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Chap 2 Geospatial Data Collection and Use Cases in Rwanda

Chap 2 Geospatial Data Collection and Use Cases in Rwanda

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Bizimenyera Zenza Theoneste
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532 views6 pages

Chap 2 Geospatial Data Collection and Use Cases in Rwanda

Chap 2 Geospatial Data Collection and Use Cases in Rwanda

Uploaded by

Bizimenyera Zenza Theoneste
Copyright
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Introduction to Geospatial Data Collection and the Practical Use in Rwanda

GIS Data Collection


This chapter reviews the main methods of GIS data capture and transfer and introduces key
practical management issues.
It distinguishes between primary (direct measurement) and secondary (derivation from
other sources) data capture for both raster and vector data types.
Learning objectives:
 Describe data collection workflows;
 Understand the primary data capture techniques in remote sensing and
surveying;
 Be familiar with the secondary data capture techniques of scanning,
manual digitizing, vectorization, photogrammetry, and COGO feature
construction;
 Understand the principles of data transfer, sources of digital geographic
data, and geographic data formats;
 Analyze practical issues associated with managing data capture projects.

Data Model used to represent maps in GIS


A consistent way of defining and representing real
world entities or phenomena in a GIS and of
representing the relationships among them.
(Two types:
1. Vector model
2. Raster model

 Vector data model


Use discrete elements such as points, lines and
polygons to represent the geometry of real world
entities like road, river, settlement, administrative
boundary etc

 Raster data model


Represents area as grids cells for a given area of
interest. Uses continuous data with no definite
boundaries (rainfall, temperature, elevation)

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Data collection is split into data capture (direct data input) and data transfer (input of data
from other systems).
Two main types of data capture are:

- Primary data sources are those


Some of the Data Acquisition methods:
- Manual digitizing and scanning of analogue maps
collected in digital format specifically
for use in a GIS project. - Map registration or georeferencing

- Secondary sources are digital and - Direct data entry using GPS receivers
analog datasets that were originally
captured for another purpose and - Image data input and conversion to GIS
need to beconverted
- Remote sensing

- Transfer of existing digital sources

Table : Data Raster Vector


acquisition
methods for
both Raster
and Vector
data.

Primary Digital remote sensing images GPS measurements

Digital aerial photographs Survey measurements

Secondary Scanned maps Topographic surveys

DEMs from maps Topo and data sets from atlases

Geospatial data collection Process


Planning includes establishing user requirements, garnering resources, and developing a
project plan. Preparation involves obtaining data, redrafting poor-quality map sources,
editing scanned map images, and removing noise, setting up appropriate GIS hardware and
software systems to accept data. Digitizing and transfer are the stages where the majority
of the effort will be expended.
Editing and improvement covers many techniques designed to validate data, as well as
correct errors and improve quality.
Remote sensing is a technique used to derive information about the physical, chemical, and
biological properties of objects without direct physical contact
Resolution is a key physical characteristic of remote sensing systems.

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 Spatial resolution refers to the size of object that can be resolved and the most usual
measure is the pixel size.
 Spectral resolution refers to the parts of the electromagnetic spectrum that are measured.
 Temporal resolution, or repeat cycle, describes the frequency with which images are
collected for the same area.
Photographs are normally collected by analog optical cameras and later scanned
Figure 1: Example of the data collection process; Settlement Layout plan preparation

Vector data capture


 Two main branches are ground surveying and GPS receivers
Ground Surveying
Ground surveying is based on the principle that the 3-D location of any point can be
determined by measuring angles and distances from other known points. Traditional
equipment like transits and theodolites have been replaced by total stations that can
measure both angles and distances to an accuracy of 1 mm. Ground survey is a very time-
consuming and expensive activity, but it is still the best way to obtain highly accurate point
locations. Typically used for capturing buildings, land and property boundaries, manholes,

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and other objects that need to be located accurately also employed to obtain reference
marks for use in other data capture projects.

LiDAR
Relatively new technology that employs a scanning laser rangefinder to produce accurate
topographic surveys, typically carried on a low-altitude aircraft that also has an inertial
navigation system and a differential GPS to provide location.
Secondary geographic data capture: Raster data capture using scanners
The three main reasons to scan hardcopy Medias are
 Documents are scanned to reduce wear and tear, improve access, provide integrated
database storage, and to index them geographically.
 Film and paper maps, aerial photographs, and images are scanned and georeferenced so
that they provide geographic context for other data.
 Maps, aerial photographs and images are scanned prior to vectorization

Heads-up digitizing and vectorization


Vectorization is the process of converting raster data into vector data. The simplest way to
create vectors from raster layers is to digitize vector objects manually straight off a
computer screen using a mouse or digitizing cursor.
Photogrammetry
Photogrammetry is a science and technology of making measurements from pictures, aerial
photographs, and images. Measurements are captured from overlapping pairs of
photographs using stereo plotters.Photogrammetry is a very cost-effective data capture
technique that is sometimes the only practical method of obtaining detailed topographic
data. Orientation and triangulation are fundamental photogrammetry processing tasks.
 Orientation is the process of creating a stereo model suitable for viewing and
extracting 3-D vector coordinates that describe geographic objects.
 Triangulation (also called ‗block adjustment‘) is used to assemble a collection of
images into a single model so that accurate and consistent information can be
obtained from large areas.
Ortho images are images corrected for variations in terrain using a DEM.
COGO data entry
COGO is a contraction of the term coordinate geometry, a methodology for capturing and
representing geographic data. COGO uses survey-style bearings and distances to define
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each part of an object. COGO data are very precise measurements and are often regarded as
the only legally acceptable definition of land parcels.
Obtaining data from external sources (data transfer)
The best way to find geographic data is to search the Internet
 One of the biggest problems with data obtained from external sources is that they can be
encoded in many different formats. And also it is difficult to find the metadata or data
Dictionary
 Many tools have been developed to move data between systems and to reuse data
through open application programming interfaces (APIs).
Citizen centric web based data collection
 Describes how a raft of new Web 2.0 technologies has enabled organizations and
individual projects to use citizens to collect data across a wide variety of thematic and
geographic areas
Managing a data collection project
Most of the general principles for any GIS project apply to data collection: the need for a
clearly articulated plan, adequate resources, appropriate funding, and sufficient time.
A key decision facing managers of such projects is whether to pursue a strategy of
incremental or very rapid collection.
A further important decision is whether data collection should use in-house or external
resources

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ESSAY TOPICS
1. Distinguish between primary and secondary data and give examples of each. In what
circumstances is this distinction difficult to maintain?
2. Why is data maintenance often a far more difficult and expensive activity than the initial
data collection?
3. What do you understand by the terms ‗active and ‗passive satellite sensor systems and
what are the relative advantages of each?
4. Why is it often necessary to scan paper documents for data entry into a GIS?
5. Describe the necessary steps in a workflow for manual digitizing using a semi-automatic
digitizer. How and why does this process introduce ‗error into the database?
6. You are required to merge together in your GIS database digital cartographic data with
some satellite imagery. What are the necessary steps in this process and the likely sources
of difficulty?
7. How does national and international legislation on freedom of information and copyright
affect the market for geospatial data?
8. What are the difficulties in translating between different data formats, and what
software solutions have been suggested?
9. There have been a country survey to collect housing data and analysis on the correlation
between the housing types and the topography in each District of Rwanda, and a geodatabase,
shapefiles, softcopy and hardcopy maps have been handed over to your office briefly describe
the methodologies, Equipment, software and staff specialties needed for the dissemination of the
quality of GIS data collected

Readings:
E-SourceBook, ICT in Agriculture, Connecting Smallholders to Knowledge, Networks, and
Institutions, November 2011, World Bank Report
http://dusk.geo.orst.edu/gis/Chapter9_notes.pdf
http://docs.qgis.org/2.6/en/docs/gentle_gis_introduction/data_capture.html

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