Rigid Bus Structures
Rigid Bus Structures
Rigid Bus Structures
Published by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc 345 East 47th Street, New York, NV 10017, USA
May 20, 1987 SH10751
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An American Na tiona1 Standard
IEEE Guide for Design of
Substation Rigid-Bus Structures
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ANSI / IEEE
Std 605-1987 IEEE GUIDE FOR DESIGN OF
[6] ANSI C37.32-1972,American National Stan- [17] CHAINE, P. M., VERGE, R. W., CASTON-
dard Guide for High-Voltage Air Switches, Bus GUAY, G., and GARIEPY J. Wind and Ice Load-
Supports, and Switch Accessories, Schedules of ing in Canada, Industrial Meterology-Study 11.
Preferred Ratings, Manufacturing Specifica- Toronto: Environment Canada; 1974.
tions and Applications.
[7] ANSI / IEEE C37.30-1971, IEEE Standard
Definitions and Requirements for High-Voltage 5. The Design Problem
Air Switches, Insulators, and Bus support^.^
The design problem considered in this guide
[8] ANSI / IEEE Std 100-1984, IEEE Standard
is the selection of rigid-bus structure compo-
Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms.
nents and their arrangements. For a safe, reli-
[9] ANSIIIEEE Std 693-1984, IEEE Recom- able, and economic design, the components and
mended Practice for Seismic Design of Substa- their arrangements should be optimized to sat-
tions. isfy the design conditions. The design conditions
[lo] ANSI / NFPA 70-1981, National Electrical will establish minimum electrical and structural
Code.4 performance. These conditions are dependent
upon the characteristics of the power system
[ l l ] ASTM B188-81, Standard Specification for involved and the location of the substation. The
Seamless Copper Bus Pipe and Tube.5 design conditions specify
[12] NEMA CC1-1984, Electric Power Connec- (1) The minimum ampacity requirements
tors for Substations.' (2) Maximum anticipated short-circuit cur-
rent
[13] NEMA 107-1964(R 1981), Methods of Mea- (3) Maximum operating voltage
surement of Radio-Influence Voltage (RIV) of (4) Maximum anticipated wind speeds
High-Voltage Apparatus. (5) Maximum expected icing conditions com-
[14] Wind Forces on Structures. Transaction Pa- bined with wind
per no 3269-1961, vol 126.7 (6) The altitude of the substation site
(7) Basic substation layout
[15] Aluminum Electrical Conductor Handbook. The selection of conditions acting simulta-
Aluminum Company of America. neously on the bus structure (that is, short cir-
[16] Transmission System Radio Influence. Ra- cuit, extreme wind, or combined wind and ice,
dio Noise Subcommittee of the Transmission and or a combination of these) involves probability
Distribution Committee of the IEEE Power and some risk is involved in their selection. The
Group. Transactions on Power Apparatus and design engineer should consider the risks to life,
System, Aug 1965. property, and system operation, which is in-
volved with a bus failure when the design con-
ditions are selected.
ANSI/IEEE publications are available from the Institute Design conditions should also be specified for
of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IEEE Service Cen- the electrical performance of insulators. Also, if
ter, 445 Hoes Lane, PO Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855- the substation is located in an area of possible
1331, or from the Sales Department, American National
Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018. seismic activity, additional design conditions
*The National Electrical Code is published by the Na-
should be established. ANSI / IEEE Std 693-
tional Fire Protection Association, Batterymarch Park, 1984[9] and the seismic zone maps in ANSI
Quincy, MA 02269. Copies are also available from the Sales A58.1-1982[2] may be used to establish these
Department, American National Standards Institute, 1430 seismic design conditions.
Broadway, New York, NY 10018.
The actual design can begin after the design
ASTM publications are available from the Sales Office, conditions are firmly established. Because of the
American Society for Testing Materials, 1916 Race Street,
Philadelphia, PA 19103. various bus structure components available to
the designer and their various possible physical
NEMA publications are available from the National
Electrical Manufacturers Association, 2101 L Street, NW, arrangement, the design becomes an iterative
Washington, DC 20037. process. This iterative process is interrelated by
conductor ampacity, suppression of radio influ-
'This publication is available from the American Society
of Civil Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY ence, elimination of conductor vibrations, and
10017. structural integrity (see Fig 1).
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ANSI / IEEE
SUBSTATION RIGID-BUS STRUCTURES Std 6051987
ESTABLISH DESIGN
CONDITIONS AND BUS
ARRANGEMENT
I SELErL:RAIL
CONDUCTOR
I
1 CALCULATE TOTAL
VECTORIAL FORCE
ONCONDUCTORIFTI 1
I
ARE A L L SPANS I N
BUS ARRANGEMENT
SHORTER T H A N L A )
I 1
1 YES
i
CALCULATE T O T A L
INSULATOR
CANTILEVER LOAD FIS
NEW SHAPE OR M A T E R I A L ,
STRENGTH REOUIRED
SATISFACTORY
DESIGN
NOTE: This diagram assumes that maximum span length is not limited by aeolian vibration
Fig 1
Design Process for Horizontal Bus
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ANSI / IEEE
Std 605-1987 IEEE GUIDE FOR DESIGN OF
side of Eq 2 is entered as negative numbers. out appreciable loss of strength. They may also
10
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ANSI / IEEE
SUBSTATION RIGID-BUS STRUCTURES SM 605-1987
be operated at 100 "C under emergency condi- A = conductor cross-sectional area, in2
tions with some annealing. Copper may, how- G = conductivity in percent IACS
ever, suffer excessive oxidation if operated at or t = duration of fault, s
above 80 "C. Conductors should not be operated Tf = allowable final conductor temperature,
at temperatures high enough to damage the con- "C
nected equipment Ti = conductor temperature at fault initia-
6.2.2 Short Circuit. (See ANSI C37.32- tion, "C
1972 [6].) A conductor's temperature will rise
6.2.3 Attached Equipment. Since heat gen-
rapidly under fault conditions. This is due to the in the bus~conductormay be conducted
inability of the conductor to dissipate the heat to attached equipment, allowable busconductor
as as it is generated. Of con- temperaturesmay be governed by the temper-
ductor may Occur at these ature limitationsof attached equipment. Equip
temperatures. The maximum fault current that merit temperature limitations should be
can be for copper and obtained from the applicable specification or the
conductors may be using Eqs and manufacturer.High-voltage air switches and
4. In general, the final temperature of the con- bus supports are described in ANSI / IEEE
ductor is limited to the maximum temperature
c37.30-1971 [71.
considered for thermal expansion (see Section
14). 6.3. Ampacity Tables. The ampacities for most
For aluminum conductors (40% to 65% Inter- aluminum-alloy and copper bus-conductor
national AnneaIed Copper Standard (IACS)con- shapes are included in Appendix B. These am-
ductivity), pacities were calculated using the methods out-
I = 0.144 * lo6 A lined in Appendix C, which neglect conductive
heat loss.
1 Tf - 20 + (15150/G) f
[t loglo T, - 20 + (15150/G) 1
(Eq 3) 7. Corona and Radio Influence
where
Corona develops when the voltage gradient at
I = the maximum allowable root-mean- the surface of a conductor exceeds the dielectric
square (rms) value of fault current, A strength of the air surrounding the conductor
A = conductor cross-sectional area, in2 and ionizes the air molecules. Radio influence
G = conductivity in percent International (RI) is caused by corona. In practice, corona has
Annealed Copper Standard (IACS) not been a factor in rigid-bus design a t 115 kV
t = duration of fault, s and below. However, the rigid-bus designer
Tf = allowable final conductor temperature, should be aware that radio influence (RI) can be
"C produced at any voltage by arcing due to poor
Ti = conductor temperature at fault initia- bonding between busconductors and associated
tion, "C hardware.
The proximity and largeness of the equipment
And for copper conductors (95% to 100% Inter-
within a substation create multiple low-imped-
national Annealed Copper Standard (IACS) con-
ance paths to ground for radio-frequency cur-
ductivity),
rent. The Radio Noise Subcommittee of the IEEE
I = 0.22 - lo6 A Transmission and Distribution Committee
states that actual radio influence (RI) will be
1 Tf- 20+ (25400/G) f
[T logloT, - 20 + (25400/G) 1 less than that calculated because of this ef-
fect [16].
The designer's problem is to select a bus-con-
(Eq 4) ductor and specify bus hardware that is corona
where free during fair-weather conditions at the op-
erating voltage, altitude, and temperature. It
I = the maximum allowable root-mean- should be noted that corona may exist under
square (rms) value of fault current, A wet or contaminated conditions.
11
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ANSI / IEEE
Std 605-1987 IEEE GUIDE FOR DESIGN OF
7.1 Conductor Selection. For corona-free op- 7.2.1.2 Radio-Influence Voltage (RIV)
eration, the maximum surface voltage gradient Level. The radio-influence voltage (RIV) level
of the bus-conductor E, should be less than the should be tested according to NEMA 107-1964
allowable surface voltage gradient Eo. (R1981)[13].
Four basic factors determine the maximum 7.2.2 Acceptance Criteria. The following
surface voltage gradient of a smooth bus-con- performance should be specified for fittings and
ductor E, hardware under fair-weather conditions.
(1)Conductor diameter or shape 7.2.2.1 Visual Corona. The extinction volt-
(2) Distance from ground age for visual corona should be at least 110% of
(3) Phase spacing nominal operating voltage or at least 110% of
(4) Applied voltage the testing voltage adjusted to compensate for
Circular bus shapes will generally give the best pressure and temperature.
performance. A smooth surface condition is im- 7.2.2.2 Radio-Influence Voltage (RIV).
portant if operating near the allowable surface The specified radio-influence voltage (RIV) lim-
voltage gradient. its for various bus system components should be
Formulae are provided in Appendix D for cal- those given by the following standards:
culating the maximum surface voltage gradient (1)For fittings and connectors see NEMA CC1-
for smooth, circular bus-conductors E,. The cal- 1984 [12].
culations should be 110% of the nominal line- (2) For insulators and hardware assemblies
to-ground voltage to provide for an operating see ANSI C29.9-1984 [ti].
margin.
The allowable surface voltage gradient for
equal radio-influence (RI) generation E, for
smooth, circular busconductors is a function of 8. Conductor Vibration
bus diameter, barometric pressure, and operat-
ing temperature. Appendix D gives a method for A span of rigid conductor has its own natural
determining the allowable surface voltage gra- frequency of vibration. If the conductor is dis-
dient. placed from its equilibrium position and re-
leased, it will begin to vibrate at this natural
7.2 Hardware Specifications. Bus fittings and frequency. The magnitude of the oscillations will
hardware for use in rigid-bus structures should decay due to damping. If, however, the conductor
be specified as being free of corona under fair- is subjected to a periodic force whose frequency
weather conditions at the intended operating is near the natural frequency of the span, the
voltage, altitude, and temperature. bus may continue to vibrate and the amplitude
It should be noted that the testing methods increases.
referred to in 7.2.1 do not require the control of This vibration may cause damage to the bus-
air temperature and air pressure during testing. conductor by fatigue or by excessive fiber stress.
The specifier should refer to Appendix D to de-
termine the difference between the allowable 8.1 Natural Frequency. The natural fre-
voltage gradients under expected operating con- quency of a conductor span is dependent upon
ditions and possible laboratory conditions. If the the manner in which the ends are supported and
difference is significant, the designer may spec- upon the conductor’s length, mass, and stiffness.
ify that the testing voltage be increased accord- The natural frequency of a conductor span can
ing to the methods of Appendix D to compensate be calculated using Eq 5.
for the test pressure and temperature.
7.2.1 Testing Methods. Bus fittings and
hardware should be tested by the manufacturer
in a laboratory under simulated field configu-
ration. All bus fittings and hardware should be
tested while attached to a section of the bus- f b = natural frequency of conductor span, Hz
conductor for which they are to be used. L = span length, ft
7.2.1.1 Visual Corona. The visual corona E = modulus of elasticity, lbf/in2
extinction voltage should be tested according to J = moment of inertia of cross-sectional
NEMA CC1-1984 [12]. area, in4
12
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ANSI / IEEE
SUBSTATION RIGID-BUS STRUCTURES SM 605-1987
m = massper unit length (pound-mass per Formulae for calculating aeolian force fre-
1 quency for bus cross-sectional shapes other than
linear foot = - weight), lbf / ft circular are not available.
32.2
K = 1.00 for two pinned ends (dimensionless) If the calculated natural frequency of the bus
= 1.22 for one pinned end and one fixed span is less than twice the maximum aeolian
end (dimensionless) force frequency, then the bus span length should
= 1.51 for two fixed ends (dimensionless) be changed or the bus should be damped.
End conditions can range between fixed and 8.3 Damping. Bus spans may be damped to re-
pinned. A fixed end is not free to rotate (moment duce aeolian vibration. For tubular bus-conduc-
resisting) whereas a pinned end is free to rotate tor, damping may be accomplished by installing
(not moment resisting). Because of structure stranded bare cable inside the bus-conductor to
flexibility and connection friction, the end con- dissipate vibrational energy. The cable should
ditions are not truly fixed or pinned. However, be of the same material as the busconductor to
the end conditions are generally closer to fixed prevent corrosion, and the weight of the cable
than to pinned. should be from 10% to 33% of the bus-conductor
weight, although some designers have found
8.2 Driving Functions. Either alternating cur- that from 3% to 5% of the busconductor weight
rent or wind may induce vibrations in a bus- is adequate. In some locations, the audible noise
conductor with frequencies near the natural fre- generated by stranded cable dampers may be
quency of the bus-conductor. unacceptable. Commercially available vibration
8.2.1 Current Induced Vibrations. Current dampers may be used for both tubular and non-
flowing through parallel conductors create mag- tubular conductors. commercial vibration dam-
netic fields that interact and exert forces on the pers should be sized and placed according to the
parallel conductors. This driving force oscillates manufacturer’s recommendations.
at twice the power frequency.
If the calculated natural frequency of a bus
span is found to be greater than half the current-
force frequency (that is, greater than the power
frequency), the bus spans’ calculated natural fre- 9. Conductor Gravitational Forces
quency should be changed or a dynamic analysis
should be made to determine stresses involved. Gravitational forces determine the vertical de-
8.2.2 Wind Induced Vibration. When a lam- flection of bus-conductors and are a component
inar (constant, nonturbulent) wind flows across of the total force, which the conductor must
a conductor, aeolian vibration may occur. This withstand. Gravitational forces consist of the
vibration may cause busconductor fatigue. Lam- weights of the conductor, damping material, ice,
inar flow does not usually occur at high-wind and concentrated masses.
speeds because of the ground effects created by
terrain, trees, buildings, local thermal condi- 9.1 Conductor, Conductor weight should be ob-
tions, etc. Experience has shown that wind with tained from applicable specifications or from the
speeds up to 15 m i / h can have laminar flow. manufacturer.
The maximum frequency of the aeolian force
for circular conductors may be calculated using 9.2 Damping Material. The weight of the ma-
the Von Karmen formula. terial used to damp vibration should be included
in computing gravitational forces. If commercial
dampers are used, these should be considered as
concentrated masses.
3.26V
fa =-
d 9.3 Ice. The minimum radial ice thickness used
where for design should be determined from ANSI C2-
1987 [3](see Fig 2), or [17].
fa =maximum aeolian force frequency, Hz Consideration should be given to special local
V = maximum wind speed for laminar flow, conditions where greater ice thicknesses may
mi/h occur, such as near a cooling tower installation.
d = conductor diameter, in The ice weight on circular conductor is given as
13
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ANSI / IEEE
SM 605-1987 IEEE GUIDE FOR DESIGN OF
Radial Ice
Thickness
Loading (in)
Heavy 0.50
Medium 0.25
Light 0.00
Fig 2
General Loading Map Showing Territorial
Division of the United States With Respect to
Loading of Overhead Lines
14
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ANSI / IEEE
SUBSTATION RIGIDBUS STRUCTURES Std 605-1987
15
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ANSI / IEEE
Std 6051987 IEEE GUIDE FOR DESIGN OF
Table 1
Drag Coefficients for Structural Shapes
(A + CO)*
- I 2.03
I .oo
2.00
-1 2.04
*h
-aLoRnI
=
I .99
be determined from the ice / wind history at the This variation is reflected in the drag coeffi-
substation site. In general, the wind speed that cient C, . The drag coefficient for smooth tubular
occurs after icing conditions is lower than the conductors is 1.0. Coefficients for other shapes
annual extreme fastest-mile wind speed. are given in Table 1.
Factors that will affect wind forces are the
speed and gust of the wind, radial ice thickness,
and the shape, diameter, height, and exposure 10.2 Height and Exposure Factor, K,. In the
of the conductors. height zone from 0 ft to 30 ft, the height and
The unit wind force for bus is given as exposure factor K , = 1.0, and the wind speed
F, = 2.132 - lop4CDKZGF VZ (d + 2r1) at 30 ft should be used. If the height of the bus
structure exceeds 30 ft or the terrain surround-
where ing the substation is such that ground resistance
F, = wind unit force on bus, lbf/ft effects to the wind are diminished, the height
d = outside conductor diameter, in and exposure factor Kz should be increased ac-
r I = radial ice thickness, in cording to ANSI A58.1-1982 [2].
CD= drag coefficient, (see 10.1)
Kz = height and exposure factor, (see 10.2)
G, = gust factor, (see 10.3) 10.3 Gust Factors, GF.A gust factor G F of 1.3
V = wind speed at 30 ft above ground, for small structures and 1.1 for structures hav-
mi/h ing a horizontal dimension, transverse to the
wind, of at least 125 ft, is recommended by [14].
10.1 Drag Coefficient, C,. The wind force ex- Depending on the span length of the bus con-
erted on a conductor varies with the shape of ductor under consideration, a gust factor GF of
the conductor. 1.1 to 1.3 should be applied to the wind force.
16
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ANSI / IEEE
SUBSTATION RIGID-BUS STRUCTURES Std 605-1987
11. Conductor Short-Circuit-Current to each other and will depend on the electrical
Forces system parameters.
Unless data on the present and future avail-
able Short-circuit current are known, it is sug-
The magnetic fields produced by short-circuit gested that the interrupting capability of the
current cause forces on the bus-conductors. The substation interrupting equipment (circuit
bus-conductors and bus supports must be strong breakers, circuit switchers, etc) be considered as
enough to withstand these forces. the maximum I,.
The force imparted to the bus structure by
short-circuit current is dependent on conductor 11.2 Decrement Factor. Due to the presence
spacing, magnitude of short-circuit current, type of system impedance, there is a decrement of the
of short circuit, and degree of short-circuit asym- asymmetrical wave in the first quarter-cycle of
metry. Other factors to be considered are sup- the fault. Therefore, it is practical to assume a
port flexibility, and corner and end effects. lower value of peak fault current. Using a value
of 1.6 as the assumed current offset, Eq 9 be-
11.1 Classical Equation. The classical equa-
comes
tion for the force between parallel, infinitely
long conductors in a flat configuration due to an
asymmetrical short-circuit current is
where
F, = short-circuit-current unit force, lbf / ft
where I, = symmetrical short-circuit current, A,
rms
F, = short-circuit current unit force, lbf/ft D = conductor spacing center-to-center, in
I, = symmetrical rms short-circuit current,
A
r = constant based on type of short circuit
and conductor location (see Table 2)
D = conductor spacing center-to-center, in
r = constant based on type of short circuit If a system’s maximum current offset is less
and conductor location (see Table 2) than the assumed value of 1.6, the force will be
further reduced.
Equation 9 assumes that the fault is initiated
Equation 10 gives the maximum force in the
when the voltage is zero and consequently the first quartercycle of the fault. The actual force
current offset is maximum. The magnitudes of
present when maximum conductor span deflec-
the short-circuit current I, for each type of fault
tion occurs is usually less because:
(three phase, phase-to-phase, etc) are not equal
(1)Most conductor spans will not reach max-
imum deflection until after the first quarter-
Table 2 cycle
Constant r for Calculating Short-Circuit- (2) Additional current decrement occurs as
Current Forces the fault continues
Type of Force on The combination of these two factors results
Short circuit Configuration Conductor r in lower maximum deflection than the deflec-
Phase-tephase A B tion caused by a steady-state force equal to the
A or B 1.000 maximum force in the first quarter-cycle.
Tests have shown that conductor spans with
natural frequencies of +, of the power frequency
or less, and in a system with an X/R ratio of
Three phase
+iD1<
A B C
B 0.866
13 or less, will have short-circuit-current forces
of less than one half the calculated first quarter-
cycle force when the conductor span reaches full
deflection.
Three phase A B C In practice, a static force equal to the first
0 0 A or C 0.808 quarter-cycle force is generally used to calculate
rigid-bus structure deflections and stresses. This
practice has given a margin of safety to the rigid-
17
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ANSI / IEEE
Std 605-1987 IEEE GUIDE FOR DESIGN OF
bus structure design for short-circuit-current expected to produce methods for determining
forces. values of Kf for specific mounting structures.
11.3 Mounting Structure Flexibility.Because 11.4 Corner and End Effects. The values for
of their flexibility, the bus structure and mount- the short-circuit-current force calculated by Eqs
ing structures are capable of absorbing energy 9,10,and 11 are for parallel and infinitely long
during a fault. Thus, depending on the type of conductors. The results for short bus lengths will
mounting structures and their heights, the ef- be conservative because of end effects. The equa-
fective short-circuit-current forces can be fur- tions cannot be used for special cases, such as
ther reduced by using Eq 11. corners and nonparallel conductors. Appendix
E provides methods for determining the forces
(Eq 11) for special bus configurations.
where
F, = short-circuit-current unit force in the
first quarter-cycle recognizing decre- 12. Conductor Strength Considerations
ment and support flexibility factors,
lbf I ft Any span of bus-conductor must have enough
Isc= symmetrical short-circuit current, A, stiffness and strength to withstand the expected
rms forces of gravity, wind, and short circuits, and
D = conductor spacing center-to-center, in maintain its mechanical and electric integrity.
l? = constant based on type of short circuit The span should also not sag excessively under
and conductor location (see Table 2) normal conditions.
Kf = mounting structure flexibility factor Although this section includes only bus-con-
Values of Kf, as suggested by Working Group ductors supported at both ends without concen-
69.1 for single-phase mounting structures, are trated loads, equations for other configurations
given in Fig 4. Kf is usually assumed to be unity and for analyzing concentrated loads may be
for three-phase mounting structures. obtained from structural design handbooks.
There have been short-circuit tests conducted
on specific combinations of rigid-bus structures 12.1 Vertical Deflection
with mounting structures that indicate lower 12.1.1 Vertical Deflection Limits. The al-
values of Kf than those shown on Fig 4. Where lowable vertical deflection of a bus-conductor is
the structures are similar to those tested, the usually limited by appearance. Commonly used
lower values of Kf may apply. Future work is limits are based either on the ratio of conductor
deflection to span length (1: 300 to 1 : 1501,or
Fig 4 the vertical dimension of the conductor (.5 to 1
K f For Various Types of times the vertical dimension). Vertical deflec-
tion depends upon the total gravitational force.
Single-phaseMounting Structures
In practice, since appearance is usually not con-
A Lattice and tubular aluminum sidered during icing conditions, the ice weight
B Tubular and wide flange steel, and wood pole is usually not considered for vertical deflection.
C Lattice steel
D Solid concrete However, if the vertical deflection during icing
conditions is important, then ice weight should
be considered.
10
12.1.2 Total Gravitational Force. The total
09
gravitational force on a conductor is the sum of
K'
the weights of the conductor, ice, damping ma-
08 terial, and any concentrated loads. Without con-
centrated loads,
07
FG = F, + FI + FD (Eq 12)
where
18
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ANSI / IEEE
SUBSTATION RIGID-BUS STRUCTURES Std 605-1987
where
L, = allowable span length, in
Y A = allowable deflection, in
E = modulus of elasticity, lbf / in2
(see Table 3)
J = cross-sectional moment of inertia, in4
(see [15],ch 13)
F, = total bus unit weight, lbf / ft
19
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ANSI / IEEE
Std 605-1987 IEEE GUIDE FOR DESIGN OF
stress is commonly used as the maximum allow- FT = total unit force, lbf/ft
able stress, since Fsc is conservative. Fw = wind unit force, lbf/ft
12.2.1 Effects of Welding. Where welded fit- Fsc = short-circuit unit force, lbf/ft
tings are used for bus, the allowable stress for FG = total bus unit weight, lbf/ft
the bus should be reduced to allow for annealing
due to welding. Tests have shown that the re- The angle of the force below horizontal is
duction in allowable stress is approximately 1
20
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ANSI / IEEE
SUBSTATION RIGID-BUS STRUCTURES SM 605-1987
maximum allowable span length LA is equal to Fsc = short-circuitcurrent unit force as cal-
L, or LD,whichever is shorter. culated in Section 11, lbf/ft
The effective bus span length L E is determined
from the length of bus on each side of the bus
support fitting and the end conditions (see
Table 5).
13. Insulator Strength Considerations If the end conditions are unknown, then fixed
end condition at the bus support fitting in ques-
Since the forces on the bus-conductors are tion and pinned end conditions at the opposite
transmitted to the insulators, the strength of the ends of the adjacent spans will yield the maxi-
insulators must be considered. With various bus mum effective bus span length. The adjacent bus
configurations, insulators may be required to
span lengths L, and L, should be equal to or less
withstand cantilever, compressive, tensile, and than the maximum allowable span length LA
torsional forces. Only cantilever forces have calculated in Section 12.
been considered in this guide. However, other
13.1.2 Bus Wind Force. The unit wind force
forces (tension, torsion, and compression) may
associated with the bus span is the same as that
be critical, requiring consideration in the design.
described in Section 10. The wind force trans-
mitted to the bus support fitting can be calcu-
13.1 Insulator Cantilever Forces. The insu-
lated using Eq 27.
lator cantilever force is a function of the effec-
tive conductor span length supported by the FWB = LE FW (Eq 27)
insulator, and is caused by
(1) The short-circuit-current force on the bus where
21
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ANSI /,IEEE
Std 605-1987 IEEE GUIDE FOR DESIGN OF
FwB= bus wind force transmitted to bus sup- bus structure configurations, the insulator may
port fitting, lbf be subjected to cantilever gravitational forces.
LE= effective bus span length, ft (see These forces should be added vectorially to the
Table 5 ) short-circuit current and wind forces. These
Fw = wind unit force on the bus, lbf/ft gravitational forces will be due to the mass of
the supported rigid bus, the mass of the insulator
13.1.3 Insulator Wind Force. The wind force itself, or other concentrated masses, or both.
on the bus support insulator is a function of The effective weight of the bus mass trans-
(1) The insulator dimensions mitted to the bus support fitting can be deter-
(2) The wind speed mined using Eq 30.
(3) The gust factor
(4) The radial ice thickness
(5) The mounting height
where
(6) Exposure to wind
The wind force acting on the center of a n in- FGB = effective weight of bus transmitted to
sulator can be calculated using Eq 28. bus support fitting, lbf
LE= effective bus span length, ft (see
Fw = 1.776*10-' C D Kz GF V 2(Dj + 2rI) Hi Table 5 )
(Eq 28) FG = total bus unit weight, lbf/ft
where If the bus span is subjected to concentrated
Fw = wind force on insulator, lbf loads, the force transmitted to the bus support
Hi= insulator height, in (see Fig 5) fitting should be analyzed more thoroughly.
Di= effective insulator diameter, in The weight of the insulator FGIshould be in-
rI = radial ice thickness, in cluded in the total cantilever force if the insu-
C, = drag coefficient lator is not mounted vertically.
K , = height and exposure factor
13.1.5 Total Insulator Cantilever Load.
GF= gust factor
The total cantilever load on an insulator is the
V = wind speed at 30 ft above ground,
summation of the cantilever forces acting on the
mi/h
insulator multiplied by their overload factors.
rI,K z , GFand V are the same factors used for The total cantilever load on a vertically
the wind force on the bus-conductor (see Section mounted insulator supporting a horizontal bus
10). C, is usually considered as unity. (see Fig 5 ) can be calculated using Eq 31.
The effective insulator diameter Diis usually
considered as the insulator diameter over the
skirts. For tapered insulators the effective di-
ameter is the average diameter and can be cal-
culated using Eq 29.
where
PI, = total cantilever load acting at end of
where insulator, lbf
Fw = wind force on the insulator, lbf
D1,
D,and D, = outside diameters of each FsB= short-circuitcurrent force transmitted
subassembly for the lst,2nd, to bus support fitting, lbf
and nthsections of the insu- FWB= bus wind force transmitted to the bus
lator (see Fig 5). support fitting, lbf
The total wind force Fw on a uniform diam- Hi= insulator height, in
eter insulator acts at the center of the insulator Hf= bus centerline height above the insu-
(see Fig 5). For a tapered insulator the total wind lator, in
force is usually considered acting at the center Kl= overload factor applied to wind forces
Hi/2 since the resulting error is of small mag- Kz = overload factor applied to short-circuit-
nitude, and is conservative. current forces
13.1.4 Gravitational Forces. In some rigid- The total cantilever load on a horizontally
22
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ANSI / IEEE
SUBSTATION RIGID-BUS STRUCTURES SM 605-1987
BUS CENTERLINE
INSULATOR 1- 0 P
INSULATOR
INSULATOR BOT T O M
SUPPORT S T A N D
Fig 5
Vertically Mounted Insulator Cantilever Forces
23
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ANSI / IEEE
Std 605-1987 IEEE GUIDE FOR DESIGN OF
BUS SUPPORT
A I t
Fig 6
Horizontally Mounted Insulator Cantilever Forces
mounted insulator with a horizontal bus (see Fig and tensile strengths of porcelain have identical
6) can be calculated using Eq 32. values. Because porcelain cannot yield without
24
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SUBSTATION RIGIDBUS STRUCTURES Std 605-1987
where
f s l = first natural frequency of insulator!
and mounting structure combination, Hz
fs2 = second natural frequency of insulator/
f
SI
=-[ 1 Ki K,
~ I T2m,
+ + -Ki
2m2
13.3 Minimum Insulator Cantilever
Strength. The minimum published insulator
cantilever strength required is
s*2 PIS (Eq 38)
where
f.2 = [
1 Ki K ,
2m1
+
+= Ki S , = minimum published insulator canti-
lever strength, lbf
FIs = total cantilever load acting at end of
insulator, lbf
25
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Std 605-1987 IEEE GUIDE FOR DESIGN OF
26
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SUBSTATION RIGIDBUS STRUCTURES SM 605-1987
Appendixes
(These Appendixes are not a part of ANSI/IEEE 6051987, IEEE Guide for Design of Substation Rigid-Bus Structures, but are
included for information only.)
Appendix A
Symbol Meaning
cross-sectional area, in
temperature, "C
drag coefficient
conductor spacing, center-to-center, in or cm
effective insulator diameter, in
conductor outside diameter, in or cm
modulus of elasticity lbf / in2
temperature, "F
skin-effect coefficient
maximum allowable stress, lbf / in2
conductor unit weight, lbf I f t
damping material unit weight, lbf / f t
total bus unit weight, lbf / f t
ice unit weight, lbf / f t
short-circuit-current force transmitted to bus support fitting, lbf
total unit force on the bus, lbf / f t
thermal force, lbf
wind unit force on the bus, lbf / f t
short-circuit-current unit force, lbf / f t
total cantilever load acting a t end of insulator, lbf
weight of insulator, lbf
weight of mounting structure, lbf
wind force on insulator, lbf
bus wind force transmitted to bus support fitting, lbf
effective weight of bus transmitted to bus support fitting, lbf
maximum aeolian vibration frequency, Hz
natural frequency of bus span, Hz
natural frequency of insulator together with effective weight of bus span, Hz
natural frequencies of insulator together with mounting structure, Hz
conductivity, % IACS
gravitational constant
gust factor
bus centerline distance above top of insulator, in
insulator height, in
mounting structure height, in
current, A, rms
symmetrical short-circuit current, A, rms
moment of inertia of cross-sectional area, in4
constant used in span natural frequency calculation and dependent upon end conditions
insulator cantilever spring constant, lbf / in
27
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Std 605-1987 IEEE GUIDE FOR DESIGN OF
Symbol Meaning
mounting structure flexibility factor
mounting structure cantilever spring constant, lbf I in
height and exposure factor
insulator overload factors
span length, f t
maximum allowable bus span length, f t
maximum allowable bus span length based on vertical deflection, in
adjacent bus span lengths, f t
effective bus span length, f t
maximum allowable bus span length based on fiber stress, in
span length a t initial temperature T,, f t
pound force
pound mass
mass per unit length, lbm I f t
convective heat loss, W I f t
conductive heat loss, W / f t
radiation heat loss, W I f t
solar heat gain, W I f t
radial ice thickness, in
conductor direct-current resistance, R I f t
section modulus, in3
minimum published insulator cantilever strength, lbf
final conductor temperature, "C
initial conductor temperature, "C
time, s
wind speed, mil h
ice weight, lbf I in3
maximum allowable deflection, in
maximum allowable deflection as a fraction of span length
coefficient of thermal expansion
change in span length, f t
angle of total force below horizontal, degrees
ratio of span length to vertical dimension of bus-conductor
multiplying factor based on type of short-circuit current
28
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SUBSTATION RIGID-BUS STRUCTURES S M 605-1987
Appendix B
Bus-Conductor Ampacity
The bus ampacity data included in this Appendix have been taken from
Thermal Considerations for Outdoor Bus-Conductor Design Ampacity Tables
BY
Substations Committee of the
IEEE Power Engineering Society
Winter Meeting
New York,NY
Jan 30 - Feb 4, 1977
Paper F 77 200-9
Published by
IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems
Vol PAS-96, NO4
July / Aug 1977
29
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Std 6051987 IEEE GUIDE FOR DESIGN OF
Table B1
Single Aluminum Rectangular Bar AC Ampacity, With Sun I
(55.0% Conductivity)
Emissivity = 0.20 Emissivity = 0.50
Size Temperature Rise Above 40 "C Ambient Temperature Rise Above 40 "C Ambient
(in) 30 40 50 60 70 90 110 30 40 50 60 70 90 110
0.250by 4.000 1130 1298 1441 1566 1678 1872 2039 1200 1394 1560 1707 1839 2073 2278
0.250 by 5.000 1320 1517 1685 1833 1965 2195 2393 1413 1644 1841 2016 2174 2455 2703
0.250by 6.000 1497 1723 1915 2084 2235 2500 2729 1615 1881 2109 2311 2495 2821 3110
0.375 by 4.000 1385 1593 1769 1924 2063 2304 2510 1464 1704 1909 2091 2254 2544 2799
0.375by 5.000 1608 1851 2057 2239 2401 2686 2931 1714 1998 2241 2456 2651 2997 3302
0.375 by 6.000 1815 2091 2326 2533 2718 3044 3326 1950 2275 2554 2801 3026 3426 3782
0.375 by 8.000 2202 2540 2829 3084 3313 3718 4070 2395 2800 3148 3458 3740 4247 4700
0.500by 4.000 1589 1829 2034 2213 2374 2654 2895 1672 1951 2189 2399 2590 2926 3223
0.500 by 5.000 1835 2115 2353 2562 2750 3079 3364 1949 2276 2556 2805 3030 3430 3785
0.500 by 6.000 2071 2388 2659 2897 3111 3487 3814 2216 2590 2912 3197 3456 3918 4330
0.500 by 8.000 2511 2899 3231 3524 3788 4255 4662 2721 3186 3587 3943 4268 4851 5374
0.625 by 4.000 1776 2047 2277 2479 2660 2977 3249 1861 2177 2446 2683 2898 3278 3614
0.625 by 5.000 2034 2347 2613 2847 3058 3427 3747 2152 2519 2833 3111 3363 3812 4210
0.625 by 6.000 2286 2639 2940 3206 3445 3865 4231 2437 2855 3213 3531 3820 4337 4798
0.625by 8.000 2760 3190 3558 3884 4177 4696 5151 2982 3498 3942 4337 4698 5347 5929
0.625 by 10.000 3190 3690 4120 4501 4845 5457 5996 3483 4091 4615 5084 5513 6238 6987
0.625 by 12.000 3560 4123 4608 5039 5430 6126 6744 3924 4615 5212 5748 6240 7131 7941
0.750 by 4.000 1935 2232 2486 2708 2907 3256 3557 2021 2368 2664 2926 3163 3582 3953
0.750 by 5.000 2216 2559 2851 3108 3340 3746 4098 2336 2740 3085 3391 3668 4162 4601
0.750by 6.000 2472 2856 3184 3474 3735 4195 4597 2627 3083 3474 3821 4137 4702 5207
0.750 by 8.000 2984 3452 3852 4207 4527 5094 5592 3214 3776 4260 4691 5085 5793 6430
0.750 by 10.000 3518 4072 4548 4969 5350 6026 6622 3832 4505 5086 5605 6079 6935 7708
0.750 bv 12.000 3875 4491 5021 5492 5919 6682 7359 4260 5015 5669 6255 6793 7768 8655
Table B2
Single Aluminum Rectangular Bar AC Ampacity, Without Sun
(55.0% Conductivity)
Emissivitv = 0.20 Emissivitv = 0.50
Size Temperature Rise Above 40 "C Ambient Temperature Rise Above 40 "C Ambient
(in) 30 40 50
~~
60 ~
70 ~
90 110 ~~
30 40 50 60 70 90 110
0.250 by 4.000 11581322 1462 1585 1695 1887 2052 1265 1449 1608 1749 1877 2105 2306
0.250 by 5.000 1354 1546 1711 1856 1986 2213 2409 1492 1710 1899 2068 2221 2494 2737
0.250 by 6.000 1538 1757 1945 2111 2260 2521 2747 1708 1959 2177 2372 2549 2867 3150
0.375 by 4.000 1423 1625 1798 1950 2086 2324 2528 1553 1780 1975 2149 2308 2589 2838
0.375 by 5.000 1654 1890 2092 2270 2429 2710 2952 1821 2087 2319 2526 2714 3050 3349
0.375 by 6.000 1869 2136 2366 2569 2751 3072 3350 2073 2378 2644 2882 3099 3488 3835
0.375 by 8.000 2271 2598 2880 3130 3355 3753 4102 2552 2931 3262 3560 3833 4324 4767
0.500 by 4.000 1638 1871 2070 2246 2403 2679 2917 1786 2047 2273 2474 2657 2984 3273
0.500by 5.000 1893 2164 2396 2601 2786 3109 3390 2082 2388 2654 2892 3109 3497 3843
0.500 by 6.000 2137 2444 2708 2941 3152 3522 3844 2369 2719 3024 3297 3546 3995 4396
0.500by 8.000 2595 2970 3294 3580 3840 4298 4701 2912 3347 3726 4068 4381 4946 5457
0.625 by 4.000 1836 2098 2322 2520 2697 3008 3277 2002 2295 2549 2775 2981 3349 3675
0.625 by 5.000 2104 2406 2665 2894 3100 3463 3778 2313 2654 2951 3216 3458 3893 4281
0.625 by 6.000 2365 2706 2999 3259 3493 3906 4267 2620 3008 3346 3650 3928 4428 4877
0.625 by 8.000 2859 3274 3632 3949 4237 4747 5196 3206 3686 4106 4484 4831 5459 6027
0.625 by 10.000 3307 3790 4207 4579 4917 5518 6050 3748 4313 4809 5257 5669 6420 7102
0.625 by 12.000 3696 4239 4709 5129 5512 6196 6805 4227 4869 5434 5945 6418 7282 8072
0.750by 4.000 2006 2293 2539 2756 2951 3293 3589 2188 2509 2787 3035 3262 3666 4026
0.750 by 5.000 2298 2628 2912 3163 3389 3788 4135 2526 2899 3224 3515 3780 4257 4684
0.750by 6.000 2564 2934 3253 3535 3791 4243 4639 2838 3260 3628 3959 4262 4808 5299
0.750 by 8.000 3097 3548 3937 4283 4596 5153 5644 3472 3992 4448 4859 5237 5921 6542
0.750 by 10.000 3655 4188 4649 5060 5433 6097 6684 4140 4763 5311 5805 6260 7088 7841
0.750 by 12.000 4030 4622 5136 5595 6013 6762 7429 4605 5305 5921 6480 6996 7940 8804
30
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Std 605-1987
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Std 605-1987 IEEE GUIDE FOR DESIGN OF
.B
m
32
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SUBSTATION RIGIDBUS STRUCTURES Std 605-1987
Table B5
Single Aluminum Angle Bus AC Ampacity
(55.0% Conductivity)
Emissivity = 0.20, With Sun Emissivity = 0.20, Without Sun
Temperature Rise Above 40 "C Ambient Temperature Rise Above 40 'C Ambient
~~
30 40 50 60 70 90 110 30 40 50 60 70 90 110
(in)
3.250 by 3.250 by 0.250 1588 1857 2083 2279 2454 2757 3016 1734 1980 2191 2376 2542 2831 3081
4.000 by 4.000 by 0.250 1835 2153 2420 2652 2859 3217 3525 2022 2311 2557 2775 2970 3312 3608
4.000 by 4.000 by 0.375 2178 2557 2875 3153 3400 3831 4201 2401 2744 3039 3299 3533 3943 4300
4.500 by 4.500 by 0.375 2343 2757 3104 3408 3678 4150 4558 2597 2970 3291 3574 3829 4279 4670
5.000 bv 5.000 bv 0.375 2518 2969 3347 3677 3972 4488 4934 2806 3210 3557 3865 4143 4633 5061
Table B6
Double Aluminum Angle Bus AC Ampacity
(55.0% Conductivity)
Emissivity = 0.20, With Sun Emissivity = 0.20, Without Sun
Temperature Rise Above 40 'C Ambient Temperature Rise Above 40 "C Ambient
Size 30 40 50 60 70 90 110 30 40 50 60 70 90 110
(in)
3.250by3.250by0.250 2875 3370 3794 4166 4501 5086 5590 3045 3513 3917 4276 4600 5170 5663
4.000by4.000byO.250 3361 3949 4451 4892 5289 5984 6583 3579 4131 4608 5032 5415 6090 6675
4.000by4.000by0.375 3952 4646 5240 5764 6236 7065 7784 4208 4860 5426 5929 6385 7191 7893
4.500by4.500by0.375 4340 5109 5766 6346 6868 7786 8581 4636 5356 5980 6536 7040 7930 8707
5.000by5.000by0.375 4739 5585 6307 6945 7519 8528 9403 5077 5866 6552 7162 7715 8693 9546
33
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Std 6051987 IEEE GUIDE FOR DESIGN OF
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SUBSTATION RIGIDBUS STRUCTURES Std 605-1987
Table B8
Single Copper Rectangular Bar AC Ampacity, With Sun
(99.0% Conductivity)
Emissivity = 0.35 Emissivity = 0.85
Temperature Rise Above 40 "C Ambient Temperature Rise Above 40 'C Ambient
30 40 50 60 70 90 110 30 40 50 60 70 90 110
(in)
0.250by 4.000 1516 1751 1951 2127 2286 2564 2806 1661 1948 2194 2412 2611 2965 3281
0.250by 5.000 1764 2040 2276 2484 2671 3002 3291 1955 2296 2589 2850 3088 3515 3898
0.250by 6.000 2010 2327 2599 2838 3054 3437 3773 2250 2646 2987 3290 3568 4067 4517
0.375 by 4.000 1824 2112 2356 2572 2766 3107 3405 1985 2337 2638 2906 3149 3584 3973
0.375 by 5.000 2122 2458 2746 3000 3229 3633 3988 2337 2754 3112 3430 3721 4243 4712
0.375by 6.000 2407 2792 3121 3412 3675 4141 4552 2679 3159 3573 3942 4279 4887 5436
0.375 by 8.000 2934 3409 3816 4178 4505 5089 5608 3319 3922 4442 4908 5335 6109 6813
0.500by 4.000 2083 2415 2699 2948 3173 3569 3915 2253 2662 3011 3321 3603 4108 4560
0.500by 5.000 2404 2790 3120 3412 3675 4141 4551 2633 3113 3524 3890 4224 4826 5367
0.500by 6.000 2717 3156 3532 3865 4166 4701 5174 3007 3558 4031 4453 4839 5536 6167
0.5OOby 8.000 3312 3853 4317 4730 5105 5774 6369 3729 4417 5011 5542 6030 6916 7723
0.625by 4.000 2253 2617 2928 3203 3451 3889 4274 2423 2873 3258 3599 3911 4469 4971
0.625 by 5.000 2619 3045 3409 3731 4023 4540 4996 2854 3384 3840 4245 4615 5282 5885
0.625 by 6.000 2951 3433 3847 4213 4546 5137 5662 3251 3857 4378 4843 5269 6040 6739
0.625 by 8.000 3598 4192 4702 5156 5568 6306 6966 4034 4791 5443 6028 6565 7541 8433
0.625by 10.000 4179 4875 5474 6009 6496 7372 8158 4752 5648 6424 7121 7763 8936 10 012
0.625by 12.000 4758 5555 6244 6860 7422 8435 9348 5474 6511 7411 8222 8970 10 339 11 601
0.750by 4.000 2455 2857 3199 3502 3775 4258 4683 2626 3125 3550 3928 4271 4888 5443
0.750by 5.000 2834 3300 3699 4051 4370 4937 5438 3073 3656 4155 4599 5005 5737 6398
0.750by 6.000 3204 3732 4185 4587 4951 5600 6177 3513 4179 4752 5262 5729 6575 7343
0.750by 8.000 3881 4527 5082 5576 6026 6831 7551 4334 5159 5870 6507 7092 8157 9130
0.750by 10.000 4509 5265 5917 6498 7029 7982 8840 5109 6085 6929 7687 8386 9662 10 835
0.750bv 12.000 5119 5983 6729 7396 8006 9107 10 100 5869 6995 7971 8850 9661 11 147 12 519
Table B9
Single Copper Rectangular Bar AC Ampacity, Without Sun
(99.0% Conductivity)
Emissivity = 0.35 Emissivity = 0.85
Temperature Rise Above 40 "C Ambient Temperature Rise Above 40 "C Ambient
Size 30 40 50 60 70 90 110 30 40 50 60 70 90 110
(in)
0.250by 4.000 1577 1802 1996 2168 2322 2595 2833 1793 2059 2290 2498 2688 3030 3337
0.250by 5.000 1838 2102 2330 2533 2715 3039 3323 2114 2429 2705 2953 3180 3592 3965
0.250by 6.000 2098 2401 2663 2896 3107 3481 3811 2436 2801 3121 3410 3675 4157 4595
0.375by 4.000 1908 2182 2418 2627 2816 3150 3442 2167 2489 2770 3023 3254 3672 4049
0.375by 5.000 2221 2542 2819 3065 3288 3683 4032 2550 2932 3266 3568 3844 4347 4802
0.375by 6.000 2522 2889 3206 3488 3744 4199 4603 2924 3364 3751 4099 4421 5006 5539
0.375 by 8.000 3081 3532 3924 4274 4593 5164 5673 3628 4179 4665 5105 5513 6258 6941
0.500 by 4.000 2189 2505 2777 3018 3236 3623 3962 2485 2855 3179 3470 3737 4221 4658
0.500by 5.000 2527 2894 3211 3493 3749 4204 4606 2900 3335 3717 4062 4379 4956 5480
0.500 by 6.000 2858 3275 3636 3958 4251 4773 5237 3310 3810 4250 4647 5014 5683 6294
0.500by 8.000 3489 4002 4448 4847 5211 5863 6447 4103 4729 5281 5782 6246 7097 7879
0.625by 4.000 2379 2724 3021 3286 3526 3953 4330 2700 3104 3458 3778 4071 4604 5088
0.625by 5.000 2765 3168 3517 3828 4111 4615 5062 3171 3650 4069 4449 4799 5437 6019
0.625by 6.000 3117 3573 3969 4323 4645 5222 5736 3607 4154 4636 5072 5475 6213 6889
0.625 by 8.000 3804 4365 4854 5291 5691 6411 7057 4469 5153 5757 6307 6816 7752 8615
0.625 by 10.000 4423 5081 5654 6169 6642 7496 8266 5262 6073 6792 7448 8057 9182 10 225
0.625by 12.000 5042 5795 6454 7046 7591 8578 9473 6060 7000 7835 8597 9308 10 622 11 845
0.750by 4.000 2605 2983 3310 3601 3865 4335 4750 2956 3400 3789 4139 4462 5049 5582
0.750by 5.000 3006 3445 3825 4164 4473 5024 5515 3446 3967 4425 4839 5221 5918 6555
0.750by 6.000 3397 3895 4328 4715 5067 5699 6263 3929 4526 5052 5529 5970 6778 7518
0.750by 8.000 4117 4726 5256 5732 6167 6951 7655 4834 5575 6231 6827 7381 8399 9340
0.750by 10.000 4787 5499 6122 6681 7195 8123 8963 5690 6569 7348 8059 8721 9944 11 078
0.750by 12.000 5439 6253 6965 7607 8198 9269 10 242 6532 7547 8449 9273 10 043 11 468 12 795
35
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ANSI / IEEE IEEE GUIDE FOR DESIGN OF
Std 605-1987
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Std 605-1987
SUBSTATION RIGID-BUS STRUCTURES
r 1
rl
U
C C
2 Q:
n
E
4
v
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Std 6051987 IEEE GUIDE FOR DESIGN OF
Table B12
Double Copper Channel Bus AC Ampacity
(99.0% Conductivity)
Emissivity = 0.35, With Sun Emissivity = 0.35, Without Sun
Temperature Rise Above 40 "C Ambient Temperature Rise Above 40 'C Ambient
Size 30 40 50 60 70 90 110 30 40 50 60 70 90 110
(in)
3.000by1.313by0.216 2785 3347 3819 4232 4601 5246 5801 3178 3671 4098 4478 4822 5430 5961
4.000by1.750by0.240 3697 4470 5118 5684 6190 7075 7841 4283 4951 5531 6048 6517 7348 8076
4.000by1.750by0.338 4106 4969 5695 6331 6902 7906 8780 4757 5504 6155 6737 7267 8212 9044
5.000 by2.188 by0.338 4967 6040 6942 7731 8440 9686 10772 5827 6746 7548 8266 8920 10087 11 117
6.000bv2.688bv0.384 5932 7235 8332 9293 10159 11686 13025 6995 8107 9079 9953 10751 12182 13453
38
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SUBSTATION RIGIDBUS STRUCTURES Std 605-1987
Appendix C
BY
Substations Committee of the
IEEE Power Engineering Society
Published by
IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems
Vol PAS-95, NO4
July / Aug 1976
39
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APPENDIX C THERMAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR OUTDOOR BUS CONDUCTOR DESIGN
HEAT TRANSFER As a result. only the temperature difference between the conductor and the
surrounding air is important in calculating convective h u t losses For example. the
Usually well over half the h a t genmted by resistance losses in a bus conduc- convection losses calculated for a W C temperature rise apply equally for a 7 o T
tor i s removed from the surface by convection of the surrounding u r The remainder conductor in WC air or an 85% conductor io 45T air.
is given off by radiation from external surfaces Unfortunately. i t i s not at all wnve-
nient to run controlled outdoor tests to determine the appropnate h a t transfer c a f - One might expect that the ampacities in the above instances would be different
ficienis As a result there is very little independent support for the formulas found in because the resistivities at 7 0 T and 8ST are different. However, it will be s e n that
the literature the radiation losvs which i n c r a v with the absolute temperature rather than the
temperature difference tend to offset the rise in resistivities. As a result. ampacities
A vanay of formulas an be found for the r i m of conductors of interest All based on the W C ambient apply quite well to ambients from about 20% to WC.
show that convective h a t transfer out-of-doors exceeds that in the indoors when it ts Thus, for any temperature rise there is a single ampacity. (irrespective of the
rsrumed that the wtnd velarity i s 2 f a t per second (fps) However, the difference ambient) and i t is usually not n-ry to calculate a different ampacity for erch.
berwcen the indoor and outdoor rating is often not very g r a t If a slower n n d ambient temperature and temperature rise.
velocity i s assumed. the outdoor h a t losses may be calculated LC lower than those
i n d o o r s . Thli i s n o t p l a u s i b l e . I t i s t h e r e f o r e , concluded
t h a t assumption o f a 2 f p e v i n d 1 8 @ c o n s e r v a t i v e , y e t Computation Method
r e a l l i t l c a p p o a c h . a n d l t w i l l b e used ln t h e e x a a p l e r g i v e n
herein.
The general approach ruggated for calculating the ampacity of any outdoor
The difference between indoor and outdoor convection losres are found to di-
bus conductor i s rummanred below A detailed explanation of each item follows
minish with increasing conductor size and increasing temperature nse Thls IS k-
cause an increase in the temperature nse l a d s lo natural drafts which can be as
Step by step the p r d u r e IS
efkctive as e slight breeze tn promoting h a t transfer Similarly. with luge conduc-
tors. the assumed 2 fps n n d Speed ISJo low as l o add very little benefit over rutunl
convection (I) Identify all extmor surfaces which should be trated as flat planes subject
to forced convection
For the purpose of calculating ampaaty, conditions which are least ~ ~ V U I U -
geous for convection must be considered Thus, tt is assumed that there IS only a 2
(2) Identify MY extenor surfaca which should be treated LC cylindncal sur-
f a c e subject to forced convecuon
Paper F 76 205-5,recommended and approved by the IEEE (3) Identify M Ysurfaces which may be shielded from the w n d and only Im
Substations Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering So- h a t v u natunl convection (the same LC indoors)
ciety for presentation at the IEEE PES Winter Meeting &
Tesla Symposium, New York, N.Y., January 25-30,1976. (4) Identify surface which wll lore h a t also by radiation
Manuscript submitted October 31,1975;made available for (9 Ascmmn the onentation and loution of the conductors in determining
printing November 24, 1975. the projected arm exposed to solar h a t gun
40
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER APPARATUS AND SYSTEMS JULY / AUG 1976
(6) For each of the appropnate areas (items I. 2 and 3) compute the total it 15 assumed that air circulating around the conductor will be in more turbulent
convective heat lorwr. qc flow and provide on the average greater h a t transfer than wouldbe calculated using
the abow equation
(71 For the appropnate values of emittance and area (item 4) compute the
told h a t lost through radiation, qr The convective loss formula above must be applied to a c h a t surface of the
conductor For example, consider a rectangular conductor 6" x 1/2" operating at
(8) Consider the projected area. latitude. altitude. seasonal facton. absorptin- IWC in a W C ambient For the &inch face,, A = 2x6~12= 144 in'/R Then
ty, etc and compute the solar h a t gun, 9
qc6 = (00120)(I44)(60)
(9) Sum the h a t gain and loss terms and. for the appropnatcly temperature 6'1'
compmsated values of resistance (R)and skin eNcct coellicient (F).compute
ampacity using the general formula or
qc6 = 42 3 watts/R
where Then
1. Forced Convection Over Rat Surfxu From McAdams'text or Perry's Handbook' heat transfer for a cylindrical
r h 8 p at l a s t I-inch in diameter may be estimated as follows when there U a 2 fps
When iur flows parallel to and over a flat planar surface the followin8 q u t i o n wind and I atmosphm Dressure
may be used to calculate the h a t transfer coefficient'
qc = 0.010 &t' A4T
qc = 000367 h A A T
where
qL
= 00085Ew Major
*/A. wattdin'
,Fer"
Dimension Square Tube pipe
= air velocity. feet/sec
(d or ) 1 */A = (0.0120)(60) qc/A = (0.010)(60)
V
in incha R 'h d 0.W
1 = length of surface over which air flows. inches (= 12L) 3 0.415 0.386
6 0.293 0.293
For v = 2 feet per second
It is secn that for the larger bus conducton the heat transfer effictency of the
ppe is about the same as that of the square tube In fact they are identical at about 6
This cimplilied formula applies to iur flow parallel to the surface. Outdoon air inches. Note that the h a t transfer efficiency decreases with incrurin8 size of the
flow i s seldom unidirectional and cannot always be parallel to the surface. However, conductor.
41
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APPENDIX C THERMAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR OUTDOOR BUS CONDUCTOR DESIGN
Some surface on conductors or in arrays of conductors may be shielded from h he b~ S t d a n - b l t m n equation'tor radiation from a surfacx (or narrow I
direct exposure to n n d Assuming that there is nevertheless sufficient space for nat- diu. which are trated as black bodla) 11as follows
unl convection to occur. such surfaces may be trated as though conv%tive lows
outdoor would be the same LI natural convective losses indoon For such shielded qr = 369 x IV" C A(Tc' -Tay
surfaces h u t lonra are calculated using generally accepted equations for natural
convection Whae
Exampla of a r c s requiring such treatment are the spaces between double an- = emissivity corresponding to the tcmperaturu of interest. H e it
gler. double channels, or parallel rectangular conducton. The UK of the natural con- is mumed emissivity at f c equals absorptivity of energy spctrum at fr
vection equations is probably justified when the space between conductors is grater This is usually a good approximation.
than 20% of the m a p dimension of the conductor or I-inch, whichever is smaller.
This estimate of the permissible spacing is bascd on the fact that the boundary layer TC = Temperature of conductor, Xelvin.
for nuss transfer is, very roughly, IO% of the length of the flow path. When the
. ) a c i n i between cooductore l e g r e b t e r r t a n r h o a a j o l e i r e n e l o n O f t h e fa = Temperature of surrounding bodies, Xelvin.
c o n d u c t o r , t h a n t h e forced e o n v 8 c t l o n f o r c u l ~ r p l v e : above abY a p p l y .
qr P Radition lar w a t t d i n a r foot
Because of the restncted flow away from the interior surfaca of integral web
conducton, i t is suggested that the natural convection loss formulas given here for Typical v d u a o f c f o r bur conductors are in the nnge of 0.3 to 0.9.A value of
surfacewfacing down be applied to all interior surfaces. 0.5 would apply to havily wathered aluminum while 0.84.85 is appropriate for
coppr which has achieved a dense green or black-brown patina. High values of
The appropriate natunl convection formulas are as follows: emittance may be achieved also with special paints, coatings or wrappings on the
conductor. While high emittance improves h u t dksipation v u radiation it would
Vertical or upward facing surface and cylinders llLp incrcrre h a t gain Vi. s o h aborption.
qc = 0.0022 AT'" fi A Eumple
Surfaces facing down Consider the conductor of emittancc equal of 0.5 operating at l O O t (373'K)in
M envimmmt of W C (313%) then
qc = 0.0011 aTbnl
-w A
*/A * (~.9Xnr'3(0.5X373'-3133
A T = Diffacncc in rcmpaaturc between amductor surface ud By comparing this figure to the f o r d convective lorsa calculated arlier it
ambient ure temperature in *C can be seen that radiation losses may make up 3 Q 4 % of the total h u t losses.For
large d u c t o n with high emissivity. losses by radiation may ex& t h e due to
1 = Length of conductor surf= (width or t h a n a s )
in i n c h (12L)
convection.
-
3u
E' = coefficientof Iplar absorption. usually m e w h a t higher than em
0.28 watu/in' tmc+ but ~ e n m l l ylaken as equal to that used for radmtion loss
6" +/A = 0.234 wrttdin' 0 L effective M@C of incidence of sun, cor-'[wsHc CO( (Zc - ZI)]
9" +/A = 0.21 watWin' 9 S d . r h a t gain in watts/ linar foot
Whm surfaces face downward the h a t tnnsfer per unit M is only Wf the where
d u e alculated in the above eaunpk.
Hc P Altitude of sun, degrees
Considering m e other temperature differences, we get the following annpri-
am between forced convection and natunl convection. ZC = Azimuth of run. degrus
42
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER APPARATUS AND SYSTEMS JULY / AUG 1976
:. e = 117.5-
TABLE 1 sin 8 = 0.885
DATA FOR CALCULATING SOLAR HEAT GAIN For a cylinder, the projected area is 12d (in*/R). Then for a &inch cylinder
withe= 0.8.
Altitude md Azimuth in -rea of the Sun
at Various Latitudes" Declination 23.0 a = (O.uM95XO.83(72.3M12x6) (0.885Ml.15)
Northern Hemisphere 0 June IO ud July 3
q, = 29.5 watts/R.
Example 2
DW- Compute typical 1000 a.m. summertime solar radiation incident on a 6~1/2-
Nortb
Latitude l o a A.M. 1 2 9 0 N. 2%lO P.M inch rectangular bus conductor running E-W at 45" latitude in a c l a r atmosphere
at 5,oOO f a t .
Hc Zc He Zc Hc ZC
From Table I. Hc = 5 7
m 62 78 87 0 62 282
Projected area equals
25 62 88 88 180 62 272
30 62 98 83 180 62 262
+ I/2 sin 5n
35
40
45
61
60
57
107
I15
122
78
73
a
180
I80
180
61
60
57
253
245
238
A'
A' -
= I2 (6 sin 33'
U.28in1/A
9 = (O.oo695)(0.5M92)(U4.28)(1.1s) (.%)
e a watu/ss R 9 = lS.6 WaITdft.
Solar Altitude
Degrees aar Industrial For compriroa. m i d e r the radiation lau for the m e conductor at BOT
HC Atmosphere Atmosphere with 40' ambient.
-..
5
10
21.7
40.2
12.6
22.3
= (36.9xKr'3(0.5MI2)(IZ + 1x353'-3 129
= 17.0 watt/R.
15 54.2 30.S
20 64.4 39.2 This U a c u e where emissivity (abeorptivity) is of minor importance in the
25 71.5 46.6 ntina of 8 bus conductor. In contrut, at a lower altitude and for a gruter tempera-
ture rise, hi& emissivity would provide for improved ampcity. It should be noted
30 77.0 S3.0 that except during periods of peak solar lo& high emissivity provides the lowat
35 81.5 573 qmating r e m p n t u r a and therefore the * u t power l a u
40 84.8 61.5
45 87.4 64.5
so 90.0 673
6 . Summation of Convective
60 92.9 71.6
70 95.0 75.2 For each of the conventional t y p a of bur conductor, the convective loss arms
80 95.8 77.4 for which the formula given in itmu I. 2. and 3 apply arc U follows.
90 96.4 78.9
Area for A r a for
Forced Natural Summation of
Solar Heat Multiplying Factors (K) Sh.P Convection Convection Convection Loavr
for High Altitudes'
Single Rectangle 24( &+t) 0 0.288 A T(f '/I+
t'/?
Ekvation above Multiplier for 0.
sa Level. fca Multiple (N) 24(k+Nt) 24)W-1) 0.288 4 TU 'fa+
Recungla NtJ? +0.0528.
0 1.lo A T'? C(N-1)
5.000 1.15
10,000 1.25 Round Tube or Bar lmd 0 0.377 A T db'
15.000 1.30
Square Tube 481 0 0.576 A TJ'P
43
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APPENDIX C THERMAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR OUTDOOR BUS CONDUCTOR DESIGN
c 3 4
Double b g k 24s
Vwo Angles)
(Spacing = S)
Channel 0
Example
Double Channel 24(1+2W) 24s
(Two Channels) Compute the 60 cycle outdooj ampacity of a 12" by 1/4" copper cnnductor
(Spacing = S) oprating with a temperature n x of 65'C above a W C ambient Assumec=O 5 . no
solar heating. c ' = 9 8 % IACS,and F= I 28
qc = (0288M65)[12'(*+(1/4)'II
qc = 14 watts/ft
44
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER APPARATUS AND SYSTEMS JULY / AUG 1976
Matmal
~
cn/in-T idin'C
(68-2 1 2T) (20-lOcrC)
Aluminum and Alloys 13 0x10' 23 4x10'
Copper and Alloys 9 22x10' 16 6x10'
Concrete 3 5 to 8X10* 6 3 to 14 4 ~ 1 0 ~
Example
What is the total thermal expansion of a 15-foot run of copper bu5 conductor
installed on a concrete pad at 2oT and operating at W C over a W C ambient (I e at
WC)
For the bus conductor
= =PA2
ZM:
- m
- IOOT
- Thc temperature coefficient of resistance for capper of conductivity qd to
lOO9b of the International Annalcd Copper Standard (IACS) is 0.003931T 8nd for
Aluminum IO IO 10 duminum of conductivity qual to 61% IACS it is 0.00403K. For copper and d u -
Copper 17 16.5 16 minum conductors of other conductivities the following relations may k written for
Stal M 3
4 30
Concrete 310s 3tos It05 C = % conductivity (U % IACS)
-__
Examfie 4 cu. * 0.00393C
-mi---
For the example a b o v e
S = 17a1bx10~= 17.000 p i
&d.? - 0.00403C
61
45
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APPENDIX C THERMAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR OUTDOOR BUS CONDUCTOR DESIGN
R n = 8.145~lW[l + 0.00393C fl2-20)l The procedures described herein have brcn used to d c u l a t e ampcity tables
CA2 61 which are a separate document.
REFERENCES
Aluminum
’Chemical Engineer’s Handbook. 1. H. Perry, ed. McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Rn = 8 . 1 4 5 ~ 1 6[I + 0.00403C fll-ZOll 1950 Chapter 6 by McAdams. W. H.
CAI 100
UcAdams. W. H.. H u t Transmission. McGraw-Hill Book Co., N.Y.. 1954.
5 . Emissivity and Absorptiviq %e American Nautical Almanac. U.S. Naval obrervatory. Washington. D.C..
1957.
For ordinary ulculationr the emissivity and absorptivity of a bus conductor
uc taken as equal. Strictly speaking. since they apply to different energy spectra they ’sight Reduction Tables for Air Navigation, U.S. Navy Hydrographic ~ i c c H.
. 0.
uc not equal. but for practical purposes the error is small. Publication No. 249, Vols. II and 111.
For conditions of interest. ’Hating. Ventilating and Air-conditioning Guide 1956. American Society of H u t -
ing and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
Table r; E = Emissivity. absorptivity
‘J. 1. Yellot. “Power from Solar Energy.” ASME Trans.ctions Vol. 79. NO. 6. AU-
GCo ‘ Aluminum ’ gust. 1957. pp. 1349-1357.
After Extended Outdoor Exposure 0.7-0.85 0.34.5 This paper is part of the work of a task force of the IEEE Sub-
stations Committee’s Working Group 69.1 “Rigid Bus Design Criteria
Painted Black 0.9-0.95 0.9-0.95 for Outdoor Substations”. Messrs. Bleshman, Pemberton, Craig and
Prager are members of that task force.
Discussion
6. Skin E r r e c t
W. H. Dainwood. 1. E. Holladay, and S. W. K e d (Tennessee Valley
Authority, Knoxville, TN: The authors should be commended on this
For common conductor shapes plots are available which provide skin effect paper in which they have presented a very sophisticated method of cal-
cocfficimts as a function of current frequency and resistivity When such plots are culating the temperature rise for a certain value of current. It should be-
avulabk the vanation in skin effect with temperature may be determined by com- come an important reference for design of rigid bus systems.
puting the resistivity of the shape at vanous temperatures and determining the asso. We are utilizing a procedure for calculating temperature rise that is
ciated skin effect coefficients When only a single value of the skin effect coefficient similar to the authors’ approach. However, at the present our computer-
is available or when a convmimt equation is needed for computer calculations. the ized procedure is limited to tubular and solid round conductors. We use
following procedure may be used to obtain a conservative (slightly) high estimate of the equations for heat loss which are in the Westinghouse Electrical
the skin &ect coefficient at a higher temperature
Transmission and Distribution Reference Book, copyright 1964, Fourth
Edition, Fifth Printing. Also used as a reference is the book Elements of
For
Power System Anulysis, second edition, by William D.Stevenson, Jr. As
with the equations in this paper, the ones we use express current as a
FI = skin effect coefficient at fmperature Ti function of temperature rise. Primarily, we are interested inspecifying a
value of current and determining the temperature rise. To do this, we
Fa = skin effect coefficient at temperature TZ use the Newton-Raphson technique to solve the equation which ex-
presses the current as a function of temperature rise. Have the authors
then FZ = FI +A F (TI-TI) considered this approach?
A T We would suggest that the authors include, under “PROPERTIES
OF MATERIALS” No. 6 , Skin Effect. the method for calculating the
skin effect ratio defined as resistance. It appears the authors have
Normally the &in effect d i c i e n f is liven as a function of DC resistance.
@rcqumcy/Resistivity x Id which we will ddine as X for convenience here. Then given a conservative method for estimating the skin effect ratio. This
d F = d F dX dR estimate approach seems to be somewhaf in disagreement with the
E d r d r d r statement in the ABSTRACT which says, ‘This paper will allow the en-
gineer to reexamine the factors involved in increased current loadings of
rigid bus and possibly determine new thermal limits.” If the object of
the paper is to move away from conservative estimates and look at what
is actually happening, then it appears that more explicit equations for
skin effect could also be presented. We feel that this would further en-
hance a very significant paper.
46
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER APPARATUS AND SYSTEMS JULY / AUG 1976
m = j y &ere a =2n4
P = I)(: resistivity i n s o b - m ker ax = - (In y + C) ber ax
Stevenson demonstrates (PowerSystem Analysis. pages 8 1-82):
+ Tf b e l ax
't
where F = 60 Hz
RO = ohm/tdl ( E ) - + A 4 - ...
A2
or k e i ax = - ( I n 2+ C) b e l ax
- rI T ber ax
+ a i - ~ 3 ...+
For a solid round conductor of radius r
Now it follows from t h i s that:
AK =
ker' ax =
(w)
WhereC=.57721 566490 153286061
- 5
$ ...
( In
(1 + $+
+ C) ber' ax
+ 1
f)
47
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APPENDIX D CALCULATION OF SURFACE VOLTAGE GRADIENT
Appendix D
+
where where
Fig D1
Allowable Surface Voltage Gradient for
Equal RI Generation Under Standard Conditions
Versus Bus Diameter
30
I
I
20 t
.
6
v)
zi I
I
15 I +
a I
-3 I
I
cn0
I
I- 10 t t t t t -
z
w0 - 4 t tI '
+ -t- f t..-
8 t 4 1
i-1
a I 1
U I l l I
w
U
a
3
0
> 4
6
5 +-- - A
I- +---t
t
!
4--
+
-+-
-
-
t-
i-
w
0 I- -- ---
a
U
a 3
3
v)
w
-1
m
$ 2
s
-I
a
1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 15 20
48
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CALCULATION OF SURFACE VOLTAGE GRADIENT APPENDIX D
Table D1
Standard Barometric Pressure V
(for Various Altitudes Above Sea Level)
Altitude Pressure
(ft) (cm of Hg) GROUND PLANE
- 1000 79.79
-500 77.39
0 76.00
1000 73.30
2000
3000
70.66
68.10 E, =
v, E, = - he E,
4000
5000
m
65.63
63.22
60.91
Ln (9) d
he - 3
8OOo 56.44
10 000 52.27
15 000 42.88
20 000 34.93
where
The average and maximum surface voltage
gradients at the surface of smooth circular con- h = distance from center of conductor to
ductors, at operating voltage, may be deter- ground plane, cm
mined by the following formulae from NEMA he = equivalent distance from center of con-
CC1-1984 [12]. ductor to ground plane for three phase,
hD
he =
For Single Conductor JW' cm
d = diameter of the individual conductor,
cm
D = phase-to-phase spacing for three phase,
CONDUCTOR
cm
Vl = line-to-ground test voltage, kV
E, = average voltage gradient at the surface
of the conductor, kV/cm
E,,, = maximum voltage gradient at the sur-
face of the conductor, kV/cm
h d
I NOTE: V, = 110% of nominal operating line-to-
ground voltage
49
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APPENDIX E MECHANICAL FORCES ON CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTORS
Appendix E
Mechanical Forces on Current-Carrying Conductors
BY
E.D. Charles
Published by
Proceedings IEE Vol 110, No 9
Sept 1963
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PROCEEDINGS IEE VOL 110, NO 9 SEPTEMBER 1963
Synopsis
Following a brief review of the standard formulae in connection with the forces on current-carrying
conductors the author examines the problem from a more general standpoint, and derives formulae for both
the distribution and direction of forces on conductors lying at any angle in different planes. It is felt that these
formulae (eqns. 4 and S), which have not previously been published, will be of value for the following reasons:
(i) The approximations obtained by application of the standard formulae to non-standard conductor
arrangements may lead to serious over- or underestimation of the true magnitude of mechanical forces
and their moments. (ii) A precise knowledge of the direction of the resultant mechanical force is of consider-
able importance in determining the cantilever stress in the very long insulator stacks used for h.v. installations.
(iii) The general formulae put forward are comprehensive in that all the standard formulae for the
distribution and direction of forces may be readily obtained by suitable substitution.
List of symbols The forces which arise under short-circuit conditions may
d = shortest distance between centre-lines of two amount to several tons and must be taken into account in
straight cylindrical conductors crossing each the design of conductors, insulators and their supporting
other obliquely in different planes, m structures. The calculation of the forces is a simple matter
dF = mechanical force on element dr of conductor, N in the case of very long, straight, parallel busbars, because
for all practical purp&es the forces are uniformly distributed
(- 3
Fp - d_ = mechanical force per unit length a t point P along the length of the conductors. At the extreme ends of
on conductor, N/m the conductors the forces actually ‘tail off’ owing to the
F,,, F, = horizontal and vertical components of Fp, N/m reduction of magnetic-field strength, but this so-called ‘end
I,, I2 = current in conductors, A effect‘ is only of importance in conductor arrangements in
X = angle between direction of mechanical force which short lengths, bends, taps and cross-overs form part
on an element of conductor and the plane of the complete circuit.’
in which the conductor lies A knowledge of the way in which the mechanical forces are
a = angle between conductor and the direction of distributed along a conductor is a first requirement in coni-
the magnetic field in which it lies puting both the total force and the moment of these forces
= angle between one conductor and the trace of
about a particular point.
the other in a plane perpendicular to The total force on a section of conductor is obtained by
the shortest distance between the two integrating the force per unit length over the section. In a
conductors similar manner, the moment of the force on a particular
section of conductor about a specified point is found by
integrating the product of force per unit length times distance
1 Introduction to the point. The mathematical integration of the expression
A large number of papers have been written in COM~C- for force per unit length is possible only in simple arrange-
tion with the forces of attraction and repulsion between ments such as those shown in Fig. 1, so that, in the general
currentcarrying conductors. Following the work of Amp&re, case, graphical methods of investigation must be adopted.
Laplace, Biot and Savart, the underlying principles were well The mechanical force on a particular conductor forming
established, and a number of other investigators formulated part of a complete circuit is found by summing the component
methods of computing the forces in several practical arrange- forces calculated for the individual conductor members
ments of conductors lying in a plane or crossing each other at making up the circuit. The conductor members are treated
right angles. in pairs, each member being taken in combination with every
In the paper a general formula is given from which may be other member, although it is often possible to neglect the
calculated the distribution of mechanical forces along current- more remote parts of the circuit when it is estimated that their
carrying conductors which lie at any angle in different planes. effects are negligible compared with other component forces.
It is assumed that the conductors are of circular cross-
section and that the current is concentrated along the axis
of the conductor. N o error is introduced by this latter
assumption, since, neglecting proximity effects with alternating
2 Conductor arrangements current, the external magnetic field due to current in a
It is well known that adjacent currentcarrying con- cylindrical conductor does not depend upon the radius of
ductors experience a mechanical force which depends u p p the conductor. Proximity effects need not be considered
the magnitude of the current and the geometrical configuration where the clearance between two members is more than
of the conductors. twice the diameter of the conductor.
51
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APPENDIX E MECHANICAL FORCES ON CURRENTGARRYING CONDUCTORS
When the conductors are near together, the mechanical 3 Skewed-conductor arrangements
forces in conductors of rectangular cross-section are different It will be realized that (a), (b) and (c) are special cases
from those in conductors of circular cross-section, and for of a more general arrangement in which the axes of the
further information the reader should consult References 2-5. conductors are two straight lines skewed in space at any angle
Methods of calculating electromagnetic forces are presented relative to each other, as in Fig. 2.
in textbooks and papers for the following cases, illustrated in The definition of two skew lines is that they neither intersect
Figs. la, 16 and IC: nor are parallel, although a and c of Fig. 1 may be regarded
as limiting cases.
(a) parallel conductors In pure geometry it is shown that, if two lines J D and HA
(b) right-angled cross-over conductors neither intersect nor are parallel, then (see Fig. 2)
(c) conductors at any angle lying in a plane (i) there is one straight line CB which is perpendicular to
both the given lines
The formula for case (c) was first introduced by Dunton (ii) the length, d, of the common perpendicular is the shortest
in 1927.6 distance between the lines
For ease of calculation, a complete circuit is usually simpli-
fied by regarding it as a combination of the arrangement (a), It follows that JD and HA lie in two parallel planes separated
(b) anp (c), and a further simplification is often obtained in by the distance CB. Thus the general case can be analysed by
arrangement (c) by assuming that the angle between the using one conductor HA and the shortest distance CB
conductors is a right angle. Although these approximations to form the framework of reference shown in Fig. 3. The
suffice in many practical cases, problems may arise where special cases shown in Fig. 1 are obviously obtained from
greater accuracy is desired, and in these circumstances a more Fig. 3 as follows:
detailed calculation may be justfied. (a) fl = 0" (parallel)
(b) = 90"(right-angled cross-over)
(c) d = 0 (any angle in a plane)
A
a
Fig. 2
Skewed conductors
A
b
dx
Fig. 1
Conductor arrangements-special cases
a Parallel Fig. 3
b 90' cross-over
c Any angle in a plane Skewed conductors-reference axes and dimensions
52
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PROCEEDINGS IEE VOL 110,NO 9 SEPTEMBER 1963
53
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APPENDIX E MECHANICAL FORCES ON CURRENTCARRYING CONDUCTORS
'k
but - = sin 4, so that - 4
=- and substituting these values of cos cos &, k and sin U
z z2 k in eqn. 3, we obtain
Substituting in eqn. 1 we get
2 B + x2 sin2 8)
* k sin 4 sin a 10-7 . . . . . . . (2) Fp =
t 1 t 2 1 0 - 7 ~ ( dcos2
d2 + x2 sin2fl
I-xcosfl
{did2 + x2 sin2 p + (I - x COS p)']
m x COS fl + } (4)
~~[d2+x2sin2fl+(m+xcos8)2]
Fig. 6
Skewed conductors--B < W O , x and m positive
dF=
k
tlt2dx10-7 sin a
dF=
k
(- cos +)+E
+A
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PROCEEDINGS IEE VOL 110,NO 9 SEWEMBER 1963
Fig. g
Skewed conductors-numerical example
Fig. 8
Skewed conductors--B < W",
x negative, m positive
X = tan-'( L)
/3
(see Appendix 10.2)
x tan
. . (5)
Fh = Fp COS X . . . . . ,. . . * (6)
F, = Fp sin X . . . . . . . . . 1 (7) 4
x . metres
Fig. 10
Distribution of mechanical forces on skewed conductors for various
angles of cross-over
6 Numerical example
To illustrate the use of eqns. 47, consider the arrange-
ment shown in Fig. 9. Two conductors are shown 30cm and
80cm long, crossing each other obliquely and forming part
of a complete circuit carrying a current of 104A.The shortest
distance between the two conductors is along a line lOcm
long joining the middle point of the SOcm conductor to a
point lOcm from one end of the 30cm conductor.
The distribution of forces along the 80cm conductor,
computed from eqn. 4, is shown in Fig. 10 for six different
angles of cross-over. It should be remembered that the forces 104'~'
acting on each differential length of conductor are uniplanar
only in the cases for /3 = 0" (parallel) and fi = 90" (right- Fig. 11
angle cross-over) as shown by eqn. 5. 70"cross-over
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APPENDIX E MECHANICAL FORCES ON CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTORS
I
-1,
I I
I '7
by graphical integration. The magnitude and direction of I-1- '
forces on supporting insulators may be deduced easily from
the moments of the component forces by methods which are Fig. ''
End of long parallel conductor
fully detailed in Reference 1.
I - X
then
l/[d2 + (1 - x ) ~ ]E
m + x X
and
d[d2 + (m + x)'] = d ( d 2 -xZ)
i
x, metres
Fp = - . . . . . . . . .
2I,I21O-'
d
(94
7 Special conductor arrangements
By suitable substitutions in eqn. 4, formulae may be
obtained for the distribution of mechanical force in special
conductor arrangements which agree with those already 7.2 Right-angled cross-over (see Fig. 15) (p = 90")
published.
(10)
1
1-x
+
d [ d 2 ( I - x)'] $- d [ d 2 + (m x)~]
. . . . (8)
Fig. 13 Fig. 15
Short parallel conductors 90" cross-over
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PROCEEDINGS IEE VOL 110, NO 9 SEPTEMBER 1963
7.3 Right-angled bend (see Fig. 16) (p = 90" d = 0 m = 0) Substituting in eqn. 12 we obtain
Fromeqn. IO
Fp = IL[4Tp
I 10-7
X v*
d+*+4:-I2]v + 1) . . (124
. . (11)
which agrees with the formula given by Van Asperen?
Similarly when m =0 and /3 = 45", cos /3 = sin = 4-2
X
2
and 1 = -, giving
9 References
*.2 1 TRICK, c . w . : 'Electromagnetic forces on conductors with bends,
short lengths and cross-overs', Gen. Elecr. Rev.. 1933, 36, p. 232
2 CHIN. T. H., and HICGINS, T. J . : 'Equations for evaluating short-circuit
forces on multiple-strap single phase and polyphase busses for
supplyins low frequency induction furnaces', Trans Amer. Insr. Elecr.
€ngrs, 1960. 79, Part 1 I , p. 260
3 HIGGINS, T. 1.: 'Formulas for calculating short circuit forces between
conductors o f structural shape', ibid.. 1943, 62, p. 659
4 VAN WPEREN, c . H . : 'Mechanical forces on busbars under short
circuit conditions', ibid. 1922. 42, p. 1091
5 DWIGHT, H . E.: 'Repulsion between strap conductors', Elect. World,
1917, p. 522
6 DUMON, w. P.: 'Electromagnetic forces on current carrying con-
Fig. 17 ductors'. J . Sri. Insrrum., 1927. 4. p. 440
7 DWIGHT. H . 8 . : 'Calculation of magnetic force o n disconnecting
Any angle in a plane < 90" switches', Trans Amer. Ins:. H e c r . Engrs, 1920, 40, p. 1337
10 Appendixes
10.1 T o determine the angle between conductor JD
and the direction of the magnetic flux (see Fig. 18)
Consider point P on conductor JD. The direction of
the magnetic flux @ at this point due to the current I, in
--I, conductor HA is normal to the plane BPA and is indicated
by the line PT. It is required to find the angle TPJ in t e r m
of x , d and 8.
Rectangular co-ordinate axes PX, PY and PZ with P as
Fig. 18 the origin are reproduced in Fig. 19a, in which PC and PR
Any angle in a plane 3 ma,m negalive represent the directions of the conductor JD and flux vector
57
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APPENDIX E
Fig. 19
Angle berween conductor and direcrion of magnetic flux
I Pxu
PT, respectively. From a well-known proposition in co-ordi-
nate geometry the cosine of the angle between two lines is
equal to the sum of the products of their respective direc-
tioncosines.
Thus, if U , b and c are the directioncosines of PC and
a’, b’ and c’ are the directioncosines of PR, we have
COS a = ua’ -+ bb’ -+- cc’
where a = cos XPC = sin p U’ = cos XPR = cos B
b=cosYPC=cosP b’=cosYPR=O
c = cos ZPC = 0 c’ = cos ZPR = sin 6
Then c o s a = s i n P c o s 8 . . . . . . . . (13)
Fiq. 20
Referring to Fig. 19 it is Seen that Direction of mechanical force
58
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