Experimental Design Matrix

BY:- GURPREET SINGH, R/S (M&H)

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Table of Contents

Introduction
Process
Basic Definitions
On Statistical Testing
Experiment Design Programs
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 Introduction
Experiments
Experiments are in principle comparative tests; they mean a
comparison between two or more alternatives. One may want
to compare the yield of a certain process to a new one, prove
the effect of the process change compared to an existing
situation or the effect of new raw materials or catalyser to the
product quality or to compare the performance of an
automated process with manually controlled one.

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Introduction
Matrix
Matrix is a Data Presentation tool which shows any statically data in tabulation form. For
Example:-

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Introduction
Matrix Designs
The conventional experiment design proceeds
usually so that changes are made one variable at
time; i.e. first the first variable is changes and its
effect is measure and the same takes place for
the second variable and so on.

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Process

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 Example:-
We want to test the effect of different factors on the yield in
a chemical reactor: temperature (A), reaction time (B) and
raw material vendor (C). We assume that testing at two
levels of each variable is enough. The levels are chosen as:-
Factor A: Factor B: Factor C:
(‐) level is 100 °C (‐) level is 5 min. (‐) level is vendor X
(+) level is 150 °C (+) level is 10 min. (+) level is vendor Y

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Contd.
• The design matrix can be written as
Run number A B C

1 ‐ ‐ ‐
2 + ‐ ‐
3 ‐ + ‐
4 + + ‐
5 ‐ ‐ +
6 + ‐ +
7 ‐ + +
8 + + +

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Basic Definitions
Linearity and interactions:

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Basic Definitions
Linearity and interactions:

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Basic Definitions
Linearity and interactions:

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Basic Definitions
Linearity and interactions:

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Basic Definitions
Effect
Experimental designs test, if a variable influences another.
This influence is called “effect”. There are two different
effects: the variable effects on another directly or via an
interaction (or uses both mechanisms simultaneously). The
significance of an effect is determined statistically with some
probability (usually 95%) or risk (usually 5%).

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Basic Definitions
Effect

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 Basic Definitions
Full factorial designs
These designs include all possible combinations of
all factors (variables) at all levels. There can be two
or more levels, but the number of levels has an
influence on the number of experiments needed.

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Basic Definitions
Full factorial designs

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Basic Definitions
Fractional factorial designs
This include the most important combinations of the
variables. The significance of effects found by using these
designs is expressed using statistical methods. Quite often,
the experiment design problem is defined as finding the
minimum number of experiments for the purpose.
Fractional factorial design. In statistics, fractional factorial
designs are experimental designs consisting of a carefully
chosen subset (fraction) of the experimental runs of a full
factorial design

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Basic Definitions
Fractional factorial designs

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Basic Definitions
Orthogonal designs

Full factorial designs are always orthogonal and can be tested easily with the following
procedure: In the matrix below, replace + and – by +1 and ‐1. Multiply columns pairwise
(e.g. column A by column B, etc.). For the design to be orthogonal, the sum of the four
products must be zero for all pairs.
Run number A B C Run number AB BC AC

1 1 1 ‐1 ‐1
+ + ‐
2 ‐1 ‐1 1
2 + ‐ +
3 ‐1 1 ‐1
3 ‐ + +
4 1 1 1
4 ‐ ‐ ‐
Sum 0 0 0

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Basic Definitions
Contrast
The concept of the contrast column can be clarified with an example. We take once again the
earlier used matrix and denote + and – with +1 and ‐1. The sum of the columns must be zero.

Run number A B C Run number AB C

1 1 1 ‐1 1 1 ‐1
2 1 ‐1 1 2 ‐1 1
3 ‐1 1 1 3 ‐1 1
4 ‐1 ‐1 ‐1 4 1 ‐1

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 On Statistical Testing
Hypotheses
In process analysis, we are often encountered with a situation where we are studying, if two
populations are similar or different with respect to some variable (statistically). The
comparison uses usually means or variances In many cases it is advantageous to set formal
hypotheses and do some tests to show, which is the actual situation. Statistically, there are
two possible hypotheses:
1. Null hypothesis:- H0 :μ1 =μ2
2. The alternative hypothesis:-
I. Two‐Tailed Hypothesis :-Ha :μ1 ≠μ2
II. One‐Tailed hypothesis :- Ha :μ1 >μ2 or Ha :μ1 <μo

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Two‐Tailed Hypothesis :-Ha :μ1 ≠μ2

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One‐Tailed hypothesis :- Ha :μ1 >μ2 or Ha :μ1 <μo

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On Statistical Testing
Risks/Errors
Risk in this connection describes the probability to make a
wrong decision from test data; i.e. to choose the wrong
hypothesis. It is mainly controlled by the sample size.
There are two possible errors that the experimenter can
do:
Type-1 Error
Type-2 Error

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 Hypothesis:- There is “No Capable
Person””Not Selected”
Not Selected Selected
Not Capable H1- True H1- True Type-1
Error
H2-Accepted H2-Rejected
Capable H1- False H1- False
H2-Accepted H2-Rejected

Type-2
Error
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 Experiment Design Programs
Matlab
MatLab (matrix laboratory) is a multi-paradigm numerical computing
environment. a proprietary programming language developed by
mathworks, matlab allows matrix manipulations, plotting of functions and
data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and
interfacing with programs written in other languages, including c, c++, java,
fortran and python. although matlab is intended primarily for numerical
computing, an optional toolbox uses the mupad symbolic engine, allowing
access to symbolic computing abilities. an additional package, simulink,
adds graphical multi-domain simulation and model-based design for
dynamic and embedded systems. as of 2017, matlab has roughly 1 million
users across industry and academia. matlab users come from various
backgrounds of engineering, science, and economics.
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Experiment Design Programs

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 MATLAB advantages
•Its basic data element is the matrix. A simple integer is considered an matrix of one row
and one column. Several mathematical operations that work on arrays or matrices are
built-in to the Matlab environment. For example, cross-products, dot-products,
determinants, inverse matrices.
•Vectorized operations. Adding two arrays together needs only one command, instead of a
for or while loop.
•The graphical output is optimized for interaction. You can plot your data very easily, and
then change colors, sizes, scales, etc, by using the graphical interactive tools.
•Matlab’s functionality can be greatly expanded by the addition of toolboxes. These are
sets of specific functions that provided more specialized functionality. Ex: Excel link
allows data to be written in a format recognized by Excel, Statistics Toolbox allows more
specialized statistical manipulation of data (Anova, Basic Fits, etc)

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MATLAB Disadvantages

•It uses a large amount of memory and on slow

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Experiment Design Programs
Minitab
Minitab is a versatile analysis tool that is based on a
spreadsheet‐like interface. It makes it possible to explore
data with graphs; e.g. normal plotting, histograms, scatter
plots and printing. It has also statistical analysis tools
available: descriptive statistics, ANOVA, control charts, and
quality assessment tools. For experiment design it offer the
main tools like full factorial and fractional factorial designs,
response surface designs, and Taguchi method. Minitab
includes different alternatives available for results analysis.
They are based on effects analysis and modelling facilities.

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Experiment Design Programs

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 Advantages of Minitab
It save time when you are interested in making basic
descriptive statistics for a large size sample.
 Helps in conducting hypotheses testing.
 Easy wat to writing a statistical report and scanning given
data.

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Disadvantages of Minitab
•less ability to perform mathematical and numerical analyses
• Less popular than METLAB in industry.
• Limited to Statistical analysis only.

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Experiment Design Programs

Modde
Modde is an experiment design tool. It is available for
screening designs and response surface designs. All main
methods are available and it has also versatile analysis tools.
Results are shown mainly graphically as coefficient and
effects plots, contour and surface plots together with a
summary plot. It has also an efficient on‐line help tool.

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Experiment Design Programs

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Advantages of Modde

•It is easy to understand and simple to calculate.

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Disdvantages of Modde
•It is not well defined.
•It is not based on all the values.
•It is stable for large values so it will not be well defined if
the data consists of a small number of values.
•It is not capable of further mathematical treatment.
•Sometimes the data has one or more than one mode
and sometimes the data has no mode at all.

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Thank You

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