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MIL-STD-1541A (USAF)
30 DEC 1987
,...

SUPERSEDING
MI L-STD-1541
Dated 15OCT 1973

MILITARY STANDARD

AMSC N/A AREA EMCS

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approvedforpublicrelease;

distribution
isunlimited.
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MIL-STD-1541A (USAF)
: 30 DEC 87

DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE

Washington, D.C. 20360

MIL-STD-1541.A (USAF)

/ Electromagnetic Compatibility Requirements for Space Systems

I 10 This military standard is approved for use within the
/“ Department of the Air Force, and is available for use by all
Departments and Agencies of the Department of Defense.

2. Beneficial comments (recommendations, additions, deletions)

and any pertinent data which may be of use in improving this
document should be addressed to:

USAF Space Division, SI1/ALBl

P. O. BOX 92960
Worldway Postal Center
Los Angeles, CA 90009-2960

I
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KHJ-STD-1541A (USAF)
r
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FoRmKmD

The essential difference between this revision and the

preceding issue of the standard is that both the intersystem and
intrasystem requirements are stated more explicitly. It is
structured to enable use of the DOD Intrasystem Analysis
Program. Modifications to MIL-STD-461 have been minimized. New
requirements have been added to provide for control of vehicle
power system transients, the effects of composite vehicles, plus
the potential intersystem interference due to spectral and
orbital congestion;

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BIIL-STD-1541A (USAF)
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1. SCOPE ...0.... .0.0........**... 0..0......*.....*....*.... ● 1

1.1 PURPOSE .0.0...0.....0.0.......0. ...*..*....*=**. ● ● *.**.* 1

1.2 APPLICABILITY .......00....00... ..0...0....*..* .......* ● ● 1

2. REFERENCED iIOmNTS ...................O..oOOObcOooO@e*“C* 3

2.1 GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS ......0..
.O*O. ***0 ,.0....0 ........
● ● ● 3

2.1.1 Specifications, Standards, and Handbooks...~-=+*=~=*.* 3

2.1.2 Other Government Do~umentS, Dra~~ings/ and
Publications ..*... ..* ....... .O *. **O..0 .00 .0 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 4

2.2 OTHER PUBLICATIONS ...................................... 4

2.3 ORDER OF PRECEDENCE.. ......**............0..’........... 5

3. DEFINITIONS .....0.0.....0.....0.00....*...* ............* ● 7

I 3.1 ANOMALY ● ● ● * . . ● . . . ● . . . ● . . ● . . . . . ● . ● ● .* . ● ● . ● ● ● . ● = ● O ● ● ● ● . ● ● ● 7

3.2 COMPONENT . ........ s.

● ● ● ● ● ● .e . ● ● ● .. ● ● . ● ● ● * ● ● . ● ● ● .. .. ... ● ● 7

3.3 EQUIPMENT ......................=...................0000. 7

3.4 ITEM .............*........... .. .... ..........e....... ● ● ● 7

3.5 IJWNCH VEHICLE ........ ....... ....*.*.**..*.........0.. ● ● 7

3.6 PORT ................. ● ● ● ● ✎ ✎ ● ☛ ● ✎ e . ● ● ● ● ■ ...,*. ● ● ● e......*. 8

3.’7 RESISTIVITY, SURFACE. . . . . . . . ● ● ✎ ✎ ● ☛☛✎ ● ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ● ✎ ✎ ● 9 . . . ● . . -. . 8

I 3.8 RESXSTIVITY, VOLUME. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 ...0.0 .* .**.*. *.* 8

3.9 SAFETY MARGIN, POINT. . ..*..** . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...* . . . 8

3.10 SAFETY MARGIN, INTEG~TED ..........o................... 8

3.11 SPACE ~HICLE ....................=..........=.... ...... 8

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-,..,.,

coETEIeTs

PAGE
3.12 SYSTEM ...00..0. .................. ...0............. .,. ● ●
8
3.13 VEHICLE *.**.*......*.*..0..00... .0.000...............
● ●
9
4. GEllERALREQUIREMENTS .............0....................... 11
4.1 ELECTR014AGNETIC COMPATIBILI~. .......................... 11
4.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC ENVIRONMENT ....0...........0 ..*.*.** . 11
● ● ●

4.3 INTERSYSTEM COMPATIBILITY ..*e..*....................... 11

●

4.4 FREQUENCY MANAGEMENT ............**..*..

.sC..+.............. 11
4.5 INTRASYSTEM COMPATIBILITY *O******.*.0.*.*............*. 12
●

4.6 LIGHTNING ****..*................““**.=*********.*..*..* 12

●

4.7 TRIBOELECTRIC CHARGING ............................ se,... 12

4.8 MAGNETOSFHERXC CHARGING **.**............ .*.*,*.. .....O 12
● ●

I
4.9 ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY CRITICALITY CATEGORIES .... 12
4.10 SAFETY MARGINS ...............00........................ 13

4 .10.1 Degradation Criteria .............. *******...**.....,. 13

4.10.2 Superposition .....0.. ....*... ..............0...... 13
● ● ●

4.11 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS EVALUATION .0....0....0............. 13 ●

4.11.1 Intersystem Analysis ................**..............* 13

4 .11.2 Intrasystem Analysis ............***.............. ..* ● 14
4.11.2.1 Frequency and Time Domain ...... .... . .... ...... ● ● ● ● ●
14
4.11.2.2 Reference Requirements .0 *..,......s... .........,
● ● ●
14
4.11.2.3 Interference Coupling Modes .,.....*.........*.. .*.. 14
4.11.2.4 Susceptibility Requirements ● *”*”*
***.*=............. 14
4.11.2.5 Simplifications .. ........ .. . . *...... e .... .,
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
14
4.11.3 Signal and Control Interface Circuits ................. 15
4.11.4 Lightning Analysis .......................0.. ........ ● 15
4.11.5 Magnetospheric Charging Analysis ..................*.. 15
4.11.6 Triboelectric Charging Analysis .....................O 15
4..12 NONSTANDARD LIMITS *..*...*. .*
● ● ● ● * .... .. * .. ....,.
● ● ● ● ● ●
15

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PAGE

4.13 CONSOLIDATED EQUIPMENT REQUIR=NTS. ..==C.....C......0. 15

4.14 EXISTING DESIGNS AND MODIFICATIONS ..................... 15

4.15 GOVERNMENT FURNISHED EQUIPMENT. ........................ 15

5* DETAILED REQUIREMENTS .... ..* .. ● ● ● ● ...*. .... ● ● ● . 0 .

● ● ● ● ● ● . ● 17

5.1 INTERSYSTEM REQUIREMENTS. ...............................

5.2 VEHICLE REQUIREMENTS ● ● . ● ● 0. ........**..... .
● ● ● ● ● ● ...,...

5.2.1 Structural Materia~s. .● ***0**0*=OO”O*” o--o”- 17

**0**** ● --.’
5.2.2 Electrical Ground Network ............................. 17
5.2.3 Electrical Power Subsystem Referencing ................ 17
5.2.4 Bonding ........ .....0............ . ....... ... .... . 17
● ● ● ● ●

5.2.5 Lightning Protection. ..~............................... 17

5.2.6 Surface Finish for Control of Electrostatic Charging. . 19
, 5.2.7 Interconnecting Cables ........ *.*.. e.** ...O*. e. * i9 ● ● ● ● ● ●

5.2.8 Vehicle Electrostatic Susceptibility. .=..+=........... 19

5.”2.9 Power BUS Impedance and Transient Recovery Time ....”...19
5.2.10 Electrical Power Quality .0.0............ *...*.* ..... 20 ●

5..’2.10.1Voltage Ripple ...... . b6...... O.

● *. ** s 20 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

5.2.10.2 Spikes, .......................................... .. 20

5.2.10.3 Surges ..00.0.0...0.000 0.0........0........0....... 20 ●

5.2.10.4 Load Switching and Load Faults ......c.............. 20

5.2.10.5 Power Subsystem Faults .............*........0...... 20

5.3 EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS .. ● ● .. ● ● ● ● ● ● .. ● ● ● ... .. ● ● ● ● . ● ● ..* . ●

20

5.3.1 NTIA Requirements ..................................... 20

5.3.2 Ground Equipment ....0... ...0... ....0................. ●
20
5.3.2.1 Interface Safety Margins. ......................... .. 20
5.3.2.2 Ground Power Sources .s...........0........ ...s.... ● ● 21
5.3.2.3 Performance Criteria~...~............................ 21
5.3.3 Vehicle Equipment .. ..a....*.*.......*..
● ● *. .. ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 21
5.3.3.1 Independence From Conductive Vehicle Structures ..... 21
---- 21
3.5.S.L ‘-n’J. Applicability. .................................
L&u
5.3.3.3 CZ06 a~~ RE03 ......... *.....* 0...0.. *******.***.** ● ● ●
21
5*3.3.4 Csol Limit ...............’. ..*..........e .....0. .. ● ● ● 21
5*3.3.5 CS02 and RS03 .......w.............**OOOOOSC”O”OOO““” 21
5.3.3.6 CS06 Limits ● ..
● ● . .....0
● ● .......................
● ● ● ● ●
22

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/;. Mm-sTD-1541A (USAF)

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1’ 5.3.3.7 Electrical Power Surges .............................
5.3.3.7.1 General Surge Response. ........................... ::
5.3.3 .7”.2 Surge Response of Essential Equipment. ............ 22
5.3.3.8 Signal and Control Circuits ..................’ ....... 22
5.3.3.9 DC Electrical Power Equipment .....0 ..0 .,*.,,...... ● ● 22
5.3.3.10 Equipment Electrostatic Susceptibility ............. 22

6. TEST AND EVALUATION .. ......................

● . ● ● . . ● . . . . . . . 23

6.1 VERIFICATION METHODS .................. ............ ;... 23 ● ●

6.2 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS . ..... ...

● ● ● ● ● ....... . .,...... .. 23 ● ● ●

) 6.2.1 Instrumentation Ertors. ............................... 23

6.2.2 Time Domain Measurements .............0...*.,.......... 23

6.3 SYSTEM VERIFICATION ● ● .........,.......... ● ● ... ... ● ● ● ..... 23

6.3.1 Radiated Susceptibility .....*....,.... .......*.*... . ● ● 23
6.3.2 Partitioning ........ *.....*..........................
● 23
6.3.3 Lightning .............. ....... ........ ......... ..
● ● ● ● ● 23
6.3.4 Superposition Effects ................................
● 23

6.4 SYSTEM QUALIFICATION TESTS .............................. 24 “

6.4.1 Selection of Test Points ...... . ......... * ......,,, ● ● ● ● 24

6~4.2 Category I and II Functions .. . .. ......... ........
● ● ● ● ● 24
6.4.3 Category III Functions.. .............................. 24
6.4.4 Test Conditions ....................................... 24
6.4.5 Acceptance Criteria ............ . ...... . .e.,.. ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 24

6.5 SYSTEM ACCEPTANCE TESTS ...............***O....*........, 24

6.6 ● ...................... 25
EQUIPMENT TESTS .... ............e’.

6.6.1 Acceptance Criteria .......0.,..,,,....*.......*....... 25

6.6.2 ................... 25
Equipment Qualification Tests ......’
6.6.3 Equipment Acceptance Tests ..... .e.....@ ...., ... .. 25 ● ● ● ● ●

6.7 EQUIh4ENT TEST METHODS .*.***. ..*.... ..*.*............. 25

● ●

6.7.1 .General... ...... ... .. ........, ... ..

● ● ● ● ... . ... 25
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

6.7.2 Electrostatic Arc Discharge Susceptibility ............ 25

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i 30 DEC 87
..

PAGE

FIGURES

1. Schematic Diagram ofArc Source .......................... 26

TABLES

I. Performance Requirements Relating .to Communications

by Satellites .........~*....;........................ 18

APPENDICES

27
A. APPLICATION INFORMATION ...........0.... .....0. .0.......
● ●

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MIL-STD-1541.A (USAF)
i 30 DEC 87

-.

SECTION 1

SCOPE

This standard establishes the electromagnetic compatibility

requirements for space systems, including frequency management,
and the related requirements for the electrical and electronic
equipment used in space systems. It also includes requirements
designed to establish an effective ground reference for the
installed equipment and designed to inhibit adverse
electrostatic effects. The purposes of this standard are:

a. To define minimum performance requirements for

electromagnetic compatibility.
b. To identify the system relationships pertinent to
electromagnetic compatibility,

co To identify requirements for system and equipment

engineering designed to enable achieving
coitipatibizityin a timely, predictable, and
economical manner.
(
d. To define requirements for equipment and system
tests and analyses to demonstrate compliance with
I this standard.
1.2 ~pLI~ILITY

The requirements covered by this standard apply to launch

and space vehicles plus the associated grounds airborne, or
spaceborne operational and support elements of the space
system. It applies to.new and modified or redesigned equipment
or systems, and to existing equipment used in new applications.
Equipment requirements are separately stated for vehicle and
ground applications. Provisions for program peculiar
compatibility requirements enable its use for systems which were
originally developed and qualified to conform to other similar
standards. This standard does not apply to the facilities which
house the ground system segments of space systems (see
?41L-STD-1542). Further information on the application of this
standard is given in Appendix A.

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I 141
L-sTD-1541A (USAF)
: 30 DEC 87
....

.,
SECTIOI92

REE’EREHCEDDocuMmm

2.1.1 S~ec ifications. Standards. and Handbook . Unless

otherwise specified, the following specifications standards, and
handbooks of the issue listed in that issue of the Department of
Defense Index of Specifications and Standards (DODISS) specified
in the solicitation form a part of this standard to the extent
specified herein.

SPECIFICATIONS

MIL-B-5087 Bonding, Electrical and Lightning

Protection for Aerospace Systems

! DOD-W-83575 (USAF) Wiring Harness. Space Vehicle, Design and

Testing
i

STANDARDS
,.

MIL-STD-449 Radio Frequency Spectrum Characteristics,

,.
Measurement of
,

MIL-STD-461 Electromagnetic Emission and

1“ Susceptibility Requirements for the
Control of Electromagnetic Interference

MIL-STD-462 Electromagnetic Interference

Characteristics, Measurement of

MIL-STD-463 Definitions and System of Units,

Electromagnetic Interference and
Electromagnetic Compatibility Technology

MIL-STD-1539 (USAF) Electrical Power, Direct Current, Space

Vehicle Design Requirements

MIL-STD-1757 Lightning Qualification Test Techniques

for Aerospace Vehicles and Hardware

(Copies of specifications, standards, drawings, and

publications required by suppliers in connection with specific
procurement functions should be obtained from the contracting
activity or as directed by the contracting officer.)

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MIL-STD-1541A (USAF’)
30 DEC 87
,.
..-5.

2.1.2 Qther Government Documents. Drawinas. and Publ ication~.

The following other Government documents, drawings, and
publications form a part of this standard to the extent specified
herein.

NATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION, U.S.

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NTIA Manual Manual of Regulations and Procedures for

Federal Radio Frequency Management

I (Application for copies should be addressed to Superintendent

of Documents. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.
20402.)

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

“NASA CR-135259 NASCAP Users Manual

I
NASA TF2361 Design Guidelines fox Assessing and’
I Controlling Spacecraft Charging Effects

I (Application for copies should be addressed to the NASA

Industrial Application Center/USC, 3716 South Hope St. #200, LOS
Angeles, ~, 9000?.)

2.2 ~.
The follbwing documents form a part of this standard to the
extent specified herein. Unless otherwise specified, the issues
of the documents which are DOD adopted shall be those listed in
the issue of the DODISS specified in the solicitation. The
issues of documents which have nut been adopted shall be those in
I
effect on “the dake of the cited DODISS.
I
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE
1
I ANSX/XEEE-STD-100 IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical
and Electronic Terms

(Application for copies should be addressed to American

National Standards Instilxte, 1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018)

RAND CORPORATION

R-3046-AF Techniques for the Analysis of Spectral

I
and Orbital Congestion in Space Systems
(DTIC # mA140841)

(Application for copies should be addressed to the Defense

Technical Information Center, DTIC-FDR, Cameron Station,
Alexandria, VA 22304-6145.)

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MXL-STD-1541.A (USAF)
30 DEC 87

In the”event of, a ,confl$ct between the text of this standard

and the references cited herein, the text of this standard shall.
take precedence. Nothing in this standard, however, shall
supersede applicable laws and regulations unless a specific
exemption has been obtained from the acquisition activity.

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30 DBC 87

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... . .
I

SECTIOlfJ
3

DEFIIKtTIOllS

-Terms are in accordance with the following definitions.

Electromagnetic compatibility terms which are not otherwise
defined are as given by MIL-STD-463. Electrical and electronic
terms which are not otherwise defined are as given in
ANSI/IEEE-STD-100 .

3.1 MQ?m?&

An anomaly is a response of the system to extraneous

conducted or radiated electromagnetic energy that involves
degradation of the intended input-output relationship, by an
amcunt and for a time duration, which is not explicitly
permitted by the item specification or provided for in the
applicable error budget. An anomaly is also known as an
improper response or a malfunction.

A component is a functional unit that is viewed as an entity

for purposes of analysis, manufacturing, maintenance, or record
keeping. Examples are hydraulic actuators, valves, batteries,
electrical harnesses, and individual electronic boxes such as
transmitters, receivers, or multiplexerso
i
3.3 EQuuHmx
Equipment is a general term, as used in this standard, to
denote electrical and electronic components or combinations of
several interconnected components. In some cases this may be a
subsystem.

3.4 rrm
Item is a nonspecific term used to denote any unit of
product that may be applicable, including a system, vehicle,
subsystem, component, subassembly, Partt or material.

A launch vehicle is a composite of the initial sta9eS,

injection stages, space vehicle adapter, and fairing having the
I
capability of launching and injection of a space vehicle or
vehicles into orbit.

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MIL-STD-1541A (USAF)
:. 30 DEC 87

.,--.%.

A port is a place of access to a device or network where

energy may be supplied or withdrawn or where the device or
network variables may be observed or measured.

3.7 SISTIVITY. SURFACE

Surface resistivity is the resistance of a unit length and

unit width of a thin conductive film, measured between parallel
edges.

3.8 Vo=
Volume resistivity is the resistance in ohm-centimeter of a
one centimeter cube of a material, measured between parallel
faces.

The point safety margin is the ratio of the receptor’s

susceptibility threshold to the level of the interfering
emissions, evaluated at a single frequency.

3.10 SAFETY HARGI19. Ih

The integrated safety margin is the reciprocal of the
integral of the ratio or of the square of the ratio of the level
of interfering emissions to the receptor’s susceptibility
threshold, evaluated over the frequency range occupied by the
interfering emissions.

~ space vehicleis a complete, integrated set of”subsysterns

and components capable of supporting an operational role iti
space. A space vehicle may be an orbiting vehicle, a major
portion of an orbiting vehicle, or a payload which performs its
mission while attached to a recoverable launch vehicle. The
airborne support equipment which is peculiar to programs
utilizing a recoverable launch vehicle is considered a part of
the space vehicle being carried by the launch vehicle.
3.12 ~

A system is the composite of equipment, skills, and

techniques capable of performing or supporting an operational

I
role. A system includes all operational equipment, related
facilities, material, software, services, and personnel required
for its operation. Examples of systems that include space

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MIL-STD-1541A (USAF)
30 DBC 87

‘.. I

, ,-..
vehicles as’a major subtier element are launch systems and
on-orbit systems.

3.13 ~
The term vehicle is used without modifiers to denote both
launch and space vehicles; it does not pertain to ground
vehicles. For applications pertaining only to launch vehicles,
or only to space vehicles, the appropriate modifier is included.

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I MIL-STD-1541A (USAF)
;
) 30 DEC 87

1
1..,. SECTIO194

,,. . GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

4.1 ELECTROMAGNET Ic COMPATIBILITY

Systems shall be compatible with defined safety margins.

Systems Shall be free of overstress and anomalies caused by
either intentional or extraneous electromagnetic energy, whether
originating within or outside the.system from man-made or natural
sources, subject to the limitations defined in this standard (4.2
and 4.3). Energy originating within a system shall be controlled
as necessary to secure a compatible system. Extraneous energy
emanating from a system shall be controlled to the extent”needed
to be compatible with the operation of other related or unrelated
1 systems. ‘Compatibility is ~equired for all operating modes and
mission phases.

4.2 ELECTROUAGRETIC ENV IRONMEl!Z

“Systems shall be compatible with respect to all defined

environments to which they — are intended ~b be exposed. For
;,.. ..fih:
VGUAc~~~, ~p~~~ ;mml,.A
*4ae*uMSS ‘h- zzsemhly, te”st,
b.ab- stcr2g3#
)
transportation, prelaunch preparation, and operational phases..
Consideration shall be given to the operat: onal radiated
! environment from both friendly and hostile emitters which the
system may encounter during its life cycle
4.3 .XNTERSYSTEM COMPATIBILITY

All “conductive and radiative interfaces between systems shall

be compatible, independently of whether the interfaces are
intentional or incidental, and whether the systems are related or
unrelated. Radio frequency receiving and transmitting subsystems
are regarded as conforming if the frequency management and
equipment requirements of this standard are satisfied.
1 4.4 OUENC’Y’
MANAGEMENT
(
System and equipment emission and susceptibility
characteristics shall conform to established international,
national, and military frequency management requirements,-
standards, procedures and policies to ensure that the systems
neither causes nor receives harmful interference to or from other
authorized spectrum users when placed in their intended’
operational environment. Frequency bands used shall conform to
those allocated to the applicable radio service.

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MIL-STD-1541.A (USAF)
30 DEC 87
.-,6..

4.5 J~TEM =ATI B ILIT!l

The equipment composing a system shall be compatible at all

conductive and radiative interfaces, independently of whether the
interfaces are intentional or incidental.

Vehicle and equipment designs shall prevent overstress or

! damage induced by a lightning strike to the nearest facility
( lightning protective device, by a lightning strike just outside
the zone of protection, or by a lightning strike near or above
1 underground cables which are a part of the system.

Disturbances in the performance of launch vehicles, which may ~~

arise from electrostatic charging of extiernalsurfaces by impact
of atmospheric particles and which may lead to corona or streamer
discharges and sparking, shall he prevented by bonding all
conductive parts and by controlling the charge accumulation on
external dielectric surfaces.

A08 ~
Disturbances in the performance of space vehicles, which may
arise from differential’ charging of external surfaces and
internal components by space plasma and which may lead to
electrical discharges, shall “beminimized by bonding all
conductive parts and by controlling the charge accumulation on
,
external dielectric surfaces and in bulk dielectrics.

4.9 X CO?R?ATIBI~ CRITICAI.JTY CATEG(IRIES

Syst~ and equipment designs shall provide electromagnetic
interference safety margins in accordance with the worst case
potential criticality of the effects of ‘interference induced
anomalies. The following categories shall be used:

a. Category X: Serious injury or loss of life,

damage to property, or major loss or
delay of mission capability
b. Category II: Degradation of mission capability,
including any loss of autonomous
operational capability

c Category 111: Loss of functions not essential to

mission
J
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MIL-STD-1541A (USAF)
:. 30 DEC 87

Electromagnetic interference safety margins shall incorporate

allowances for the effects of failures of redundant items,
variations in characteristics due to ageing and between like
units. Other system requirements are as follows:
a. Category I: 12 dB for qualification; 6 dB for
acceptance

b. Category II: 6 dB

c. Category 111: 0 dB

Category I and II safety margins shall be increased by 6 dB

if the only practicable method of verification is entirely by
analysis based on estimated emission or susceptibility
characteristics (4.11).
. .
●

4.20.1 radation Cr~erX~ . Safety margins shall be

related to definite degradation criteria depending upon whether
I the appropriate requirement is freedom from overstress or damage
due to continuous or aperiodic interference, autonomous recovery
to the state prior to the occurrence of aperiodic interference,
or continuous operation within specification limits.
. .
4.10.2 Sumrwwtwa The specified safety margins shall
be obtained with the combined effects of conducted and radiated
broadband and narrowband emissions.
)

System analyses shall be performed to validate reductions in

the requirements ,of this standard, to define certain requirements
which are commonly peculiar to a system (such as those pertaining
to signal and control circuits), and to identify the need for
requirements which must be more restrictive or severe than those
in.this standard. The resulting program peculiar requirements
are subject tothe approval of the contracting officer.
.
4.11.1 ~nkersvs~~~a~~ Global compatibility with
the radiations of all communicat~ons-electronics activities~
*whether earth or space based, shall be evaluated using the
techniques described in the NTIA manual and Rand Report
R-3046-AF, or equivalent. Intersystem compatibility analysis for
conductive interfaces shall be done using the methods specified
by this standard for intrasystem analysis (4.11.2).

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HIL-STD-1541.A (t7SAF)
30 DEC 87
,,-..

.
4.11.2 rasystem ~ Electromagnetic
compatibility calculations entaii finding the peak response of
the potentially susceptible,circuits in the time domain to
several or more extraneous emissions which may be coupled through
one or more transfer functions. For steady state conditions,
analyses based on the direct and inverse Fourier transforms, plus
the convolution theorem, are appropriate and shall be used.
Either amplitude or power spectral density functions may be
used. (See Appendix A for suitable and well documented analysis
programs.)
●
4.11.2.1 J?reuuencv and Txme Domain. Steady state
emissions shall be stated in the frequency domain for the same
frequency ranges as for the corresponding requirements of
MIL-STD-461 as modified by this standard. Oscillatory load
switching transients shall be defined in both the time and
frequency domain; nonoscillatory transients may be defined Oniy
in the time domain.

4.11.2.2 ce remen~ The evaluation shall

include all the emission and susceptibility requirements
specified in MIL-STD-461, as modified by this standard, for the
classes of equipment under consideration. It shall include the
applicable technical standards specified in the NTIA manual.
.
4.11.2.3 Interference couDlanu Mode8 The analyses shall
incorporate mathematical models to accoun~ for the following:

a. Transverse and,common-mode effects in signal and

power circuits, including the effects of power
source volt~ge ripple.

b. Coupling ‘between circuits in interconnecting cables.

c. Bilateral coupling betweefi the system antennas and

circuits in intercofinectingcables.

d. Bilateral coupling between the system antennas,

between the equipment enclosures, and between
antennas and enclosures.
. . . .
4.11.2.4 suscem~rements . Susceptibility
requirements shall be shown to be sufficient to provide the
required integrated safety margins for the appli~able frequency
range and point safety margins at all frequencies in that range.

4.11.2.5 - ~implificat ions. Circuits within an

interconnecting cable may be represented by only one of each
distinct signal classification, as determined by similarity of
signal characteristics and the terminations.
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MIL-STD-1541A (USAF)
.
~ 30 DEC 87

,.,\“
..- 4.11.3 $ianal and Control Interface Circuits. Emission
and susceptibility requirements for signal and control circuits
shall be developed and specified as program peculiar limits.
Values suitable for the signal levels and impedances
characteristic of the applicable circuits shall be established.
.
4.11.4 &iahtnina Analvsas . Susceptibility to lightning and
lightning protection shall be addressed in the analysis.

4..il.5,Maa netospheric Charaina Analvsis. Magnetospheric

charging susceptibility and protection shall be addressed in the
i’ analysis. The program described in NASA CR-135259 shall be
I
used. NASA,TP2361 shall be used as a guide in determining
,
applicable design requirements.
. .
4.11.6 Triboelect ric Ch~~S For launch
1 vehicles, triboelectric charging shall be a~dressed.
I

4.12 NONSTANDARD LIMITS

I
Changes in the detailed emission and susceptibility limits of
this standard shall be justified by analysis.

4.13 IDATED EOUIPMENI!RECIUlliEMEl%TS

A single set of compatibility requirements shall be

established for each equipment. If more than one set is needed’
I (e.g:, for items which operate only in orbit, as contrasted with
those which also operate in the launch and ascent environment),
i the differences shall be covered bY a special c~as~ificati~n
method similar to that used in MIL-STD-461. Emission and
susceptibility requirements shall be stated directly and
explicitly. Susceptibility requirements shall not be specified
indirectly in terms of an operating environment.

4.14 ISTING DESIGNS AND MODIF’ICATIONS

I

To the extent they are complete and suitable, prior analyses “

and test data shall be used to satisfy the requirements of this
standard for new applications or modifications of existing
items. The additional system and component analyses and tests
shall be centered on defining similarities and differences and
evaluating compatibility for the new situation.

4.15 @vERNMENT FURNISHED mu Immnrr

The system emission and susceptibility characteristics shall

be such that compatibility, with safety margins, is secured if
the government furnished equipment satisfies the requirements of
MIL-STD-461 as supplemented and modified by the equipment

15
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‘~ MIL-STD-1541A (USAF)
* 30 DRC 87

requirements of this standard (5.3). If the primary system

performance requirements depend ‘on having more restrictive
requirements, or if the government furnished equipment does not
conform to this standard, the contractor shall advise the
Government indicating the system impact of such deficiencies, and
the recommended remedial steps for establishing compatibility.

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HIL-STD-1541.A (USAF)
30 DEC 87

SECTION 5

DETAILED REQUIImmaTk
,.
!.

5.i “INTERSYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

The ,syst,emshall conform to the standards and requirements of

the NTIA manual pertaining to the performance characteristics
listed in Table I. Relaxation of these requirements is subject
to special restrictions (Appendix A, 50.4.1).

5*Z ~ ‘
.
.5.2.1 Ctural MatUlalrs . The requirements of this
standard are applicable independently of whether the vehicle
structure i’scomposed of conductive, semiconductive, or
nonconductive materials.
.
5.2.2 g@ctraca 1 Ground Metwo rl& The conductive .and
semiconductive parts of vehicle structures and component
“enclosures shall be.electrically connected to form a vehicle .; .
grotind network (potential reference)y These conductive .
connections may be provided by separate bonding cchiuctors or by ;.
the bundle shields for interconnecting cables. A suitable
terminal shall be provided for connection .to the facility ground ; ‘
network during assembly and test activities.
.
5.2.3 Referencanq . The return ~~
or neutral conductor of each isolated segment of the “power
subsystem shall be conductively connected to the ground network”
-so as to control the differential voltage between the circuits ~~
and metallic elements of the vehicle’. Primary power circuits
Shall be so connected near the source. The connection location ,
for secondary power shall be qelected so as to mihimize
common-mode effects on signal circuits.

5i’2.4- ~~n~ inq. Bonding between the conductive partsof

the vehicle structure, compon&nt enclosures, and cable shields
shall conform to the requirements for Class R of MIL’-B-5O87.
Conductive films on,dielectric materials (such as therma,l
,blankets) shall be bonded to the ground network with a resistance ,
eqqual or less than 10ohms. Bonding resistance between the
conductive and semiconductive items of the vehicle system shall
“be less than 1 ohm. Other. applications of bonds shall conform to
MIL-EJ-5087.

5.2.5 Liahtnina Protection. Vehicles shall satisfy the

lightning requirement (4.6) when exposed to a lightning current

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1’ MIL-STD-1541A (USAF)
●
30 DEC 87

-.’,

TABLE I. Performance Requirements Relating to Communications

by Satellites

NTIA Manual
“Subject Paragraph

Definitions 6.1 & 8.3.2

“Frequency Bands 4.1

Spurious emissions and frequency tolerances 5.2.3

Control of emission from space-stations 8.2.32

Power flux density limits 8.2.36

Station keeping of space-stations 8.2.38

Pointing accuracy of antenna on 8.2.39

geostationary-satellites

Selection of sites and fieq-ueiiciesfor $.2*33

earth-stations

Minimum angle of earth-station antenna 8.2.35

elevation
Earth-station antenna performance stafidards 8,2.36.4

Power and direction of maximum radiation 8.2.35

of earth stations

Earth-station coordination 8.4.13

Satellite network coordination 8.4.14

Freque~cy assignments to transportable 8.2.43

earth-station

Intra-military coordination of frequency 8.4.5

applications

Basic coordination arrangement between 8.4.1

the IRAC and the FCC

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MIL-sTD-1541.A (USAF)
30 DEC 87
\

..,- waveform of 200,000 amperes peak, a width of 5 to 10 microseconds

at the 90 percent point, not less than 20 microseconds width at
the 50 percent point, and a rate of”rise of at least 100,000
amperes per microsecond (MIL-B-5087).

5.2.6 Surface Finish for Cent rol of Electrostat ic Charainq.

Differential electrostatic charging shall be minimized by
avoiding the use of near ideal dielectric materials at the outer
surface of vehicles. Grounded semiconductive surface coatings or
other forms of charge leakage paths shall be provided if’
practicable. ,“
1 a. For a grounded semiconductive coating over an -
I
insulating material, the surface resistivity shall
not exceed 108 ohms per square.

b. For a painted surface over a grounded

semiconductive material- over a dielectric, the
surface resistivity of the semiconductive material
shall not exceed 4.6 x 107 ohms per square. The
paint thickness shall not exceed 0.005 inches, and
the volume resistivity shall not exceed 1012
I ohm-centimeter.

c. The volume resistivity of a coating over a grounded

metal conductor shall not exceed (2.5/t) x 1010
ohm-centimeters, with t equal to the coating
thickness in centimeters.

5.2.7 Ynte rCOnne~t ina Cabl~ . External interconnecting

cables shall conform to the circuit categorization, wiring, and
shielding requirements of DOD-W-83575.
.
5.2.8 Veh icle Elect ostat c Dtibilitv The
integrated vehicle (with~ut el~c losive de~ices installed)
shall conform to the electrostatic arc discharge susceptibility “
requirement of 5.3.3.10.

5.2.9 Power Bus Immdance and Trans ient Reco“vein T-•

~ The source impedance and the transient recovery time for the
power sources, and distribution networks of vehicles shall be such
that the following conditions are satisfied: The required safety
margins shall exist with the combined effects of the steady state
time varying components of source voltage, load currents and
normal transients. Worst case transients shall be assumed for
load switching, or changes in the operating mode of utilization
equipment. This requirement applies at the power input terminals
of all connected loads.

19
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HIL-STD-1541A (USAF)
: 30 DEC 87

,,.
M.=&A

. .
5.2.10 ll%~ect~llw w .

Electrical power quality applies to both AC and DC electrical

power subsystems. For DC, the vehicle shall conform to
MIL-STD-1539 as modified by this standard.
.
5.2.10.1 Voltaue RZDDl~ . At any distribution point for a
DC electrical power subsystem, the total source generated and
load induced ripple, including repetitive spikes, shall not
exceed 500 millivolts peak-to-peak as measured in the time domain.

5.2.10.2 Spik-. Short duration (less than 50

microseconds) aperiodic transients and short duration components
of long-duration aperiodic transients shall be limitedto a peak
value less than three times the nominal load voltage and an
impulse strength less than 0.14 x 10-3 volt-seconds.
II
5.2.10.3 SuraeS. Positive and negative voltage surges
shall decay to within steady-state limits in less than 5 and 100
milliseconds respectively.

5.2.10.4 ad Switchina and Load Faults . Exclusive of

spikes, the instantaneous surge amplitude produced at the main
distribution point by load switching and the clearing of faults
within connected loads shall r~main between 65 and 130 percent of
the nomixial load voltage. The instantaneous surge amplitude
produced at the output of a branch circuit supplying two or more
loads, by the clearing of faults within one of those loads, shall
remain between 0 and 175 percent of the nominal load voltage.

5.2.10.5 power Subsystem Faul~ Exclusive of spikes, the

instantaneous surge amplitude produc~d at any distribution point
during faults within the electrical power subsystem shall remain
between O and 175 percent of”the nominal load voltage.

.
5.3.1 IA Reaumme nti. The equipment shall conform to
the standards and requirements of the NTIA manual pertaining to
the performance characteristics listed in Table I. Relaxation of
these requirements is subject to special restrictions (Appendix
A, 50.4.1).

5.3.2 Ground Eau iDment .

5.’3.2.1 Interface RafetY Mara ins. The characteristics of

the ground segments of launch and space systems shall be such as
to yield electromagnetically compatible performance. Safety
margins shall be established at all mission critical interfaces
between space vehicles and ground equipment.

20

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. MIL-STD-1541.A (USAF)
:
30 DBC 87

.... .
5.3.2.2 ~. The Power output circuit of
ground sources for vehicle power shall be isolated from the power
input circuit, control circuits, and the equipment ‘enclosure by
an insulation resistance of at least 1 megohm.

5.3.2.3 Performance Criteria. ‘The requirements of

MIL-STD-461 shall be used to establish performance criteria and
for design guidance. The applicable parts of MIL-STD-461 are as
follows:

a. Class A3; ground facilities: Parts 1 and 4

b. Class B ; support equipment: Parts 1 and 7

c* Class C2; power equipment: Parts 1 and 8

5.3.3 Vehicle Eauimen~. Vehicle equipment shall conform

to Parts 1 and 3of MIL-STD-461 except as supplemented and
modified by this standard.
.
5.3.3.1 Indemndence From Conduct ive Vehicle Structures.
Subsystems and equipment shall satisfy the requirements of this
st?ndard when operating with aground network consisting only of
the power return conductors, the conductive parts of the
,.
component enclosures, and any bundle shields for interconnecting
caliles. Satisfactory performance shall not depend upon having
low impedance bonds between component enclosures and a highly
conductive ground plane.

5.3.3.2 CEol AQPlicab ilitv. This requirement is

applicable.

5.3.3.3 06 and RE03 The frequency range specified in

MIL-STD-462 shall be exten~ed to the thirtieth harmonic or 100
gigahertz, whichever is less, for.equipment operating frequencies
greater than 30 megahertz. Relaxation of these requirements is
subject to special restrictions (Appendix A, Tailoring
limitations) .

5.3.3.4 mOl”Limit. This requirement shall be satisfied

under conditions such that the instantaneous voltage applied to
the equipment is respectively equal tO the maximum and minimum
instantaneous voltage limits specified for the load equipment
under steady state operating conditions .

,5.3.3.5 02 and RSU. Susceptibility signals shall have

modulation characteristics (for example~ amplitude, type~ degree,
frequency, and waveform) which have the maximum effect on the
test sample as shown by analysis. Standard signal generator
modulation characteristics may be utilized if there is no reason
, to expect test sample sensitivity to a uniquemodulation type.
. . 21
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MIL-sTD-1541A (USAF)
30 DEC 87

y%..
I
5.3.3.6 06 Limi~. The following spike shall be used:
1
Spike #1 El = 200 volts; tl = 10 microseconds +/- 20 Percent

5.303.7 Electrical Power Sura~. Equipment shall”

withstand positive and negative input voltage surges which are
sustained for at least 10 and 200 milliseconds~ resPective~Y*

503.3.7.1 General Surae Respons~. Equipment shall “remain

undamaged when subjected to step changes of the input voltage
from O to 175 percent and from 120 to O percent of the nominal
load voltage. With step changes from O to 100 percent of the
nominal load voltage the instantaneous inrush current shall not
exceed 10 times the average steady-state input current.
●

5.3.3.7.2 of EsS@ltlal Eauivment.

Essential subsystems and components shall satisfy their
performance requirements whefi subjected to input voltage step
changes from 100 to 65 percent and from 100 to 130 percent of the
nominal load voltage.

5.3*3.8 ~ianal and control Circuits. Signal and control

circuits shall conform to the program peculiar emission and
susceptibility limits.
I
5.3.3.9 Electrical Power Eauirxnenk. The source
generated ripple voltage at the output of electrical power
subsystems measured in the time do~ain~ shall not exceed 250
millivolts peak-to-peak including periodic spikes. This
requirement applies for a resistive load at rated full-load
current. The equivalent source impedance shall conform to the
vehicle system requirement (5.2.9).

5.3.3.h EQUiDIM3Xkt P “ibilit~. The

Electrostat ic sl.U&!ePt
operatioxiof logic level circuits shall not be disturbed by the”
‘arc discharge described in 6.7.2. The discharge voltage shall be
10 kilovolts for synchronous satellites. Test values for other
conditions shall be determined as part of the system requirements
evaluation (4.11).

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MIL-STD-1541A (USAF)
30 DEC 87

..-,
SECTION 6

TEST AND EVALUATION

6.1 VERIFICATION METHODS

“1 Compliance
. with system requirements shall be satisfied by a ““
combination of system-tests and analyses based on equipment
electromagnetic compatibility characteristics. Definite
I equipment characteristics shall be established by test.
1

,
6.2 G INSTRUMENTS
(

Measuring instruments shall conform to MIL-STD-462.

6.2.1 Xnstrume ntat ion Errors. Requirements of this

,“
standard shall be satisfied with additional margin appropriate to
instrumentation accuracy. ~
. The instrumentation
6.2.2 l!he Domain measurements
bandwidth used for time domain meas~rements shall be at least 50 ‘,.
megahertz.

6.3 STEM vERIFI’CAZLQli

,’
A detailed description of the tests, test methods, and
analyses by which the requirements of”this ,standard are to be
satisfied shall be prepared before performing system verification.

6.3.1 Radiated Suscqt ibility. Except for radio frequency

receivers, system safety margins with respect to rad~~te~ .
emissions may be established by analyses based on measured
equipment susceptibility data.

6.3.2 Part itioninq.’ System segments shall be verified

individually. Combinations of segments shall then be proven
compatible by tests at conductive signal and control interfaces
including tests for common-mode effects. The specified
.,..
. sensitivity of radio frequency receiver-sshall be proven by test
at “every level of system integration.
6.3.3 Liahtn inq. Unless otherwise specified, the
requirements for compatibility with lightning shall be satisfied
by analysis. Tests, if required, shall be conducted in
accordance with MIL-STD-1757,

.&3,.4
Su= r~os ition Effects. Compliance with the ~
requirement pertaining to superposition (4.10.2) may be shown,by
analysis.
23

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HIII-STD-1541A (USAF)
30 DEC 87

6.4 CATION TESTS I

Qualification tests shall be designed to secure all data
necessary to establish the specified safety margins with respect
to known equipment susceptibility characteristics. The
simplifications applicable to analysis (4.11.2.5) are also
acceptable for demonstrating compatibility.

6.4.1 Select ion of Test Poin~. Test points used for the
validation of the electromagnetic compatibility ‘safetymargins
(4.10) during the system test shall be selected from the circuits
involved in all mission critical functions. Tests and analyses
shall be performed to determine the applicable degradation
criteria. (4.10.1). The points selected shall be the minimum
number that adequately demonstrate the required margins for
subsystems of the system, and shall be subject to the approval of
the contracting officer.

6.4.2 m I and II l?unction~. Safety margins for

category I and 11 functions shall be established by direct
measurement of extraneous emissions at conductive interfaces,
including those introducing common-mode effects. Freedom from
extraneous responses by radio frequency receivers shall be shown
directly by test.
.
6.4.3 ‘~t~ . Category III safety margins
may be demonstrated by freedom from anomaly for all system
operating conditions.
. .
6.4.4 Zest Cond~txo ns. The system test configuration
shall’be as nearly identical to the operational configuration as
is practical, while yet providing for access t-othe ports at
which measurements are required. The test shall include all
operating modes. The effect of departures from the operational
configuration shall be addressed by analysis.
. . .
6.4.5 eptance crlreraa Acceptance criteria shall be
●

established for each category, I and 11 function. If the safety

margin cannot be demonstrated by the results of a single direct
measurement, that allowable for.each of the several or more ports
involved shall be allocated and defined.

6.5 STEM ACCEPTANCE TEs=

Acceptance tests shall establish compliance with the

requirements for bonding (5.2.4), electrical power subsystem
referencing (5.2.3), plus the limits on power quality (5.2.10).
Additional tests shall be performed to reverify the safety margin
for any category I or II function for which the margin required
for qualification has not been demonstrated.

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MIL-STD-1543A (USAF)
,: 30 DEC 87

..

... . ...

Conformance to the requirements of this standard shall be

demonstrated by test. Test methods and the allocated performance
degradation limits shall be defined before performing equipment
tests.
. .
6.6.1 tance Cr2terl~ Equipment shall conform to the
performance requirements for g~ound or vehicle equipment, as
applicable (5.3.1, 5.3.2 or 5.3.3). Equipment shall not exhibit
anomalous behavior or part degradation when subjected to the
t
specified susceptibility tests.
. . .
6.6.2 MU i-nt ~allflcatlon Testis. Qualification tests
shall cover all equipment performance requirements .
~.
6.6.3 ~ AcceDtWe Teti . Equipment which fail to
I conform to any qualification requirement, and for which a waiver
was granted, shall be retested to that requirement as a part of
acceptance tests to ensure that production variations do not
invalidate the justification for granting the waiver.

6.7.1 General. Test methods for requirements in the NTIA

:-
manual shall conform to”the methods of the NTIA manual,
MIL-STD-449, or MIL-STD-462. Test methods for requirements
specified by MIL-STD-461 shall be in accordance with
MIL-STD-462 . The test method for electrostatic arc discharge
susceptibility (5.3.3.10) shall conform to this standard
(6.7.2). Test methods for other equipment requirements (5.3.3.7, :
5.3.3.8, and 5.3.3.9) shall be established by the contractor.
*..
6.7.2 Ekckms@ticA rc Discharue Su~ntablllt~ . The
test setup shall simulate the operational wiring and grounding
scheme. The equipment under test shall be bonded to the ground
plane by the same method used for the vehicle installation. For
synchronous orbits, a pulsed discharge, at a pulse rate of 1 per
second for a period of 30 seconds, shal:lbe established at a
level of 10 kilovolts and at a distance of 30 centimeters from
each exposed face of the test sample, The test shall be repeated
by one of the following methods:

a. Using a direct discharge from one test electrode to

each top corner of the test sample for equipment
exposed to the direct space environment: e.9.t
external to a shielded space vehicle.

b. Impressing the series current from the arc-discharge

through the mounting surfaces of the test sample
for eqpipment installed within a shielded space
vehicle.
25
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MIL-STD-1541A (USAF)
30 DEC 87

If test sample failures are observed at 10 kilovolts, the”

voltage level shall be decreased to the point where satisfactory
equipment operation is obtained, and that level noted. For
orbits other than geosynchronous, the applicable test voltage
shall be determined as part of the system evaluation of 4.11.
Figure 1 contains a suggested arc source schematic capable of
establishing the minimum required voltage and arc discharge. any
other equivalent type of circuitry may be used and shall be fully
described in the applicable electromagnetic compatibility test
plan. The energy dissipated should be equivalent to the maximum
energy storage capacity of storage elements subject to
electrostatic charging. The energy levels in Figure 1 are given
only as minimum values for equipment testingt and may not be
adequate for full system level testing.

>

I
i’

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of Arc $ouzce

..
Custodian: Preparing Activity: I
Air Force - 19 Air Force - 19

(Project No. EMCS-F097)

Doc 1602b Arch 1242b

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MIL-sTD-1541A (USAF)
30 DEC 87

.....
APPENDIX A

APPLICATION INFORMATION
I

This appendix contains -information for use in the application

of this standard by an acquisition activity. Its use is optional.

20.. ~’

The following documents are technical references which may be

useful during the implementation of this standard:

20.1 Government Documents. Drawinas. and Pub licakions.

SPECIFICATIONS
MIL-E-6051 Electromagnetic Compatibility
Requirements, Systems

HEAb@WU?TERS, AIR FORCE SYSTEMS COMMAND

AFSC DH 1-4 Electromagnetic Compatibility

I (Design Handbook Series 1-4)
I (This document is available from ASD/ENES, Wright-Patterson
- AFB, OH 45433-6503.)

ROME AIR DEVELOPMENT CEXTERj AIR FORCE SYSTEMS COI@IAND

RADC-TR-73-217 Method of Moments

=-TR-73-324 &alysis of Nonlinear Systems with

Multiple Inputs
.,. RADC-TR-74-342 Intrasystem Elec~romagneti.c Compatibility
Program”, Dec. 1974, (3 volumes)

I&Dc-TR-76-101 Application of Hulticonductor

Transmission Line Theory to the
Prediction of Cable Coupling, (8 volumes)

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MIL-STD-1541A (USAF)
1 30 DEC 87

..--%
RADC-TR-82-20 Intrasyste!nElectromagnetic Compatibility
Program, Feb. 1982, (IAP) Model *-
Improvement

(These documents are available from the Defense Technical .

Information Center, DTIC-FDR, Cameron “Station, Alexandria, VA
22304-6145.)

SPACE DIVISION, AIR FORCE SYSTEMS COMMAND

SAMSO-TR-75-44 Static-Electricity Analysis Program,

Oct. 1974
SD-TR-85-26 The Aerospace Spacecraft Charging
Document, 3 June 1985
(These documents are available from the Defense Technical
Information Center, DTIC-FDR, Cameron Station, Alexandria, VA
22304-6145.)

FORCE GEOPHYSICS LABORATORY, AIR FORCE SYSTEMS COMMAND

AFGL TR-79-0082 Spacecraft Charging Technology (1978)

AFGL T~-81-0270 Spacecraft Charging Technology (19gO)
(These documents are available from the Defense Technical
Information Center.)

NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY

Reduction of Spacecraft Charging Using Highly Emissive

Surface Materials; Effect of the Ionosphere on Space and
Terrestrial Systems, by A. G. Rubin, P. L. Rothwell, and G.
K. Yates. (Naval Research Laboratory, p. 313, 1978)
(DTIC # ADA068291)

(This document is available from the Defense Technical

Information Center, DTIC-FDR, Cameron Station, Alexandria, VA
22304-6145.]

A. B. Carlson “Communications Systems,” McGraw-Hill,

New York, 1968.

G. R. Cooper and ‘Methods of Signal and System Analysis,”

C. D. McGillem Holt, Rhinehart and”Winston, New York,
1967.

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XIL-STD-1541A (USAF)
.30 DEC 87
\

R. Morrison “Grounding and Shielding Techniques In

Instrumentation,” Wiley, New York, 2nd
edition, 1977.

H. W. Ott “Noise Reduction Techniques in Electronic

Systems,” Wileyj New York, 1976.

P. R. Satnnard, Validation of the NASCAP Model Using.

1. Katz, Spaceflight Data; AIAA Meeting Paper
L. Gedeon, (Reno, Nevada), Jan. 1982.
J. C.,Roche,
A. G. Rubin, and
M. F. Tautz

40. GENERAL IIUW/MATIOll

.
40=1 ne al DescrxD tion. This standard”is intended
primarily to i~entify the requirements which describe the
technical characteristics of the end item. Since tailoring of
the quantitative performance requirements is often necessary or
desirable, it also includes requigements”for the analys&s needed
to validate those Changes.
.
40.2 .~tem Analvsls Pro-. This standard has been
I stmctuzed to make,best use of the tieveiopmentswhich nave been
raalized from the DOD Intrasystem Analysis Program* These
benefits include improved analytical methods and pfograms for
computer analysis. The analysis programs described in
RADC-TR-.74-342.and RADC-TR-82-20 are suitable and well documented.
.
40.3 alvtmal R3ethod~. The methods presented in the
applicable and the referenced documents are representative of the
current art pertaining tothe topics covered. Accordingly, they
may be us~d as criteria for de~erminincy the adequacy and
acceptability of any methods ustid.

’50. P~AXm Im~ T ION

.
50.1 9Den R-urements . The following ite!qsare not
specified in this standard:

a. Uninterrupted opega$ion during lightning strikes

(4.6).
b. Lightning testing (6.3.3)

50;2 Effuirment”Reuuiremeriti. Vehicle equipment developed

for different programs may be inherently incompatible because of
the long standing practice of establishing program peculiar EPIC
.,
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BIIL-STD-1541A (USAF)
30 DEC 87

requirements. When acquiring equipment intended for use in a I

space system, but to be supplied as government furnished
equipment, relaxation of standard equipment requirements should
be avoided. For some space vehicles, reduced radiated emission
limits (RE02) may be required. These reduced limits must be
specified for such acquisitions.

50.3 Commuter Pro~ . The best available analytical

I methods may be secured by a contract requirement for use of the .
Air Force standard Intrasystem Analysis Program (IAP). To
preserve the benefits of standardization, the contract
requirement should prohibit ‘unauthorized changes in that program.

50.4 xailorina Gu~.

50.4.1 Tailorina-itatiow. Certain provisions of this
standard (5.1) and MIL-STD-461 (CE06) cannot be modified below

I
the limits sDecified bv the National Telecommunications and
I Information ~dministra~ion (NTIA) unless a written waiver of
those limits is obtained from IUTIA.
. .
50.4.2 self !r~ Comprehensive self tailoring is
incorporated within this ~tandard in the following ways:

a. Requirements to be met only if specified by the

contracting officer {50.X).

b. Requirements of limited applicability (4.7, and 4.8)

c. Equipment requirements in accordance with the

classifications of MIL-STD-461.
!

d. Provision for program-peculiar compatibility limits

(4.11).

50.4.3 Tailor ina for Cost Effectivity In its complete

form, the standard is designed to systematically limit the risk
involved in developing an acceptable syskem design: one
characterized by definite and reliable safetY mar9ins. F~rther
tailoring to reduce these requirements introduces uncertainties,
in both the development and operations phases and may or may not
be cost effective. Tailoring should be based on the mission
criticality of the system to which it is applied, with
recognition of the attendant risk.

50.4’.4 Tailorina Based On Criticality of Function The

applicability of the standard may be reduced by applyi~g strict
limits to the definition of mission critical functions (4.9), or
by omitting one or more of the requirements for safetymargins.
I
I

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MIL-STD-1541A (USAF)
30 DEC 87

:. 60. DATA REQUIREMENTS

.This standard does not require the preparation of any plans

or reports. MIL-E-6051 should be used to ~equire an - -
elect~omagnetic compatibility program. The data normally
required for delivery under an electromagnetic compatibility
program include:

a. Frequency allocation and assignment

b. System EMC Plan

I c. Subsystem EMC Plan

d. System EMC Test Plan

‘e.Subsystem EMC Test Plan

f. Test reports, general

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MI L- ST D-1541 A(USAF) Requirements for Space Svstems
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REMARKS

L NAME OF 8USMITTER (ht. First, M!) - O@iorml b. WORK TELEPHONE NUMSEfl (lnclu& Ama
cod8} - Optiorlat

BAILING AODRESS fstmet, City, State. ZIP Code) - Oixiond S. OATE OF SU6MISSIOM (YYMMDD)

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