CHAPTER 100 THE SOLUTION OF SIMULTANEOUS

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS USING LAPLACE TRANSFORM

EXERCISE 361 Page 1056

1. Solve the following pair of simultaneous differential equations:

dx dy
2 + = 5e t
dt dt

dy dx
–3 = 5 given that when t = 0, x = 0 and y = 0
dt dt

Taking Laplace transforms of each term in each equation gives:

5
2[sℒ{x} – y(0)] + [sℒ{y} – y(0)] =
s −1
5
[sℒ{y} – y(0)] – 3[sℒ{x} – x(0)] =
s
x(0) = 0 and y(0) = 0, hence
5
2sℒ{x} + sℒ{y} = (1)
s −1
5
and – 3sℒ{x} + sℒ{y} = (2)
s
5 5 5s − 5( s − 1) 5
(1) – (2) gives: 5s ℒ{x} = = − =
( s − 1) s s ( s − 1) s ( s − 1)

5 1
i.e. ℒ{x} = =
5s 2 ( s − 1) s 2 ( s − 1)

 1 
and x = ℒ −1  
 s ( s − 1) 
2

1 A B C A( s )( s − 1) + B( s − 1) + Cs 2
Let ≡ + + =
s 2 ( s − 1) s s 2 ( s − 1) s 2 ( s − 1)

from which, 1 = A(s)(s – 1) + B(s – 1) +C s 2

When s = 0: 1 = –B i.e. B = –1

When s = 1: 1=C i.e. C=1

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Equating s 2 coefficients: 0 = A + C i.e. A = –1 since C = 1

 1 1 1 
Hence, x = ℒ −1 − − + 
 s s ( s − 1) 
2

i.e. x = −1 − t + et or x = et − t − 1

5
From equation (1) 2sℒ{x} + sℒ{y} =
s −1

5
i.e. 2sℒ{ et − t − 1 } + sℒ{y} =
s −1

 1 1 1 5
i.e. 2s  − −  + sℒ{y} =
 s −1 s 2 s s −1

2s 2 5
i.e. − − 2 + sℒ{y} =
( s − 1) s s −1

5 2s 2
i.e. sℒ{y} = – + +2
( s − 1) ( s − 1) s

5 − 2s 2
and sℒ{y} = + +2
( s − 1) s

5 − 2s 2 2
i.e. ℒ{y} = + +
s ( s − 1) s 2 s

 5 − 2s 2 2
and y = ℒ −1  + + 
 s ( s − 1) s 2 s 
5 − 2s A B A( s − 1) + Bs
Let ≡ + =
s ( s − 1) s ( s − 1) s ( s − 1)

from which, 5 – 2s = A(s – 1) + Bs

When s = 0: 5 = –A i.e. A = –5

When s = 1: 3=B

 5 3 2 2
Hence, y = ℒ −1 − + + + 
 s ( s − 1) s 2 s 

 3 2 3
i.e. y = ℒ −1  + − 
 ( s − 1) s 2 s 
i.e. y = 3et + 2t − 3

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2. Solve the following pair of simultaneous differential equations:

dy dx
2 –y+x+ – 5 sin t = 0
dt dt

dy dx
3 +x–y+2 – e t = 0 given that at t = 0, x = 0 and y = 0
dt dt

Taking Laplace transforms of each term in each equation gives:

5
2[sℒ{y} – y(0)] – ℒ{y} + ℒ{x} + [sℒ{x} – x(0)] – =0
s +12

1
3[sℒ{y} – y(0)] + ℒ{x} – ℒ{y} + 2[sℒ{x} – x(0)] – =0
s −1
y(0) = 0 and x(0) = 0, hence
5
(2s – 1)ℒ{y} + (s + 1)ℒ{x} = (1)
s2 + 1
1
and (3s – 1)ℒ{y} +(2s + 1)ℒ{x} = (2)
s −1
5
(3s – 1) × (1) gives: (3s – 1)(2s – 1)ℒ{y} + (3s – 1)(s + 1)ℒ{x} = (3s – 1) (3)
s2 + 1
1
(2s – 1) × (2) gives: (2s – 1)(3s – 1)ℒ{y} + (2s – 1)(2s + 1)ℒ{x} = (2s – 1) (4)
s −1

5 ( 3s − 1) 2s − 1
(3) – (4) gives: ( 3s 2 + 2 s − 1) − ( 4 s 2 − 1)  ℒ{x} = − (5)
s +1
2 s −1

5 ( 3s − 1)( s − 1) − ( 2 s − 1)( s 2 + 1)
i.e. ( − s 2 + 2s ) ℒ{x} =
( s − 1)( s 2 + 1)
15s 2 − 20 s + 5 − 2 s 3 − 2 s + s 2 + 1 
i.e. ℒ{x} = −  
 s ( s − 2 )( s − 1)( s 2 + 1) 

 2 s 3 − 16 s 2 + 22 s − 6 
= 
 s ( s − 2 )( s − 1)( s + 1) 
2

 2 s 3 − 16 s 2 + 22 s − 6 
and x = ℒ −1  
 s ( s − 2 )( s − 1)( s 2 + 1) 

2 s 3 − 16 s 2 + 22 s − 6 A B C Ds + E
Let ≡ + + +
s ( s − 2 )( s − 1)( s + 1) s ( s − 2 ) ( s − 1) ( s 2 + 1)
2

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 =
A ( s − 2 )( s − 1)( s 2 + 1) + B ( s )( s − 1)( s 2 + 1) + C ( s )( s − 2 )( s 2 + 1) + ( Ds + E )( s )( s − 2 )( s − 1)
s ( s − 2 )( s − 1)( s 2 + 1)

from which, 2 s 3 − 16 s 2 + 22 s − 6= A ( s − 2 )( s − 1)( s 2 + 1) + B ( s )( s − 1)( s 2 + 1) + C ( s )( s − 2 )( s 2 + 1)

+ ( Ds + E )( s )( s − 2 )( s − 1)

When s = 0: –6 = A(–2)(–1)(1) i.e. A = –3

When s = 1: 2 – 16 + 22 – 6 = C(1)(–1)(2) i.e. C = –1

When s = 2: 16 – 64 + 44 – 6 = B(2)(1)(5) i.e. B = –1

Equating s 4 coefficients: 0=A+B+C+D i.e. D=5

Equating s 3 coefficients: 2 = –3A – B – 2C – 3D + E

i.e. 2 = 9 + 1 + 2 – 15 + E i.e. E=5

 3 1 1 5s + 5 
Hence, x = ℒ −1 − − − + 
 s ( s − 2 ) ( s − 1) ( s 2 + 1) 

i.e. x = −3 − e −2t − et + 5cos t + 5sin t or x = 5cos t + 5sin t − e 2t − et − 3

From equations (1) and (2)

5
(2s + 1) × (1) gives: (2s + 1)(2s – 1)ℒ{y} + (2s + 1)(s + 1)ℒ{x} = (2s + 1) (6)
s2 + 1
1
(s + 1) × (2) gives: (s + 1)(3s – 1)ℒ{y} + (s + 1)(2s + 1)ℒ{x} = (s + 1) (7)
s −1

5 ( 2 s + 1) (10s + 5)( s − 1) − ( s + 1)( s 2 + 1)

( s + 1) =
(6) – (7): ( 4 s 2 − 1) − ( 3s 2 + 2 s − 1)  ℒ{y} = −
s2 + 1 ( s − 1) ( s − 1)( s 2 + 1)
10 s 2 − 5s − 5 − s 3 − s − s 2 − 1
i.e. ( s 2 − 2s ) ℒ{y} =
( s − 1)( s 2 + 1)
− s3 + 9s 2 − 6s − 6
and ℒ{y} =
s ( s − 2 )( s − 1)( s 2 + 1)

 − s 3 + 9 s 2 − 6 s − 6 
and y = ℒ −1  
 s ( s − 1)( s − 2 )( s + 1) 
2

− s3 + 9s 2 − 6s − 6 A B C Ds + E
Let ≡ + + +
s ( s − 1)( s − 2 )( s 2 + 1) s ( s − 1) ( s − 2 ) ( s 2 + 1)

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 =
A ( s − 1)( s − 2 )( s 2 + 1) + B ( s )( s − 2 )( s 2 + 1) + C ( s )( s − 1)( s 2 + 1) + ( Ds + E )( s )( s − 1)( s − 2 )
s ( s − 1)( s − 2 )( s 2 + 1)

from which,
− s 3 + 9 s 2 − 6 s − 6= A ( s − 1)( s − 2 )( s 2 + 1) + B ( s )( s − 2 )( s 2 + 1) + C ( s )( s − 1)( s 2 + 1)

( Ds + E )( s )( s − 1)( s − 2 )
When s = 0: –6 = A(–1)(–2)(1) i.e. A = –3

When s = 1: –1 + 9 – 6 – 6 = B(1)(–1)(2) i.e. B=2

When s = 2: –8 + 36 – 12 – 6 = C(2)(1)(5) i.e. C=1

Equating s 4 coefficients: 0=A+B+C+D i.e. D=0

Equating s 3 coefficients: –1 = –3A – 2B – C – 3D + E

i.e. –1 = 9 – 4 – 1 + 0 + E i.e. E = –5
 3 2 1 5 
Hence, y = ℒ −1 − + + − 
 s ( s − 1) ( s − 2 ) ( s + 1) 
2

i.e. y = −3 + 2 et + e 2t − 5sin t or y = e 2t + 2 et − 3 − 5sin t

3. Solve the following pair of simultaneous differential equations:

d2 x
+ 2x = y
d t2

d2 y dx dy
+ 2y = x given that at t = 0, x = 4, y = 2, = 0 and =0
d t2 dt dt

Taking Laplace transforms of each term in each equation gives:

[ s 2 ℒ{x} – sx(0) – x′(0)] + 2ℒ{x} = ℒ{y}

and [ s 2 ℒ{y} – sy(0) – y′(0)] + 2ℒ{y} = ℒ{x}

x(0) = 4 and x′(0), hence [ s 2 ℒ{x} – 4s] + 2ℒ{x} = ℒ{y}

y(0) = 2 and y′(0) = 0, hence [ s 2 ℒ{y} – 2s] + 2ℒ{y} = ℒ{x}

i.e. ( s 2 + 2)ℒ{x} – ℒ{y} = 4s (1)

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and – ℒ{x} + ( s 2 + 2)ℒ{y} = 2s (2)

( s 2 + 2) × (2) gives: – ( s 2 + 2)ℒ{x} + ( s 2 + 2) ( s 2 + 2)ℒ{y} = 2s( s 2 + 2) (3)

(1) + (3) gives: ( s 2 + 2 )2 − 1 ℒ{y} = 2s( s 2 + 2) + 4s

 

i.e. ( s 4 + 4s 2 + 3) ℒ{y} = 2 s 3 + 8s

2 s 3 + 8s 2 s 3 + 8s
and ℒ{y} = =
( s 4 + 4s 2 + 3) ( s 2 + 3)( s 2 + 1)
 2 s 3 + 8s 
and y = ℒ −1  
 ( s + 3)( s + 1) 
2 2

2 s 3 + 8s As + B Cs + D ( As + B )( s 2 + 1) + ( Cs + D )( s 2 + 3)
Let ≡ + =
( s 2 + 3)( s 2 + 1) ( s 2 + 3) ( s 2 + 1) ( s 2 + 3)( s 2 + 1)

from which, 2 s 3 + 8s= ( As + B )( s 2 + 1) + ( Cs + D )( s 2 + 3)

Equating s 3 coefficients: 2=A+C (4)

Equating s 2 coefficients: 0=B+D (5)

Equating s coefficients: 8 = A + 3C (6)

(6) – (4) gives: 6 = 2C i.e. C=3

and from (4), A=2–C i.e. A = –1

Equating constant terms: 0 = B + 3D (7)

(7) – (5) gives: 0 = 2D i.e. D=0 and from (5), B=0

 
 − s 3s   
 s 3s 
Hence, y = ℒ −1  +  = ℒ −1 − + 2 
 ( s 2 + 3) ( s 2 + 1)  ( ) ( )
  s 2 + 3   s 2 + 1  
2

     

i.e. y = − cos ( 3 t ) + 3cos t or y = 3 cos t – cos ( 3t)

If y = 3 cos t – cos ( 3t) then
dy
dt
=
−3sin t + 3 sin 3 t

d2 y
and =
−3cos t + 3cos 3 t
d t2

Since from one of the original equations,

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 d2 y
+ 2y =
x
d t2

then −3cos t + 3cos ( 3 t ) + 2 (3cos t − cos ( 3 t )) =

x

i.e. x = −3cos t + 3cos ( 3 t ) + 6 cos t − 2 cos ( 3 t )

i.e. x = 3 cos t + cos ( 3t)

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