Full1 2009 - 1
Full1 2009 - 1
Full1 2009 - 1
AB ST R ACT
The species of Pistacia vera, P. mutica and P. khinjuk can be used as rootstocks
for pistachio cultivars due to their adaptability to severe environmental conditions and
resistance to some pests and diseases. However, low percentage of seedling survival
following transplanting has been a major problem. This study was conducted to test
the effects of different concentrations of indolebutyric acid (IBA) on root regeneration
of transplanted bare-rooted seedlings of these three species. The seedlings treated
with IBA at all concentrations tested (1000, 1500, 2000, 2500 and 3000 mg l-1)
developed more roots, which were longer and had higher fresh and dry weight, and
increased the survival rate of treated seedlings compared to their respective controls.
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The most effective concentrations in this respect were 2000 and 2500 mg l . There
was a significant interaction between the species and IBA concentration. Shoot
height, root and shoot diameter, leaf number, shoot fresh and dry weight were not
affected by IBA. Results also showed that survival rate of the seedlings was
significantly correlated with root number, length and fresh and dry weight.
Roy, 1985). P. mutica F. and M. and has the potential to play an important
P. khinjuk Stocks are two wild role in increasing the survival and
species of Pistacia naturally distri- growth of the planted trees (Scagel
buted in many parts of Iran at an area and Linderman, 2001).
of 2.5-3 million hectares (Sheibani, Seedling root system can be
1996). Although their potential as manipulated to reduce the effects of
a rootstock have been known for many transplanting shock by increasing the
decades due to resistance to some pests amount of their roots. This may be
and diseases, the difficulties in both achieved by root pruning (Kozlowski
propagation and transplanting have and Davies, 1975), using such methods
limited the use of these two rootstocks as wrenching (Van Dorsser, 1985), or
(Rahemi and Baninasab, 2000). These under cutting (Aldhous and Mason,
limitations are mainly attributed to 1994) in the nursery to increase the
seed dormancy and very few lateral amount of roots and improve root
roots formed on seedlings. retention on lifting. Alternatively, root
In addition, transplanting often regeneration following transplanting in
causes root damage, reducing the deciduous tree seedlings may be
effective root area which in turn cause promoted by the prior application of
water stress (Kramer, 1995), decrease plant growth regulators (Simpson,
nutrient uptake (Bloom and Sukra- 1986; Davies et al., 2002).
panna, 1990) and make plants more Auxins are commonly used to
susceptible to diseases (Moss and stimulate root initiation in plants
Main, 1989). Rapid resumption of (Looney and McIntosh, 1968; Scagel
root initiation and growth are two of et al., 2000). It has been reported that
the principal processes responsible application of exogenous auxins to
for seedling survival after transplanting roots increased root regeneration of
(Burdett, 1987). Several studies have oak seedlings up to six fold (Struve
attempted to predict the quality of and Arnold, 1986). Application of
seedlings by assessing root rege- IBA and naphthalene acetic acid
neration capacity i.e., the ability of (NAA) to root system of Douglas-fir
seedlings to initiate new roots upon [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.)
planting (McCreary and Duryea, Franco] by soil drench method
1987). These studies concluded that increased lateral root production of
the survival of a seedling after the seedlings (Simpson, 1986). Also,
transplanting is a function of its ability application of IBA to the root system
to initiate new roots and that root of Pistacia chinensis seedlings prior
regeneration capacity is not the only to transplanting greatly increased
factor. Although root regeneration root regeneration potential (Lee and
capacity may not be considered as Hackett, 1976). However, in pea
ultimate predictor of planting perfor- (Pisum sativum L.) and corn (Zea
mance, the ability to manipulate mays L.) application of auxins
factors that regulate the quantity, inhibited root elongation (Eliasson et
quality, type and speed of root growth al., 1989).
Present study was carried out to For this purpose, seedlings of three
assess the effects of different con- Pistacia species: P. vera, P. mutica
centrations of IBA applied to root and P. khinjuk were treated with IBA
system on root regeneration, growth at concentrations of 1000, 1500, 2000,
and survival upon transplanting of 2500 and 3000 mg l-1. Not treated
seedlings of three Pistacia species. seedlings (0 IBA) served as a control.
MATERIAL AND M ETHODS Auxin application
Plant Material Dormant, one year old seedlings
were removed from plastic bags on
Seeds of P. vera and P. mutica
13 March 2003. The root system was
were obtained from the Kerman
washed and dipped in IBA solutions
Agriculture – Jahad Organization and
for 30 s (Struve et al., 1983) and on
P. khinjuk from the Research Centre
the same day the seedling were
of Natural Resources and Animal
replanted in new plastic bags filled
Science at Isfahan, Iran. Sound nuts
with the same soil substrate. The root
of P. khinjuk and P. mutica were
systems have been handled carefully
scarified by immersing them in
so that no visible root damage occurred
concentrated H2 SO4 for 20 and 90
during transplanting. However, it is
min, respectively, and then washed
likely that some injury to the fragile,
for 24 h in running water. Naturally
small root hairs have occurred. The
split P. vera hulled seeds were
IBA solutions was prepared by
soaked in tap water for 24 h. The
dissolving the required amounts in
nuts of all species were then mixed
50% ethanol and a few drops of
with moist sphagnum peat (3:1, v/v)
ammonium hydroxide, to which
and stratified by keeping them at
eight drops per litre of Tween-20
51 C for 20 d. After stratification were added as a surfactant. Three
period, nuts were sown on 3 March
months after applying the treatments,
2002 directly into black plastic bags
the seedlings were removed from the
filled with 5 kg of a mixture of fine
containers and the soil substrate was
sand, leaf mould and loam soil (1 : 1
carefully washed from the root
1, v/v). The bags were then kept in a
system. The number, length and
greenhouse at 26.7 C (4 C) under diameter of the roots were measured
natural photoperiod for three months using the Delta-T SCAN image
before being moved to an outdoor analysis system (Windias software).
nursery area. Irrigation and weed Shoot length, stem diameter, leaf
control was maintained manually. number and fresh and dry weight of
the roots and shoots were determined.
Experimental design Dry weight was determined after
A 3 6 factorial experiment was drying plant materials at 70C for 72 h.
used in a completely randomized Data were statistically analysed and the
design with five replications and four means compared using Duncan’s
plants per a replication (plastic bag). multiple range test (DMRT).
Traits 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1 – Root number
1
2 – Root length
0.97* 1
3 – Root diameter
0.67 0.69 1
4 – Root fresh weight
0.94 0.95 0.74 1
5 – Root dry weight
0.93 0.94 0.76 0.99 1
6 – Survival
0.67 0.66 0.08 0.56 0.52 1
7 – Shoot length
0.79 0.80 0.79 0.75 0.76 0.33 1
8 – Shoot diameter
0.82 0.83 0.83 0.78 0.79 0.36 0.95 1
9 – Leaf number
0.80 0.81 0.82 0.80 0.81 0.33 0.92 0.91 1
10 – Shoot fresh weight
0.85 0.85 0.84 0.82 0.82 0.38 0.98 0.97 0.94 1
11 – Shoot dry weight
0.83 0.84 0.84 0.81 0.81 0.35 0.98 0.98 0.94 0.99 1
ST RE S Z C ZE NI E
Sł
owa kluczowe: regeneracja korzeni, IBA, przeżywalnoś
ćsiewek, Pistacia