International Journal of Trend in Scientific

Research and Development (IJTSRD)

International Open Access Journal
ISSN No: 2456 - 6470 | www.ijtsrd.com | Volume - 2 | Issue – 1

Optimization of Anaerobic Mechanism using

sing
Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to treat
Pulp and Paper Industry Was
Wastewater : A Review

Ravichandran P Karthik C Balaji K

Assistant Professor, Department of M.E. Scholar, Department of Civil Assistant Professor, Department of
Civil Engineering, FEAT, Engineering, FEAT, Annamalai Civil Engineering, FEAT,
Annamalai University, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Annamalai University, Annamalai
Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India Tamil Nadu, India Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India

ABSTRACT
Optimization plays a key role in environmental 1. Introduction
engineering parameters since the best system
performance mainly is on optimum point or optimum The paper industry is one of the largest industries in
range. The majority of wastewater treatment processes India, consuming
onsuming large amount of water (Rajakumar et
are multi-variable
variable and optimization through the al. 2011; Bashir et al. 2012).. Indian paper mills take a
classical method is inflexible, unreliable and time time- wide variety of cellulosic and non-cellulosic
non raw
consuming. Thus, response surface methodology materials. The pulp and paper mill in India utilizes
(RSM), as a very efficient design and widely used different cellulosic materials about 43% wood forest
technique, can be adapted for optimization of various based, 28% agro based and 29% waste paper based on
parameters in wastewater treatment processes. RSM is the total installed capacity (Balakrishnan 1999).
1999) These
a practical mathematical and statistical tool that can be effluents are strongly coloured owing to the presence of
employed for analyzing the effects of several lignin, resin, tannin and chlorophenolic
rophenolic compounds that
independent factors on the treatment
ent process in order to are resistant to biodegradation. However, very few
obtain the maximum benefit from the process. information are available on the applicability of treating
Recently, several water and wastewater treatment real pulp and paper mill waste water by anaerobic
processes have been optimized for treatment different digestion (especially model/pilot/full-scale
model/pilot/full HUASBR).
type of wastewaters via RSM including; textile dye Anaerobic digestionion is used in treatment of wastewater
wastewater, tannery wastewater, industrial
ndustrial paint obtained from olive mill (Mohamed 1989), 1989) dairy
wastewater, landfill leachate, olive oil wastewater, and (Nemerow et al. 1991),, slaughter house (Mandal and
palm oil mill effluent. The present study focuses on the Bandana 1996) and dye bath effluents (Carliell et al.
usability and effectiveness of RSM for process 1996).. But in case of Pulp and paper mill waste water,
parameters modeling and optimization in wastewater it is not used as widely as the activated sludge process
treatment studies. In this paper,
aper, some of the RSM (Pokhrel and Viraraghavan 2004).2004) Hence, pulp and
studies were reviewed in order to verify the usability of paper mill waste water needs detailed study. The Up
RSM and its limitations. flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor
introduced by (Lettinga et al. 1980) has become a
Keywords: Design of experiments, Optimization, Pulp popular high-rate rate anaerobic treatment system
and Paper Industry, Response Surface Methodology
Methodology, throughout the world (Lettinga et al. 1993).1993) In the
Wastewater. journal article (Rindone et al. 1991),
1991) the Hybrid up
flow anaerobic sludge blanket (HUASB) reactor is a
new concept which is the hybridized version of an

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470

UASB reactor with a random packing media at the top type of bacteria, culture conditions, such as temperature
of the reactor. In which upper portion of 50-70% is and pH.
filled with either floating (or) stationary materials to
retain some of the escaping biomass. This HUASB 2.3. Acetogenesis
reactor combines the merits of UASB (Suspended The fermentation products are converted into acetate
growth system) and fixed film reactors (Attached hydrogen and carbon dioxide by so called acetogenic
growth system). This type of reactor is of particular bacteria. Here the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
value in a situation when the rate of sludge granulation and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) are reduced.
is slow and there is a need to accelerate the reactor Acetogenesis occurs through carbohydrate fermentation
start-up (Badroldin et al. 2008). In recent years, which acetate is the main product, and other metabolic
HUASB reactor has proved to be a more versatile processes. In Eq.2 reaction in the acid-forming stages is
anaerobic treatment in treatment of industrial shown below, glucose is converted to ethanol.
wastewater. Therefore an attempt will be taken to
measure the treatability performance of HUASB reactor C6H12O6 ↔ 2CH3CH2OH +2CO2
using pulp and paper mill wastewater (Hemalatha,
Sanchitha and Keerthinarayana, 2014). 2.4. Methanogenesis
Methane (CH4) is formed from acetate and
2. Microbial Activities in the Anaerobic Process hydrogen/carbon dioxide by methanogenic bacteria.
Most methanogenic bacteria utilize H2 & CO2, but
The number and types of microorganisms present in species of only two genera Methanosarcina and
digesters are likely to depend upon the type of digester, Methanorthrix, can produce methane from acetic acid.
its operating conditions and the waste composition. The The acetogenic bacteria grow in close association with
metabolic stages involved in the production of methane the methanogenic bacteria during the 4th stage process
from waste in Anaerobic Digestion occur in 4 distinct (Osman, 2014).
processes (Fig. 1);
2.5 Advantages of Anaerobic fermentation
2.1. Hydrolysis
Complex organic matter is decomposed into simple 1. It can treat a wide range of organic wastes
soluble organic molecules using water to split the including industrial wastewater
chemical bonds between the substances. This is where 2. No odour nuisance during the process and the
solid complex organics, cellulose proteins, lignins, and reduction approximately 80% of the odour
lipids are broken down into soluble (liquid) organic potential.
fatty acids. The results are soluble monomers. 3. It is relatively small in size to the amount of
Hydrolytic bacteria are responsible for the creation of waste treated.
monomers. Enzymes excreted from the bacteria, such 4. Anaerobic fermentation projects can directly
as cellulase, protease, and lipase, catalyse hydrolysis. boost the local rural economy through creating
Therefore, the more complex the feedstock then the jobs in the anaerobic fermentation development
hydrolytic phase is relatively slow. A hydrolysis and indirectly through increasing disposable
reaction where organic waste is broken down into a income in rural areas.
simple sugar, in this case glucose can be seen in the 5. Reducing land and waste pollution: Poor
following Eq.1. disposal of wastewater can cause land and
ground water pollution. Anaerobic fermentation
C6H10O4 + 2H2O → C6H12O6 + 2H2 creates integrated management system which
reduces the likelihood of this happening and
2.2. Fermentation/Acidogenesis reduces the likelihood of fines been imposed of
The chemical decomposition of Carbohydrates, proteins such pollution.
and fats by enzymes, bacteria, yeasts in the absence of 6. Anaerobic fermentation provides onsite energy
oxygen. Hydrolysis is immediately followed by the for the process
acid-forming phase of Acidogenesis. Here acidogenic
bacteria turn products of hydrolysis into mostly short The biogas produced is a renewable energy source and
chain (volatile) acids (e.g. formic or lactic), ketones used as a transport fuel or to produce electricity
(e.g. ethanol or acetone) and alcohols. The specific displaces fossil fuel energy and they’re by reducing the
concentrations of products formed here vary with the emissions of green house and acidifying gasses
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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
2456

1. Anaerobic digestion is also a technology that can make a signific

significant
ant contribution to the management of
organic waste.
2. The fiber form the anaerobic digestion process can be used as a good soil conditioner and the liquor can be
used as a fertilizer

Figure 1: Process flow of anaerobic digestion mechanism

3. Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor which prevents the dense granular sludge development
(UASBR) (Tchobanoglous et al., 2003). Design OLR is typically
in the range of 4 to 15 kg COD/m3.day (Rittmann &
One of the most notable developments in anaerobic McCarty, 2001).
treatment process technology is the upflow anaerobic
sludge blanket (UASB) reactor (Lettinga et al., 1980) 4. Major pulp-and-paper
paper processes
with its wide applications in relatively dilute municipal
wastewater treatment (Tchobanoglous et al., 2003). The main processes in pulp manufacturing and paper
Influent flow distributed at the bottom of the UASB making are divided into five major groups including
reactor travels in an upflow mode through the sludge mechanical, chemical, chemo--mechanical, and thermo-
blanket and passes out around nd the edges of a funnel mechanical pulping as well as papermaking, each
which provides a greater area for the effluent with the producing a high volume of wastewater with special
reduction in the upflow velocity, enhancement in the characteristics.
solids retention in the reactor and efficiency in the
solids separation from the outward flowing wastewater 4.1.. Wastewater production in the pulp-and-paper
pulp
(Ersahin and Ozgun, no date).. Granules which naturall
naturally processes
form after several weeks of the reactor operation Wood preparation, pulp washing, pulp bleaching and
consist primarily of a dense mixed population of paper making processes as well as the digester house
bacteria that is responsible for the overall methane are the major wastewater producers in the pulp-and-
pulp
fermentation of substrates (Rittmann & McCarty, paper industry (The World d Bank Group, 1999). The
2001). Good settleability, low retention times, generated wastewaters have a high content of BOD and
elimination
ation of the packing material cost, high biomass various concentrations of other contaminants that
concentrations (30000-80000
80000 mg/L), excellent depend on the types of applied processes. For instance,
solids/liquid separation and operation at very high wood preparation wastewater has suspended solids,
loading rates can be achieved by UASB systems BOD, dirt, and fibers while the produced wastewater in
(Speece, 1996). The only limitation of this process is the digesters house contains resins, fatty acids, color,
related too the wastewaters having high solid content BOD, COD, AOX, and VOCs (Pokhrel and

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470

Viraraghavan, 2004). The magnitude of GHG emission methodology is based on experimental design with the
in the WWTPs depend on the concentrations of final goal of evaluating optimal functioning of
nutrients in wastewater, reactor operating temperature, industrial facilities, using minimum experimental
type of treatment processes employed and the effort. Here, the inputs are called factors or variables
contaminant removal efficiency(Ashrafi et al., 2013b). and the outputs represent the response that generates
the system under the causal action of the factors.
4.2. Wastewater treatment Afterwards, the use of the RSM was shown in the
The growing concerns about the use of fresh water, design of new processes and products. In recent years it
increased economic considerations and stringent is being applied successfully in other scientific fields
environmental regulations have highlighted the such as biology, medicine, and economy (Jiménez-
importance of water use and efficient wastewater contreras and Torres-salinas, 2009). MYERS et al.
treatment in the pulp-and-paper industry. The recycling (2004) has exhaustively reviewed the literature in the
and reuse of the generated wastewater after its proper sense, describing the developments and applications of
treatment is the key to reduce fresh water use. This this methodology. Very recently, RSM has been used
procedure will minimize external discharges to the even to validate new experimental methods (JURADO
environment while advancing environmental et al., 2003).
conservation by reducing fresh water consumption. In Besides analyzing the independent variables effects,
view of this, the main objective of WWTPs is to this experimental methodology also generates a
remove contaminants from wastewater using a series of mathematical model. The graphical viewpoint of the
physicochemical, biological, and integrated treatment mathematical model has led to the term RSM. The
processes. Ashrafi et al. (2013a; 2013b) developed relationship between the responses and the inputs is
comprehensive mathematical models (steady-state and given in Eq. (3):
dynamic models) to estimate the generated GHG
emission by WWTPs. In the development of these Y = f (X1, X2, X3,...., Xn) ± ε
models, it was assumed that the bioreactors are
completely mixed (Ashra, Yerushalmi and Haghighat, Where Y is the response, f is the unknown function of
2015): response, x1, x2, x3……xn are the input variables which
can affect the response, n is the number of the
Accumulation = influent – effluent + net growth independent variables and  is the statistical error that
(production by reaction) represents other sources of variability not accounted for
by f. After selection of the design, the model equation
5. Response Surface Methodology is defined and coeffecnts of the model equation are
predicted.
The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) emerged in
the 1950s (BOX et al., 1951; BOX As the result of sequential model sum of squares
et al., 1951) within the context of Environmental suggestion of software and software suggestion, the
Engineering in an attempt to construct empirical quadratic model was selected. In the case that total
models able to find useful statistical relationships number of experiments is n; the response surface can be
between all the variables making up an industrial expressed as follows using matrix notation of the
system. Optimization plays a key role in this domain model.
and parameters to optimize the system’s performance. Y = X  
Majority of the wastewater treatment processes are
multi-variable and optimization through the classical Where
method is inflexible, unreliable and time-consuming.  x1k  1   1 
 y1  1x11 x12
Thus, an alternative method which will be more
 y  1x x22  x2 k  2   2 
effective and can be adapted for parameter optimization  2   21
of various wastewater treatment processes is favored.       
Response surface methodology (RSM) is one of the              
most efficient and widely used mathematical and  yn  1xn1 xn 2  xnk  n   n 
statistical tools for system performance optimization.
RSM can be employed to optimize and analyze the
effects of several independent factors on a treatment
process to obtain the maximum output. This
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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470

Where  is random error. n n n

The following equation is for calculating the total Y  0    i xi    ii xi2   ij xi xij  

i 1 i 1 i  j 1
number of experiments
Where 0 is the value of the fixed response at the
N = n3 + 2n + nc
center point of the design; i, ii, and ij are the linear,
Where N is the total number of experiments and n is the quadratic and interaction effect regression terms,
number of factors. respectively; xi denotes the level of the independent
The selected independent variables were coded variable; n is the number of independent variables; and
according to equation (4)  is random error. Normally, a second order polynomial
equation was derived as:
Xi  X0
Xi  i  1, 2,......k Y   0  1 x1   2 x2   3 x3  13 x1 x3   23 x2 x3  11 x12 
X
Where Xi refers to coded value of the ith independent 5.1. RSM application in optimization of wastewater
variable, X0 is the value of Xi at the center point and treatment processes
In this section, several published RSM studies in the
X is the step change value [12] the response function
last few years were reviewed focusing on the usability
(Y) is measured as the yield in processes. The model
of RSM for optimization of various types of wastewater
used in RSM is commonly a full quadratic equation in
treatment processes. Table 1 summarizes different
the diminished form of this equation. The second order
applications of RSM in optimizing various types of
model can be written as follows.
wastewater treatment techniques.

Table 1: Various application of RSM in wastewater treatment process optimization

Wastewater Treatment Independent variables Responses Ref.

type technique
Textile Electrochemical pollution load, COD, color turbidity [19]
wastewater Oxidation applied potential, electrolyte removals
concentration,
temperature, and reaction time
Textile dyes Adsorption Initial dye concentration, initial the amount of dye [39]
solution pH and adsorbed at
temperature equilibrium
Landfill Coagulation– coagulant dosage and pH COD, turbidity, color, [15]
leachate Flocculation and TSS removals
Landfill Fenton Oxidation pH, Reaction time, Initial COD, color and [25]
leachate concentrations of H2O2, and Ferrous iron removals
ion concentration
Landfill Electrochemical electrolyte COD and color [26]
Leachate oxidation concentrations, current density and removals
reaction time
Landfill Ion Exchange Cation resin dosage, contact time, Ammonia removal [9]
leachate (cation resin) shaking speed
Landfill Ion Exchange anion resin dosage, contact time, COD, color, turbidity, [10]
leachate (anion resin) shaking speed, pH and SS removals
Pulp mill Coagulation- coagulant dosage, flocculant dosage turbidity removal, [47]
wastewater Flocculation and pH lignin removal and
clean water recovery
Slaughterhouse Electrochemical current density, reaction time and COD, BOD, and color, [5]
Wastewater oxidation influent COD removal efficiencies
and effluent pH

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470

Simulated Photo-Fenton initial pH values, concentration of Mineralization rate [13]

industrial process iron catalyst
wastewater and the concentration of H2O2 type of
UV irradiation
Dairy Electrochemical current density, dosage of sodium COD removal [20]
wastewater oxidation chloride (NaCl), electrolysis time and
pH,
Petroleum Upflow anaerobic hydraulic retention time (HRT) COD removal, and [35]
refinery sludge blanket influent COD, up flow velocity (Vup) rate of biogas
effluent (UASB) bioreactor production
Oily Electro- Current density, pH, and turbidity and COD [45]
wastewater coagulation Electrocoagulation time removals
emulsion
Drinking water Coagulation- coagulant dose and pH removal efficiency of [46]
flocculation turbidity
and dissolved organic
carbon (DOC)
Olive oil mill Fenton’s he ratio of hydrogen peroxide-to- COD, total phenolics [1]
wastewater peroxidation Fe(II) . Fe(II) concentration , and (TP), color and
H2O2 concentration aromatocity removal

Table 2: Feasibility of different treatment method for different wastewater sources

Wastewater type Independent variables Responses Reactor Start up Typical HRT

period loading (d)
rates (kg
COD/m3
day)
Textile wastewater Pollution load, COD, color CSTR - 0.25-3 10-60
temperature, and reaction turbidity
time removals

Pulp mill wastewater Pollution load, turbidity UASBR 4-16 10-30 0.5-7
temperature, and reaction removal,
time lignin
removal and
clean water
recovery

Dairy wastewater current density, dosage of COD AFB 3-4 1-100 0.2-5
sodium chloride (NaCl), removal
electrolysis time and pH

Subjected to field
conditions

6. CONCLUSION process parameters. RSM is successfully applied for

Response surface methodology (RSM) is a widely used optimization of several wastewater treatment processes.
technique which can be adapted for parameters In the current study, s RSM method and some of its
optimization. Statistical and diagnostics analysis applications that published recently were reviewed in
indicated that RSM is a reliable tool to optimize of order to verify the usability of RSM and its limitations.

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470

It was observed that RSM has several advantages in 9) Bashir, M.J.K.; Aziz, H.A.; Yusoff, M.S.; Adlan,
wastewater treatment process optimization. However, M.N: Application of response surface methodology
in most of the reviewed articles that implement RSM (RSM) for optimization of ammoniacal nitrogen
for optimization of wastewater treatment processes, removal from semi-aerobic landfill leachate using
there is not sufficient or adequate preliminary work in ion exchange resin, Desalination 254 (2010)154-
regards to the range of process variables. This could 161.
lead to inaccurate outcome.
10) Bashir, M.J.K.; Aziz, H.A.; Yusoff, M.S.; Aziz,
S.Q.; Mohajeri, S:Stabilized Sanitary Landfill
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