) Factor............. 58

a. Anchor Forces to Podium Slab................................................................... 58
PART IV – Wind vs. Seismic Design with Wind Controlling

10. Use of Gypsum Board for Lateral Resistance................................................... 60
11. Use of Cooler Nails vs. Screws for Gypsum Board Fastening............................ 61
12. Wind Loading Analysis – Main Wind-Force Resisting System........................... 61

a. Determination of Design Coefficients for Transverse Direction................... 62
b. Determination of Design Coefficients for Longitudinal Direction................ 64
13. Seismic Loading Analysis................................................................................. 66

a. Design Base Shear..................................................................................... 66
14. Wind and Seismic Forces to Typical Interior Transverse Wall............................ 67

a. Determination of Shear Wall Fastening...................................................... 68
b. Determination of Shear Wall Chord (Boundary) Forces and Members........ 69
c. Determination of Shear Wall Uplift Forces.................................................. 71
15. Wind and Seismic Forces to Typical Interior Corridor Wall................................ 72

a. Determination of Shear Wall Fastening...................................................... 73
b. Determination of Shear Wall Chord (Boundary) Forces and Members........ 74
c. Determination of Shear Wall Uplift Forces.................................................. 75
3 | Table of Contents

Part 1 – Overview
This design example illustrates the seismic and wind design of a hotel that includes five stories of wood-frame
construction over a one-story concrete podium slab and is assigned to Seismic Design Category D. The gravity
load framing system consists of wood-frame bearing walls for the upper stories and concrete bearing walls for
the lower story. The lateral load-resisting system consists of wood-frame shear walls for the upper stories and
concrete shear walls for the lower story. Typical building elevation and floor plan of the structure are shown in
Figures 2 and 3 respectively. A typical section showing the heights of the structure is shown in Figure 6. The
wood roof is framed with pre-manufactured wood trusses. The floor is framed with prefabricated wood I-joists.
The floors have a 1-1⁄ 2 inch lightweight concrete topping. The roofing is composition shingles.
This design example uses the term “podium slab” which, while not a term defined in the 2012 International
Building Code (IBC) or 2013 California Building Code (CBC), is included in the commentary to §510.2 in the
2012 IBC (509.2 in the 2009 IBC). Also referred to as pedestal or platform buildings, this type of construction
has a slab and beam system that is designed to support the entire weight of the wood superstructure. Section
510.2 of the 2012 IBC outlines the use of horizontal building separations, which allow a 3-hour fire resistance-
rated assembly to be used to create separate buildings for the purposes of allowable height and area. This is
similar to the concept used for fire walls.
When designing this type of mid-rise wood-frame structure, there are several unique design elements to
consider. The following steps provide a detailed analysis of some of the important seismic requirements of the
shear walls per the 2012 IBC and 2013 CBC.
This example is not a complete building design. Many aspects have not been included, specifically the
gravity load framing system, and only certain steps of the seismic and wind design related to portions of a
selected shear wall have been illustrated. The steps that have been illustrated may be more detailed than
what is necessary for an actual building design but are presented in this manner to help the design engineer
understand the process.
Disclaimer
The information in this publication, including, without limitation, references to information contained in other
publications or made available by other sources (collectively “information”) should not be used or relied upon
for any application without competent professional examination and verification of its accuracy, suitability, code
compliance and applicability by a licensed engineer, architect or other professional. Neither the Wood Products
Council nor its employees, consultants, nor any other individuals or entities who contributed to the information
make any warranty, representative or guarantee, expressed or implied, that the information is suitable for any
general or particular use, that it is compliant with applicable law, codes or ordinances, or that it is free from
infringement of any patent(s); nor do they assume any legal liability or responsibility for the use, application of
and/or reference to the information. Anyone making use of the information in any manner assumes all liability
arising from such use.
4 | Overview

Codes and Reference Documents Used
2012 International Building Code (IBC)
2012 National Design Specification® (NDS®) for Wood Construction – ASD/LRFD
2008 Special Design Provisions for Wind and Seismic (SDPWS-2008)
American Institute of Steel Construction Steel Construction Manual – Thirteenth Edition
2013 California Building Code (CBC)
This design example focuses on the IBC and NDS requirements. Where there is a difference between the IBC
and CBC, a comment and reference is made.
Factors That Influence Design

Prior to starting the seismic design of a structure, the following must be considered:
Species of Lumber
The species of lumber used in this design example is Douglas Fir-Larch (DF-L), which is common on the west
coast. The author does not intend to imply that this species needs to be used in all areas or for all markets.
Species that are both appropriate for this type of construction and locally available vary by region, and also
commonly include (among others) Southern Yellow Pine (SYP) and Spruce-Pine-Fir (SPF).
Grade of Lumber
The lower two stories of the wood-frame structure carry significantly higher gravity loads than the upper two
stories. One approach is to use a higher grade of lumber for the lower two stories than the upper two stories.
This approach can produce designs that yield a consistent wall construction over the height of the building.
Another approach would be to choose one grade of lumber for all five wood-frame stories. This approach
produces the need to change the size and/or spacing of the studs based on the loading requirements. Sill plate
crushing may control stud sizing at lower stories. For simplicity, this design example illustrates the use of one
lumber grade for all floor levels.
Figure 1. Typical Grade Stamp NOTES FOR FIGURE 1:

a. Certification Mark: Certifies grading agency
(b) (c) quality supervision
b. Mill Identification: Firm name, brand or assigned
mill number
c. Grade Designation: Grade name, number
(d) or abbreviation
d. Species Identification: Indicates species by
(a) (e) individual species or species combination
e. Condition of Seasoning: Indicates condition
of seasoning at the time of surfacing
5 | Codes and Reference Documents/Factors That Influence Design

Moisture Content and Wood Shrinkage
From a serviceability and performance perspective, the most significant issue related to multi-story wood-frame
construction is wood shrinkage—which is impacted by the moisture content (MC) and, more specifically,
whether the wood used is “green” or “kiln dried.”
The availability of both types is largely dependent on the region and associated market conditions. Typically, wood
used in construction in the U.S. southwest is “green” (S-GRN) and kiln dried (KD) wood is relatively rare, while
the opposite is true in other parts of the country. The engineer should consider the availability of kiln dried lumber
in the area of the proposed construction. To help designers looking for this information, WoodWorks offers
free one-on-one project support as well as a wide range of online resources. For assistance on a project, email
[email protected] or visit the WoodWorks website at: http://www.woodworks.org/project-assistance-map/.
Condition of Seasoning
There are three levels of wood seasoning (drying), which denotes the moisture content of the lumber at the
time of surfacing. The identification “stamps” are as follows:
S-GRN = over 19% moisture content (unseasoned)
S-DRY, KD or KD-HT = 19% maximum moisture content (seasoned)
MC 15 or KD 15 = 15% maximum moisture content
These designations may be found in the grade stamp.
Unseasoned lumber (S-GRN) is manufactured oversized so that when the lumber reaches 19 percent moisture
content it will be approximately the same size as the dry (seasoned) size.
Heat treated (HT) lumber is lumber that has been placed in a closed chamber and heated until it attains a
minimum core temperature of 56°C for a minimum of 30 minutes.
The word “DRY” indicates that the lumber was either kiln or air dried to a maximum moisture content of 19 percent.
Kiln dried (KD) lumber is lumber that has been seasoned in a chamber to a pre-determined moisture content by
applying heat.
Kiln dried heat treated (KD-HT) lumber has been placed in a closed chamber and heated until it achieves a
minimum core temperature of 56°C for a minimum of 30 minutes.
Moisture content restrictions apply at time of shipment as well as time of dressing if dressed lumber is involved,
and at time of delivery to the buyer unless shipped exposed to the weather.
Engineered wood I-joists were used in this design example; however, given the short span of the floor joists and
roof joists, sawn lumber could have been used. In this case, the joist shrinkage perpendicular to grain would
need to be included in the overall shrinkage calculation. Also, sawn lumber joists can be supported in joist
hangers (see Figure 5) so as not to contribute to the overall building shrinkage. For this design example, sawn
lumber is used for the stud-framed walls.
For further explanation of moisture content and wood shrinkage, see §3.
Location of Shear Walls

The lateral force-resisting system in this design example uses both interior and exterior walls for shear walls (see
Figure 3). The seismic force-resisting system for the transverse direction (north-south) utilizes the interior walls
between the hotel guest rooms. A seismic design of a selected interior shear wall in the transverse direction is
illustrated in this design example. The seismic force-resisting system for the longitudinal direction (east-west)
utilizes the long interior corridor walls located at the center of the structure, with shear walls on both sides of
the corridor in addition to shear walls on the exterior walls and shear walls at the bathroom walls.
4 6 | Factors That Influence Design

Related to the lateral force-resisting system in the longitudinal direction for structures similar to this design
example, it is recognized that some structural engineers may only utilize the interior corridor walls and not
place shear walls on the exterior walls for similar building configurations. Engineers using such layouts have
used rigid diaphragm analysis to distribute lateral forces to the shear walls and followed the requirements of
SDPWS 2008 §4.2.5.1.1 for Open Front Structures. While the code does not explicitly prohibit the elimination
of exterior shear walls for wood-frame structures, the Structural Engineers Association of California (SEAOC) in
the 2012 IBC SEAOC Structural/Seismic Design Manual, Volume 2 has recommended that designers not remove
all shear walls from an exterior wall line without careful consideration of the horizontal diaphragm deflections
and overall building performance. In SDPWS 2015 §4.2.5.2, the provisions for open front diaphragms have been
clarified to include some design considerations and reiterate that ASCE 7 story drift requirements for seismic
design forces apply to all edges of the structure.
Support of Floor Joists

This design example uses balloon framing. The floor joists are supported in joist hangers hung from the top
plates (see Figure 5). The wall studs and posts have a simple span between the top of the sole plate and the
bottom of the lower top plate.
For wood-frame structures built with regular platform construction, the floor joists are supported by direct
bearing onto the top plate(s) (see Figure 5A).
Given Information
Loading Assumptions:
ROOF WEIGHTS: FLOOR WEIGHTS:
Roofing + re-roof 5.0 psf Flooring 1.0 psf
Sheathing 3.0 Lt. wt. concrete 14.0
Trusses + blocking 2.0 Sheathing 2.5
Insulation + sprinklers 2.0 I-joist + blocking 4.0
Ceiling + misc. 15.0 Ceiling + misc. 7.0
Beams 1.0 Beams 1.5
Dead load 28.0 psf 30.0 psf
Live load 20.0 psf 40.0 psf
Interior and exterior wall weights have not been included in the above loads; they have been included in the
diaphragm weights shown below. Typical interior and exterior partition weights can vary between 10 psf and
20 psf depending on room sizes, number of layers of gypsum board on walls, etc.
Weights of respective diaphragm levels, including tributary exterior and interior walls:
FLEXIBLE UPPER PORTION RIGID LOWER PORTION:

Wroof = 587 k
Wupper = 3,167 k
W6th floor = 639 k W2nd floor = 2,632 k
W5th floor = 647 k W = 5,799 k
W4th floor =647 k
W3rd floor = 647 k
W = 3,167 k
5 7 | Given Information

Weights of roof diaphragms are typically determined by taking one half the height of the walls from the fifth
floor to the roof. Weights of floor diaphragms are typically determined by taking one-half of the walls above
and below for the fifth, fourth and third floor diaphragms. The weights of all walls, including interior non-
bearing partitions, are included in the respective weights of the various levels. The weight of parapets (where
they occur) has been included in the roof weight.
Structural Material Assumptions:

• The roof is 1⁄ 2-inch-thick DOC PS 1 or DOC PS 2-rated sheathing, 32 ⁄ 16 span rating with Exposure I glue.
• The floor is 23 ⁄ 32-inch-thick DOC PS 1 or DOC PS 2-rated Sturd I Floor 24 inches o.c. rating, 48 ⁄ 24 span
rating with Exposure I glue.
• DOC PS 1 and DOC PS 2 are the U.S. Department of Commerce (DOC) Prescriptive and Performance-
based standards for plywood and oriented strand board (OSB), respectively.
• Wall framing is a modified balloon framing where the joists hang from the walls in joist hangers (see Figure 5).
FRAMING LUMBER FOR STUDS AND POSTS ARE

DOUGLAS FIR-LARCH NO. 1 GRADE: NDS Table 4A
Fb = 1,450 psi
Fc = 1,500 psi
Ft = 1,500 psi
E = 1,700,000 psi
Emin = 620,000 psi
Cm = 1.0
Ct = 1.0
Fastener Assumptions:
Common wire nails are used for shear walls, diaphragms and straps. When specifying nails on a project,
specification of the penny weight, type, diameter and length (example 10d common = 0.148-inch x 3-inch)
is recommended.
The IBC, NDS and SDPWS-2008 list values for shear walls and diaphragms. For values using nail and sheathing
thickness not listed in the IBC and NDS/SDPWS, the engineer can also consider using the values listed in
International Code Council-Evaluation Service (ICC-ES) Report ESR-1539 from the International Staple, Nail
and Tool Association (ISANTA). This report can be downloaded from ISANTA’s website at http://www.isanta.org
or from the International ICC-ES website at http://www.icc-es.org.
Heights and Areas Code Study Assumptions:

Using the special design provision from 2012 IBC 510.2, this design utilizes a 3-hour fire separation at the first
level above grade. This horizontal separation creates two buildings for the purposes of of fire and life safety. The
structure is also equipped throughout with an NFPA 13 sprinkler system which permits an additional story of
construction.
LOWER STRUCTURE: IBC 510.2 & IBC Table 503

Building Type – IA
Occupancies – S-2, B, E, A-2
Table 503 allowable height and area – UL
Actual height – 12 feet
6 8 | Given Information

UPPER STRUCTURE: IBC Table 503
Building Type – IIIA
Occupancy – R-2
Table 503 allowable height – 65 feet and 4 stories
Increased allowable height – 85 feet and 5 stories (see 2a below)
Table 503 allowable area – 24,000 square feet
Actual area – 12,000 square feet/floor
Figure 2. Building Elevation
ROOF
ROOF
2ND
2nd. FLOOR
FLOOR
1ST FLOOR
1st. FLOOR
Note for Figure 2:

See Figure 3 for building plan dimensions and Figure 6 for building height dimensions.
Figure 3. Typical Floor Plan
Note for Figure 3:

In Figure 3, the prefabricated wood I-joists run east-west spanning to the wood-bearing walls separating
the hotel guest units running north-south at 13 feet o.c. The floor area is 12,000 square feet.
9 | Given Information

Part II – Structural and Non-Structural Code Reference
1. Seismic Height Limitation

The heights of the floors and roof are shown in Figure 6.
MAXIMUM HEIGHT OF STRUCTURE: ASCE 7-10 Table 12.2.1

Table 12.2.1 of ASCE 7-10 lists the maximum height of a structure, measured from its base, related to the
seismic force-resisting system (SFRS) and the Seismic Design Category (SDC). Section 11.2 defines the base
of the structure as “the level at which horizontal seismic ground motions are considered to be imparted on
the structure.”
The height of the wood-frame building is measured from the top of the podium slab to the average roof
sheathing elevation, as described in the ASCE 7-10 §11.2 definition for “Structural Height.” Due to the rigidity
of the concrete podium, the podium slab can be used as the base for the light-framed walls sheathed
with wood structural panels. Therefore:
The height limit in SDC D, E and F is 65 feet
The average (mean) height of the structure is 50 feet
65 > 50 Okay
2. Fire and Life Safety

2a. Height and Area Allowances
BUILDING HEIGHT: IBC 504
Increased height = 85 ft and 5 stories IBC 504.2
The portion of the building below the horizontal assembly is not limited in height or area because it is
of Type I construction. The area above the podium is going to be 5 stories and a total of 62 feet above
grade, but IBC Table 503 limits the number of stories to 4 and the total height to 65 feet. IBC 504.2
allows an increase of one story and 20 feet in height for most occupancies, R-2 included, when the
building is equipped with an NFPA 13 sprinkler system throughout. Because the upper structure is a
residential occupancy, an NFPA 13R system may have been considered, but the use of such a sprinkler
system limits the overall height to 4 stories and 60 feet and would therefore not have been appropriate
for this application.
MEZZANINE: IBC 505

An additional level can be added by designing a mezzanine into the project. IBC 505 indicates that a
mezzanine can be up to one third of the floor area of the room or space above which it is located. It
is not counted in the allowable building area; nor is it considered a story. However, it does need to be
considered in the fire area outlined in Chapter 9 of the IBC.
BUILDING AREA: IBC 506 & CBC 506

Increased area = 24,000 ft2* per floor IBC 506.3
Maximum building area = 3x increased allowable area = 72,000 ft2 IBC 506.4
*No frontage increase per 506.2 is used in this example. CBC does not allow both height and area
increases simultaneously for use of NFPA 13 sprinklers.
10 | Structural and Non-Structural

The allowable floor area per Table 503 (24,000 square feet) is more than sufficient to accommodate
this design with only 12,000 square feet of R-2 occupancy per floor. However, in many instances, an
increase in allowable area is required. IBC 506 allows the areas set in Table 503 to be increased based
on frontage area (allowing increased accessibly in a fire) and the use of sprinklers. An NFPA 13 sprinkler
system can increase the allowable area for multi-story applications by up to three times per equation 5-1
and IBC 506.3. The IBC allows both a height and area increase simultaneously with the use of sprinklers;
however, the CBC limits the allowable increase to height or area, but not both. In this example, no
area increase was necessary, so this was not an issue. In projects where desired floor area exceeds
these allowances, fire walls are used to partition the building. In podium construction, fire walls used
in the upper portion of the structure need to be vertically continuous and can terminate at the 3-hour
horizontal assembly.
IBC 506.4.1 also outlines a total building area maximum that needs to be considered in addition to the
floor area maximum.
HORIZONTAL SEPARATION: 510.2 & 510.4

Using the special provision in IBC 510.2, the upper and lower “buildings” are required to be separated by
a horizontal assembly with a fire resistance rating of not less than 3 hours. If the first story above grade
only contains parking, then special provision IBC 510.4, which allows a heavy timber podium, may be
an option where the fire resistance rating of the horizontal assembly must meet the requirements for
occupancy separations in IBC 508.4, which is 2 hours for an R-2 occupancy above an S-2 occupancy as
described in this special provision.
2b. Fire Resistance

IBC Table 720.1(2)
There are several ways to achieve a fire rating for a floor or wall assembly. IBC/CBC §703 outlines various
methods that include tested assemblies in accordance with ASTM E119, deemed to comply with tables in
§721 of the 2012 IBC (§720 of the 2009 IBC), and the component additive method in §722 of the 2012
IBC (§721 of the 2009 IBC).
Fire-rated assemblies can be found in a number of sources including the IBC, the Underwriters
Laboratories (UL) Fire Resistance-Rated Systems and Products, the UL Fire Resistance Directory,
and the Gypsum Association’s Fire Resistance Design Manual.
Table 721.1(2) of the IBC lists prescriptive assemblies and includes fire ratings for various wall construction
types. Footnote ‘m’ of the table requires that, for studs with a slenderness ratio, le /d, greater than 33,
the design stress shall be reduced to 78 percent of allowable F'c. For studs with a slenderness ratio, le /d,
not exceeding 33, the design stress shall be reduced to 78 percent of the adjusted stress F'c calculated for
studs having a slenderness ratio le /d of 33.
The American Wood Council (AWC) has tested a number of wood-frame fire-rated assemblies, which
have been added to Table 721.1(2). Footnote “m” does not apply to these assemblies because the walls
were tested at 100% of full design load. The AWC publication DCA3 (which can be downloaded at
www.awc.org) provides details on these assemblies that do not require the 78 percent reduction.
DETERMINATION OF Cp : NDS-12 3.3.3.2

When studs have gypsum sheathing or structural panel sheathing on both sides of the studs and posts,
where the compressive edges are held in line, CL may be assumed to be 1.0.
le = lu = the clear height of the studs

This design example has sheathing on both sides, therefore CL = 1.0.
7 11 | Structural and Non-Structural

However, when a sound wall is used and the studs are staggered where one edge of the stud does not
have its compressive edge held in line, CL needs to be calculated. For this loading condition, the effective
unbraced length le for the studs and posts is listed in NDS-12 Table 3.3.3 as follows:
For a 10-foot, 0-inch floor-to-floor height with a 2x4 sole plate with a 4x4 top plate:
lu 114 in
= = 33 > 7
d 3.5 in
Therefore:
le = 1.631lu + 3d
Solving for le /d = 33 yields the following stud and post lengths for the footnote ‘m’ reduction in F’c:
For 4x studs and posts:
lu > 5-ft 4-in

For 6x studs and posts:
lu > 8-ft 5-in

Since most wall heights for new buildings are 9 to 10 feet, this reduction in F’c is basically applied to all
bearing walls in a fire-rated wall.
It should be noted that this is an IBC requirement and not an NDS requirement.
2c. Fire Retardant-Treated Wood (FRTW) IBC §602.3

This wood-frame structure exceeds the limits for Type V construction. To have five stories of light
wood-frame construction, the code requires that the building be Type III. Type III construction
requires the exterior walls to be constructed with noncombustible materials. As an exception to using
noncombustible construction, §602.3 of the IBC states that fire retardant-treated wood (FRTW) framing
complying with IBC §2303.2 is permitted for exterior wall assemblies with ratings of two hours or less,
basically allowing wood-frame construction for many structures where noncombustible materials would
otherwise be required.
The FRTW must comply with conditions in IBC §2303.2 and 2304.9.5 as follows:
1) LABELING IBC §2303.2.4

Fire retardant-treated lumber and wood structural panels must be labeled and contain the following items:
A. Identification mark of the approved agency
B. Identification of the treating manufacturer
C. Name of the fire retardant treatment
D. Species of the wood treated
E. Flame spread and smoke-developed index
F. Method of drying after treatment
G. Conformance with appropriate standards
If exposed to weather, damp or wet conditions, it must also include the words “No increase in the listed
classification when subjected to the Standard Rain Test.”

Sample labels for solid sawn framing lumber and plywood are shown in Figure 4. It should be noted
that FRTW sheathing is only available in plywood; the amount of resins and waxes in oriented strand
board (OSB) is too high for the treatment process.
Some treated wood suppliers require the untreated wood to be shipped to their plant (from the
framing contractor) for treatment, then shipped to the site.
Look for this information on all fire

Some suppliers stock most “sawn lumber” (2x, 3x and 4x) for immediate shipping.
retardant
Treatment adds about 50 percent to the cost oftreated
the material wood
for interior stamps
and 80 percentor
for labels
exterior
applications.
Code compliant stamps must contain this information. Product coloration is not
a substitute for a building code approved, third-party inspection agency label.
Figure 4.
Sample Labels Interior Fire Retardants
Approved Agency
for FRTW Interior Name & Logo
Product FRTW
Name Flame
BRAND AGENCY NAME/MARK/ID Spread
Treating ABC TREATING 25 or less
FLAME SPREAD 15
Plant COMPANY
ANYWHERE, USA
SMOKE DEVELOPED 50
PROCESS CONTROL
STANDARD DESIGNATION DOUGLAS FIR Product
Drying OR CONFORMANCE WITH
APPROPRIATE IBC/IRC 30 MINUTE TEST
Species
Method (ICC-ES REPORT)
KDAT KDAT
Treating ASTM E-84 Reference

Standard
WWPI Fire Retardant Members’ Product Brands and Respective QC Monitoring Agencies:
2) STRENGTH ADJUSTMENTS Exterior Fire Retardants* IBC §2303.2.5

The IBC requires that lumber design values be adjusted for the treatment and take into account the
Approved Agency
Exterior must publish
anticipated temperatures and humidity. Each manufacturer Name & Logo
the adjustment factors for
service temperatures (not less than 80°F)Product
and for roof-framing Flame
members (elevated temperatures). The
FRTW Spread
Name AGENCY NAME/MARK/ID
BRAND 25 or lessthe product
adjustment factors vary from manufacturer to
Treating
manufacturer,
ABC TREATING
and should
FLAME be
SPREAD obtained
15 from
Plant COMPANY Product
evaluation report. A sample of two manufacturers’ strength
ANYWHERE, USAadjustments are shown in
SMOKE DEVELOPED 50
DOUGLAS FIR
Table 1.
Species
PROCESS CONTROL
STANDARD DESIGNATION
30 MINUTE TEST
Note that an additional load factor for incising

Drying
Method
may also be necessary
OR CONFORMANCE WITH
APPROPRIATE IBC/IRC (CWHEN
i ) that is notASTM
NO INCREASE IN THE LISTED
CLASSIFICATION SUBJECTED included
E-84 in
(ICC-ES REPORT) TO THE STANDARD RAIN TEST Reference
the manufacturer provided reduction
* Exterior fire retardantsfactors. Incising is dependent on both species and size of
KDAT KDAT
may also be used in
the treated material, in addition to treatment formulation.
interior applications. Treating For this example,
ASTM D2898the 2x and 3x Douglas
Fir-Larch studs will not require incising and thereforeStandard the incising factor is not used.
WWPI Fire Retardant Members’ Product Brands and Respective QC Monitoring Agencies:
Table 1. Sample Strength Reduction Factors for FRTW
FRTW Brand A FRTW Brand B

Design
Property Douglas Spruce-
WESTERN WOOD PRESERVERS 7017 N.E. HIGHWAY 99 • VANCOUVER, WA 98665Spruce-
INSTITUTE • Douglas • 1-800-729-WOOD
Southern Pine Southern
WEB: www.WWPInstitute.org • E-MAIL: Pine
[email protected]
Fir-Larch Pine-Fir Fir-Larch Pine-Fir
Fb 0.97 0.91 0.88 0.90 0.89 0.89
Ft 0.95 0.88 0.83 0.87 0.92 0.87
Fc ⎮⎮ 1.00 0.94 0.94 0.91 0.94 0.91
Fv 0.96 0.95 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.94
E 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.98 0.98 0.98
Fc ⊥ 0.95 0.95 0.95
Fasteners 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.92 0.92 0.92

3) EXPOSURE TO WEATHER IBC §2303.2.6
When FRTW is exposed to weather, damp or wet conditions, the identifying label needs to
indicate “EXTERIOR.” For this example, all of the wood framing is within the building envelope;
therefore, exterior-rated FRTW is not required.
4) FASTENERS IBC §2304.9.5.4

Fasteners (including nuts and washers) in fire retardant-treated wood used in interior locations shall
be in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. Fasteners in contact with treated wood
need to meet this requirement. Rods in the tie-down system pass through an oversized hole in the
wood and do not need to meet this requirement.
5) CUTTING AND NOTCHING

Treated lumber must not be ripped or milled as this will invalidate the flame spread. However, where
FRTW joists or rafters are ripped for drainage conditions and FRTW plywood is placed on top of the
ripped edge, this is considered acceptable.
End cuts and holes are usually not permitted; check the product evaluation report for requirements.
3. Vertical Displacement (Shrinkage) IBC §2303.7

in Multi-Level Wood Framing
Vertical displacement can be a challenge in multi-level wood framing unless special considerations are
accounted for during design and construction. Vertical displacement may be caused by one or a combination
of the following:
WOOD SHRINKAGE
Both the IBC and NDS require that consideration be given to the effects of cross-grain dimensional changes
(shrinkage) when lumber is fabricated in a green condition. In addition, IBC §2304.3.3 requires that wood walls
and bearing partitions supporting more than two floors and a roof be analyzed for shrinkage of the wood
framing, and that possible adverse effects on the structure be satisfactorily addressed and solutions be provided
to the building official.
The total shrinkage in wood-frame buildings can be calculated by summing the estimated shrinkage of the
horizontal lumber members in walls and floors (wall plates, sills and floor joists). Most of the shrinkage is
cross grain. The amount of shrinkage parallel to grain (length of studs) is approximately 1⁄40 of the shrinkage
perpendicular to grain (cross grain) and can be neglected.
Resources for calculating shrinkage:
• A free shrinkage calculator can be downloaded from the Western Wood Products Association
website at: www2.wwpa.org.
• More information on shrinkage is available in the American Wood Council's ASD/LRFD

Manual for Engineered Wood Construction, 2012 Edition, which is available at:
http://www.awc.org/standards/nds/2012.php.
This case study illustrates two methods for determining the amount of wood shrinkage (as follows).

3a. Comprehensive Shrinkage Estimation
For a dimensional change with the moisture content limits of 6 to 14 percent, the formula is:
S = Di [CT (MF -Mi)]
Where:
S = shrinkage (in inches)
Di = initial dimension (in inches)
CT = dimension change coefficient, tangential direction
CT = 0.00319 for Douglas Fir-Larch
CT = 0.00323 for Hem-Fir
CT = 0.00263 for Spruce-Pine-Fir
MF = final moisture content (%)
Mi = initial moisture content (%)
The formulas are from the Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material and Dimensional Stability
of Western Lumber Products.
For a dimension change with moisture content limits greater than 6 to 14 percent where one of the
values is outside of those limits, the formula is:
Di ( M F - M i )
S=
30 (100)
- 30 + Mi
ST
Where:
S = shrinkage (in inches)
Di = initial dimension (in inches)
ST = tangential shrinkage (%) from green to oven dry
ST = 7.775 for Douglas Fir-Larch
The final moisture content (MF) for a building is referred to as the equilibrium moisture content (EMC).
The final EMC can be higher in coastal areas and lower in inland or desert areas. These ranges are
normally from 6 to 15 percent (low to high). The WWPA has downloadable documents listing EMC
for all major U.S. cities for each month of the year. At the web address after login, click “Shrinkage”
followed by “EMC Charts” (free user login with password is required): www2.wwpa.org/Shrinkage/
EMCUSLocations1997/tabid/888/Default.aspx

The EMC can be calculated with this formula:
2 2
[ ]
1800 KH (K1KH + 2K1K 2K H )
EMC = + 2 2
W 1-KH (1 + K1KH + K1K 2K H )
Where:
2
W = 330 + (0.452)T + (0.00415)T
2
K = 0.791 + (0.000463)T - (0.000000844)T
H = relative humidity (%)
2
K1 = 6.34 + (0.000775)T - (0.0000935)T
2
K 2 = 1.09 + (0.0284)T - (0.0000904)T
T = temperature (°F)
For this design example, a final moisture content MF (EMC) of 12.0 percent is used.
Project specifications call for all top plates and sill (sole) plates to be Douglas Fir-Larch “kiln dried” (KD)
or “surfaced dried” (S-Dry). Kiln dried lumber or surfaced dried has a maximum moisture content of
19 percent and an average of 15 percent.
It might be more realistic to use a lower number than 19 percent in the calculation so as to not
overestimate the shrinkage.
Typical floor framing has a 4x4 top plate and a 2x4 sole plate (see Figure 5).
Find the individual shrinkage of the two members:
DETERMINE SHRINKAGE OF 4X4 TOP PLATE:

Since our initial MC (Mi) is 19 percent and the final MC (MF) is 12 percent, the equation is:
Di (MF - Mi) 3.5 (12 - 19)

S = = = -0.065 in
30 (100) 30 (100)
- 30 + Mi - 30 +19
ST 7.775
The final size of our 4x4 is:

3.5 - 0.065 = 3.435 in
3b. Quick Shrinkage Estimation

A close approximation that is much more easily used to determine amount of shrinkage is:
S = CDi (MF - Mi )
Where:
S = shrinkage (inches)
C = average shrinkage constant
C = 0.002

DETERMINE SHRINKAGE OF 4X4 TOP PLATE:
Since our initial MC (Mi) is 19 percent and the final MC (MF) is 12 percent, the equation is:
S = CDi (MF - Mi) = 0.002 x 3.5 (12-19) = -0.049 in
The final size of our 4x4 is:
3.5 - 0.049 = 3.451 in
Note that this quick estimation is within 0.5 percent of the actual calculated dimension of 3.435 inches
using the comprehensive formulas.
S = CDi (MF - Mi) = 0.002 x 1.5 (12-19) = -0.021 in
DETERMINE SHRINKAGE OF 2X4 SOLE PLATE:

S= CDi (MF - Mi) = 0.002 x 1.5 (12 - 19) = -0.021 in
Figure 5. Typical Floor Framing at Wall
Notes for Figure 5:
1. Blocking above the sole plate is to provide a nailing surface for the finishes. An alternative detail
could use two sole plates, but this will increase shrinkage amounts for the building.
2. Web stiffeners at joist hangers may be required depending on joist size and manufacturer.
3. Hangers for the floor joist are installed over the sheathing (gypsum, plywood or OSB) and must
be rated/approved for this installation (e.g., Technical Bulletin from joist hanger manufacturer
listing reduced allowable hanger loads).
4. This detail uses a 4x4 top plate. Use of double 2x plates (not depicted) is also common.
Total shrinkage per floor level with the 4x4 top plate and 2x4 sole plate:
S = 0.049 + 0.021 = 0.07 in

Figure 5A. Typical Platform Floor Framing at Wall Using Sawn Joists
EXAMPLE CALCULATION
DETERMINE SHRINKAGE OF SAWN JOISTS WITH PLATFORM FRAMING (Figure 5A):
S = CDi (MF -Mi) = 0.002 x 11.25 (12-19) = -0.158 in
Total shrinkage per floor level with the 4x4 top plate, 2x12 sawn joists and 2x4 sole plate:
S = 0.049 + 0.021 + 0.158 = 0.228 in
SETTLEMENT UNDER CONSTRUCTION GAPS (Consolidation):

Small gaps can occur between plates and studs, caused by (among other things) mis-cuts (short studs)
and the lack of square-cut ends. These gaps can account for up to 1⁄ 8 inch per story, where “perfect”
workmanship would be 0 inches and a more “sloppy” workmanship would be 1⁄ 8 inch. This design
example factors in gaps of 1⁄ 10 inch per floor.

DEFORMATION UNDER SUSTAINED LOADING:
Wood beams that support walls can creep from the sustained loading. The “rate” of creep is higher
for beams that are loaded while at higher moisture contents. Where total deflection under long-term
loading must be limited, NDS 3.5.2 recommends the use of a time dependent deformation (creep) factor
of between 1.5 and 2.0.
Table 2. Vertical Displacements

Vertical Displacement Design Displacement
Level
Per Level Cumulative (in)
Roof 0.170 0.85 7⁄ 8
6th Floor 0.170 0.68 3⁄ 4
5th Floor 0.170 0.51 5⁄ 8
4th Floor 0.170 0.34 3⁄ 8
3rd Floor 0.170 0.17 1⁄ 4
Where: Shrinkage of 0.07 inch + settlement of 0.10 inch = 0.170 inch
METHODS TO REDUCE VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT:

1. Use kiln-dried plates (MC < 19%) or even MC15 (MC < 15%) lumber or engineered lumber
for plates.
2. Consider a single top plate instead of double top plate.
3. Consider balloon framing or a modified balloon framing.
4. Place floor joists in metal hangers bearing on beams or top plates instead of bearing on the
top plates.
5. Improper storage of the material stock on site can negate all design and planning.
Lumber should be kept away from moisture sources and rain.
METHODS TO ACCOUNT FOR VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT:

1. Use continuous tie-down systems with shrinkage compensating devices in shear walls.
2. Architectural finish details near the floor lines need to account for vertical displacement.
3. Provide a 1⁄ 8 -inch gap between window and door tops to the framing lumber.

Part III – Seismic Design
4. Two-Stage Design for Lateral Analysis ASCE 7-10 §12.2.3.2
The seismic response coefficient R for the first floor special concrete shear walls and special reinforced
masonry shear walls is 5.0. The seismic response coefficient R for the wood structural panel shear walls is 6.5.
Section 12.2.3.1 of ASCE 7-10 requires the least value of R to be used for the building for the seismic design
in that direction.
One approach that can be used for the seismic design would be to design the entire structure for the R value of
5.0. However, this would require the upper wood-frame portion of the stucture to be designed for 30 percent
higher forces in addition to inverting more of the building’s mass (second floor) into the upper stories.
A more realistic approach (from both a seismic and economic perspective) would be to design the structure
using the two-stage equivalent lateral force procedure prescribed in ASCE 7-10 §12.2.3.2. This procedure can
be used where there is a flexible upper portion and a rigid lower portion. This structure type (flexible over rigid)
is the structural opposite of the “soft story” structures that are not desirable.
The allowance of two-stage equivalent lateral force procedure for a flexible upper portion above a rigid lower
portion has been in the building code since the 1988 Uniform Building Code with essentially the same variables.
This procedure is permitted in ASCE 7-10 §12.2.3.2 when the structure complies with the following criteria:
A. The stiffness of the lower portion must be at least 10 times the upper portion.
B. The period of the entire structure shall not be greater than 1.1 times the period of the upper portion.
C. The flexible upper portion shall be designed as a separate structure using the equivalent lateral force
or model response procedure and the appropriate values of R and ρ.
D. The rigid lower portion shall be designed as a separate structure using the equivalent lateral force procedure
and the appropriate values of R and ρ of the lower structure with the reactions from the upper structure
scaled as described in ASCE 7-10.
For the purpose of this design example, the upper flexible structure and lower rigid structure are each regular
and qualify for the equivalent lateral force procedure to be used.
4a. Stiffness Determinations

Stiffness of the lower portion must be at least 10 times the upper portion.
Wall rigidity (stiffness):
F = kδ
Or
F
k=
δ
Where:
F = the applied force to the wall

k = the stiffness of the wall
δ = deflection of the wall
20 | Seismic Design

STIFFNESS OF FLEXIBLE UPPER PORTION:
Determine stiffness of typical interior cross wall:
Table 3. Determine Stiffness of Typical Interior Wall
Deflection F
Level F k =
δxe δ
(k) (in) (k/in)
Roof 12.989 0.38 34.18
6th Floor 24.300 0.49 49.59
5th Floor 32.890 0.42 78.31
4th Floor 38.617 0.45 85.82
3rd Floor 41.480 0.50 82.96
Where: F = the applied force to the wall as determined from Table 6

δ = the computed shear wall deflection from Table 17
STIFFNESS OF RIGID LOWER PORTION:

Determine stiffness of typical interior cross wall:
From 3-D finite element analysis of the rigid lower portion, the average deflection of the first floor
transverse shear wall at design seismic loading:
δwalls = 0.02 in
F wall = 190 kips
190k k
k= = 9,500
0.02 in in
Ratio of rigid lower portion stiffness to flexible upper portion stiffness:
9,500
ratio = = 114 > 10 ⇒ Okay
82.96
4b. Period Determinations

Check for conformance to the requirement that the period of the entire structure must not be greater
than 1.1 times the period of the upper portion.
First determine building periods (see Figure 6 for section through structure) using the approximate
fundamental period equations of ASCE 7-10 as opposed to computer model calculations.
For the flexible upper portion:

x 3/4
Ta = Ct (hn) = 0.020(50.0) = 0.38 sec ASCE 7-10 Eq. 12.8-7
For the entire structure:

x 3/4
Ta = Ct (hn) = 0.020(62.0) = 0.44 sec ASCE 7-10 Eq. 12.8-7
Ratio of periods:
0.44
= 1.16 ≅ 1.1 ⇒ Criteria not met
0.38
21 | Seismic Design

Using the ASCE 7-10 equation can produce period ratios > 1.1. This equation is problematic since the
same coefficients are used for both wood and concrete shear walls to approximate the building periods.
ALTERNATE METHOD OF PERIOD DETERMINATION:
√(∑ w δ
n n
T = 2π i i ) ÷ (g∑ fi δi)
2
FEMA 450 Eq. C5.2-1
i=1 i=1
The above equation, which produces a more accurate building period, is based on Rayleigh’s method and
was the equation that appeared in the Uniform Building Code (Eq. 30-10 in the 1997 UBC).
Table 4. Determine Period of Flexible Upper Portion

Cumulative 2
Level w (k) f (k) w (δ) f (δ)
δ (in)
Roof 587 184.5 2.24 2,945.3 413.3
6th Floor 639 160.6 1.86 2,210.7 298.7
5th Floor 647 122.0 1.37 1,214.4 167.1
4th Floor 647 81.3 0.95 583.9 77.2
3rd Floor 647 40.7 0.50 161.8 20.4
∑ 3,167.00 589.1 7,116.0 976.7
T = 2π √ 7,116.0
= 0.863 sec
(32.2 x 12) 976.7
Table 4A. Determine Period of Entire Structure

Cumulative 2
Level w (k) f (k) w(δ) f (δ)
δ (in)
Roof 587 184.5 2.26 2,998.2 417.0
6th Floor 639 160.6 1.88 2,258.5 301.9
5th Floor 647 122.0 1.39 1,250.1 169.6
4th Floor 647 81.3 0.97 608.8 78.9
3rd Floor 647 40.7 0.52 174.9 21.2
2nd Floor 2,632 489.5 0.02 1.1 9.8
∑ 5,799 1,078.6 7,291.5 998.3
T = 2π √ 7,291.5
= 0.864 sec
(32.2 x 12) 998.3
Ratio of periods:
0.864
= 1.001 < 1.1 ⇒ Okay
0.863
22 | Seismic Design

4c. Design of Flexible Upper Portion
Design coefficients for the seismic force-resisting system (SFRS) from ASCE 7-10 Table 12.2-1 are
as follows:
Type A-13: Light-framed walls with wood sheathing
R = 6.5
Ω0 = 3.0
Cd = 4.0
Maximum building height:
No height limit for seismic design categories B & C
65 feet for seismic design categories D, E & F
The flexible upper portion will be designed using the seismic response coefficient R = 6.5 and the
redundancy factor ρ for that portion.
4d. Design of Rigid Lower Portion

Design coefficients for the SFRS:
Usually A1/A7:
For special reinforced concrete shear walls

R = 5.0
Ω0 = 2.5
Cd = 5.0
For special reinforced masonry shear walls
R = 5.0
Ω0 = 2.5
Cd = 3.5
The rigid lower portion will be designed using the seismic response coefficient R = 5.0 and the
redundancy factor ρ for that portion.
23 | Seismic Design

5. Seismic Design of Flexible Upper Portion and Rigid Lower Portion
5a. Seismic Design of Flexible Upper Portion
Figure 6. Typical Cross-Section through Building
SEISMIC AND SITE DATA:

Seismic Design Category D
For building frame systems with light-frame walls sheathed with wood structural panels
R = 6.5 ASCE 7-10 Table 12.2-1
Redundancy factor ρ = 1.0 ASCE 7-10 §12.3.4.2

(See §5d)
DESIGN BASE SHEAR:

Design checklist:
1. Determine Risk Category and Importance Factor
2. Determine Ss, S1 and soil profile from site location
3. Test for SDC E
4. Determine SDS and SD1
5. Determine T and test for short period exception on SDC
Determine if equivalent lateral force analysis is allowed
6. Determine SDC (if not E)
7. Determine R and verify height
8. Test for Ss < 1.5 and calculate Cs base shear
9. Determine Cs
24 | Seismic Design

Determine Risk Category and Importance Factor:
Risk Category: II ASCE 7-10 T1.5-2
Importance Factor l = 1.0
Determine Ss, S1 and soil profile:

Site Class D (based upon geotechnical investigation)
Without a geotechnical investigation, Site Class D needs to be used as the default value.
Therefore, from U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) application:
Ss = 1.808g >> 0.15
Therefore, not SDC A
S1 = 0.692g >> 0.04
Therefore, not SDC A
S1 = 0.692g < 0.75
Therefore, not SDC E
S1 = 0.692g > 0.6
Therefore, EQ. 12.8-6 applies
Values for Ss and S1 can be determined from ASCE 7-10 maps or from the USGS website, which provides
the values by either zip code or longitude and latitude coordinates. It is recommended that the longitude
and latitude coordinates (which can be obtained from the street address) be used.
USGS website link: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/designmaps/us/application.php

Download the JAVA Ground Motion Parameter Calculator and enter the latitude and longitude.
Note: Using Zip Code Ss is overstated 3 percent
Test for SDC E:

From Tables 11.4-1 and 11.4-2 select Fa = 1.0 and F v = 1.5
Therefore from Table 1613.3.5-1 and -2:

SDS =
2
3
SMS =
2
3
FaSS =
()2
3
1.0 x 1.808 = 1.206 > 0.5
Implies SDC D
SD1 =
3
2
SM1 =
2
3
F v S1 =
()
2
3
1.5 x 0.692 = 0.692 > 0.2
Implies SDC D
25 | Seismic Design

Determine period and test for short period exception on SDC:
Period using approximate fundamental period (see Figure 6 for section through structure)
x ¾
Ta = Ct (hn) 0.020(62) = 0.44 sec ASCE 7-10 Eq 12.8-7
where hn is defined as the highest level of the structure. Since the highest level is not a level surface,
the center of gravity (average height) of the diaphragm above the first floor will be used.
SD1 0.692
TS = = = 0.57 sec
SDS 1.206
80% TS = 0.46 > Ta = 0.44 sec
Therefore, the exception applies but doesn’t matter since SDC D occurs on both short and long period.
Therefore SDC = D
Check for permitted analytical procedure: ASCE 7-10 T12.6-1
Since Ta < 3.5 Ts and the structure is light-frame construction, equivalent lateral force analysis procedure
is permitted.
Determine SDC:
Based upon above checks, SDC = D
Determine R and verify height:

For light-framed walls with wood structural panels that are both shear
walls and bearing walls: ASCE 7-10 T12.2-1
R = 6.5
Maximum height permitted in SDC D is 65 feet ASCE 7-10 T12.2-1
Our building structure is less than 65 feet and is therefore permitted.
Test for Ss < 1.5:

Note: The building in this design example has a “Type II” weight (mass) irregularity between the
second and third floors, which is a vertical irregularity. It is not clear whether a building that is
designed using the two-stage analysis (ASCE 7-10 §12.2.3.2) should be exempted from this provision.
Since each structure can be treated separately, it seems reasonable to conclude that the weight mass
irregularity does not apply in the two-stage design approach. In addition, it is not clear whether the
number of stories being limited to five or less applies to a two-stage podium slab type of design. For
actual projects, building officials in the local jurisdiction should be contacted for their interpretation
of the code.
26 | Seismic Design

Determine Cs :
SDS
Cs =
() R
I
1.206
Cs = = 0.186
( )

6.5
1.0

but need not exceed

SD1
Cs =
()
ASCE 7-10 Eq 12.8-3
R
T
I

Cs = 0.692 = 0.242 > 0.186

.044
( ) 6.5
1.0
therefore does not control but shall not be less than

Cs = 0.01
therefore does not control
In addition, equation 12.8-6 requires an additional check for Cs, minimum for structures that are located
where S1 is equal to or greater than 0.6g:
0.5 S1 0.5(0.692)
C = = = 0.05
() ( )
s
R 6.5
I 1.0

therefore does not control
CS = 0.186
Therefore:
V = CsW = 0.186W
For the flexible upper portion:
W = 3,167 k
V = CsW = 0.186 x 3,167 = 589 k
For the building as a whole using the same R = 6.5:
W = 5,799 k
V = CsW = 0.186 x 5,799 = 1,079 k
27 | Seismic Design

VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF FORCES ASCE 7-10 §12.8.3
The biggest advantage of using a two-stage design is that the base for the upper flexible portion is set
on top of the podium slab. The heavy mass of the podium slab (second floor) is not inverted into the
upper flexible portion of the structure. Hence, the base shear is based on the weight (W) of the structure
that is above the podium slab.
The base shear must be distributed to each level. This is done as follows:
Fx = CVXV ASCE 7-10 Eq.12.8-11
wxhx ASCE 7-10 Eq.12.8-12

Cvx = n
k
∑ w ihi
i-1
Where hx is the average height at level i of the sheathed diaphragm in feet above the base, k is a
distribution exponent related to the building period.
Since T = 0.38 second < 0.5 seconds, k = 1

Determination of Fx is shown in Table 5. ASCE 7-10 §12.8.3
Note that the vertical distribution of seismic forces using the base of the structure at the first floor (Table
5A) produces overly conservative results due to the tall first floor of 22 feet. For illustrative purposes,
the vertical distribution of seismic forces including the second floor (without the two-stage analysis) and
using the R coefficient of 6.5 for the wood sheathed walls is included in Table 5B. However, this design
example uses the vertical distribution of seismic forces using the base of the structure at the second floor
(Table 5) using the two-stage analysis.
Table 5. Vertical Distribution of Seismic Forces (with Base at Second Floor)

w xhx Fx Fx
Level wx hx w xhx Fx Ftot
∑ wihi wx A
(k) (ft) (k-ft) (%) (k) (k) (psf)
Roof 587 50 29,350 31.3 184.5 0.314 184.5 15.37
6th Floor 639 40 25,560 27.3 160.6 0.251 345.1 13.39
5th Floor 647 30 19,410 20.7 122.0 0.189 467.1 10.17
4th Floor 647 20 12,940 13.8 81.3 0.126 548.4 6.78
3rd Floor 647 10 6,470 6.9 40.7 0.063 589.1 3.39
∑ 3,167 93,730 100.0 589.1 589.1
Where: A = area of the floor plate which is 12,000 ft2
28 | Seismic Design

Table 5A. Vertical Distribution of Seismic Forces (with Base at First Floor)
not including Second Floor in Distribution
Not used in this design example – for illustrative purposes only
w xhx Fx Fx
∑ wihi wx A
(k) (ft) (k-ft) (%) (k) (k) (psf)

Roof 587 62 36,394 27.6 162.7 0.277 162.7 13.56
6th Floor 639 52 33,228 25.2 148.6 0.233 311.3 12.38
5th Floor 647 42 27,174 20.6 121.5 0.188 432.8 10.13
4th Floor 647 32 20,704 15.7 92.6 0.143 525.4 7.72
3rd Floor 647 22 14,234 10.8 63.6 0.098 589.1 5.30
∑ 3,167 131,734 100.0 589.1 589.1
Table 5B. Vertical Distribution of Seismic Forces (with Base at First Floor)
including Second Floor in Distribution
Not used in this design example – for illustrative purposes only
w xhx Fx Fx
∑ wihi wx A
(k) (ft) (k-ft) (%) (k) (k) (psf)
Roof 587 62 36,394 22.3 240.4 0.409 240.4 20.03

6th Floor 639 52 33,228 20.3 219.5 0.343 459.8 18.29
5th Floor 647 42 27,174 16.6 179.5 0.277 639.3 14.96
4th Floor 647 32 20,704 12.7 136.7 0.211 776.0 11.39
3rd Floor 647 22 14,234 8.7 94.0 0.145 870.0 7.83
2nd Floor 2,632 12 31,584 19.3 208.6 0.079 1,078.6 17.38
∑ 5,799 163,318 100.0 1,078.6 1,078.6
29 | Seismic Design

5b. Assumption of Flexible Diaphragms
ASCE 7-10 §12.3.1.1
For structures with wood-framed shear walls, ASCE 7-10 §12.3.1.1 allows wood diaphragms to be
idealized as flexible diaphragms when one of the following conditions exist:
1. The structure is a one- or two-family dwelling.
2. Toppings of concrete are nonstructural and are a maximum of 1-1⁄ 2 inches thick.
3. Each line of vertical elements of the lateral force-resisting system complies with the allowable
story drift.
In this design example, the second condition is met since our structure does not exceed 1-1⁄ 2 inches
of lightweight concrete.
Condition 3 is met since §8c of this design example for drift check of typical shear wall complies with
the allowable story drift.
5c. Flexible vs. Rigid Diaphragm Analysis

ASCE 7-10 §12.3.1 requires that, unless a diaphragm can be idealized as flexible, calculated as flexible
or idealized as rigid, it be modeled as semi-rigid. The diaphragms in most wood structures can be
idealized as flexible. However, in some cases, engineering judgment must be used to determine shear
distributions to the shear walls. With the uniformity of shear wall lengths and spacing in the building’s
transverse direction (north-south), flexible diaphragm assumptions are certainly justifiable from a code
compliance perspective.
Current industry standard is to consider rigidities of the shear walls in determining the horizontal
distribution of lateral forces, either from a rigid diaphragm assumption or an envelope method applying
the highest load from a flexible diaphragm assumption and rigid diaphragm assumption to each shear
wall. Some engineers designing structures similar to this design example will place shear walls at interior
corridor walls (see Figure 3) and not place any lateral-resisting elements at the exterior walls. This
approach, as a minimum, must utilize a semi-rigid or rigid diaphragm design. In such configurations
careful consideration of the deflections of horizontal diaphragms and the effect of the deflections on
building performance is recommended. SDPWS 2015 has added direction that the diaphragm deflection
calculations include diaphragm shear and bending deformations and the story drift at the edge of the
structure not exceed the ASCE 7 allowable story drift for seismic loads.
Engineers now have sophisticated design software available for designing structures of this type.
With all that is available, many engineers still analyze “individual units.” Some engineers perform
a rigid diaphragm analysis and a few perform envelope solutions. These varying designs all get
permitted by local building officials and there is not a lot of continuity in the design process even
within cities. For this design example, an “envelope” design was utilized.
30 | Seismic Design

5d. Flexible Upper Portion Redundancy Factor
The redundancy factor (ρ) for the flexible upper portion is 1.0. Both conditions of ASCE 7-10 §12.3.4.2
have been met, though designers are only required to meet one of the two provisions.
5e. Seismic Design of Rigid Lower Portion

Since the center of mass of the flexible upper structure coincides with the center of mass of the rigid
lower portion, the entire structure mass can be joined together and applied at the center of the podium’s
rigid diaphragm with the code-required eccentricities.
Whenever the R (and rho) value differs between the upper wood structure and lower podium structure,
as would be the case with a light-frame wood shear wall system (R = 6.5) over a special concrete shear
wall system (R = 5), then scaling of the seismic reactions at the bottom of the upper structure to apply to
the lower structure is required. The seismic forces (e.g., shear and overturning) at the base of the upper
portion are applied to the top of the lower portion and scaled up by the ratio of (R/ρ) upper to (R/ρ) lower.
The scaling of gravity loads from the upper portion is not done in the same manner when applied to the
lower portion. The lower portion, which now includes the seismic forces from the upper portion, may
then be analyzed using the values of R, Ωo, and Cd for the lower portion of the structure.
6. Shear Wall Design Example

This design example features a five-story “segmented shear wall” with an out-to-out length of 29.0 feet
and floor-to-floor heights of 10.0 feet. SDPWS-2008 §4.3.5.1 categorizes this wall type as having full-height
wall segments with aspect ratio limitations of SDPWS-2008 §4.3.4 applying to each full height segment.
CHECK H/W RATIO FOR SHEAR WALL SEGMENTS:
Segment height = 10.0 ft
Segment width = 29.0 ft
10.0
h/w = = 0.34 < 2.0 ⇒ Okay
29.0
6a. Determination of Lateral Loads to Shear Wall ASCE 7-10 12.3.1.1

The structure used in this design example has interior shear walls located at every other wall between
hotel guest units. The walls are spaced at 13 feet o.c., with the depth of the building equal to 65 feet.
Based on an “envelope” design using flexible diaphragm assumptions and a rigid diaphragm analysis,
the critical forces to the interior shear wall (Figure 7) are shown in Table 6.
31 | Seismic Design

Figure 7. Typical Interior Shear Wall Elevation
Table 6. Distribution of Seismic Forces for Both Shear Walls
FTotal
Level Designation
(lb)
Roof F5 12,989
6th Floor F4 24,300
5th Floor F3 32,890
4th Floor F2 38,617
3rd Floor F1 41,480
32 | Seismic Design

6b. Determination of Shear Wall Sheathing and Nailing
The shear wall to be designed will use 15 ⁄ 32-inch Structural I rated sheathing using 10d common nails
with a minimum penetration of 1-1⁄ 2 inches into the framing members.
A 2x4 sole plate (sill plate) will be used at the base of the shear wall.
SDPWS-2008 §4.3.7.1, item 4c, states that:
3x nominal framing at abutting panel edges is required when the required nominal shear capacity
exceeds 700 plf in Seismic Design Category (SDC) D, E or F. If panels do not abut at a sill or sole plate,
2x material is acceptable for shear wall capacities exceeding this threshold.
Table 7. Determination of Shear Wall Nailing

ASD Design
Wall Length Wall Fastener
Designation FTotal FTotal (0.7) Allowable
l V= Sheathed a Edge
l Shear b
1 or 2 sides Spacing
(lb) (ft) (plf) (plf)
F5 12,989 29.0 314 1 340 6
c
F4 24,300 29.0 587 1 870 2
c
F3 32,890 29.0 794 2 1,740 2
c
F2 38,617 29.0 932 2 1,740 2
c
F1 41,480 29.0 1,001 2 1,740 2
Notes for Table 7:

a. Allowable shear values are obtained by taking the nominal unit shear capacities in NDS-08
SDPWS-2008 Table 4.3A and dividing by the ASD reduction factor of 2.0.
b. A 2x4 sole plate (sill plate) will be used at the base of walls (see Figure 5). For 10d common nails
spaced at 2 inches o.c., the nails are staggered. From a constructability standpoint (framer bent
over to install nails) and for improved structural performance (larger edge distance), the use of a
3x sole plate is recommended.
c. Where fastener spacing is 2 inches o.c., some engineers may use sheathing on both sides of the
wall with fasteners spaced at 4 inches o.c. for better performance and less drift.
6c. Shear Wall Cumulative Overturning Forces

When designing overturning forces in multi-level structures, shear and the respective overturning forces
due to seismic (or wind) must be carried down to the foundation, or in this design example the podium
slab, by the boundary studs and continuous tie-down system. These forces are cumulative over the height
of the building, and shear forces applied at the upper levels will generate much larger base overturning
moments than if the same shear forces were applied at the lower story.
The overturning forces for the shear wall (Figure 7) can be obtained by summing forces about the base of
the wall for the level being designed.
33 | Seismic Design

Cumulative overturning force for the sixth floor level:
Mot = F5 (H5)
Cumulative overturning force for the fifth floor level:

Mot = F5 (H5 + H4 ) + F4 (H4 )
Cumulative overturning force for the fourth floor level:

Mot = F5 (H5 + H4 + H3 ) + F4 (H4 + H3 ) + F3 (H3 )
Cumulative overturning force for the third floor level:

Mot = F5 (H5 + H4 + H3 + H2) + F4 (H4 + H3 + H2) + F3 (H3 + H2) + F2 (H2)
Cumulative overturning force for the second floor level:

Mot = F5 (H5 + H4 + H3 + H2 + H1) + F4 (H4 + H3 + H2 + H1) + F3 (H3 + H2 + H1) +
F2 (H2 + H1) + F1 (H1)
In shear walls with continuous tie-down systems, the overturning resistance in the shear wall is
resisted by the posts and/or end studs resisting the compression forces and the tension rods resisting
the tension forces.
In shear walls with conventional holdown systems, the overturning resistance in the shear wall is resisted
by the posts and/or end studs resisting the compression forces and the tension forces.
6d. Load Combinations using 2012 IBC

IBC §1605.3.2 has alternative basic load combinations to ASCE 7-10. For allowable stress design, the
earthquake load combinations are:
E IBC Eq.16-21
D+L+S+
1.4
Since S is not present, the simplified load combination is:
E
D+L+
1.4
Where E = the horizontal seismic force (F):
E IBC Eq.16-22
0.9D +
1.4
6e. Load Combinations using ASCE 7-10 §12.4.2.3

Per §12.4.2.3, the following load combinations shall be used for basic combinations for allowable
stress design:
(1.0 + 0.14 SDS)D + 0.7ρQE
ASCE 7-10 Eq. 5
(1.0 + 0.10 SDS)D + 0.525ρQE + 0.75L + 0.75 S
ASCE 7-10 Eq. 6b
(0.6 - 0.14 SDS)D + 0.7ρQE
ASCE 7-10 Eq. 8
Where the dead load D is increased (or decreased) for vertical accelerations by the SDS coefficient.
34 | Seismic Design

Where QE = the horizontal seismic force F ASCE 7-10 §12.4.2.1
0.10 SDS = 0.10 (1.206) = 0.12
0.14 SDS = 0.14 (1.206) = 0.17
6f. Shear Wall Chord (Boundary) Members

The vertical members at the end of the shear walls are the walls’ chords (boundary members). As in a
diaphragm, the chords resist flexure and the sheathing (web) resists the shear. The overturning moment
is resolved into a T-C couple creating axial tension and compression forces. When considering only
the horizontal component of the seismic forces, the tension and compression forces are equal and
opposite. The overturning compressive force is determined by dividing the overturning moment by the
distance “d” between the center of the tension rod and the center of the compression posts (Figure 9).
However, in most designs, the size and number of chords (boundary members) change from story to
story as shown in Figures 10 and 11, which can necessitate iterations to derive the actual distance “d.”
Many engineers will take a “conservative average” distance “d” and use the same value for all cases to
minimize iterations.
Figure 9 illustrates multiple boundary members that are common to multi-level wood-frame shear walls.
The axial loads to the bearing wall and boundary members are determined from the following loads:
DEAD LOADS:
WRoof = (28.0 psf)(2.0 ft) = 56.0 plf
WFloor = (30.0 psf)(13.0 ft) = 390 plf
W Wall = (10.0 psf)(10.0 ft) = 100.0 plf
LIVE LOADS:
WRoof = (20.0 psf)(2.0 ft) = 40.0 plf
WFloor = (40.0 psf)(13.0 ft) = 520 plf
DEAD + LIVE LOADS:

WRoof = (28.0 psf + 20.0 pst)(2.0 ft) = 96.0 plf
WFloor = (30.0 psf + 40.0 psf)(13.0 ft) = 910 plf
W Wall = 10.0 psf (10.0 ft) = 100.0 plf
(1.2 + 0.2 SDS ) DEAD + LIVE LOADS:
Per §12.4.2.3 of ASCE 7-10, the load factor on L is permitted to be 0.5 since the live load is equal
to or less than 100 psf and not of public assembly. The 0.5 factor will be used in the live load
determinations below:
WRoof = ((1.4 x 28.0 psf) + (0.5 x 20.0 psf))(2.0 ft) = 98.5 plf
WFloor = ((1.4 x 30.0 psf) + (0.5 x 40.0 psf))(13.0 ft) = 806 plf
W Wall = 1.4 x 10.0 psf(10.0 ft)= 140.0 plf
35 | Seismic Design

Figure 8. Shear Wall Elevation with Distance D
Figure 9. Example Elevation of Shear Wall Boundary Members
Notes for Figures 9 AND 10:
1. Some continuous rod systems

favor centering the rod so it
is supported symmetrically by
compression elements (concentric
with the tension rod), while other
continuous rod systems favor
an asymmetrical orientation of
compression elements (shown in
Figures 9 and 10).
2. See Figures 13, 14 and 15 for

comments on blocking at the floor
framing.
36 | Seismic Design

Figure 10. Example Plan Section at Boundary Members
For ASD compression on the chord members, the alternate basic load combination is used.
E IBC Eq. 16-21

D+L+
1.4
For strength compression on the chord members, the ASCE 7-10 seismic load combination will be used.
The strength compression loads are used later in this example to determine the shear wall deflection at
strength loads (sill plate crushing). Per ASCE 7-10 §12.8.6 and §12.12.1, strength level forces are required
for the determination of shear wall deflections.
(1.2 + 0.2SDS)D + ρQE + L + 0.2S
Where:
ρQE = E
Since S is not present, the simplified load combination is:

(1.2 + 0.2SDS)D + L + E
Where: ASCE 7-10 §12.4.2.3

(1.2 + 0.2SDS) = (1.2 + 0.2 x 1.206) = 1.4
MOT
E=
d
37 | Seismic Design

Table 8. Determination of Shear Wall Chord Member Forces
ASD Demand Strength Demand

Compression Compression
ASD
Level MOT d’ d
PD + L
MOT MOT
C= + PD+L + (1.2 + 0.2SDS)D + L
1.4d d
(ft-k) (k) (ft) (ft) (k) (k)
Roof 129.89 0.380 0.98 27.04 3.81 5.27
6th Floor 372.89 2.36 0.98 27.04 12.21 16.11
5th Floor 701.79 7.00 1.71 26.31 26.05 33.40
4th Floor 1,087.95 10.19 1.71 26.31 39.72 51.07
3rd Floor 1,502.75 13.39 2.04 25.98 54.69 70.54
Where: PD+L = w(d')2
FOR ASD DEMAND (see §6f):

PD+L Roof = (96 plf + 100 plf)(0.98 x 2) = 0.384 k
PD+L 6thFloor = (910 plf + 100 plf)(0.98 x 2) + PRoof = 2.36 k
PD+L 5thFloor = ((910 plf + 100 plf)2 + (96 + 100))(1.58 x 2) = 7.00 k
PD+L 4thFloor = ((910 plf + 100 plf)3 + (96 + 100))(1.58 x 2) = 10.19 k
PD+L 3rdFloor = ((910 plf + 100 plf)4 + (96 + 100))(1.58 x 2) = 13.39 k
FOR STRENGTH DEMAND (see §6f):

(1.2 + 0.02 SDS)D + L = 1.4D + L
PD+L Roof = (98.5 plf + 140 plf)(0.98 x 2) = 0.467 k
PD+L 6thFloor = (806 plf + 140 plf)(0.98 x 2) + PRoof = 2.32 k
PD+L 5thFloor = ((806 plf + 140 plf)2 + (98.5 + 140))(1.58 x 2) = 6.73 k
PD+L 4thFloor = ((806 plf + 140 plf)3 + (98.5 + 140))(1.58 x 2) = 9.72 k
PD+L 3rdFloor = ((806 plf + 140 plf)4 + (98.5 + 140))(1.58 x 2) = 12.71 k
Table 9. Determination of Shear Wall Chord Members

Chord Total Bearing ASD Stability D/C
Level le Cf Cp
Posts Area Cap. Demand Capacity Ratio
(ft) (kips) (kips) (kips)
Roof 4-3x4 35.0 9.625 1.15 0.163 21.88 3.81 15.75 0.24
6th Floor 4-3x4 35.0 9.625 1.15 0.163 21.88 12.21 15.75 0.78
5th Floor 4-4x8 101.5 9.625 1.05 0.182 63.44 26.05 46.48 0.56
4th Floor 4-4x8 101.5 9.625 1.05 0.182 63.44 39.72 46.48 0.85
3rd Floor 5-4x8 126.9 9.625 1.05 0.182 79.30 54.69 58.09 0.94
38 | Seismic Design

Notes for Table 9:
1. Cd = 1.6
2. Bearing capacity (on sole plate) = F’c⊥ ACb
3. Column bearing factor Cb = 1.0
/ √[ / ] /
2
* * *
4. Column stability factor 1 + (FcE Fc ) 1 + (FcE F c ) FcE F c
Cp = - -
2c 2c c
5. Column stability capacity = F C C D C F C P A

Example for four 4x8 posts: 4x 11.62 = 46.48 kips
6. The typical interior stud wall is framed with 4-inch nominal framing studs.
7. Interior bearing walls for this design example are non-rated and, as such, would not require the
reduction in allowable loads.
6g. Example Compression Member Capacity Determination

4X8 POST – DOUGLAS FIR-LARCH NO. 1:
Where:
2
A = 25.375 in
CD = 1.6
Emin = 620,000 psi
d1 = 3.5 in
The following coefficients for Cm and Ct are not referenced in the NDS formulas (for simplicity).
Cm = 1.0
Ct = 1.0
Ke 1 = 1.0
The members’ span between the top of the 2x4 sill plate and the underside of the 4x4 top plate (see
Figure 4).
l = 9.52 ft
le1 = 9.52 x 12 =114 in
/ /
le1 d1 = 114 3.5 = 32.64
Slenderness is controlled by the minor axis and is thus used in the FcE calculation.
Compression parallel to grain:

F’c=F’cCDCFCP
Fc*=FcCDCF =1,500 x 1.6 x 1.05 = 2,520 psi
/ √[ / ] /
2
* * *
1 + (FcE F c ) 1 + (FcE F c ) FcE F c
Cp = - – = 0.1817 NDS Eq. 3.7-1
2c 2c c
39 | Seismic Design

Where:
c = 0.8
0.822Emin 0.822 x 620,000

NDS Eq. 3.7-1
FcE = = = 478.4 psi
( le / d) 2 32.642
478.4
/
F c E Fc * =
2,520
= 0.1898
F'c = FCCDCFCP = 1,500 x 1.6 x 1.05 x 0.1817 = 458 psi
FOR A 4X8 POST:
Pallow = A x F'c = 25.375 x 458 = 11,620 lbs
Compression perpendicular to grain:
F’c⊥ = 625 psi
FOR A 4X8 POST:
Pallow = A x F’c⊥ = 25.375 x 625 = 15,860 lbs
6h. Determine Resisting Moments and Uplift Forces

The resisting moment MR is determined from the following dead loads:
WRoof = 28.0 psf (2.0 ft) = 56.0 plf
WFloor = 30.0 psf (13.0 ft) = 390.0 plf
W Wall = 10.0 psf (10.0 ft) = 100.0 plf
Tables 10 and 10A illustrate the differences in ASD uplift values that can be calculated from using the
ASCE 7-10 formula and the alternate IBC formula. For this design example, the ASCE 7-10 equation in
Table 11 is used.
Table 10. Determine Shear Wall Uplift Forces using ASCE 7-10 Load Combinations
ASD Uplift1 ASD
Differential Strength
Level MR d MOT (MOT x 0.7) - (0.6 - 0.14 SDS)MR 2
Load Uplift
d Per Floor
(ft-lb) (ft) (ft-lb) (lbs) (lbs) (lbs)
Roof 65,598 27.04 129,887 2,319 0 3,205
6th Floor 271,643 27.04 372,889 5,333 3,014 7,172
5th Floor 477,688 26.31 701,789 10,864 5,530 14,713
4th Floor 683,733 26.31 1,087,954 17,770 6,906 24,213
3rd Floor 889,778 25.98 1,502,751 25,758 7,988 35,280
1
Where (0.6 - 0.14 SDS) = (0.6 - 0.14 x 1.206) = 0.43
2
Strength uplift forces will be used for determining strength rod elongations. Strength uplift force = (MOT - (0.9-0.2SDS )MR )/d
40 | Seismic Design

Table 10A. Determine Shear Wall Uplift Forces using IBC Alternate Load Combinations
Strength ASD Uplift
Differential
Level MR d
MOT ( ) MOT
1.4
- 0.9 MR Load
Per Floor
(ft-lb) (ft) (ft-lb) (lbs) (lbs)

Roof 65,598 27.04 129,887 1,248 0
6th Floor 271,643 27.04 372,889 809 -439
5th Floor 477,688 26.31 701,789 2,712 1,903
4th Floor 683,733 26.31 1,087,954 6,147 3,435
3rd Floor 889,778 25.98 1,502,751 10,491 4,343
Note for Table 10A:

A “negative” differential load is a result of a higher resisting moment and occurs at a lower level
than above.
6i. Shear Wall Tie-Down System Components

TIE-DOWN RODS
Smaller diameter tie-down rods are usually made from A36/A307 steel. This is called standard rod
strength. Unless marked, rods should be considered standard rod strength. High-strength rods are
A449 or A193-B7 and are usually marked on the end with an embossed stamp, though some rod
manufacturers stamp the rod grade on the side. If the rod is stamped at the end and is cut, it needs
to be re-marked. High-strength rods should have special inspection to confirm the rod type since the
ends of these rods may be embedded into a coupler where the marks cannot be seen after installation.
It should be noted that high-strength rods are not weldable. Proprietary systems have special rod colors
and markings on the sides. The rods and tie-down systems are not proprietary, but the manufactured
components are.
TIE-DOWN ELONGATION
Tie-down rod elongation is computed between bearing plates (restraints). This design example has
bearing plates located at each floor. Table 11 computes the rod capacities and elongations (per floor)
between the bearing plates.
41 | Seismic Design

Table 11. Determine Rod Sizes, Capacities and Elongations
Allow
Rod Eff. Rod
Plate Tension Capacity Rod
Level Dia. Dia. Ag Ae Fu Fy
Height Demand Elong.
d de .75*Fu
*Ag /2
2 2
(ft) (kips) (in) (in) (in ) (in ) (ksi) (ksi) (kips) (in)
Roof 10.0 2.32 0.625 0.527 0.307 0.226 58 36 6.68 0.042
6th Floor 10.0 5.33 0.625 0.527 0.307 0.226 58 36 6.68 0.098
5th Floor 10.0 10.86 0.625 0.527 0.307 0.226 120 105 13.82 0.199
4th Floor 10.0 17.77 0.875 0.755 0.601 0.462 120 105 27.05 0.159
3rd Floor 10.0 25.76 1.000 0.865 0.785 0.606 120 105 35.33 0.170
Notes for Table 11:

1. Tension demand (ASD uplift) values are computed in Table 10.
2
2. Rod area: 3.14d
Ag =
4
2
3. Net tensile area Ae is from AISC Table 7-17. Ae = 0.7854 (db -0.9743/n)
where n = the number of threads per inch.
4. Standard rod is ASTM A36 rod with minimum Fu = 58 ksi, F y = 36 ksi.
High-strength rod is ASTM A193 rod with minimum Fu = 125 ksi, F y = 105 ksi for rods up to 2-1⁄ 2
inches in diameter and A449 rod with minimum Fu = 120 ksi, F y = 105 ksi for rods up to 1 inch in
diameter then drops to F y = 105 ksi for larger rods. F y = 81 ksi (per ASTM A449) for rods from 1
to 1-½ inches in diameter and drops to Fu = 90 ksi, Fy = 58 ksi (per ASTM A449) for rods from
1-¾ to 3 inches in diameter.
5. Allowable rod capacity for the AISC Steel Construction Manual Thirteenth Edition is:
0.75Fu Ab
2
6. Rod elongation: PL
Δ=
AeE
Where:
Δ = the elongation of the rod in inches
P = the accumulated uplift tension force on the rod in kips (tension demand)
L = length of rod in inches from bearing restraint to bearing restraint, with the bearing restraint being
where the load is transferred to the rod
E = 29,000 ksi
Ae = the effective area of the rod in square inches
When smooth rods are used, the area is equal to the gross area (Ag ). When threaded (all-thread)
rods are used, the area is equal to the tension area (Ae) of the threaded rod. Since many of
the proprietary systems that have smooth rods have long portions threaded at the ends, it is
recommended that Ae be used when calculating rod elongation.
42 | Seismic Design

7. Rod elongation is based on using the effective area (Ae) and the following lengths:
a. For the first level, the anchor bolt is projecting 4 inches above the foundation (height of
coupler nut to anchor bolt at podium slab).
b. For the framed floors, the rod from below is projecting 6 inches above the sole plate.
8. Rod diameters may need to be larger than what is required to meet the tension demands, with rod
diameters increased to reduce rod elongations and shear wall deflections. Having a spreadsheet that
is linked to the different tables allows the engineer to make rod diameter adjustments quickly without
having to redo numerous calculations.
ROD COUPLERS
Couplers are used to connect the rods. Couplers can either be straight or reducing and can be supplied
in different strengths or grades. Couplers for high-strength rods need to be of high-strength steel and
are marked with notches or marks on the coupler. For a rod to develop its full strength, the rod must be
a set amount (usually the depth of a standard nut). It is recommended that, when couplers are used,
they have “pilot” or “witness” holes in the side so the threads of the rods can be witnessed in the holes
to ensure proper embedment.
Reducing couplers are used when the rod size is changed. In reducing couplers, the size of the threading
changes at the middle of the coupler device. It is intended that the rods be embedded until they
bottom out at the center of the coupler. If the rods are installed in this fashon, “witness” holes will
not be necessary; however, it is recommended that couplers with witness holes be used so that proper
installation can be confirmed by an inspector. Reducing couplers should have the same notches and
identifying marks as straight couplers when used with high-strength rods.
BEARING PLATES
Bearing plates transfer the tension load from the structure, the sole plate or the top plates into the
rod (see Figure 14). Premanufatured bearing plates are usually identified by paint color or by a number
marked on the plate. However, paint colors or unpainted plates vary among different rod system
manufacturers.
Table 12. Determine Bearing Plate Sizes and Capacities

Bearing Plate
Bearing Bearing Allowable
Level Factor Load Capacity
Width Length Thickness Hole Area ABrg
2 2 Cb (kips) (kips)
(in) (in) (in) (in ) (in )
Roof 3.0 5.5 0.625 0.5185 15.982 1.07 2.319 10.669

6th Floor 3.0 3.5 0.375 0.5185 9.982 1.11 3.014 6.907
5th Floor 3.0 5.5 0.625 0.5185 15.982 1.07 5.530 10.669
4th Floor 3.0 5.5 0.625 0.8866 15.613 1.07 6.906 10.424
3rd Floor 3.0 5.5 0.625 1.1075 15.392 1.07 7.988 10.276
Notes for Table 12:

1. Bearing plate is based on ASTM A36 steel with Fy = 36 ksi.
2. Bearing area factor for lb < 6 in: ( lb + 0.375)
Cb =
lb
Bearing area factor for lb ≥ 6 in: Cb = 1.0
43 | Seismic Design

3. Bearing plate thicknesses shall be checked for bending using lengths governed by the area
satisfaction check and the associated hole in the plate.
Example bending check of bearing plate at third floor:
Bearing plate size = 3.0 inches x 5.5 inches x 0.6 inches thick
Bearing load = 7,988 lbs (Table 12)
Bearing area for wood: subtracting for 3 ⁄ 16 -inch oversized hole in wood plate
(16.5 - 1.1075) = 15.392 in2
7,988
fc ⊥ = = 519 psi
15.392
F'c ⊥ = Fc⊥Cb = 625 x 1.07 = 669 psi > 519 psi Okay
Steel plate bending check:
( )
2
5.5
2
(519 x 3.0) x = 5,887 in/lb
2
2 2
bd (3.0 - 0.9375) x 0.6 3
Zplate = = = 0.1856 in
4 4
M 5,887
= = 31.7 ksi Okay
Z 0.1856
4. Allowable capacity: F'c⊥ ABrgCb
Where: F'c⊥ = 0.669 ksi
5. The bearing area is based upon the sill plate hole diameter being 3 ⁄ 16 -inch larger than the
rod diameter.
6. Bearing load = differential load from Table 10.
BOLTED TIE-DOWN DEVICE ELEMENTS

Another type of tie-down device, illustrated in Figure 15, utilizes bolts instead of bearing plates to
transfer the overturning forces to the continuous rods. In this system, posts need to transfer tension
forces. Although this type of system is still available, most framing contractors prefer the bearing plate
devices due to quicker/easier installation in the field.
TAKE-UP DEVICES
Most continuous rod systems have methods of compensating for shrinkage with proprietary expanding
or contracting devices.
The purpose of these devices is to minimize the clearance created between the holdown, tension tie
connector, or plate washer and the anchor bolt/nut due to building settlement or wood shrinkage. They
keep rotating the nut down (or use a compression spring) on the rod so the holdown, tension tie or
bearing plate remains tight to the wood surface.
44 | Seismic Design

ICC Evaluation Service has acceptance criteria (AC 316) for shrinkage compensating (take-up) devices.
The design engineer should check to see that the proprietary devices conform to these criteria.
The use of take-up devices is highly desirable in multi-level wood-frame construction. Since the total
shrinkage of the building has to be accounted for in the tie-down displacement (Δa ), it is very difficult
to meet the code drift requirements for most shear walls without take-up devices, especially for short-
length shear walls.
Take-up devices deflect under load just like the conventional holdown. Most manufacturers publish
this information either in their brochures or Evaluation Service reports. The deformation or initial slack
of these devices needs to be considered in the overall tie-down displacement (Δa).
Take-up devices have moving parts and may jam if not properly installed. Jamming typically occurs as
a result of excessive continuous tie rod angle (out-of-plumb). See the manufacturer’s instructions for
proper installation.
7. Considerations with Continuous and Discontinuous Anchor Tie-Downs

Continuous tie-downs have several advantages over conventional tie-downs—such as ease of installation
and higher uplift capacities. Most conventional tie-downs (hold downs) do not offer the capacities needed
for multi-level construction, or the shrinkage compensating devices that are available in continuous tie-down
systems.
SKIPPING OF FLOORS FOR BEARING RESTRAINTS

To reduce costs, some manufacturers “skip” floors with the bearing restraint devices. In this design example,
bearing devices may be omitted at the third and fifth floors with restraints at the fourth floor and roof
locations. When floors are skipped, the magnitude of tie-down assembly displacement is accumulative between
the bearing restraints and hence significantly increases the shear wall deflection(s). Skipping floors is not
recommended.
BEARING ZONE THROUGH FRAMING

Compression loads to the boundary members (posts) are achieved by nailing the shear wall sheathing to each
boundary member, thus transferring the overturning (compression) forces, and are accumulative to the stories
below. As the shear wall transfers the overturning (tension) forces to the boundary members, these forces collect
at each level (between restraint devices) and transfer the differential loads (see Table 10) to the bearing plates
at the level above (see Figure 14). The engineer should consider how the differential uplift forces are transferred
from the boundary members to the bearing plate. As a general rule, when the differential uplift forces can
be transferred within a bearing area located within a 45 degree plane from the bearing plate, no further
investigation is necessary (see Figure 14A). When the transfer of forces requires an area larger than the 45
degree plane, some sort of further investigation is necessary (e.g., bending and shear checks of top plates etc.).
Example bearing check (See Figure 14A):

Differential load at third floor = 7,988 lb (from Table 10)
Bearing plate width = 5.5 in (from Table 12)
Bearing width at bottom of 4x4 top plate = (5.5 + 5.7 + 5.7) = 16.9 in
Net bearing area = (16.9 – 6.0) x 3.5 = 38.1 in2
Bearing stress = 7,988/38.1 = 210 psi < 625 psi Okay
Posts at plate = 7,988/(2 x 3.5 x 7.25) = 157 psi < 625 psi Okay
45 | Seismic Design

8. Shear Wall Deflection, Tie-Downs and Take-Up Devices
8a. Continuous Tie-Down Assembly Displacement
The continuous tie-down assembly displacement (Δa) is a collective accumulation of the deformation
of tie-down elements. Each of these elements deforms, elongates and/or shrinks.
SDPWS-2008 now has a revised definition of Δa stated as follows:

“Total vertical elongation of wall anchorage system (including fastener slip, device elongation,
rod elongation, etc.) at the induced unit shear in the wall.”
The net effect of the tie-down assembly displacement is a rotation of the shear wall, as a rigid body,
with the displacement at the top of the wall (Δ) equal to the aspect ratio times the tie-down assembly
displacement (Δa ).

Figure 11. Effect of Δa on Drift
Notes for Figure 11:

Where: h = floor-to-floor height
b = the out-to-out dimension
of the shear wall
tie-down
displacement
ROD ELONGATION
Some jurisdictions have limits on the amount of rod elongation that can occur between restraints, and
some require that the “allowable stress area” (Ae vs. Ag ) be used in rod elongation calculations. As such,
local building department requirements should always be checked. This design example uses Ae for rod
elongation and Ag or An for rod capacity. Many manufactures will vary the yield strength of the tension
rods. It should be noted that the use of a higher strength rod can actually increase the drift of the shear
wall, due to increased elongation from higher loads that can be placed on the same size rod diameters
and the modulus of elasticity of the steel, which does not change.
For further discussion on rod elongation see §6i.
46 | Seismic Design

SILL PLATE CRUSHING
Per NDS-12 §4.2.6, when compression perpendicular to grain fc⊥ is less than 0.73 F’c⊥, crushing will be
approximately 0.02 inch. When fc⊥ = F’c⊥, crushing is approximately 0.04 inch. The effect of sill plate
crushing is the downward effect at the opposite end of the wall (resulting from the boundary chords)
and has the same rotational effect as the tie-down displacement (Δa ). Short walls that have no (net)
uplift forces will still have a crushing effect at wall boundaries and contribute to rotation of the wall.
The crushing effect on wood is not linear; a graph of load versus deformation is shown in Figure 12. The
values of 0.02 inch and 0.04 inch are based upon a metal plate bearing on wood perpendicular to grain
under standard test conditions of ASTM D143. These values are limit state values and not adjustable for
duration of load (CD ).
NDS Commentary §C4.2.6 states that when a joint is made of two wood members and both are loaded
perpendicular to grain, the amount of deformation will be approximately 2-½ times that of a metal
plate bearing joint. Table 13 lists the deformation adjustment factors for different bearing conditions.
Excepting post caps and bases, most connections in wood construction do not have metal plates for
bearing. In the case of our shear wall in the design example, the only metal plates in the wall construction
are the bearing plates at the continuous tie-down rods. Accordingly, the crushing values of sill plates
under boundary posts should be increased by the deformation adjustment factor shown in Table 13.
Table 13. Deformation Adjustment Factor for Bearing Condition
Bearing Condition Deformation Adjustment Factor
1. Wood-to-wood (both perpendicular to grain) 2.5

2. Wood-to-wood (one parallel to grain and
1.75
one perpendicular to grain)
3. Metal-to-wood (wood loaded perpendicular to grain) 1.0
For the three different regions of the load versus deformation curve shown in Figure 12, equations for
determining compression perpendicular to grain deformation (Δ) may be calculated as follows:
Where: fc⊥ ≤ Fc⊥0.02 in

Δ = 0.02 x
( fc⊥
Fc⊥0.02 in ) Eq. 1.0
Where: Fc⊥0.02 in < fc⊥ < Fc⊥0.04 in
( )

fc⊥
1-
Fc⊥0.04 in
Δ = 0.04 - 0.02 x Eq. 2.0
0.27 in
Where: fc⊥ > Fc⊥0.04 in
( )
3
fc⊥
Δ = 0.04 x Eq. 3.0
Fc⊥0.04 in
Where:
Δ = deformation, in
fc⊥ = induced stress, psi
Fc⊥0.04 in = Fc⊥ = reference design value at 0.04 in deformation, psi (Fc⊥)
Fc⊥0.02 in = reference design value at 0.02 in deformation, psi (0.73 Fc⊥)
47 | Seismic Design

Figure 12. Fc⊥ Load Deformation Curve
(Eq. 3.0 Derived from Bendtsen-Galligan, 1979)
Load Deformation Curve

1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16
Deformation,
Eq. Eq. Eq.
1.0 2.0 3.0
In the case of our shear wall in the design example (Figure 13, detail B), the boundary posts bear on
the sill plate (bearing condition 2), the floor sheathing and the boundary posts bear on the underside
of the top plate (bearing condition 2), and the “crushing effect” is coming from two directions at the
same time, thus doubling the amount of deformation. In addition, there is the crushing effect of the
floor sheathing. For “wood-to-wood” bearing condition 2 (Table 13), the deformation adjustment factor
is 1.75. NDS does not have a “crushing value” for the wood structural panel floor sheathing and it is
assumed to be higher than for sawn lumber. As a way of accounting for this, a deformation adjustment
factor of 2.5 will be used in lieu of the 1.75 factor, producing a compounding effect of 2 x 2.5 = 5.0
times the values computed in Eq. 1.0, Eq. 2.0 or Eq. 3.0.
CRUSHING EFFECTS OF “UPLIFT” BOUNDARY MEMBERS

Differential strength uplift forces for the boundary chords transfer the story uplift forces to the metal
bearing plate at the floor above (Figures 14 and 14A and §7); however, these differential uplift forces are
less than the cumulative strength compression downward forces. Since the crushing effects have already
been considered for the higher downward forces, there is no need to consider the lesser crushing effects
of the uplift forces.
BUCKLING PERPENDICULAR TO GRAIN POTENTIAL

In addition to the wood-to-wood crushing effects described above, when a rim board is placed between
the top plate(s) and the floor sheathing and there is a larger compressive load from boundary post(s),
there is the potential for buckling of the rim board. This buckling effect can significantly increase the
crushing effect and thus significantly increase the total displacement (Δa). In order to eliminate this
buckling potential, it is recommended that a doubled rim board or squash blocks (Figure 13, detail A)
be added. This design example utilizes modified balloon framing which eliminates this effect (Figure 13,
detail B).
48 | Seismic Design

Table 14. Determine Sill Plate Crushing
Chord ASD Strength Crush
Level Total Area fc⊥ 0.73F’c⊥
Posts Demand Demand Δ
2
(kips) (kips) (in ) (ksi) (ksi) (in)
Roof 4-3x4 3.81 5.27 35.0 0.151 0.487 0.031
6th Floor 4-3x4 12.21 16.11 35.0 0.460 0.505 0.091
5th Floor 4-4x8 26.05 33.40 101.5 0.329 0.487 0.068
4th Floor 4-4x8 39.72 51.07 101.5 0.503 0.487 0.108
3rd Floor 5-4x8 54.69 70.54 126.9 0.556 0.487 0.137
Where:
1. ASD demand and strength demand values are obtained from Table 8.
Table 15. Determine Bearing Plate Crushing

ASD Strength Bearing Plate Crush
Level fc⊥ 0.73F’c⊥
Bearing Load Bearing Load Abrg Δ
2
(kips) (kips) (in ) (ksi) (ksi) (in)
Roof 2.319 3.313 15.98 0.207 0.487 0.009
6th Floor 3.014 4.306 9.98 0.431 0.505 0.017
5th Floor 5.530 7.901 15.98 0.494 0.487 0.021
4th Floor 6.906 9.866 15.61 0.632 0.487 0.036
3rd Floor 7.988 11.412 15.39 0.741 0.487 0.054
Where:
1. ASD bearing load values are obtained from the differential loads of Table 10.
2. Strength bearing loads are obtained by dividing ASD bearing loads by the conversion factor of 0.7.
3. Note that the “allowable” Fc⊥ has been exceeded at the fourth floor; however, this design example
uses “strength” (LRFD) loads where the bearing resistance is:
F'c⊥ = λφcKF Fc⊥Cb = 1.0 x 0.9

( )
1.875
0.9
625 x 1.11 = 1,300 psi > 741 psi Okay
Also see ASD bearing plate capacities and bearing factors from Table 12.
49 | Seismic Design

Table 16. Determine Tie-Down Assembly Displacement
(with Shrinkage Compensators)
Shrinkage Bearing Take-Up Total
Rod Chord
Level (Vertical Plate Deflection Displacement
Elong. Crushing
Displacement) Crushing Elongation Δa
(in) (in) (in) (in) (in) (in)
Roof 0.069 0.03 0.031 0.009 0.030 0.17
6th Floor 0.173 0.03 0.091 0.017 0.030 0.343
5th Floor 0.345 0.03 0.068 0.021 0.030 0.495
4th Floor 0.270 0.03 0.108 0.036 0.030 0.476
3rd Floor 0.285 0.03 0.137 0.054 0.030 0.538
Table 16A. Determine Tie-Down Assembly Displacement

(without Shrinkage Compensators)
Shrinkage Bearing Total Accumulative
Rod Chord
Level (Vertical Plate Displacement Displacement
Elong. Crushing
Displacement) Crushing Δa Δa
(in) (in) (in) (in) (in) (in)
Roof 0.069 0.17 0.031 0.009 0.278 2.564
6th Floor 0.173 0.17 0.091 0.017 0.452 2.286
5th Floor 0.345 0.17 0.068 0.021 0.604 1.835
4th Floor 0.270 0.17 0.108 0.036 0.584 1.231
3rd Floor 0.285 0.17 0.137 0.054 0.647 0.647
Notes for Tables 16 and 16A:
Where:
1. Rod elongation is based on strength uplift forces from Table 10 and the rod lengths and Ae
from Table 11.
2. Shrinkage values (vertical displacement) are obtained from Table 2; where shrinkage compensating
devices are used, a value of 1⁄ 32 inch is used, recognizing that most devices have to travel a distance
before they get to the next “groove” in the device to re-adjust.
3. Chord crushing (crush) values are obtained from Table 14.
4. Bearing plate (crush) values are obtained from Table 15.
5. Take-up deflection elongation in Table 16 is from the manufacturer. Take-up deflection in Table 16A
is 0.00 inches because the device has been omitted.
6. Without shrinkage compensators (Table 16A), the tie-down assembly displacements are accumulative
from floor-to-floor level.
50 | Seismic Design

8b. Shear Wall Deflection
A considerable amount of monotonic and cyclic testing has been done on wood structural panel shear
walls in the last two decades, most notably as part of the CUREE-Caltech Woodframe Project. Test results
and testing protocols used in this project can be found in the references listed in the Commentary § C4.3
of the SDPWS-2008.
A well-known expression for shear wall deflection using the four sources of deflection has been found
in IBC §2305.3. However, the 2012 IBC now only allows the equation for stapled shear walls; for
determining the deflection for a nailed shear wall, the SDPWS-2008 must be used. The equation for
calculating shear wall deflection is shown below.
3
8vh vh h
δsw = + + Δ (SDPWS-2008 Eq. 4.3-1)
a
EAb 1,000Ga b
Where:
v = induced unit shear in the wall in pounds per linear foot, plf
h = height from the bottom of the sill plate to the underside of the framing at diaphragm
level above (top plates), ft
E = modulus of elasticity of the boundary posts, psi
E = 1,700,000 psi
A = area of the boundary element in square inches (3x4 or 4x8 posts in this design example)
At the roof, the boundary elements consist of four 3x4s

At the floor, the boundary elements consist of four 4x8s
b = the shear wall length in ft
Ga = apparent shear wall stiffness from nail slip and panel deformation (kips/in) from column A,
Tables 4.3A, 4.3B, 4.3C or 4.3D. When 4-ply or 5-ply plywood panels or composite panels are
used, Ga values may be increased by 1.2.
Δa = total vertical displacement of the anchorage system due to anchorage details (including fastener
slip, device elongation, rod elongation etc.) at the induced unit shear in the wall, in.
The above equation is actually a simplified equation from a more complex four-term equation. This
four-term equation adds the effects of the four sources contributing to the deflection: the cantilever
bending of the boundary members, the shear deformation of the wood structural panels, the bending
and slip of the fasteners and the deflection due to the anchorage (tie-down) deformation. The original
more complex four-term shear wall deflection formula is shown below.
3
8vh vh h
δsw = + + 0.75hen + Δ (SDPWS-2008 Eq. C4.3.2-1)
a
EAb G v Gt b
51 | Seismic Design

Where:
GvGt = shear stiffness (lbs/in) of panel depth Tables C4.2.2A and C4.2.2B
en = nail deformation (fastener slip)
Using the fastener slip equations from SDPWS-2008, Table C4.2.2D for 10d common nails,
there are two basic equations.
When the nails are driven into green lumber

1.894
en = (Vn /977)
When the nails are driven into dry lumber

3.276
en = (Vn /769)
Where:
Vn is the fastener load in pounds per fastener
The simplified expression using three terms (Eq. 4.3-1) combines the second and third terms of the
four-term equation into one term. Computed deflections by using either the four-term equation or the
three-term equation produce nearly identical results at the critical strength level (1.4 times the allowable
shear values for seismic). Thus either equation may be used for computing the deflection of a shear wall.
Although equation 4.3-1 is easier to use, the deflections computed will be slightly larger than the actual
since the apparent shear wall stiffness (Ga) listed in Tables 4.3A, 4.3B, 4.3C or 4.3D are based upon
the shear in the wall being at its capacity for the given nailing. For more accurate estimates of deflection
at load levels less than the unit shear capacity of the shear wall, the four-term equation can be used
with the the calculated en values based on the unit shear capacity of interest. Alternatively, the
four-term equation can be used with the calculated en values. Both equations need to be adjusted
to site conditions (moisture content of lumber, OSB panels vs. plywood panels, number of plies in the
panels, etc.).
52 | Seismic Design

Table 17. Determine Shear Wall Deflection (using Shrinkage Compensating Devices)
Strength
Shear Total
ASD Nail Deflection
Level h A b Ga Displacement
Shear # Sides Spacing δxe
Δa
Sheathing
2
(plf) (plf) (ft) (in ) (ft) (k/in) (in) (in) (in)
Roof 314 448 10.0 35.0 29.0 14 6 0.17 0.38
6th Floor 587 838 10.0 35.0 29.0 23 2 0.343 0.49
5th Floor 794 567 10.0 101.5 29.0 23 2 0.495 0.42
4th Floor 932 666 10.0 101.5 29.0 23 2 0.476 0.45
3rd Floor 1,001 715 10.0 126.9 29.0 23 2 0.538 0.50
Table 17A. Determine Shear Wall Deflection (without Shrinkage Compensating Devices)
Strength
Shear Total
ASD Nail Deflection
Level h A b Ga Displacement
Shear # Sides Spacing δxe
Δa
Sheathing
2
(plf) (plf) (ft) (in ) (ft) (k/in) (in) (in) (in)
Roof 314 448 10.0 35.0 29.0 14 6 2.564 1.21
6th Floor 587 838 10.0 35.0 29.0 23 2 2.286 1.16
5th Floor 794 567 10.0 101.5 29.0 23 2 1.835 0.88
4th Floor 932 666 10.0 101.5 29.0 23 2 1.231 0.71
3rd Floor 1,001 715 10.0 126.9 29.0 23 2 0.647 0.54
Where:
3
8 vh vh h
δ= + + da
EAb 1,000 Ga b
Comparing shear wall deflections, the shear walls without shrinkage compensating devices were found
to deflect over three times more at the roof level than those with these devices. Further, the magnitude
of the increased deflection increases significantly as the length of the shear wall decreases and the ratio
of h/b becomes larger.
Note that some jurisdictions require the calculated drifts to be increased by 1.25 to account for dynamic
cyclic effects on the wall that could reduce its stiffness.
Footnote 4 of SDPWS Table 4.3A allows a 20% increase in Ga values when 4- or 5-ply plywood panels
or composite panels are used.
53 | Seismic Design

8c. Story Drift Determination ASCE 7-10 §12.8.6
The code states that when allowable stress design is used, the computed story drift δxe shall be
computed using strength-level seismic forces specified in ASCE 7-10 §12.8 without the reduction for
allowable stress design.
For light-frame walls sheathed with wood structural panels rated for shear resistance, the design story
drift is computed as follows:
Cd δxe
δx =
l
Where:
δ = design story drift
Cd = deflection amplification factor from ASCE 7-10 Table 12.2-1
Cd = 4.0
l = occupancy factor
l = 1.0
δxe = calculated deflection at the top of the wall
4.0 δxe
δx = = 4.0 δxe
1.0
The calculated story drift using δx shall not exceed the maximum allowable which is 0.025 times the
story height h for structures four stories or less in height. The calculated story drift shall not exceed
0.020 times the story height h for structures five stories or more in height. Since the overall building
is six stories, the drift limit is 0.020 h.
54 | Seismic Design

DETERMINATION OF MAXIMUM DRIFTS ASCE 7-10 Table 12.12-1
Table 18. Determine Shear Wall Drift vs. Allowable Drifts

(with Shrinkage Compensators)
Deflection Story Design Drift Code Max.
Level h
δxe 4.0δxe Allowable
(in) (ft) (in) (in)

Roof 0.38 10.0 1.52 2.40
6th Floor 0.49 10.0 1.95 2.40
5th Floor 0.42 10.0 1.67 2.40
4th Floor 0.45 10.0 1.82 2.40
3rd Floor 0.50 10.0 1.99 2.40
Table 18A. Determine Shear Wall Drift vs. Allowable Drifts

(without Shrinkage Compensators)
Deflection Story Design Drift Code Max.
Level h
δxe 4.0δxe Allowable
(in) (ft) (in) (in)
Roof 1.21 10.0 4.83 2.40
6th Floor 1.16 10.0 4.63 2.40
5th Floor 0.88 10.0 3.52 2.40
4th Floor 0.71 10.0 2.86 2.40
3rd Floor 0.54 10.0 2.14 2.40
Notes for Tables 18 and 18A:

Shear wall drifts do not include the diaphragm deflections between the shear walls but are considered
negligible for this design example.
For the 29-foot-long wall used in this design study, the shear wall with the shrinkage compensating
devices meets the drift requirements but the shear wall without the shrinkage compensating devices
exceeds the drift requirements at all levels except the third floor.
Story design drifts initially exceeded the code maximum allowable and required increasing the rod
diameters (Table 11) to reduce rod elongations and shear wall deflections.
55 | Seismic Design

8d. Load Path for Rod Systems
COMPRESSION MEMBERS
When the shear wall end is in compression, the end chord members create a compression bearing path
from the posts through blocking at the floor levels and then to the next set of posts below (Figure 13).
TENSION RODS
When the shear wall end is in tension, the end chord members lift up and bear in compression on the
floor (or roof) above. The bearing plate (load transfer device) resists the individual story overturning by
restraining the posts below from uplifting (Figure 14). The bearing plates transfer the uplifting forces
from the posts to the tension rod.
Figure 13. Load Transfer from Compression Posts to Compression Posts

Detail A (at platform framed) may have a single block with a drilled hole for the tie-down rod
(see Figure 15).
56 | Seismic Design

Figure 14. Load Transfer from Uplifting Posts to Bearing Device
EDGE NAILING TO
COMPRESSION POSTS
BEARING PLATE
(RESTRAINT)
BLOCKING AS NECESSARY TOP PLATE

FOR LOAD PATH (OR PLATES)
TOP PLATE
(OR PLATES)
T T
TIE-DOWN
ROD
A PLATFORM FRAMED B BALLOON FRAMED

Detail A (at platform framed) may have a single block with a drilled hole for the tie-down rod
(see Figure 15).
Figure 14A. Bearing Zone Through Framing from Uplifting Posts

to Bearing Device
57 | Seismic Design

Figure 15. Load Transfer from Uplifting Posts to Bolted Device
8e. Proprietary Software for Continuous Tie-Down Systems

Several continuous tie-down system manufacturers offer design software to aid the design engineer in
the proper selection of their products as well as the proper selection of the compression chord members.
The use of these software programs can be a big time saver for the engineer.
9. Discontinuous System Considerations and the Overstrength (Ω) Factor

9a. Anchor Forces to Podium Slab
For over 20 years, the building codes have had requirements to use amplified seismic forces in the design
of elements supporting discontinuous systems. Earlier editions of the codes used the term 3Rw /8, while
current codes use the term Ωo. ASCE 7-10 §12.3.3.3 requires amplification of seismic loads in the design
of structural elements supporting discontinuous walls. Previous editions of the IBC and the 1997 Uniform
Building Code exempted concrete slabs supporting light-frame construction from these requirements.
However, ASCE 7-10 does not have this exception thus adding “slabs” to the list of elements needing the
design strength to resist the maximum axial force that can be delivered per the load combinations with
the overstrength factor (Ω) in ASCE 7-10 §12.4.3.2.
This means that the shear wall boundary overturning forces (axial uplift and axial compression) need to
have the Ω factor of 3.0 applied to the supporting slab design. Footnote g of ASCE 7-10 Table 12.2-1
states that, for structures with flexible diaphragms, this value may be 2.5. It should be noted that the
overstrength factor does not need to be applied to the shear wall’s connections. ASCE 7-10 §12.3.3.3
states that the connections of the discontinuous wall to the supporting element need only be adequate
to resist the forces for which the discontinuous wall was designed. The expanded commentary (3rd
printing of ASCE 7-10) of §12.3.3.3 provides further explanation:
58 | Seismic Design

“For wood light-frame shear wall construction, the ﬁnal sentence of §12.3.3.3 results in the shear and
overturning connections at the base of a discontinued shear wall (i.e., shear fasteners and tie-downs)
being designed using the load combinations of §2.3 or 2.4 rather than the load combinations with
overstrength factor of §12.4.3.”
However, Appendix D of ACI 318, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete, does apply
a factor similar to an overstrength factor to brittle concrete breakout failure modes if they govern the
anchorage design. It is common to have anchorage to the podium slab not fall within the scope of
ACI 318 Appendix D because of edge distances or available embedment lengths. Other means of bolt
anchorage commonly used include “through bolting” or “sleeves” for post-installed through bolts,
embed plates with welded studs, bearing plate washers at the bolt nut, or special steel reinforcing bars
used in conjunction with the anchor bolts/bearing plates.
As discussed in ASCE 7-10 §12.4.3.1, one possible route to reduce the calculated overstrength load
occurs when it can be shown that yielding of other elements (anchor, shear wall, diaphragm, collector,
etc.) will occur below the overstrength-level forces. When this is the case, the seismic load effects
including overstrength can be reduced to a lower value. ASCE 7-10’s commentary on §12.4.3 provides
further explanation:
“The standard permits the seismic load effects, including overstrength factor, to be taken as less than the
amount computed by applying Ωo to the design seismic forces where it can be determined that yielding
of other elements in the structure limits the amount of load that can be delivered to the element and,
therefore, the amount of force that can develop in the element.”
59 | Seismic Design

Part IV – Wind vs. Seismic Design
with Wind Controlling
10. Use of Gypsum Board for Lateral Resistance
Allowable shear values (ASD) for wind and seismic forces for gypsum board shear walls can be found in IBC
Table 2306.3(3). The SDPWS includes nominal shear values for wind and seismic in Table 4.3C and must be
converted to ASD by dividing by an ASD reduction factor of safety of 2.0 or converted to LRFD by multiplying
by a resistance factor of 0.8.
Per code, gypsum board may be used to resist lateral wind forces; however, allowable shear values for wind
loads range from 60 to 250 pounds per lineal foot.
Using gypsum board for lateral resistance from seismic forces has limitations. The first is that the shear walls
are subject to the limitations of ASCE 7-10 §12.2.1. Section 12.2.1 requires that the lateral force-resisting system
be assigned the response modification coefficient R and the height limitations and permitted usages from Table
12.2-1. This table assigns significantly lower R-factors for shear panels with “other materials” than it assigns
for walls with wood structural panel sheathing. The “other materials” include gypsum board, plaster and plaster
over gypsum lath. These other materials are much less ductile than the wood structural panel shear walls. Table
12.2-1 assigns the response modification coefficient R of 2 for “bearing walls” with other materials and an R
of 2.5 for non-bearing “building frame” systems. Both gypsum board and plaster have shown brittle failure
in testing. Brittle failure is usually the complete separation of the board or plaster from the framing studs,
making the wall unable to resist any lateral loads at all. Comparing the R-factor for wood structural panel
sheathing, the values are 6.5 and 7 respectively. This means that, for bearing walls using other materials, the
particular wall must be designed for a seismic force that is 225 percent higher than if the same wall had wood
structural panel sheathing.
The second limitation is the fact that buildings in SDC D using shear walls with other materials are limited in
height to 35 feet. The third is that using shear walls with other materials is not permitted in SDC E or F.
Depending on the SDC and the basic wind speed for a given building, it may be necessary to design the
building’s seismic resistance using wood structural panels and then its wind resistance using a combination
of the wood structural panels and additional shear walls using gypsum wallboard. For instance, a building
in SDC B or C using gypsum wallboard shear walls with an R-factor of 2 would make seismic “control” the
design and the higher design force would produce a design that did not have enough wall lengths to use
gypsum wallboard, thus necessitating the use of wood structural panels. If the same design first used an
R-factor of 6.5, the design seismic forces would only be 30 percent of the forces for using the R-factor of 2.
For the shear walls with wood structural panels in the transverse direction in this design example, shear walls
may only be required in every fourth party wall (52 feet on center); for wind design, gypsum wallboard shear
walls may be required at every party wall (13 feet on center). See Figures 1 and 2.
The following wind design example illustrates a building using gypsum wallboard shear walls throughout except
where required on the lower levels. The building is located adjacent to open terrain consisting of grass field
and trees less than 30 feet tall; this terrain falls within the Surface Roughness C category in ASCE 7-10 §26.7.
Additionally, the building is located in SDC A.
60 | Wind vs. Seismic Design with Wind Controlling

11. Use of Cooler Nails vs. Screws for Gypsum Board Fastening
Traditionally, gypsum wallboard has been fastened by cooler nails which are hand nailed using a hammer. Lately,
the trade has evolved to using drywall screws and installing the screws with a drywall screw gun. The wallboard
panels are typically hung by first “tacking” them in place with cooler nails, then when all the panels have been
hung, installing the remainder of the fasteners with drywall screws using a screw gun. These screw guns are high
speed and have sensors that automatically terminate the driving at a specific depth. This allows the contractor
to “set and forget,” making screw installation consistent and quick. Some of the screw guns also have auto
feed devices, making installation even quicker. Overall this installation method is quicker than the “hand nailed”
method. However, from a lateral force-resisting perspective, the allowable (and nominal) values are significantly
lower for screw fastened walls as compared with nail fastened walls. The reason for the reduction in allowable
shear loads reflected in the tables is that, when the wall deflects under lateral loading, the fastener bends with
the wall movement and the threads of the screw tend to “cut” a hole in the drywall material much larger than
would be the case with cooler nails. It could be extremely problematic if the design engineer used the values
for “nail fastened” walls and the contractors instead used “screws.” The design engineer may not even be aware
of what fasteners were used, since the walls are often “taped and mudded” shortly after the fastener installation
is complete. For this reason, it is recommended that the design engineer use the values for screw fastened
wallboard. It should also be noted that typical gypsum wallboard is attached with “floating” corners and edges
(i.e., builders don't attach the gypsum wallboard to the plates, but rather float the corners together with tape
and joint compound. These walls do not have the shear capacity for a gypsum wallboard shear wall more like
30-60 plf for ASD.
12. Wind Loading Analysis – Main Wind Force-Resisting System

Design per ASCE 7-10 Code for Enclosed or Partially Enclosed Buildings
DESIGN CHECKLIST:
1. Determine appropriate wind method (Directional Procedure or Envelope Procedure)
2. Determine design coefficients
3. Determine parapet wind pressure
4. Determine leeward wall wind pressure
5. Determine windward wall wind pressure
6. Determine wind pressure on building

MAIN WIND FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEM
This design example uses Part 1 of the Directional Procedure to determine the wind loads for the main wind
force-resisting system (MWFRS) per ASCE 7-10 §27.2. This method can be used for structures that are not
considered low-rise when the building is regular in shape and has no special wind effects.
12a. Determination of Design Coefficients for Transverse Direction

Wind Exposure C ASCE 7-10 §26.7
Wind Velocity V = 115 mph ASCE 7-10 Figure 26.5-1A
Risk Category II ASCE 7-10 Table 1.5-1
Topographic Factor K zt = 1.0 ASCE 7-10 §26.8.2
Wind Directionality Factor Kd = 0.85 ASCE 7-10 Table 26.6-1
Gust Effect Factor (Rigid Structures) G = 0.85 ASCE 7-10 §26.9.1

Table 19. Determination of Wind Pressures on Building for the Transverse Direction
Windward Pressure Leeward Pressure Total
Level x
hx Kz qz p-C1 p-C2 hx Kz qz p-C1 p-C2 p
(ft) (psf) (psf) (psf) (ft) (psf) (psf) (psf) (psf)

Parapet 65.0 1.156 33.264 49.896 65.0 1.156 33.264 -33.264 83.16
Roof 62.0 1.144 32.934 28.324 16.467 62.0 1.144 32.934 -1.789 -13.645 30.11
6 52.0 1.103 31.737 27.510 15.653 62.0 1.144 32.934 -1.789 -13.645 29.30
5 42.0 1.054 30.342 26.561 14.704 62.0 1.144 32.934 -1.789 -13.645 28.35
4 32.0 0.996 28.654 25.413 13.556 62.0 1.144 32.934 -1.789 -13.645 27.20
3 22.0 0.920 26.480 23.935 12.078 62.0 1.144 32.934 -1.789 -13.645 25.72
2 12.0 0.849 24.429 22.540 10.683 62.0 1.144 32.934 -1.789 -13.645 24.33
Base 0.0 0.849 24.429 22.540 10.683 62.0 1.144 32.934 -1.789 -13.645 24.33
C1 = Case 1; C2 = Case 2

Where:
PARAPET WIND PRESSURE:
Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient K z = 1.156 ASCE 7-10 §27.3.1, Table 27.3-1, Case 2
2
Velocity Pressure qz = 0.00256 K z K zt Kd V ASCE 7-10 Eq. 27.3-1
Combined net pressure coefficients

GCpn = +1.50 windward
GCpn = -1.0 leeward
Combined net pressure on parapet ASCE 7-10 Eq. 27.4-4

pp = qpGCpn
LEEWARD WALL WIND PRESSURE:
h = 62.0 ft (mean roof height)
L = 189 ft B = 76 ft L/B = 2.49
Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient ASCE 7-10 §27.3.1, Table 27.3-1, Case 2
Kh = 1.144
Velocity Pressure ASCE 7-10 Eq. 27.3-1

2
q = qh = qi = 0.00256 Kh K zt Kd V
qh = 17.99 psf
External Pressure Coefficient

Cp = -0.276 leeward from interpolation ASCE 7-10 Figure 27.4-1
GCpi = -0.18 ASCE 7-10 Table 26.11-1
Design Wind Pressure ASCE 7-10 Eq. 27.4-1

p = qhGCp - qi (GCpi)
Case 1: Internal pressure inward: ASCE 7-10 Table 26.11-1,

p - C1 = -0.977 psf Case 2 per note 3
Case 2: Internal pressure outward: ASCE 7-10 Table 26.11-1,

WINDWARD WALL WIND PRESSURE:
Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient ASCE 7-10 §27.3.1, Table 27.3-1

K z = (see Table 19)

2
q = qz = 0.00256 K z K zt Kd V
External Pressure Coefficient ASCE 7-10 Figure 27.4-1

Cp = 0.80 windward

p = qzGCp - qi (GCpi)


12b. Determination of Design Coefficients for Longitudinal Direction
Wind Exposure C ASCE 7-10 §26.7
Wind Velocity V = 115 mph ASCE 7-10 Figure 26.5-1A
Risk Category II ASCE 7-10 Table 1.5-1
Topographic Factor ASCE 7-10 §26.8.2

K zt = 1.0
Wind Directional Factor ASCE 7-10 Table 26.6-1

Kd = 0.85
Gust Effect Factor (Rigid Structures) ASCE 7-10 §26.9.2

G = 0.85

Table 19A. Determination of Wind Pressures on Building for the Longitudinal Direction
Windward Pressure Leeward Pressure Total
Level x hx Kz qz p-C1 p-C2 hx Kz qz p-C1 p-C2 p
(ft) (psf) (psf) (psf) (ft) (psf) (psf) (psf) (psf)

Parapet 65.0 1.156 33.264 49.896 65.0 1.156 33.264 -33.264 83.16
Roof 62.0 1.144 32.934 28.324 16.467 62.0 1.144 32.934 -8.069 -19.925 36.39
6 52.0 1.103 31.737 27.510 15.653 62.0 1.144 32.934 -8.069 -19.925 35.58
5 42.0 1.054 30.342 26.561 14.704 62.0 1.144 32.934 -8.069 -19.925 34.63
4 32.0 0.996 28.654 25.413 13.556 62.0 1.144 32.934 -8.069 -19.925 33.48
3 22.0 0.920 26.480 23.935 12.078 62.0 1.144 32.934 -8.069 -19.925 32.00
2 12.0 0.849 24.429 22.540 10.683 62.0 1.144 32.934 -8.069 -19.925 30.61
Base 0.0 0.849 24.429 22.540 10.683 62.0 1.144 32.934 -8.069 -19.925 30.61
C1 = Case 1; C2 = Case 2
Where:
PARAPET WIND PRESSURE:
K z = 1.156

2
qz = 0.00256 K z K zt Kd V
GCpn = +1.50 windward
GCpn = -1.0 leeward

pp = qpGCpn

LEEWARD WALL WIND PRESSURE:
h = 62.0 ft (mean roof height)
L = 76 ft B = 189 ft L/B = 0.40
Kh = 1.144

2
q = qh = qi = 0.00256 Kh K zt Kd V
qh = 17.99 psf
External Pressure Coefficient

Cp = -0.50 leeward ASCE 7-10 Figure 27.4-1
GCpi = -0.18 ASCE 7-10 Table 26.11-1

p = qhGCp - qi (GCpi )
Case 1: Internal Pressure Inward: ASCE 7-10 Table 26.11-1

Case 2: Internal Pressure Outward: ASCE 7-10 Table 26.11-1, note 3

p - C2 = -10.89 psf
WINDWARD WALL WIND PRESSURE: ASCE 7-10 §27.3.1, Table 27.3-1
K z = (see Table 19A)

2
q = qz = 0.00256 K z K zt Kd V
External Pressure Coefficient ASCE 7-10 Figure 27.4-1

Cp = 0.80 windward

p = qzGCp - qi (GCpi)


13. Seismic Loading Analysis
13a. Design Base Shear
DESIGN CHECKLIST:
1. Determine Risk Category and Importance Factor
2. Determine Ss, S1 and soil profile from site location
3. Determine SDS and SD1
4. Determine SDC
5. Determine Fx
Determine Risk Category and Importance Factor:
Risk Category: II ASCE 7-10 Table 1.5-1
Importance Factor I = 1.0
Determine Ss, S1 and soil profile:
Site Class D (based on geotechnical investigation)
Without a geotechnical investigation, Site Class D needs to be used as the default value.
Values for Ss and S1 can be determined from ASCE 7-10 maps or from the U.S. Geological Survey
(USGS) website, which provides the values by either zip code or longitude and latitude coordinates.
It is recommended that the longitude and latitude coordinates (which can be obtained from the
street address) be used.
USGS website link: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/designmaps/us/application.php
Download the JAVA Ground Motion Parameter Calculator and enter the latitude and longitude.
Note: Using Zip Code Ss is overstated 3 percent
Location: Comstock Park, MI 49321
Therefore from USGS application:
Ss = 0.069 (Site Class B)
S1 = 0.043 (Site Class B)
Fa = 1.6 ASCE 7-10 Table 11.4-1
F v = 2.4 ASCE 7-10 Table 11.4-2
SMS = FaSS = 1.6(0.069) = 0.1104 ASCE 7-10 Eq. 11.4-1
SM1 = F vS1 = 2.4(0.043) = 0.098 ASCE 7-10 Eq. 11.4-2
2 2
S = S = (0.1104) = 0.074 ASCE 7-10 Eq. 11.4-3
DS MS
3 3
2 2
S = S = (0.098) = 0.065 ASCE 7-10 Eq. 11.4-4
D1 M1
3 3

Determine SDC:
SDS = 0.074g < 0.167
Therefore, SDC A
SD1 = 0.065g < 0.067
Therefore, SDC A
Fx = 0.01 Wx ASCE 7-10 §11.7, Eq. 1.4-1
For the building as a whole
W = 5,799 k
14. Wind and Seismic Forces to Typical Interior Transverse Wall

Table 20 compares seismic and wind force for the shear walls in the transverse direction. The lateral loads
are determined from ASCE 7-10 which sets forth strength design seismic loads and allowable stress
design wind loads.
Table 20. Wind and Seismic Forces to Typical Interior Transverse Wall
ASD Seismic ASD Wind
Trib Trib
Level 4 wx Fx1 FTotal 3 p F FTotal Control
Area Area
(ft.2) (k) (lb) (lb) (ft.2) (k) (lb) (lb)

Parapet 39 83.16 3,243 Wind
Roof 3,380 587 1,653 1,653 65 30.11 1,957 5,200 Wind
6th 3,380 639 1,800 3,453 130 29.30 3,809 9,009 Wind
5th 3,380 647 1,822 5,276 130 28.35 3,686 12,695 Wind
4th 3,380 647 1,822 7,098 130 27.20 3,536 16,231 Wind
3rd 3,380 647 1,822 8,920 130 25.72 3,344 19,574 Wind
Notes for Table 20:
1. Fx = 0.01x
( Trib Area
Total Area ) x wx
Since this design example is located in SDC A, vertical distribution of forces per ASCE 7-10 §12.8.3
is not necessary. Since the vertical distribution of forces is not necessary, the need to use a two-stage
design for the seismic lateral analysis is also not necessary.
2. Total area = 12,000 ft2
3. Tributary area for wind in transverse direction is the story height × wall spacing, where the shear
walls are spaced at every wall at 13.0 feet on center. Tributary area for the roof level is one-half the
story height × wall spacing plus the parapet × wall spacing.
4. Tributary area for seismic in transverse direction is the building depth (65.0 ft) × wall spacing, where
the shear walls are spaced at every fourth wall at 52.0 feet on center.

14a. Determination of Shear Wall Fastening
Table 21. Determination of Shear Wall Fastening
ASD Design
Wall
Wall Fastener
Panels FTotal Sheathed Allowable
Level FTotal5 Length 6 V= 1 Edge Blocking
4 Used l (No sides) 1 or 2 Shear 2,3
(l ) Spacing
sides
(lb) (ft) (plf) (plf) (in)
5 ⁄ 8 -in
Roof 3,120 58.0 Gypsum 27 2 70 8 ⁄ 12 Unblocked
Board
5 ⁄ 8 -in
6th 8 ⁄ 12
5,406 58.0 Gypsum 47 2 70 Unblocked
Floor
Board
5 ⁄ 8 -in
5th 8 ⁄ 12
7,617 58.0 Gypsum 66 2 70 Unblocked
Floor
Board
5 ⁄ 8 -in
4th 8 ⁄ 12
9,739 58.0 Gypsum 84 2 90 Blocked
Floor
Board
3 ⁄ 8 -in
3rd Wood 6 ⁄ 12
11,745 58.0 202 1 203 Blocked
Floor Structural
Panel
Notes for Table 21:
1. Allowable shear values for gypsum board panels are obtained by taking the nominal unit shear
capacities in SDPWS-2008 Table 4.3C and dividing by the ASD safety factor of 2.0. Allowable shear
values for wood structural panels are obtained by taking the nominal unit shear capacities in
SDPWS-08 Table 4.3A Wind v w values and dividing by the ASD safety factor of 2.0.
2. Fasteners for gypsum board are No. 6-1¼-inch long drywall screws (Type W or S). Where the “W”
stands for course Wood threads and the “S” stands for fine Steel threads. Both screw types may be
used, but the course wood threads are easier to install in wood studs as compared with the fine threads.
Fasteners for wood structural panels are 8d common nails with 1 3 ⁄ 8 -inch minimum penetration into
the framing member.
3. The first number is the fastener spacing at the panel edges and the second number is the fastener
spacing along intermediate (field) members.
4. The wall length in the transverse direction has two 29.0-foot-long walls in the same line for a total of
58.0 feet.
5. Values for FTotal are taken as the controlling forces from Table 20 multiplied by ASD conversion factor
of 0.6 to obtain ASD loads.
6. 3 ⁄ 8 -inch wood structural panels are used between the 2nd and 3rd floors because the shear values
exceed the values for using drywall screws on the gypsum board. The shear values are within the
allowable range for using cooler nails. See discussion on the use of cooler nails vs. screws for gypsum
board fastening.

14b. Determination of Shear Wall Chord (Boundary) Forces
and Members
Table 22. Determination of Shear Wall Chord Member Forces for Typical
29-Foot Party Wall
ASD Demand
Compression
Level ASD ‘1 3 MOT

0.6 MOT2 d d C= +PD+L
PD+L4 d
(ft-k) (k) (ft) (ft) (k)
Roof 15.60 0.13 0.33 28.33 0.68
6th Floor 42.63 0.81 0.33 28.33 2.31
5th Floor 80.71 1.48 0.33 28.33 4.33
4th Floor 129.41 3.63 0.56 27.88 8.27
3rd Floor 188.13 4.77 0.56 27.88 11.51
Notes for Table 22:
1. d‘ = distance from wall end to the center of the boundary members (see Figure 10). See Table 23 for
size and number of the boundary members.
2. MOT is the shear wall cumulative shear wall force (see §6c). Lateral forces use values from Table 20
multiplied by ASD conversion factor of 0.6 to obtain ASD forces.
3. d is the distance between boundary members (see §6f).
4. PD+L = w( d‘ )2
5. Determine service loads on typical interior transverse wall: when d‘ × 2 is less than one half of the
stud bay (16-inch stud bay), 8 inches will be used for tributary loads to wall end.
For ASD demand (see §6f):
PD+L Roof = (96 plf + 100 plf)(0.67 x 2) = 0.130k
PD+L 6thFloor = (910 plf + 100 plf)(0.67 x 2) + PRoof = 0.810k
PD+L 5thFloor = ((910 plf + 100 plf)2 + (96 + 100))(0.67 x 2) = 1.48k
PD+L 4thFloor = ((910 plf + 100 plf)3 + (96 + 100))(0.67 x 2) = 3.63k
PD+L 3rdFloor = ((910 plf + 100 plf)4 + (96 + 100))(0.67 x 2) = 4.77k


Posts Area
le Cf Cp
Cap.
2
Capacity
5
Level Demand Ratio
Roof 2-3x4 17.5 9.625 1.15 0.1632 10.94 0.68 7.88 0.09
6th
2-3x4 17.5 9.625 1.15 0.1632 10.94 2.31 7.88 0.29
Floor
5th 1.15
2-3x4 17.5 9.625 0.1632 10.94 4.33 7.88 0.55
Floor
4th 1.15
3-4x4 36.8 9.625 0.1632 22.97 8.27 16.55 0.50
Floor
3rd 1.15
3-4x4 36.8 9.625 0.1632 22.97 11.51 16.55 0.70
Floor
Notes for Table 23:
1. Cd = 1.6
2. Bearing capacity (on sole plate) = F’c⊥ ACb
3. Column bearing factor Cb = 1.0
/ √[ / ] /
2
* * *
1 + (FcE F c ) 1 + (FcE F c ) FcE F c
4. Column stability factor Cp = - -
2c 2c c
5. Column stability capacity = FCCDCFCP A
Example for three 4x4 posts: 3 x 5.394 = 16.55 kips
6. The typical interior stud wall is framed with 4-inch nominal framing studs

14c. Determination of Shear Wall Uplift Forces
Table 24. Determination of Shear Wall Uplift Forces using ASCE 7-10 Load Combinations
ASD Wind Uplift
4 0.6 MOT – 0.6 MR

MR d 0.6 MOT
Level d
(ft-lb) (ft) (ft-lb) (lb)
Roof 65,598 28.33 15,601 0
6th Floor 271,643 28.33 42,629 0
5th Floor 477,688 28.33 80,714 0
4th Floor 683,733 27.88 129,407 0
3rd Floor 889,778 27.88 188,130 0
Notes for Table 24:
1. Basic load combination used to determine uplift force for wind loading is ASCE 7-10 Eq. 2.4.1.7.
2. Since resisting forces are greater than the overturning forces, there aren’t any uplift forces.
3. Since the building in this design example is located in SDC A, ASCE 7-10 §11.7.1 states that load
combinations for seismic forces need only comply with equations in §2.3 or 2.4 and need
not comply with equations in §12.4. In other words Eq. 2.4.1.7 is used for ASD and the SDS
coefficient need not be subtracted from the 0.6 × MR. If the building were located in SDC B or C,
Eq. 12.4.2.3 would need to be used and, even if wind forces controlled, it may be possible to have
higher overturning forces from seismic forces because of inclusion of the negative vertical accelerations.
4. MOT is the shear wall cumulative shear wall force (see §6c). Lateral forces use values from Table 20
multiplied by the ASD conversion factor of 0.6 to obtain ASD forces.

15. Wind and Seismic Forces to Typical Interior Corridor Wall
Table 25. Wind and Seismic Forces to Typical Interior Longitudinal Corridor Wall
ASD Seismic ASD Wind
Level Trib 1 Trib Control

4 wx Fx FTotal 3 p F FTotal
Area Area
(ft2) (k) (lb) (lb) (ft2) (lb) (lb) (lb)

Parapet 84 83.16
Roof 6,000 587 2,935 2,935 140 36.39 7,248 7,248 Wind
6th 6,000 639 3,195 6,130 280 35.58 5,977 13,225 Wind
5th 6,000 647 3,235 9,365 280 34.63 5,818 19,043 Wind
4th 6,000 647 3,235 12,600 280 33.48 5,625 24,668 Wind
3rd 6,000 647 3,235 15,835 280 32.00 5,376 30,044 Wind
Notes for Table 25:
( )
Trib Area
1. Fx = 0.01x x wx
Total Area
Since this design example is located in SDC A, vertical distribution of forces per ASCE 7-10 §12.8.3 is not
necessary. Since the vertical distribution of forces is not necessary, the need to use a two-stage design for
the seismic lateral analysis is also not necessary.
2. Total area = 12,000 ft2
3. Tributary area for wind in transverse direction is the story height × wall spacing, where the tributary width
to the corridor walls at the building ends is 16.0 feet. Tributary Area for the Roof Level is one-half the story
height × wall spacing plus the parapet × wall spacing. Because of the stepping effect of the units in plan,
the two corridor walls resist less than 50 percent of the total wind force in the longitudinal direction.
4. With the corridor walls running down the center of the building, the two corridor walls resist 50 percent
of the seismic force in the longitudinal direction.
5. Lateral force, F, uses values from Table 19A for pressure ρ multiplied by the ASD conversion factor of 0.6
to obtain ASD values.

15a. Determination of Shear Wall Fastening
Table 26. Determination of Shear Wall Fastening
ASD Design
Wall Wall
Fastener
Panels FTotal Sheathed Allowable
Level FTotal5 Length 5 V= 1 Edge Blocking
Used l (No. sides) 1 or 2 Shear
(l ) 4 Spacing2,3
sides
(lb) (ft) (plf)
5 ⁄ 8 -in
Roof 7,248 194 Gypsum 37 1 70 8 ⁄ 12 Unblocked
Board
5 ⁄ 8 -in
6th 8 ⁄ 12
13,225 194 Gypsum 68 1 70 Unblocked
Floor
Board
3 ⁄ 8 -in
5th Wood
19,043 194 98 1 203 6 Blocked
Floor Structural
Panel
3 ⁄ 8 -in
4th Wood
24,668 194 127 1 203 6 Blocked
Floor Structural
Panel
3 ⁄ 8 -in
3rd Wood
30,044 194 155 1 203 6 Blocked
Floor Structural
Panel
Notes for Table 26:
1. Allowable shear values for gypsum board panels are obtained by taking the nominal unit shear capacities
in SDPWS-2008 Table 4.3C and dividing by the ASD safety factor of 2.0. Allowable shear values for
wood structural panels are obtained by taking the nominal unit shear capacities in SDPWS-2008 Table
4.3A Wind v w values and dividing by the ASD safety factor of 2.0.
2. Fasteners for gypsum board are No. 6-1¼-inch-long drywall screws (Type W or S), where the “W” stands
for course Wood threads and the “S” stands for fine Steel threads (metal studs). Both screw types may be
used but the course wood threads are easier to install in wood studs as compared with the fine threads.
Fasteners for wood structural panels are 8d common nails with 1 3 ⁄ 8 -inch minimum penetration into the
framing member.
3. The first number is the fastener spacing at the panel edges and the second number is the fastener
spacing along intermediate (field) members.
4. Wall length for the corridor walls is the total wall length for the corridor walls on both sides of the
corridor, where only the longer walls are considered. The corridor walls are considered as one line of
resistance. The gypsum board shear wall at the corridors only uses the corridor side for shear resistance
and not the unit side, since there are shower tubs and toilet fixtures on that side.
5. 3 ⁄ 8 -inch wood structural panels are used between the 2nd and 5th floors because the shear values exceed
the values for using drywall screws on the gypsum board. The shear values are within the allowable range
for using cooler nails. See discussion on use of cooler nails vs. screws for gypsum board fastening.

15b. Determination of Shear Wall Chord (Boundary)
Forces and Members
Table 27. Determination of Shear Wall Chord Member Forces for Typical
17.5-Foot Corridor Wall
ASD Demand
Compression
Level 2 ASD ‘1 3 MOT

0.6 MOT d d C= +PD+L
PD+L4 d
(ft-k) (k) (ft) (ft) (k)
Roof 6.54 0.204 0.33 16.83 0.59
6th Floor 18.47 0.470 0.33 16.83 1.57
5th Floor 35.65 0.736 0.33 16.83 2.85
4th Floor 57.90 1.003 0.33 16.83 4.44
3rd Floor 85.00 1.269 0.33 16.83 6.32
Notes for Table 27:
1. d’ = distance from wall end to the center of the boundary member (see Figure 10). See Table 23 for
size and number of boundary members.
2. MOT is the shear wall cumulative shear wall force (see §6c) as determined by proportioning the
lateral force for the entire line at the actual wall length multiplied by the ASD conversion factor of
0.6 to obtain ASD forces. The wall length used in Table 27 is 17.50 feet long.
( )
wall length
Fwall = Ftotal x x 0.6
total wall length
3. d is the distance between boundary members (see §6f).
4. PD+L = Wplf (d')2
Determine service loads on typical corridor walls in the longitudinal direction: when d’ × 2 is less than
one half of the stud bay (16-inch stud bay), 8 inches will be used for tributary loads to wall end.
Dead loads:
( )
8.5 ft
WRoof = (28.0 psf) = 119.0 plf
2
( )
8.5 ft
WFloor = (30.0 psf) = 128 plf
2
Wwall = 10.0 psf (10.0 ft) = 100.0 plf
Live loads:
( )
8.5 ft
WRoof = (20.0 psf) = 85.0 plf
2
( )
8.5 ft
WFloor = (40.0 psf) = 170 plf
2

Dead + live loads:
( )
8.5 ft
WRoof = (28.0 psf + 20.0 psf) = 204.0 plf
2
( )
8.5 ft
WFloor = (30.0 psf + 40.0 psf) = 297.5 plf
2
Wwall = 10.0 psf (10.0 ft) = 100.0 plf

Posts Area
le Cf Cp
Cap. Demand Capacity Ratio
Level
Roof 2-3x4 17.5 9.625 1.15 0.1632 10.94 0.59 7.88 0.08
6th Floor 2-3x4 17.5 9.625 1.15 0.1632 10.94 1.57 7.88 0.20
5th Floor 2-3x4 17.5 9.625 1.15 0.1632 10.94 2.85 7.88 0.36
4th Floor 2-3x4 17.5 9.625 1.15 0.1632 10.94 4.44 7.88 0.56
3rd Floor 2-3x4 17.5 9.625 1.15 0.1632 10.94 6.32 7.88 0.80
Notes: See Table 23 for notes
15c. Determination of Shear Wall Uplift Forces

Table 29. Determination of Shear Wall Uplift Forces using ASCE 7-10 Load Combinations
ASD Wind Uplift

MOT - 0.6MR
MR d 0.6 MOT 4
Level d
(ft-lb) (ft) (ft-lb) (lb)
Roof 46,550 16.83 6,538 0
6th Floor 107,417 16.83 18,468 0
5th Floor 168,284 16.83 35,647 0
4th Floor 229,152 16.83 57,899 0
3rd Floor 290,019 16.83 85,000 0
Notes for Table 29:
1. Basic load combination used to determine uplift force for wind loading is ASCE 7-10 Eq. 2.4.1.7.
2. Since resisting forces are greater than the overturning forces, there aren’t any uplift forces.
3. Since the building in this design example is located in SDC A, ASCE 7-10 §11.7.1 states that load
combinations for seismic forces need only comply with equations in §2.3 or 2.4 and need not
comply with equations in §12.4. In other words, Eq. 2.4.1.7 is used for ASD and the SDS
coefficient need not be subtracted from the 0.6 × MR. If the building were located in SDC B or C,
Eq. 12.4.2.3 would need to be used and, even if wind forces controlled, it may be possible to have
higher overturning forces from seismic forces because of inclusion of the negative vertical accelerations.
4. MOT is the shear wall cumulative shear wall force (see §6c). Lateral forces use values from Table
25 multiplied by the ASD conversion factor of 0.6 to obtain ASD forces.

References
American Wood Council, Design for Code Acceptance: Fire-Rated Wood-Frame and Floor/Ceiling Assemblies, 2008,
Washington, DC
American Wood Council, National Design Specification® (NDS®) for Wood Construction, 2012, Washington, DC
APA – The Engineered Wood Association, Design/Construction Guide – Diaphragms and Shear Walls, Report 105, 1997,
Tacoma, WA
APA – The Engineered Wood Association, Diaphragms and Shear Walls, 2007, Tacoma, WA
Bendsten, B.A. and W.L. Galligan, 1979, Mean and Tolerance Limit Stresses and Stress Modeling for Compression
Perpendicular to Grain in Hardwood and Softwood Species, Research Paper FPL 337, US Department of Agriculture
Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI
Bendsten, B.A. and W.L. Galligan, Modeling and Stress-Compression Relationships in Wood in Compression Perpendicular
to Grain, Vol. 29, No. 2: Pg 42-48, 1979, US Department of Agriculture, Forest Products Research Society (Forest Products
Society) Forest Products Journal, Madison, WI
Breyer, Donald E., Kenneth J. Fridley, David G. Pollack, Jr. and Kelly E. Cobeen, Design of Wood Structures ASD/LRFD, 2007,
McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, NY
Building Seismic Safety Council, NEHRP Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings and Other
Structures (FEMA 450), 2003, Washington, DC
Churchill, J.E., Nonstructural Provisions for Multi-Story Wood-Framed Buildings – 2010 California Building Code (CBC), 2011,
Wood Products Council Workshop
Commins, Alfred D., Rod Tie-Down Systems, Part 5-Inspection, Structure Magazine, August 2008, National Council of
Structural Engineers Associations (NCSEA)
Faherty, Keith F. and Thomas G. Williamson, Wood Engineering Construction Handbook, 1995, McGraw-Hill, Washington, DC
Forest Products Society, Wood Handbook – Wood as an Engineering Material, 1999, Madison, WI
Ghosh, Avik, Steve Pryor and Ricardo Arevalo, Multi-Story Light-Frame Construction: Understanding Tiedown Systems,
Structure Magazine, June 2006, NCSEA
Haygreen, J.G. and Bowyer, J.L., Forest Products and Wood Science – An Introduction, 1989, University of Iowa Press, Ames, IA
International Code Council, International Building Code, 2012, Falls Church, VA
Knight, Brian, High Rise Wood Frame Construction, Structure Magazine, June 2006, NCSEA
Matteri, Dominic, 5-over-1 High-Rise Podium Structures, 2009, Wood Solutions Fair Presentation
Nelson, Ronald F, Design Guidelines for Continuous Tie-Down Systems for Wood Panel Shear Walls in Multi Story Structures,
2011 (Draft)
Nelson, Ronald F. and Patel, Sharad T., Continuous Tie-Down Systems for Wood Panel Shear Walls in Multi Story Structures,
Structure Magazine, March 2003, NCSEA
Kerr, Stephen, John P. Kiland, John W. Lawson, Douglas S. Thompson, Structural/Seismic Design Manual, Vol 2, 2006,
Structural Engineers Association of California. Sacramento, CA
Schmid, Ben L., Three-Story Wood Apartment Building – 1994 Northridge Earthquake Buildings Case Studies Project, 1996,
Seismic Safety Commission, State of California, Sacramento, CA
SEAOC Seismology Committee, Anchor Bolts in Light-Frame Construction at Small Edge Distances, The SEAOC Blue Book:
Seismic Design Recommendations, 2009, Structural Engineers Association of California, Sacramento, CA
SEAOC Seismology Committee, Light-Frame Wall Hold-downs, The SEAOC Blue Book: Seismic Design Recommendations,
2008, Structural Engineers Association of California, Sacramento, CA
SEAOC Seismology Committee (2007), Wood Framed Shear Walls with Openings, May 2007, The SEAOC Blue Book: Seismic
Design Recommendations, Structural Engineers Association of California, Sacramento, CA
Shiotani, S., D. Hohbach, J. Roberts, Lateral System for Multi-Unit Construction, 2011, Wood Products Council Workshops
Simpson, William T., Equilibrium Moisture Content of Wood in Outdoor Locations in the United States and Worldwide, Res.
Note FPL-RN-0268, 1998, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI
Western Wood Products Association (WWPA), Tech Notes Report No. 10-Shrinkage Calculations for Multi-Story Wood Frame
Construction, 2002, Portland, OR
WWPA, Dimensional Stability of Western Lumber, 1990, Portland, OR

Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank the following individuals, who are both from private practice and
the wood industry, for providing the reviews and comments that helped make this publication possible:
Ricardo Arevalo, SE; Kevin Cheung, PhD, PE; Ed Chin, PE; James Churchill, PE;
Michael Cochran, SE; Brad Douglas, PE; Rick Fine, SE; Doug Hohbach, SE;
Michelle Kam-Biron, SE; Phil Line, PE; Emory Montague, SE; Bill Nelson, SE;
Rawn Nelson, SE; Ben Schmid, SE; Tom VanDorpe, SE; and Tom Williamson, PE
Suggestions for Improvement

Comments and suggestions for improvement are welcome and should be e-mailed to WoodWorks at
[email protected].

About WoodWorks
Free design and engineering
support for wood buildings
WoodWorks provides free resources
related to the code-compliant
design, engineering and construction
of non-residential and multi-family
wood buildings. For project
assistance, visit woodworks.org 78 | Calculations and Discussion
or email [email protected].
WoodWorks Design Example WW-005 (Updated), Five-Story Wood-Frame Structure over Podium Slab, © 2017 WoodWorks

Five Story Wood Frame Structure Over Podium Slab 2017

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Five Story Wood Frame Structure Over Podium Slab 2017

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Five Story Wood Frame Structure Over Podium Slab 2017

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

D E S I G N E X A M P L E

Developed for WoodWorks by

$FRA-593_Five-Over-One_TechDoc_Dec2017.indd 1 12/7/17 11:18 AM

WoodWorks provides free Five reasons to choose wood

5. Using wood helps reduce your environmental

For more information, visit: woodworks.org

$FRA-593_Five-Over-One_TechDoc_Dec2017.indd 3 12/7/17 11:18 AM

PART II – Structural and Non-structural

2. Fire and Life Safety.......................................................................................... 10

3. Vertical Displacement (Shrinkage) in Multi-Level Wood Framing....................... 14

PART III – Seismic Design

5. Seismic Design of Flexible Upper Portion and Rigid Lower Portion.................... 24

$FRA-593_Five-Over-One_TechDoc_Dec2017.indd 4 12/7/17 11:18 AM

7. Considerations with Continuous and Discontinuous Anchor Tie-Downs............ 45

8. Shear Wall Deflection, Tie-Downs and Take-Up Devices................................... 46

9. Discontinuous System Considerations and the Overstrength (Ω) Factor............. 58

PART IV – Wind vs. Seismic Design with Wind Controlling

12. Wind Loading Analysis – Main Wind-Force Resisting System........................... 61

13. Seismic Loading Analysis................................................................................. 66

14. Wind and Seismic Forces to Typical Interior Transverse Wall............................ 67

15. Wind and Seismic Forces to Typical Interior Corridor Wall................................ 72

$FRA-593_Five-Over-One_TechDoc_Dec2017.indd 5 12/7/17 11:18 AM

$FRA-593_Five-Over-One_TechDoc_Dec2017.indd 6 12/7/17 11:18 AM

2012 National Design Specification® (NDS®) for Wood Construction – ASD/LRFD

2008 Special Design Provisions for Wind and Seismic (SDPWS-2008)

American Institute of Steel Construction Steel Construction Manual – Thirteenth Edition

2013 California Building Code (CBC)

Factors That Influence Design

Figure 1. Typical Grade Stamp NOTES FOR FIGURE 1:

5 | Codes and Reference Documents/Factors That Influence Design

$FRA-593_Five-Over-One_TechDoc_Dec2017.indd 7 12/7/17 11:18 AM

S-GRN = over 19% moisture content (unseasoned)

S-DRY, KD or KD-HT = 19% maximum moisture content (seasoned)

MC 15 or KD 15 = 15% maximum moisture content

These designations may be found in the grade stamp.

Location of Shear Walls

4 6 | Factors That Influence Design

$FRA-593_Five-Over-One_TechDoc_Dec2017.indd 8 12/7/17 11:18 AM

Support of Floor Joists

FLEXIBLE UPPER PORTION RIGID LOWER PORTION:

$FRA-593_Five-Over-One_TechDoc_Dec2017.indd 9 12/7/17 11:18 AM

Structural Material Assumptions:

FRAMING LUMBER FOR STUDS AND POSTS ARE

Heights and Areas Code Study Assumptions:

LOWER STRUCTURE: IBC 510.2 & IBC Table 503

$FRA-593_Five-Over-One_TechDoc_Dec2017.indd 10 12/7/17 11:18 AM

Figure 2. Building Elevation

Note for Figure 2:

Figure 3. Typical Floor Plan

Note for Figure 3:

$FRA-593_Five-Over-One_TechDoc_Dec2017.indd 11 12/7/17 11:18 AM

1. Seismic Height Limitation

MAXIMUM HEIGHT OF STRUCTURE: ASCE 7-10 Table 12.2.1

The height limit in SDC D, E and F is 65 feet

The average (mean) height of the structure is 50 feet

2. Fire and Life Safety

MEZZANINE: IBC 505

BUILDING AREA: IBC 506 & CBC 506

10 | Structural and Non-Structural