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T^#^l^v»hU,f*»i:^-^;?V^^
 -NS
TNNO: N-1688
P

\H TITLE: DESIGN GUIDE FOR DRAG EMBEDMENT ANCHORS

SM

8 Oi
1 I>
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*• ITUAD-
MU nun.
R- Taylor, NCEL and
p valent, Brian Watt & Associates

[S O DATE: January- 1984

R 00
fe o
03 SPONSOR: Naval Sea Systems Command ^£. MAR 5 1984

PROGRAM NO: 42-040

H- u

NAVAL CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

PORT HUENEME, CALIFORNIA 93043
5 MAR 384
This publication is required <■■■■■■■* fur administrative or operational fmm
only. Distribution is limited to U.S. Government agencies. Ouier requests must be
referred to the Naval Civil Knguieciing Laboratory. Port Hucnemc, CA 9J04J.

O08
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DESIGN GUIDE FOR DRAG EMBEDMENT Final; Sep 1982 - Sep 1983
ANCHORS 6 PERFORMING ORG REPORT NUMBER

7 AUTHORC», 8 CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBEflri)

R. Taylor, NCEL and

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»• SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

H «EY »0»OSi nd pJfnM. 6v blor» mtmbr

Anchors, moorings, holding capacity, seafloor soils

-.* .IT! -«.»us a. J* It I mry wiJ iitrnnty ft» b!>,- * ni.mter<

This design guide provides an overview to the selection and sizing of drag embedment
anchors and mooring chains and to the diagnosis and solution of typical drag anchor per-
formance problems. The site information required for anchor type selection is outlined. Two
options for sizing the drag anchor arc offered. The more exacting of these options includes
a method for determining the moo'Hg load resistance developed by that length of mooring
chain embedded in and sliding on ccücsivc seafloor soils. Example problems for anchor
continued
00 , j»N I) H?3 EOlTiONOf ' NOV »S IS OBSOLET»
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SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGEOU««! £>«<• Enimrmd)

20. Continued
system design on cohesionless and cohesive seafloors are provided. The last section outlines
drag anchor performance problems and provides possible solutions. More detailed information
can be found in the references.

i *-\ .>.iv.

.1 r\- .1 lou/
■ .:'v;.Hy Cede
'Av.'t '■ i -no / -■<

0,
Library Card
■."-■

Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory

DESIGN GUIDE FOR DRAG EMBEDMENT ANCHORS (Final),
by R. Taylor. NCEL and P. Valent. Brian Watt & Associates
TN-1688 71 pp illut January 1984 Unclassified
1. Anchors 2. Holding capacity 42040

This design guide provides an overview to the selection and sizing of drag emlicdment
anchors and mooring chains and to the diagnosis and solution of typical drag anchor performance
problems. The site information required for anchor type selection is outlined. Two options for
sizing the drag anchor are offered. The more exacting of tiiesc options includes a method for
determining the mooring load resistance developed by that length of mooring chain embedded in
and sliding on cohesive seafloor soils. Example problems for anchor system design on cohesionless
and cohesive seafloors are provided. The last section outlines drag anchor performance problems
and provides possible solutions. More detailed information can be found in the references.

Unclassified
SCCUS'TY Cl.ASStriCA*lOWOF T«liP4i|'«,n[',
 PREFACE
•v" •

m The Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory (NCEL) was tasked to improve

the Navy's capability to select and design drag embedment anchors.
Beginning in 1979, NCEL has conducted a 3-year anchor test program,
sponsored by the Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC) and Naval
Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA), to accurately describe drag embedment
anchor behavior. Data from this test program were used to develop and
validate procedures to predict anchor holding capacity as a function of
seafloor type and engineering properties.
Preparation of this design guide was sponsored by NAVSEA. The
guide is structured to be used by the novice as well as those experienced
in ocean operations or mooring design.
This design guide provides an overview to the selection and sizing
of drag embedment anchors and mooring chains and to the diagnosis and
solution of typical drag anchor performance problems. The site information
required for anchor type selection is outlined. Two options for sizing
the drag anchor are offered. The more exacting of these options includes
a method for determining ^he mooring load resistance developed by that
length of mooring chain embedded in and sliding on cohesive seafloor
soils. Tables or charts within this guide can be used independently for
routine anchor selection and cost estimating purposes, and they can be
used within the structured (flow-charted) format provided to determine
detailed anchor system performance. Depending on the design option
selected, this includes anchor drag distance, embedment depth, holding
capacity, anchor chain capacity, and characteristics of the mooring
chain system. Example problems for anchor system design on cohesionless
and cohesive seafloors are provided. The last section outlines drag
anchor performance problems and provides possible solutions. More
detailed information can be found in the references.

>, ■ri - ■' ^

|w.-.'.v.--V.^ S ••,>•.-• •••-•--*■••
,V1

CONTENTS

Page

1. ANCHOR SELECTION 1

2. DETERMINATION OF SEAFLOOR CHARACTERISTICS 4

A. Site Data Required for Drag Anchors 4

B. Soil Sampling Methods 5
C. Determination of Seafloor Material Type 5

3. SELECTION OF DRAG ANCHOR TYPE 11

4. SIZING THE ANCHOR 14

5. FACTORS OF SAFETY REQUIRED 15

6. OPTION 1 - HOLDING CAPACITY CURVE OPTION 16

7. OPTION 2 - ANALYTIC MODEL 29

A. Range of Validity of Option 2 29

B. Procedure 30
C. Modifications for Wire Rope and Oversized Chain .... 35

8. ADDED HOLDING CAPACITY FROM SLIDING CHAIN 45

A. Application 45
B. Procedure 45

9. IMPROVING ANCHOR PERFORMANCE 48

10. EXAMPLE PROBLEMS 52

A. Example Design for Sand 52

B. Example Design for Soft Clay 55

11. REFERENCES 66

12. LIST OF SYMBOLS 67

VI 1

vV •-■•-•-
t v. ■•.
 ANCHOR SELECTION

Fljke

DRAG ANCHOR ELEMENTS

Use Tables 1.1 and 1.2 to assess the suitability of the drag
embedment anchor for your application.

If the drag anchor is a good choice ...

or

If knowledge of the site is insufficient to make a choice ...

Go to Section 2.

If the drag anchor is a poor choice ...

Select and design an alternative anchor type.

See: Handbook of Marine Geotechnology,

Chapters 1, 4, 5, and 6
Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory
Port Hueneme, CA 93043
(Ref 1)

or

NAVFAC Design Manual DM-26:

Harbor and Coastal Facilities
Naval Facilities Engineering Command
Washington, DC 20390
(Ref 2)
 Table 1.1. Generalized Features of Drag Embedment
Anchor Systems

Positive Features

1. Broad range of anchor types and sizes available.

2. High capacity (greater than 1,000,000 lb) achievable.
3. Standard off-the-shelf equipment.
4. Broad use experience.
5. Can provide continuous resistance even though maximum
capacity has been exceeded.
6. Anchor is recoverable.

Negative Features

7. Anchor functions poorly in rock/coral seafloors.

8. Anchor behavior is erratic in layered seafloors.
9. Low resistance to uplift loads; therefore, large line
scopes required to cause near horizontal loading at
seafloor.
10. Penetrating/dragging anchor can damage pipelines,
cables, etc.
11. Loading, for most anchor types and applications, must
be uni-directional.
 Table 1.2. Performance of Anchor Types as Function
of Seafloor Type and Loading Condition

Anchor Type

Drag Direct
Parameter Deadweight Pile
Embedment Embedment

Seafloor Material Type

Soft clay, mud + + - +
Soft clay layer
(0 to 20 ft thick)
over hard layer - + + 0
Stiff clay + + + +
Sand + + + +
Hard glacial till - + + +
Boulders 0 + 0 0
Soft rock or coral 0 + + +
Hard, monolithic rock 0 + - -

Seafloor Topography
Moderate slopes, <10 deg + + + +
Steep slopes, >10 deg 0 0 + +

Loading Direction
Omni-directional 0 + + -
Uni-directional + + + +
Large uplift component 0 + + +

Lateral Load Range

To 100,000 lb + + - +
100,000 to 1,000,000 lb + - + -
Over 1,000,000 lb 0 0 + 0

See Reference 1 for further detail

KEY: functions well

normally not e good choice
does not function
 .
2. DETERMINATION OF SEAFLOOR CHARACTERISTICS

A. SITE DATA REQUIRED FOR DRAG ANCHORS

Topogr~

Slope of seafloor

Relief (greater than 1 meter (3 feet))

sand waves

slump features

Sedim~nt Layer Thickness

Investigate to 3 to 5 meters in sand and 10 to 15 meters in

clay

thickness of strata

- depth to competent rock

Seafloor Material Type

Classify by:

university and government contacts and literature

(Table 2.1)

sampling

visual observations and testing

4
 B. SOIL SAMPLING METHODS

Obtain one sample from each anchor location.

For Sands and Gravel: Use grab samples and dredges (Figure 2.1)

For Clays, Silts and Muds: Use gravity corer (Table 2.2)

C. DETERMINATION OF SEAFLOOR MATERIAL TYPE

SOILS -- Can be deformed by finger pressure.

Differentiate between:

H SANDS (cohesionless) -- free draining

CLAYS (cohesive) -- slow draining

SANDS: More than 88% of material is composed of grains

visible to the eye (larger than No. 200 sieve,
0.074 mm in diameter).

Soil is nonplastic; segregates readily into

individual grains.

Gravity corers are often recovered empty

because sample is washed out during retrieval;
if empty, check corer cutting edge for evidence
of damage from gravel or rock. Use grab
sampler to verify sand.

.vv> ■->■•.:.
 MUDS, CLAYS: Less than 88% of material is composed of grains
visible to the eye (larger than No. 200 sieve).

Soil is plastic, cohesive; worKs like a putty

or modeling clay.

CORAL Identified by rock dredge sample.

ROCK Identified by rock dredge sample.

For most moorings, further delineation of seafloor type is needed.

This is accomplished by determination of seafloor engineering properties,
Table 2.3 provides a more detailed breakdown and relates soil type to
generalized anchor performance.

■*-'-
fl

Table 2.1. Sources of Marine Geological and

Geotechnical Data

Universities and Government Organizations

Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University,

Palisades, NY 10964

National Geophysical and Solar-Terrestrial Data Center,

Environmental Data Service,,NOAA, Boulder, CO 80302

Chief of Operations Division, National Ocean Survey, NOAA,

1801 Fairview Avenue, Ease Seattle, WA 90102

Chief of Operations Division, National Ocean Survey, NOAA,

1439 W. York Street, Norfolk, VA 23510

Naval Oceanographic Office, Code 3100, National Space

Technology Laboratories, NSTL Station, MI 39522

Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093

Chief Atlantic Branch of Karine Geology, USGS, Bldg 13,

Quissett Campus, Woods Hole, MA

Chief Pacific Arctic Branch of Marine Geology, USGS,

345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA

Journals and Conference Proceedings

Journals of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE

Marine Geotechnology, Pergamon Press, NY

Canadian Geotechnical Journal, National Research Council

of Canada, C;tawa, Canada

Geotechnique, The Institution of Civil Engineers, London

Ocean Engineering, Pergamon Press, NY

Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, TX (yearly)

Civil Engineering in the Oceans (1 through 4)

IS

Clomihell Snopptr

Figure 2.1 Grab samplers and dredges.

Table 2.2. Summary of Short Corer Characteristics

Chirtitrmtiit Value

Corff Ov*r«J! l.tn r"

m 0 98 lo 4 57
luiuail* 1 8))
h 2 5 to 15
lutu&lty 6i

»rifhi
k:N U IB to 4 4 5

lt> 4U io 1 IHM)
luwallv J(Mii

Simple t rngth
in 0 i to )
(UMisllv I 2 to 1 Bi
ll 1 to IU
lutuAiU 4 to 6)

S«mpir l>.*fTifici
mn !« in r.:
lutudilt 64i

Sh.p Kfiju.fernen - »inch A of I truric

»ir i tpjbi ,ll Hippi-riing ifitr wofff *nj * rr

nui wilh tr. j..ffMit.ir (4v^'f ol wtctV
trinn * : n m r«. 12 ' rnm I n .n to 1 : m )
JfpenJ n, Uli Ulf Wf Of tflC i'OffT

l»:r. : 'ir ■> vp*r* ..ore viuhTr\ \pttt v,>re

1
\..t,.o( c,
. UIlCI^ tn I . ap\ fnuif

- - - - * -* -*- * a i ■ - * - ~ ' .v.

 Table 2.3. Influence of Soil Type on Anchor Performance
•y

är Soil Type Description Remarks

Sand Medium to dense sanu with bulk wet Holding capacity is consistent
density (y ) of 110 to 140 pcf. provided sand fluke angle is
b
Typical of most nearshore deposits. used.

I Standard penetration resistance

(SPT) range - 25 to 50 blows/ft.
v.
Mud Normally consolidated, very soft Holding capacity is reasonably
to soft, silt to clay size sedi- consistent provided anchor flukes
ment typical of harbors and bays. trip open.

Soil strength increases linearly Certain anchors (see Table 3.1)

with depth at 10 psf/ft ± 3 psf/ft. require special care during
Approximately equates to SPT of installation to ensure fluke
2 blows/ft at 20-ft depth. tripping.

i Clay Medium to stiff cohesive soil. Good holding capacity which

Soil shear strength (s ) con- will range between that pro-
sidered constant with depth. vided for sand and mud. Use
mud value conservatively or
s range -- 3-1/2 to 14 psi. linearly interpolate between
►V u
sand and mud anchor capacity
1 SPT range -- 4 to 16 blows/ft. (stiff clay (14-psi) capacity
equals sand capacity).

For stiff clay (s > 7 psi) use

sand fluke angle

1 Hard Soil Very stiff and hard clay Holding capacity is consistent
(s > 14 psi, SPT > 16) and provided anchor penetrates. May
very dense sand (SPT > 50, have to fix flukes open at sand
Y > 140 pcf). fluke angle to enhance embedment.
b
Jetting may be required.
Seafloor type can occur in high
current, glaciated, dredged Use holding capacity equal to 75%
areas. sand anchor capacity.

Layered Heterogeneous seafloor of sand, Anchor pelformance can be

Seat" loor gravel, clay, and/or mud layers erratic. Proof-loading
or mixtures. desired to verify safe
capacity.
I

«
Continued
»Al

Table 2.3 Continued

Soil Type Description Remarks

Coral/Rock Can also include areas where Unsatisfactory seafloor for

coral or rock is overlain by a permanent moorings.
thin sediment layer that is
insufficient to develop anchor Can be suitable for temporary
capacity. anchoring if anchor snags on an
outcrop or falls into a crevice.

Consider propellant-embedded
anchors.

■
t>\

'."» ■'•

'y

1
» •.

>••'

10

. -.% /• >. •.»•>,*.^v:

 3. SELECTION OF DRAG ANCHOR TYPE
?.

Given the soil type, an anchor is selected based on:

(1) performance (see Tables 3.1 and 3.2)

(2) handling (see footnote a, Table 3.1)

(3) availability and cost

11

hK-^.NV.'.^^V.N t^ ••> .v.^ ,V,% -•-."• .^ ."* «"».-.-.-. ■".' ■ •»»>.*.'■»*>'--►

 Table 3.1. Relative Holding Capacity Performance
of Several Anchor Types

Seafloor Performance
Consistency Excellent Good Satisfactory
• •> Soft (mud, Stevmud Stevdig Bruce Cast
clay) Stato Stevin Stockless
Boss Flipper Delta Two-Fluke Balanced
Hook Danfortha
Stevfixa G.S.*
Bruce Twin Shank LWTa
Moorfast
Offdrill II
Hard (sand, Stevdig Danforth Stockless
hard clay) Stevfix G.S.
Bruce Twin Shank LWT
Stato Moorfast
Boss Offdrill II
Bruce Cast Hook
Two-Fluke Balanced

For fixed/fully opened flukes on soft seafloors. Movable flukes may

not trip.

12

%-V-V-W-t--V _....w. JjliA'A-VAlS ."• »i -> .» .Vi.Vv'i JV -"» -•• ->■ ~~»
 Table 3.2. Efficiencies of 15-Kip Drag Anchors in
Cohesionless and Soft Cohesive Soils

Efficiency
Anchor Type
Cohesionless Soft Cohesive
(Sand) Mud
Stockless
48-deg fluke angle
with movable flukes 4 2.2
with fixed flukes 4 4.3
K
>v 35-deg fluke angle
with movable flukes 6 -
with fixed flukes 6 -
Two-Fluke Balanced
with ball guide 7 2.2
Danforth 11 8
G.S. 11 8,
LWT 11 8a
Stato ^3h 20
Moorfast 8
Offdrill II 9b 8,
n
Stevin
Stevfix
-
26
l
17a
Flipper Delta - 9fl
Stevdig 26 lla
Stevmud - 22
Boss 23 20
Hook 7 17
Bruce Cast 23 3
Bruce Twin Shank 24 14

.For fixed fully opened flukes.

For 28 deg fluke angle.

Holding Capacity (L.) = Efficiency (e) • Anchor Air Weight (W.)

(NOTE: These are ultimate holding capacities. Do not use for

anchor weights over 15 kips.) Values are conservative for anchor
weights less than 15 kips.
"»<

13

> -*•- ^^ML - JS.^ *_."/• *' .*._***J

V

4. SIZING THE ANCHOR

After selecting an anchor type, then size the anchor according to

one of the following options:

OPTION 1 -- HOLDING CAPACITY CURVE OPTION (Refer to Section 6)

Advantages: suitable for most Navy mooring applications including

permanent fleet moorings

valid for anchor air weights up to 50 kips

Limitations: assumes chain for mooring line with a factor of

safety (FS) of 3 on break strength

valid only when anchor can penetrate to full depth

OPTION 2 -- ANALYTIC MODEL - APPLICABLE ONLY TO MUDS AND CLAYS (refer

to Section 7). Option 2 is more complex than Option 1
and should only be used when Option 1 is limited.

Advantages: treats anchor and mooring chain independently

can be used where anchor drag is restricted

can be used where soil layer thickness is not

sufficient to permit full penetration of the anchor

valid for anchor air weights greater than 50 kips

most accurate method for deeply embedded anchor-chain

systems

Limitations: applicable only to muds and clays

14

'.\y.'•.--.%*.v • .A"'\"- ."-•.'•-."■.•.■■ v •..•■■.<■> .--•..•-- /■■-''■-'.•.'"cV-^--'-.''--''--''^-'--''-'^-'-''''''-^-"»-^---^

 5. FACTORS OF SAFETY REQUIRED

The following are the factors of safety required* for the specified
mooring types:

Mooring Type Item Factor of Safety

For Navy fleet Stockless anchors 1.5

moorings:
High efficiency3 2.0
anchors

Chain in mooring 3.0

line

For other than Navy All anchors 2.0

fleet moorings:
Chain in mooring 3.0
line

High efficiency anchors are any of the group of large-fluked

anchors similar to the Danforth, Moorfast, Stato, Stevin,
Flipper Delta, or Bruce anchors commonly used to moor float-
ing drilling units, as opposed to the Stockless-type anchors
usually employed as conventional ship anchors.

*From NAVFAC Design Manual DM-26 (Ref 3),

15

^^^>C^^^O:^A:^. . .^fe^v^ yyj v.vv.

m

6. OPTION 1 - HOLDING CAPACITY CURVE OPTION

PROCEDURE

DEFINE LOADS AND SOIL TYPE

1. Determine required ultimate horizontal holding capacity.

a. Determine maximum design horizontal load, Hn - see NAVFAC

DM-26 (Ref 2) or other.

b. Determine required factor of safety, FS (Section 5).

c. Calculate required ultimate horizontal holding capacity,

Hy,

H„ = FS • Hr

2. Identify seafloor material type and characteristics (Section 2),

SELECT ANCHOR TYPE AND SIZE

3. Select anchor type (Tables 3.1 and 3.2).

4. Select anchor weight and calculate anchor-chain system ultimate

horizontal capacity, L.:

a. Select anchor air weight, W., for first trial from Figure
6.1 (sand/hard seafloors) or Figure 6.2 (soft). Use
TM = H|. to determine W.. Note required reductions in
holding capacity for anchors used in hard soil
(Figure 6.1).

16

■-■ '-•-•-'
LN
^-'•->-•-••■'••••
 NOTE: POSSIBLE TO SKIP TO STEP 6 FOR MOST ROUTINE*
ANCHOR-CHAIN MOORINGS

Determine TM for the selected anchor from Figure 6.1

(sand/hard seafloors) or Figure 6.2 (soft).

5. Check adequacy of drag distance,

a. Adjustments to L.:

(1) When drag distance in mud is limited, the anchor may

not penetrate deep enough to mobilize its full
capacity. Compare allowable drag distance (D) to
maximum required to achieve ultimate capacity. If D/L
MAX. (Figure 6.3) • L > drag distance allowed, then
determine the percentage of TM mobilized, r, as a
function of normalized drag distance from Figure 6.3
for mud. See Figure 6.4 or refer to manufacturer's
literature for fluke lengths (L).

(2) In sand, mobilization of ultimate anchor capacity

requires 10 fluke lengths drag for movable flukes and
8 fluke lengths for fixed flukes. One or two fluke
lengths may be required for tripping in soft soils.
Hard soil drag distance is usually not critical. Drag
distance (after fluke tripping) is about 2-1/2 fluke
lengths to ultimate capacity and 1 fluke length to
safe capacity (1/2 ultimate).

*Refers to noncritical moorings where anchor dragging is not cata-

strophic, where seafloor characteristics are generally well known,
and where historical anchor data are available.

17
 b. Check adequacy of selection.

(1) If TM differs significantly from required capacity (H

U
or Hpj depending on requirement), then repeat step 4
with new anchor size and/or type selection.

(2) Determine safe anchor mudline capacity:

T
MS = VFS
tv
If !„<. < L. at a specified design drag distance, use
L. = TMC. and compare to the maximum design horizontal
load Hp.. If TM < Hp., select a larger anchor.

6. Check adequacy of soil thickness.

a. Obtain anchor fluke tip penetration, d., required to

develop full capacity (Table 6.1).

b. If soil thickness, t, is less than anchor penetration

required, d., then:

(1) Select new anchor requiring less penetration, or

(2) Go to Option 3 for mud seafloor.

DETERMINE CHAIN SIZE AND LENGTH

7. Select chain size.

a. Estimate chain required breaking load, T

IT

T|j = 1.15 • FS • Hp. (FS -- 3 recommended for chain)

18

•-* v" «_' *-"

V V •--"v'•>!-"■> .'^ .v-,% v.-^vV V."V>\Ilv^
 b. Select chain size, D (Table 6.2),

c. Calculate chain maximum design tension at top of catenary,

Tp. (Figure 6.5).

d. Calculate required chain breaking load, T,,:

T
U = FS
* T
D (FS = 3 for chain)

e. Check adequacy of chain size.

(1) If T|| differs significantly from chain breaking load

(Table 6.2), then repeat steps b through e with new
selection.

(2) Chain breaking load should be at least 1.5 • maximum

anchor-chain system capacity, L..

8. Determine chain length required.

a. Calculate catenary length, s (Figure 6.5).

b. Calculate total chain length required, Lf:

(1) Sand/hard seafloor:

s
4 "
(2) Soft seafloor (mud)

L. = s + H(J \ and s in feet, H.. in kips)

19

«\<\-.
 9. Determine anchor setting distance to design load.

a. Sand - Assume three fluke lengths drag distance needed to

>i>
achieve anchor design (safe) capacity for FS = 2

b. Mud - Calculate anchor setting distance D . Select D/L

P
from Figure 6.3 at appropriate FS. FS = 2 recommended:

Dp = L(D/L)

A flow chart of this Option 1 procedure is provided as

v Figure 6.6.

&

2Ü

i ■ - - ' ■■---.
••>••••••---• ii «; i
 Table 6.1. Estimated Maximum Fluke Tip Penetration (d, )
of Some Drag Anchor Types in Sands and Soft111
Clayey Silts (Mud)

Normalized Fluke Tip

Penetration, (d. /L)
Anchor Type (fluke lengths')1

Mud (e.g., Soft

Sands/Stiff Clays
Silts and Clays)

Stockless3 1 3

Moorfast
Offdrill II i 4

Stato
S'evfixa
Flipper Delta
Boss 1 4-1/2
Danforth
LWTa
G.S. (type 2)

Bruce Twin Shank 1 5-1/2

Stevmud

Hook 1 6

In mud, anchor flukes fixed fully open or held open initially.

Fluke tip penetration, dt = d./L • L; L from Figure 6.4.

21

s* v* -." 1.' «." V %* V •-' ••'„*•. • - ."- ,N .*» »V.> «v. '•."-.••"».•.•.•-• . v •
•-:.».-*•. L* *->«."• -«- '-" -~' ,.-..% -V.'»k.N
 Table 6.2. Stud-Link Chain Proof and Breaking Loads
i'- •
for Range of Chain Diameters

V" »■
Proof load B'eakmq toad Approx weiqht
Diameter Grade 2 Grade 3 Oil Rig Grade 2 Grade 3 Oil Rig 15 1000
Quality Quality Fathoms Feet
ORQ ORQ
1nches lbs lbs lbs lbs lbs lbs lbs lbs
IV 153000 214000 216000 214000 306000 325000 2353 26144
1"/,. 166500 229000 232500 229000 327000 352500 2529 28100
I1', 176000 247000 249000 247000 352000 380000 2/20 30222

1",,.. 188500 264000 267000 264000 37 7000 406000 2926 32511

IV. 201000 281000 285000 281000 402000 432000 3'33 34811
1' /,.. 214000 299000 303500 299000 427000 460000 3336 37066
2 227000 318000 322000 318000 454000 488000 3528 39200
2'/,. 241000 337000 342000 337000 482000 518000 3/48 41644
2'. 255000 357000 362000 357000 510000 548000 3971 44122
2'/,. 289000 377000 382500 377000 538000 579100 4218 46866
TU 284000 396000 403000 396000 670000 610000 4454 49488
2 /,.. 299000 418000 425000 418000 598000 642500 4749 52766
2 V. 314000 440000 447000 440000 628000 6/5000 5016 55733
2',. 330000 462000 469500 462000 660000 709500 5285 58722
21'- 346000 484000 492000 484000 692000 744000 5580 62000
2";,.. 363000 b07000 516000 507000 726000 7 78500 5878 66311
2'<- 379000 b30000 640000 530000 758000 813000 61/6 68622
2'V 396000 554000 563000 554000 792000 849000 6471 71900
2". 413000 578000 590000 578000 826000 885000 6782 75355
2' Vii. 431000 603000 615000 603000 861000 026000 7111 79011
449000 628000 640000 628000 897000 965000 7435 82611
21'/,. 46 7000 654000 666500 654000 934000 1005000 7777 86411
3 485000 679000 693000 679000 970000 1045000 8116 901/7
3' ... 504000 705000 720500 705000 1008000 1086500 8460 94000
3'/. 523000 732000 748000 732000 1046000 1128000 8815 9/944
3V„ 542000 759000 7 76050 7b9OO0 1084000 1169000 9188 02088
3'/, 562000 787000 804100 787000 1124000 1210000 9543 06033
3'',. 582000 814000 833150 8I400D 1163000 1263000 9929 10322
3 V. 602000 843000 862200 8430. ■.". 1204000 1296000 10314 114600
3/,. 622000 871000 892100 871000 1244000 1339650 10700 118888

f/f I'/i 643000 900000 922000 900000 1285000 1383100 11102 123355
3V 664000 929000 970000 929000 132/000 1477000 11488 12/644
3 '. 685000 958000 1021000 958000 1369000 1566000 11878 1319/8
3 V, 728000 10)9000 "l120000 1019000 1455000 1750000 12661 1406/8
3;. 7 72000 1080000 1206000 1080000 1543000 1863400 13446 149400
3"-,. 794000 1111000 1252000 1111000 1587000 193000g 14097 156633
4 816000 II43OO0 1298000 1143000 1632000 1996500 14324 169156
4". 862000 1207000 1347400 1207000 1724000 2062600 15272 169689
4". 908000 1272000 1397000 1272000 1817000 2134000 16405 1822/7
_
4',. 956000 1338000 1569700 1338000 1911000 2398000 17441 193/88
4'-. 1004000 1405000 1672000 1405000 20C3000 2508000 1847/ 205300
4 . 10b 3000 1474000 17 75000 14 74000 2105000 26/6000 19260 214000

4''. 1102000 1543000 1870000 1543000 2204 000 2805000 20263 225144
4 . 1153000 1613000 1904000 1613000 2305000 2852000 21642 240465
b 1203000 1686000 1940000 1685000 2407000 2900000 22/66 262955

5 . 1255000 1757000 2000000 1757000 2509000 2995000 23902 '656/7

tf»J 5 .
b .

V '
1359000 1903000
2060000
2126000
2I9OOC0
1903000 2718000
3090000
3185000

3280000
26100
263/1

27500-
2'8888
2i30ll

306 ib5~
5 . 1466000 2062000 2260000 2062000 2932000 33490«) 28/00 3181.89
b , 1520000 2128000 23IOOOO 2128000 3039000 3418000 30054 333933

6 1629000 2280000 2444000 2280001) 326/000 3568000 32567 361856

(i . 1684000 236/000 2J6/000 336/000 33600 3/3333
6'. 1 795000 2612000 2512000 3589000 36550 4061 1 1

f :■•;
i» ■ - ■ 22
fcf.
KM
-' -»-!■»n»-'--.•■» *■*■*-• '-*--•- »*- *'* i»ill .'.■_,...«- ■_ .--
 Dense cohesionless soils (sands, gravels)
T„ is the ultimate capacity - Apply factor of safety
to determine operating load
1000

800

600

400

_ 200

U
bo
.8 100
T3
O
X

o
X!

5 6 7 8 9 10
Anchor Air Weight, W (KIPS)

Figure 6.1. Holding capacity at mudlinc - sand (anchor-chain system).

23

-. i v.-.'.i v."
ll_filLllII_l_LXlJ-lJ I ' ->-.-.-. ■'^■'--^- '- fc*
 Soft cohesive soils (soft muds)
TV. is the ultimate capacity - apply factor of safety
to determine operating load
800

•o
o
X
E

HI

C
<

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40
Anchor Air Weight, WA (KIPS)

Figure 6.2. Holding capacity at mudlinc - mud (anchor-chain system).

;£££^^^^^^^j^^^jj^^j^^, -^.1- .v.' ^^•^•v^.- vÄv^xvv.'.v.v.i. ■ .>". •■ :^

••. -. < '»•..■". •.-,>"-"^-VN «\-"'.*'
 100

Drag Diftance/Flukc Length • • (DA.)

**
ANCHOR FLUKE LENGTH AS DEFINED
HERE WAS TAKEN FROM MANUFACTURERS'
LITERATURE; MANUFACTURERS OFTEN
INCLUDE THE CROWN AND TRIPPING
PALM IN THEIR DEFINITION OF
FLUKE LENGTH.

Figure 6.3 Percent of ultimate holding capacity mobilized versus

normalized drag distance in mud.

VA •*. .*. . V . >. i -■- -• '-- *■»-"-'-"-' -' •" '-' "»'- ■' I ■ Ai „I.J.J.-
UM
-••^•■..••-.^-.'
 17rr

SS
c
2
W

w
D

8 10 40 50
ANCHOR AIR WEIGHT, WA (KIPS)

Figure 6.4 Fluke length versus anchor air weight for several drag
anchor types.

26

'-%,"■
-'
'-'.'■'.i-«>Tl,....-..v
' -"ÄfJ> ^\""- "•»• V ....
V- .•" ■ s.'-■ t.V .vv^ ■ -s.v N. ■ -.-..
'• V ■
 POINT OF TANGENCY
f T

TO DETERMINE TENSION AT VESSEL:

TD = w(k + d)

where: w = mooring line weight per length

k = HD/w
d = water depth

TO DETERMINE CATENARY LENGTH:

s = [d(2k + d)] 0.5

Refer to NAVFAC DM-26 (Ref 2) for added details.

Figure 6.5. Catenary characteristics.

27

LJVLLHI) I ■Il'i"-'»*V^'---^it*-"- •'- ''-'-•-"'•-'f-'''ma -'•'-Ai • - Ü '- •'-*«'-'•»'•-**•-«'- * « - » - ft

 7c. Determine :hain tension, Tr)
(Figure 6.5)
NOTE STEP NUMBERING
SEQUENCE SAME AS
7d. Determine required chain HOUND IN TEXT FOR
strength Tu = FS X Tp OPTION I

Return tu 7b.

OPTIONAL
Ha Calculate catenary
length s (Figure 6 51
Determine anchor setting
distance I).,, tu design
load
Sand D ■ J■ X I 8b Total chain length. 1

Mud D D
. U /,
I - S («aiid/harduiill
'I.')

Figure 6.6. Flow chart of Option 1 - Holding capacity curve design method.

28

•\ '..\'
,..,-.v.^.v.v.,.v..-, .-■ ■-■ • - - -»•-»-• 'J- '■» - ■ • • »
[V

S
7. OPTION 2 - ANALYTIC MODEL

[Applicable only to muds and clays.]

Option 2 requires calculation of total holding capacity by anchor

system element. Calculation starts with anchor, then cutting chain,
followed by sliding chain. A flow chart of this procedure is provided
as Figure 7.1.

CUTTING CHAIN SLIDING CHAIN CHAIN OFF SEAFLOOR

__2_

DEFINITION OF SYMBOLS FOR ANCHOR-MOORING LINE SYSTEM

A. RANGE OF VALIDITY OF OPTION 2

Soil Strength Profile

The analytic method of Option 2 should be applied only to normally

consolidated cohesive soil profiles with a range of strength gain rates
(with depth) of 0.010 ksf/ft ± 0 003 ksf/ft.
This limitation does not apply to the method when the penetration
depth is known. The procedure for calculating the anchor holding
capacity, when the penetration depth and soil strength at the anchor ure
known, will be valid for a broad range of soil strengths, through the
soft clay range to the mid-medium strength clay range (i.e., up to an
undrained soil shear strength of 0.7 ksf).

29

TV - - •
>.>.,...,...V >>; AV..VV. ■ *--.«--«--o^'..' .A ■ 1 - » - < - L~ «^
 Mooring Line Type

The analytic method (in particular the anchor penetration prediction)

is believed applicable only when the chain size is such that the chain
breaking load is 50% greater than the ultimate capacity of the anchor.
i->" This situation exists when a factor of safety of 2 is used for design of
the anchor and 3 is used for the mooring chain. When the mooring line to
the anchor is wire rope or oversized chain, then the developed penetration
relationships are not valid; however, modifications to the developed pro-
cedure to account for these untested conditions are suggested in Section 7C.

B. PROCEDURE
-."

Loads and Soil Description

1. Obtain loads as described for Option 1 (Section 6, step 1),

2. Identify seafloor material type (Section 2). In addition,

obtain undrained soil shear strength, s , via in-situ tests or
laboratory tests on core samples (Ref 1).

Anchor Type and Size

3. Select anchor type (Tables 3.1 and 3.2)

4. Select anchor weight and calculate anchor ultimate holding

capacity, T
AIT

a. Select anchor initial air weight, W.

JA = (0.75) ye

30

*-' "«'->->-'» -■•-*■•-V->-V-

v;,;,:.:;:^^;^-:-^^:^
• '■.*>
whe re: H.. = required ultimate horizontal capacity

e = anchor efficiency (Table 3.2)

Or use Figure 6.2 at TM = 0.75 H.. to determine W„.

b. Obtain anchor fluke length, L (Figure 6.4).

c. Estimate fluke tip penetration, d., as lesser of:

(1) Maximum penetration, d. , at unlimited drag distance,

D (Figure 7.2 at D/L = 50).

(2) Penetration, d., at specified maximum allowable drag

distance, D.

Ö (3) Thickness of soil layer, t.

d. Obtain undrained soil shear strength, s , from step 2, at

depth d..

e. Obtain holding capacity factor, N fBL, from Figure 7.3.

f. Calculate anchor ultimate capacity, T

AIT

TAU - su(Nc f BL)

where: N = holding capacity factor sensitive to plate

shape and depth (dimensionless)

f = factor converting the rectangular fluke area

B • L to true fluke area (dimensionless)

B = anchor fluke width

31

&^M^v^>^.^^.:.-> /iViV/.»^.^ra>w;'vIVJV^VAvy^..^
'* -*"J

ZK-
g. Check adequacy of anchor selection with respect to ultimate
capacity. If T. f (0.75 to 0.85) • H,,, then select new
anchor air weight and repeat steps 4c through 4g.
rsS
5. If maximum allowable design drag distance is specified, then
calculate anchor design holding capacity, TAn. A 50-ft allowable
drag distance to design or safe working anchor capacity is
typical for Navy fleet moorings. Initiate calculation with
anchor selection from step 4g.

a. W», L, N fBL, and soil layer thickness available from

step 4.
• *■•

b. Estimate fluke penetration depth, d., as lesser of:

(1) Fluke penetration, d., at design drag distance, D

(from Figure 7.2).

(2) Thickness of soil layer, t.

c. Obtain undrained soil shear strength, s , at depth dt.

d. Calculate anchor design capacity, T

AD'
S3
T = S
AD u<Nc f BL
>

e. Check adequacy of anchor selection with respect to design

capacity. If T.D < (0.75 to 0.85) • HQ, then return to
step 4a and select larger anchor air weight. Repeat
steps 4 and 5.

32

TV
•••»•■•■••-•-»•■ ■ -- •■
'-*• -% »*• *^»->»">- » ->-•|-»Vt .•»*.'».» .'..V'.l Al
Chain Size

6. Select chain size.

a. Estimate chain breaking load, T,,:

1.15 • FS • HD (FS = 3 for chain)

b. Select chain size, D (Table 6.2)

c. Calculate chain maximum tension, Tn (Figure 6.5),

d. Calculate chain required breaking load, T,:

T = FS T (FS = 3 for chain)

U * D

e. Check adequacy of chain size.

(1) If I"., differs significantly from chain breaking load

(Table 6.2), then repeat steps 6b through 6e with new
selection.

(2) Chain breaking load should be at least 1.5 • maximum

anchor-chain system capacity, L..

Anchor-Embedded Chain System Holding Capacity

7. Determine anchor system capacity, L., at maximum penetration.

a. Obtain depth of anchor end of chain, d , the lesser of:

(1) Maximum penetration, d , at unlimited drag distance,

D, (from Figure 7.4 at D/L = 50).

13

t-" •- ^' *-' «--«-' •>■* V ^ M '-• «V«

 (2) Maximum penetration at specified maximum allowable
drag distance, D.

(3) Thickness of layer, t, minus one fluke length, L.

b. Obtain anchor-embedded chain capacity, L., fr ,m Figure 7.5.

Interpolate for intermediate chain sizes. NOTE: Figure 7.5
can be used to determine L, at any anchor drag distance.

c. Check adequacy of anchor selection with respect to

anchor-chain system ultimate capacity. If TM < H.,, then
select next larger anchor air weight and repeat steps 4b
through 4f and steps 7a through 7c.

d. Check adequacy of anchor selection with respect to

anchor-chain system design capacity if capacity is limited
by drag distance. Determine TMS = T^/FJ. If TMS > L,* at
a specified drag distance, use L, = L,<. and compare to H~.
If L. < Hp., select a larger anchor.

Total Chain Length

8. Determine total chain length from anchor to vessel fairlead.

a. Determine length of chain cutting into the seafloor, L .

Given L, and d from step 6, obtain L *rom Figure 7.6.

b. Determine length of chain in catenary, s (Figure 6.3). For

economy, use s at design, not ultimate load.

c. For optimum design, length sliding on seafloor, L., is

zero. See Section 8 to include sliding segment, L .

TM = T.Q (from 5d) + buried chain resistance.

;
:o;>äfr:^::^^^ &tä.\täi ,x,,v:v;^
 d. Total length of chain required, L., is:

L = L +L +S
t c s

9. Calculate anchor setting distance to design load.

a. Select D/L from Figure 6.3 at appropriate FS. FS = 2 is

recommended and values are provided.

Dp = L(D/L)

C. MODIFICATIONS FOR WIRE ROPE AND OVERSIZED CHAIN

The developed method for anchor penetration prediction is believed

to apply only for those chain-anchor combinations where the chain
breaking strength is about 50% greater than the anchor ultimate capacity,
When the mooring line to the anchor is wire rope or oversized chain,
then the following modifications are suggested to the holding capacity
prediction procedure.

Wire Rope

A wire rope mooring line will not develop significant holding

capacity, and its contribution can be ignored. However, the anchor in
this system will penetrate deeper, reaching stronger soils. It is
suggested that the holding capacity of the wire rope-anchor system be
assumed equal to that of the appropriate chain-anchor system.
To estimate the depth of anchor penetration for the wire rope
system, the entire system holding capacity, L., is assumed to be
developed at the anchor. Then the equation

s
u ■ V<NcfBL>

35
 is used to determine the undrained soil strength, s , necessary to
develop that T., and the soil strength profile is examined to find the
soil depth at which that strength is found.
V-i

Oversized Chain

Oversized chain used in an anchor system will develop an increased

resistance to mooring line penetration because of its larger bearing and
frictional areas. Thus, penetration of the attached drag anchor will be
inhibited, and the holding capacity developed by the anchor itself will
be smaller (than with the normal-sized chain) because the anchor will be
in shallower, weaker soil. It is suggested, to be on the safe side,
that the holding capacity, L., of the oversized chain-anchor system be
assumed equal to that of the appropriate chain-anchor system. Then the
probable penetration of the oversized chain-anchor system is projected
through an iterative process.
For the first iteration the anchor penetration depth is reduced by
10% from that predicted from Figure 7.2. The anchor contribution at
this depth is computed from step 4f, and the contribution of the oversized
■JS chain is added using Figure 7.5. The system holding capacity from the
>.
g first iteration, L,,, is then compared to the assumed holding capacity,
y
TM, and the assumed depth of anchor penetration is adjusted. The itera-
tions are repeated until the desired fit is achieved between L. and L. .
It is emphasized here that neither this suggested method for
treating anchor systems with oversized chain nor the method for wire
rope mooring lines has been validated in the field or laboratory.

36

v.'

.■'.••'.■'.■.■•>'.^.v'.'".--'.
 * Use Option 1

3. Select anchor type

(Tables 3.1, 3.2)

4a. Select anchor weight, W, .

To initiate use Figure 6.2
AT T =0.75H„
Step 5. not needed when maximum
allowable drag distance to design
(safe) capacity is not specified.
4b. Determine fluke length, L
I (Figure 6.4)

1 dt as lesser of:
'
from Step 4. . (l)dt*atD/L-50
4c. Determine fluke tip
penetration, d (2) d * at maximum allowable %
(Figure 7.2) (3) soil thickness, t
5b. Determine fluke tip
penetration, d(, at lesser of 't
•V,.("t/J
4d. Select Su at d,
1) dt = L (dt/l.) for
D/. allowable - from Step 2.
(Figure 7.2)
2)t ''
4c, Determine N . f Bl.
(Figure 7.3)

<'
4f. Calculate TAU,
TAIJ = su<Nc(BI.)

Yes Return in 4a.

Select new anchor wt.

t> Si/c chain

6u Ksttnuit required chain

strength FS = 3 recommended tor chainj

T
Figure 7.1. Flow chart of Option 2 • Analytic Model.
37

. \,"*. - . •. .-
.V.-..VV>.N.%.V-. ..-..-. a ^ '-A .•„ J-. J-
 (continued from previous page)

6b. Select chain size, Dc

(Table 6.2)

1
6c Determine chain tension, T~
(Figure 6.5)

1
6d. Determine required
chain strength
T FS T
U • * D

No
6eT
< u-L5TM >=

, Yes ds as lesser of
D
(l)ds'at /L = 50
7a. Determine chain end
depth, d (2) ds*at maximum allowable "/\
(Figure 7.4) (J)t-L
OPTIONAL
"
Added capacity of sliding chain
7b. Determine TM
(Figure 7.5)

For existing systems where chain leg

length is established, calculate added
capacity of sliding surface chain.
(Usually small and can be ignored) ■► Return to Step 4a.

1 '
Ls * lt - tc • S
8a. Determine L
or
(Figure 7.6)
Ls - Lc - Lc

''
8b. Determine catenary length, S,
Determine H,
(Figure 6.5)
(Table 8.1)
OPTIONAL

'< Determine anchor

Calculate T
setting distance 1) /T -(iy ) taken at\ |
T$=LS-M*W
8d. Total chain length
to design load
t* —( design FS 1 t
W -from Table 6.2
v-CvJ \. (Figure 6.3) S |

>
Calculate T.,

T
ll ■ ' M * 's

NOTF Step numbering sequence

same as found in text for
Option 2.

Figure 7.1. Continued

38

**«L *±m ti -» - - .^-->._..--...--. .•-•■-•-'

 * ANCHORS REQUIRE SPECIAL HANDLtNG
(POSSIBLY FIXED FLUKES) TO ENSURE
TRIPPING IN SOFT CLAYS AND MUDS.

' -^jOCKLEss
«PVAfir.c-
FLUKE

c
.TOCKLESS FIXED FLUKE

*-42iT0

^-StüL£HAWK
-£°p* ^MUD —
1
Ji

»« r*nnr- nrp^Hicc r^ Annirr-c

WHEI< FLUKES FIXED 0 SEN.
FOR MOVABLE FLUKES rOTAL
DRAt DISTANC E IS 1. x L GR :ATER.
10 50

D/L

Figure 7.2 Predicted normalized fluke tip penetration versus normalized

drag distance.

tu

IS

8 10 40 60 80 100 200 40o" 600 8001000

ANCHOR AIR WEIGHT W„ (KIPS)

A

Figure 7.3 Anchor holding capacity factor, NcfBL, versus anchor air weight,
W^, based on anchor designs available in June 1982.

39

• ^ t ^ i l^__^_^jjjl-l-i-iili—liiJJ—LLLLJ " I " *'~ '■"• •■A* '■*-A^"---"«-•---'-' . •«.-. ■ v-. •. • .i. i» .-.• CMAM2 -..• »-1»JI «■
 D/L

> 3

'For prc-set or fixed open flukes

Figure 7.4 Normalized shank tip penetration versus normalized drag

distance for eight anchor types.

40

-"■'-•■'■'-''-,-''^ --'- J
'-
J
"•"-•'•■''•■'»'•■ »■•'«>'■>■>-V-- • ■■-'■
 TB *~ 40 60 80 100 " 200 400 600 800 1000
ANCHOR TENSION, TA(KIPS)

n— T 1 1
1000 i 1 i i i i i
' I 'IT ■T i
■
i T

■
I '
800h
J~ '
- M~"" BREAK LOAD-OIL _, •
600 • m Kll. UUA L1TY C HAIN
■ t/1
«W _^*^^ * "
^ 2 - INCH CHAIN
400-
: _^' ■

■ "<A -

• •
d = DEPTH T 0 SHAf K TI P, FT
S
1 DENOTES 0 - « 0°
6
^sdßr ■

100 ■ ; "
I
80
■
llP/. //
Z 60
■
•, ■

■ ■

^
•
■
iH yv
■

■
\pVA tb) FOR 2 INCH CHAIN
20

"

10 *
6
<<
8
W. 10 20 40
1

ANCHOR TENSION,
60 80 100
i,

Tft(KIPS)
i
200 400 600 800 1000

Kigurc 7.5 Tension at mudline versus tension at anchor.

VI

■• ,•>
-» -* -•■-•* -'-•-»
i~i -i .• -■
 1 »' 1
1000 -' ~T 1
■ * ■ ' ' i
' "252
- AW--
aoo

•
■
T gz
600
■ ^W^^T _n^^^^^^^^^^
M
* Ml {> L1 N
^W^P
E ?
400 Sv\ j^ ■

- <7T >^ ■

^/^
Mi
■
d = UfclFTH TO SHANK TIP, FT ■

s
B =

■ -
/,
- &t <' -
S.'
■
• < -
- •j -
■
> -
- ' > -
-
V -
t •" > ^
^
• •
yyj
- 'S ■
(c) FOR 3 INCH CHAIN
20

P 4

' _i
o 8 10 20 40 60 flO 100 200

1000 ■
1 r T "T" -T- T T 1 1 T- -r-
. 1
' 1 ' 1 '
*
■

800 ■ T

SSZHf -*****^ ,4 % V -
60o|-
'■
T3 v ■

„ 400
■
dTY

A
!
M - INCH CHAIN

'_///t
if -

*Jy/

\?M
■

200 - d = DEPTH T 3 SHAN ( TI 9, T

£

• 1 DENOTES 6 - 9 0° /jar
y >
■
/ .
• rf'
. l iV
■
LP'J .
• ^ ■

• iV> 'S/ ■

• ■

■ •
20 (d) FOR 4 INCH CHAIN

1 ■

,n
4
^ I AV .1 6 8 10 20 40 60 HO 100 ?00
' 400 600
i
B00 1000
ANCHOR TENSION, Tft{KIPS)

Figure 7.5 Continued

U1

v.v.v. .-.v.v. «■•...-,.«.-. .-.•.•..•.-.■«.•.._ _ • » - . .. - - • -._ -_- v- . .. ... -v %.- »■•>.•-.••■--■•■%■• i - - - » - Li *- ■

m
1000 ■ ' * * ^-_r ' ' • —r-

800
•
■

■
(a) FOR 1 INCH CHAIN _ •
600
■ •
■ -
400
T ■
M
■100KIPS
BO

200
40
• •

100
„>* **•*
^jj ■

/Vl ^ ^^*~ 1 .
• ^x
<H ^ . >io •
^H -^ T* ■

^ J^ ■

-
r
y 1-INCH CHAIN^ T
M^ ■

^ . d
s ■

20;^

T
M = TENSION AT MUDUNE KIPS ■

4 6
1
1.1
11
DENOTES 8 = 90°
. I.I.I,
20 40
,1,
60
,,,
80 100
SHANK TIP DEPTH, d (FT)

J
1000 1
' —1— T ' ' ' 'i' ~T T T

800 T.. ■

■
M

■
(b) FOR 2 INCH CHAIN 1000 KIPS-
600 ' 800
500 600t--
■ 1
400 M00--

--^^rf - 1 •
300 —

1n0
J 80
60 ■

J 40
t- 100
'^^^ >J
3
U
_s
80 ^J 20 ' ■

X I
H 1
1
so
5 50 0
2
2 40 ■^^^^** T
_u1 '.
2-INCH CHA IN^p Sj__
30
^s^ d
S
20

T
M * TENS IL N AT ^1UDLI N;E IK )

l_ 4— — i .—*.- —*_ _ —*i-i

, 1 DENOTES
1
t' =

.
<i 0°
L.LL llL
1 i j 4 b 6 7 t 9 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100

SHAW TIP UEPTH , d s (FT)

Figure 7.6 Length of chain cutting into soft clay scafloor versus depth of
anchor shank tip. Chain assumed tangent to scafloor at mudlinc.

A^j^^^^^^^y^^t^^^üakS^Ci^^^ A^ik --'■'-v*'""""-■'"-* '•-■/j - - ^ •-» jt *- v- i.

 800

1000 KIPS

v*^ T
M - TENSION AT MUDLINE (KIPS)

1 10° |
DENOTES (' • 90 ,
L^ i ■ i ■iI ■ I . I .1 ,1 .1.
4 6 11 20 40 6080 10 100
SHANK TIP DEPTH, d (FT

11 20 40 60 80 100
TIP DEPTH, d (FT)

Figure 7.6 Continued.

44

t^^m •ill! I
 8. ADDED HOLDING CAPACITY FROM SLIDING CHAIN

A. APPLICATION

An optimum design uses the anchor and embedded or cutting chain to

develop the necessary holding capacity. The use of additional chain, to
lie on the seafloor and provide added "frictional" resistance, is
generally not a cost-effective way to develop added necessary system
holding capacity. Generally, anchor system capacity is best increased
by increasing anchor size rather than chain length. However, for those
situations where nonoptimum choices must be made, the following guidance
is given for the prediction of the sliding resistance of mooring line
lying on the seafloor, L . Refer to Section 7, page 29 for definitions.

B. PROCEDURE

1. Calculate length of sliding mooring line, L .

a. Options 1 and 2:

(1) On sand seafloors,

Ls ■ Lt-s

(2) On mud seafloors,

Ls ■ Lt - (s ♦ Hu)

where: H.. = ultimate horizontal holding capacity

in kips

45

'£ü&Ää&2Ütä •_ »•. «". £- «V ». Aft".

 b. Option 3:

Ls - Lt - (s + Lc)

2. Calculate friction force, Ts, developed by sliding section of

mooring line.

Ts = Lswp

where: w = weight of mooring line per unit length from

Table 6.2
ii = friction coefficients from Table 8.1.

3. Calculate total horizontal holding capacity, T„:

T = T +T
H M S

46

i^_«. _j» _— ■ A ^$Lm.\ - \ - * —* ■ i^ii^^;^:^^^

 Table 8.1. Recommended Friction Factors for
Mooring Line

Friction Factors, y
Mooring
Ocean Bottom
Line
Starting Sliding

Chain Sanda 0.98 0.74

a
Mud With Sand 0.92 0.69
Mud/Clay 0.90 0.56

Wire Rope Sand3 0.98 0.25

a
Mud With Sand 0.69 0.23
Mud/Clay 0.45 0.18

'(from Ref 3)

47

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.•..■-..v^-V-V-v.a: *** *i£*&L -*■-*
-.'■> --V-.-.
 fc
9. IMPROVING ANCHOR PERFORMANCE
^ T »

;<£!
Anchors do not always behave as predicted. Table 9.1 provides
guidance that was derived from analysis of field anchoring problems to
enable field corrections to poor anchor behavior. Figures 9.1
through 9.4 illustrate some of the problems described in Table 9.1.

">

"A

48

fr^:^>>^v:-;^r:^^
 Table 9.1. Ways to Improve Anchor Performance

Problem Symptom Possible Reason Possible Solution

'.' * Poor mud • Near constant line • Flukes not tripping • Increase size of tripping
performance tension 1/2 to 2 palms; add stabilizer
times weight of anchor • Weld or hold flukes in
and mooring line on open position and place
seabed (see Figure 9.1) anchor right-side-up

• Drop in tension during • Anchor unstable • Add stabilizers

proof-loading with • Increase stabil!^, length
continued drag • Use different or larger
anchor

• Soil more competent • Reduce fluke angle to sand

than anticipated setting or if possible by
a smaller amount (5 to
10-c". g reduction)

• Proof-load tension • Seafloor softer • Use larger anchor

less than needed than expected • Use different anchor
• Less sediment than • Add chain
needed over harder • Use backup anchor
substrata

Poor sand/ • Near constant tension • Flukes not tripping • Sharpen fluke tips; add
hard soil 1 to 3 times weight of fluke tip barbs to break
performance anchor and mooring up soil
line on seabed • Weld or block flukes in
(Figure 9.2) open position
• Extend anchor crown by
lightweight pipe or
plate construction
• Water jet anchor flukes
into seabed

• Variable tension 3 to • Flukes not penetrating • Reduce fluke angle; reduc-

10 times weight of tion to as little as 25 deg
anchor and mooring may be needed for very
line on seabed dense or hard soils
(Figure 9.3) • Sharpen flukes
• Extend or add stabilizers
• Use larger or different
anchor

• Rapid drop in tension • Anchor unstable • Extend or add stabilizers

during proof-loading • Use larger or different
with continued drag anchor
(Figure 9.4)

c Proof-lead tension • Less sediment than • Use larger or different

less than needed needed anchor
• Very hard seafloor • Add chain
• Use backup anchor
• Use pile anchor

.*»*.
 Anchor failing to trip and sliding on soft bottom.

Figure 9.1 Potential anchor problem on soft mud seafloors when anchor
is not properly set.

Anchor dragging on hard scafloor with fluke tips unable to bite in.

Figure 9.2 Potential anchor problem on hard seafloors.

S(i

■••-•---■>•■»■■■-•--■ - - ■■ *■'* ' -* •- -- •-'■ ' i «-*■ «-' hi «-'■ '- -' fc '-' -' «-' -' *-*■»-' *- *-* *-' *-
 Anchor standing up but tipping to side and dragging.

Figure 9.3 Potential anchor problem in hard seafloors when fluke angle
is too large (after Ref 4).

(a) Unstabilized Stockless anchor rolling in sand (after Ref 4).

(b) Properly stabilized anchor in sand (after Ret 4).

Figure 9.4 Function of stabilizers in sand.

r
W

*.» »_, '_« !• '_- M -- J. *-■ -»■ j£^£jJljllJjjl<_L«.ifI V» 1 ' '"' i 1 ''•-*'•-*'*-" - ' i.' » 1 »'-•»' *** »•«•»•>-•-■■ ■«-' ■»■' ■»
-■" ■" '-■
 10. EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
, I".

A. EXAMPLE DESIGN FOR SAND

A drag embedment anchor system is required to resist a survival

horizontal line load of 60 kips. Water depth is 60 ft. Maximum drag
distance allowed is 50 ft. The owner has Danforth and LWT anchors in
storage.

Option 1 - Holding Capacity Curve Option (refer to Section 6)*

1. Calculate H..:

a. Hp. = 60 kips

b. FS = 2.0 (Section 5)

c. H(J = 2.0 • 60 kips = 120 kips

2. Identify seafloor material type: Medium dense sand of minimum

12-ft thickness.

3. Select anchor types: Danforth and LWT anchors are both good
types for this application (Tables 3.1 and 3.2). In sand,
e = 11.

"Numbering sequence is the same as found in the procedure.

52

■ •'•y • \' v vv . •<■.•'.»«.«■ ■ - • ■ • •

*■.* •,' %' •« ■. *«_*•.-."*.
:.:■•■: .viv:-. :••:•! y.y.v.y.: ^^;^^w^i^v^v^-:v:%^v.^ .N.-.-.
4. Select W. and calculate L.:

a. Select W,

At TM = Hy - 120 kips, WA = 9.0 kips (Figure 6.1)

Select 9-kip LWT

NOTE: POSSIBLE TO SKIP TO STEP 6 FOR MOST ROUTINE

MOORINGS.

b. Determine TM for selected anchor.

M

TM = 120 kips; the 9-kip size is coincidentally the

exact choice for Hi., = 120 kips.

5. Check adequacy of drag distance.

a. Adjustments to T„:

L = 6.8 ft (Figure 6.4)

For fixed flukes,

D = (D/L) • L = 8 • 6.8 ft = 54 ft = 50 ft allowed

Assume this selection of a 9-kip LWT is satisfactory.

b. Check of selection adequacy:

TM (200 kips) > Hy (200 kips), satisfactory.

NOTE: This step was unnecessary since no adjustments were

made to Tu and anchor selection.
M

Si

-» -=-•-•■■■». * .»-■-»«.»-» ■•» --.

 6. Check adequacy of soil thickness.

a. dt = L = 7.4 ft (Table 6.1).

b. In sands, full penetration is assumed necessary.

c. d. < t? (t = 12 ft, step 2). Satisfactory.

7. Select chain size:

a. T, 1.15 • FS • Hn = 1.15 • 3.0 • 60 kips = 207 kips

f.**
b. D selected is 1-3/4 in. (Grade 2); breaking load = 247 kips
(Table 6.2). Assumes the 1-3/4 in. size is more readily
available than smaller, but also adequate, sizes.

v<4
c. TQ = w (k + d) (Figure 6.5)

w = 0.0302 kip/ft

k = 60 kips/0.0302 kip/ft = 1,987 ft

60 ft

TD = 0.0302 kip/ft (1,987 + 60) = 61.8 kips

d. TJJ = FS • TD = 3.0 • 61.8 kips = 185.4 kips

e. Chain adequacy:

(1) Tu << chain breaking load. If available, lighter

chain may be appropriate.

(2) Chain breaking load (247 kips) » 1.5 TM (180

kips): satisfactory.

34

:-:vSfcöflfc£^£%^
 8. Determine chain length:

a. s = [d(2k + d)]0'5 = [60 ft (2 • 1,987 + 60)]0'5 = 492 ft

b. L. = 492 ft. Calculate number of shots:

n = 492 ft/90 ft = 5.5

Therefore, 5-1/2 shots per leg.

£■*.>

9. Determine anchor setting distance:

D = 3L = 3 • 7.4 ft = 22.2 ft
P

Summary - Example Design for Sand

Anchor size selected 12-kip Stato

Chain size selected 1-3/4 in.
Predicted capacity: ultimate 132 kips
*» Chain length required/leg 492 ft

B. EXAMPLE DESIGN FOR SOFT CLAY

A drag embedment anchor system is required for a class C mooring

(design capacity of 100 kips per leg) on a soft clay bottom. The soft
clay is known to be normally consolidated and 60 ft thick. Maximum
allowable drag distance for anchors to design capacity is 50 ft.
Anchors will be blocked open to eliminate tripping distance. Water
depth is 120 ft.

55

m— i'-w..^.^!^^ ■■■■V.,.-.,.'.,.VfVv-:.',t.\-..•••.• v •.-'•.• -.- .. '.V...... V .■.•.*• - •■■■■■ . ■•-. v . ..• i .«- j «- <
 OPTION 1 - Holding Capacity Curve Option (refer to Section 6)

1. Calculate H..:

a. Hn = 100 kips (design horizontal load)

b. FS = 2.0 (Section 5)

c. Hy = 2.0 • 100 kips = 200 kips

NOTE: The design capacity of 100 kips must be attained within

the allowed 50 ft of drag. However, anchor drag distance
greater than 50 feet is acceptable to develop the required
200-kip ultimate capacity.

2. Identify seafloor material type: Soft clayey silt (mud) of

minimum 60-ft thickness (sediment thickness derived from
acoustic reflection data).

3. Select anchor type:

a. The better performing anchors in soft clays and clayey

silts (muds) are Stato, Stevfix, Stevmud, Boss» and Hook
(Table 3.1). The Stato is selected because it is available
in stock.

b. In mud, e = 20 (Table 3.2)

4. Select and calculate T

M"

a. Select anchor air weight:

For TM = Hy = 200 kips, WA = 9.0 kips (Figure 6.2)

Use 9-kip Stato for first trial

56

K
c'^>^^ -** "*» 1» • - " . •- <- - * - . - W -. . ^I^T-T-«.
 NOTE: POSSIBLE TO SKIP TO STEP 6 FOR MOST ROUTINE MOORINGS

b. TM s 200 kips for the 9-kip Stato (Figure 6.2). The 9-kip
Stato is the exact choice for H., = 200 kips.

5. Check adequacy of drag distance.

a. Adjustments to L,: Limitation of drag distance of 50 ft

requires check of design capacity.

L(9-kip Stato) = 8.3 ft (Figure 6.4)

D/L = 50/8.3 - 6.0

r = 51% (Figure 6.3)

T =
M(50 ft) °"51 * 200 kips = 102 kips

b. Check adequacy of anchor selection:

(1) TM (200 kips) > Hu (200 kips); Yes, Satisfactory

(2) TMS = TM/2 = 100 < TM(50 ft) = 102 kips

Use TM = TMS = 100 kips

TM >_ HQ (100 kips); Satisfactory

6. Check adequacy of soil thickness:

a. dt/L = 4.5 (Table 6.1)

b. dt = 4.5 • 9.4 ft = 42 ft < 60 ft; Satisfactory

57

• V • .' -• ." V -" • -" •" • . - - . ■ \-Vv\-v\

fe^v^>^:^:^^^^fe^.>■-*<:: ^^::^^:;^c:-^s^ -. --W -". -%. -"W Al
 7. Select chain size:

a. Lj = 1.15 • 3 • 100 kips = 345 kips

b. D = 2-1/4 inches, Grade 2 chain with breaking load of

396 kips (Table 6.2)

c. Tp. (catenary) = w(k + d) (Figure 6.5)

w = 0.0495 kip/ft (Table 6.2)

k = 100 kips/0.0495 = 2,020 ft

120 ft

TD = 0.0495(2,020 + 120) = 105.9 kips

d. Ty = 3.0 • 105.9 kips = 317.7 kips

e. Chain adequacy:

(1) Ty (317.7 kips) « breaking load (396 kips), 2-1/4-in.

chain satisfactory. Note, 2-in. chain (breaking
load = 318 kips) may also be suitable. Could repeat
steps 7c and 7d for 2-in. chain.

(2) Check: Chain breaking load (396 kips) » 1.5 T

M
300 kips), satisfactory.

8. Obtain required chain length:

a. s = [d(2k + d)]0,5 = [120(2 • 2020 + 120)]0'5

= 707 ft (Figure 6.5)

58

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ill ji*ii'- tiMM *"■•-*'• ■'■■" '■* ** Ü'' •-«•-*•'-■ J
- » -■•-- -^> ---• -•-•.•-V-V/.--V-V-V-.V.V-■ \:r\,:»\f~*\
 b. Lt (soft seafloor) = s + ^ - 707 + 200 = 907 ft.
Calculate number of shots:
V13

n = 907 ft/90 ft = 10

Therefore, use 10 shots per leg.

9. Determine anchor setting distance:

Dp = (D/L)*L (Figure 6.3)

(D/L) (for Stato at FS = 2)

ft
D = 6 • 8.3 ft = 49.8 = 50 ft

Option 2 - Analytic Model (refer to Section 7)

1. Calculate H,.: Same as Option 1 example.

H u = 200 kips

2. Obtain soil strength profile (presented in Figure 10.1): from

laboratory vane shear tests on high quality gravity corer
samples.

3. Select anchor type: Same as Option 1 example.

Use Stato.

5"
 4. Calculate anchor ultimate capacity, T...:

a. WA = 0.75 Hu/e = 0.75 • 200 kips/20 (e from Table 3.2)

7.5 kips

Next largest Stato manufactured is 9.0 kips.

Use 9-kip Stato.

L-f.

b. L = 8.3 ft (Figure 6.4)

c. Fluke embedment, d.:

d. /L at full penetration = 4.5 (Figure 7.2)

d. = 4.5 • 8.3 ft = 37 ft
tm

t of soil = 60 ft d. = 37 ft
tm

dt = 37 ft

d. s = 0.37 ksf at d. (Figure 10.1)

e. N f BL = 510 ft2 (Figure 7.3)

c

f. T s„ N f BL = (0.37 ksf)(510 ft2) = 189 kips

AU -u c

g. TAU = 189 kips is greater than (0.75 to 0.85) Hy = 150 to

170 kips. The next smallest Stato is 6 kips. It was not
adequate.

M)

•."*
-j- VV-.-V I ■ ■ - ■ - ■• ■•>•■. - ■
•-•-WWltaV
 5. Check adequacy of anchor selection at 50-ft design drag distance.

a. W., L, N fBL, and t available from step 4.

w
b. Fluke penetration depth, d •

(1) D/L = 50 ft/8.3 ft = 6.0

dt/L = 2.5 (Figure 7.2)

dt = 2.5 • 8.3 ft = 21 ft

(2) Soil layer thickness, t = 60 ft >> d.

Thus, dt = 21 ft

c. su = 0.21 ksf at dt (Figure 10.1)

d. TAD = su Nc f BL = (0.21 ksf)(510 ft2) = 107 kips

e. T.pj = 107 kips is greater than (0.75 to 0.85) HD = 75 to

80 kips. As stated in 4g, the next smallest Stato (6 kips)
was not adequate. Therefore, a 9-kip Stato is satisfactory.

6. Size chain: Same as step 7 in Option 1 example.

2-1/4-in. chain selected.

7. Determine anchor-chain system ultimate capacity, L,:

a. Chain embedment depth, d , as lesser of:

(1) d /L at maximum penetration = 3.6 (Figure 7.4)

dcm = 3.6 • 8.3 ft = 30 ft

sm

61

L^-"wL»-i^L * ' ■ * • ' - • ~ * - * - » " m "m "' j

'-] ■ -' ■ '■-•-•--'■-*■-■ ------. •-- •■*. '-It 'J *-■>•-» -A,'.- •-- ..-
 (2) Not required

(3) Maximum possible shank penetration:

t - L » 60 ft - 8.3 ft = 52 ft

Thus, ds = 30 ft

b. ForTAU = TL = 189 kips; use Figure 7.5 to find T.

2-in. chain, T.. = 230 kips

3-in. chain, L. = 235 kips

c. For 2-1/4-in. chain, TM = 231 kips > 200 kips; satisfactory.

d. Check L. at 50-ft design drag (refer to steps 7a and 7b).

TAU = 107 kips (from step 5d) > HQ (100 kips)

L.* > T-c; therefore TM > 100 kips; satisfactory.

The calculations are done for example:

Chain end embedment, d , at 50 ft:

D/L = 50 ft/8.3 ft = 6.0

d$/L = 2.1 (Figure 7.4)

d$ = 2.1 • 8.3 ft = 17.4 ft

*L, = T.ß + resistance provided by buried chain.

62

£3£ 11 liiailf *** *'* '"***■ <*■ i*> «■ i*'

151
•r,
Maximum possible shank penetration (from step
7a(2)) = 52 ft.

Thus, ds = 17.4 ft

For T.p. = T. = 107 kips, use Figure 7.5 to find T.

2-in. chain, TM = 125 kips

3-in. chain, TM = 130 kips

For 2-1/4-in. chain, 1»/™ f.» = 126 kips > 100 kips;
satisfactory.

T = T ultimate
MS M( )/2 = 231 ki
Ps (from ste
P 7c
)/2 = 115 ki
Ps

TMS (115 kips) < TM(50 ftj (126 kips)

Use TM = TMS ■ 115 kips

TM ■> HQ (100 kips); satisfactory.

8. Chain length required.

a. Length of chain cutting into the seafloor at ultimate load

of TM = 200 kips.

At d = 30 ft (step 7c), use Figure 7.6 to find L :

6J

....... ... •.•■•-•.-..'..--,..

 2-in. chain, L = 250 ft

3-in. chain, L = 220 ft

c

2-1/4-in. chain, L = 242 ft

c

b. Catenary length, s = 707 ft (from Option 1, step 8),

c. Design
j for L s
= 0

d. L. = L + L + s = 242+0+707 = 949 ft
t c s

n = 949 ft/90 ft = 10.5, use 10-1/2 shots per leg

9. Determine anchor setting distance:

D = 6-8.3 s 50 ft (Figure 6.3)

SUMMARY - EXAMPLE DESIGN FOR SOFT CLAY

Anchor size selected 9 kips 9 kips

Chain size selected 2-1/4 in. 2-1/4 in
Predicted capacities:
at 50-ft drag 102 kips 126 kips
ultimate 200 kips 231 kips
Chain length required/leg 907 ft 949 ft

64

v
1«.' «-* • » TÄ»»j»*-i'->
«-1 m.' >..-»■■. . \^\m.l , ■ -«-«-»■•-»_«-»...
I ii i 1 '"■"■"• -•-•'■
 UNDRAINED SOIL SHEAR STRENGTH, S (KSF)

..L .2 3
oc

W 10
Z
H
►J
p
D
s
s 15
o
►J
w
m
a
£H
0<
20
W
Q

25

Figure 10.1 Assumed shear strength profile for Option 2 soft clay
example problem.

r>5

t _. M .. «fc — • — «-*..< - * ~ % - ■ ...t».-._-» ; »«•

■' '-" --1- -• '-•
 11. REFERENCES

1. K. Rocker. Handbook of marine geotechnology, Naval Civil Engineering

Laboratory. Port Hueneme, Calif., (in publication).

2. Harbor and coastal facilities, Naval Facilities Engineering Command,

NAVFAC Design Manual DM-26. Washington, D.C.

3. Recommended practice for the analysis of spread mooring systems for

floating drilling units, American Petroleum Institute, API RP 2P.
Dallas, Tex., May 1982.

4. Vryhof Ankers BV. Vryhof Ankers advertising brochure, Holland,

1980.

bb

:A-.^I.V.>".V.>IV^^V.V.^>>>>>>^V>^:V^:V> >;-:•:•:•:
 12. LIST OF SYMBOLS

B Anchor fluke width (from manufacturer's literature)

D Anchor drag distance
d Water depth
Dc Chain size
■f\ DMAX Drag distance to peak load
D Anchor setting distance

d Anchor shank tip penetration

d sm Maximum shank tip penetration
d. Anchor fluke tip penetration
d. Maximum fluke tip penetration
e Anchor efficiency
f Factor converting the rectangular fluke area B • L to true
fluke area (dimensionless)
FS Factor of safety
hL Maximum design horizontal load
H|. Ultimate horizontal holding capacity
k Coefficient equal to hL/W for catenary equation
$
L Fluke length
L Length of chain cutting into seafloor
Le Total chain length
3 in contact with seafloor
L Length of chain lying on seafloor surface
L. Total chain length required
n Number of shots of chain
Nc A holding capacity factor sensitive to plate shape and depth
(dimensionless)
r Percentage of L, mobilized

67

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 s Catenary length

SPT Standard penetration resistance

S L'ndrained shear strength

u
t Soil thickness

T Anchor capacity
A
T Anchor design capacity
AD
T Anchor ultimate capacity
AU
Chain maximum design tension at top of catenary

Total horizontal holding capacity (anchor + buried and surface

chain)

Anchor-chain system mudline capacity

Safe anchor-chain system mudline capacity

'MS
'S
s Chain friction force due to surface chain

Chain required breaking load

w Mooring line weight per unit length

W, Anchor air weight

Chain angle relative to horizontal

Y Bulk wet density of soil

b
Coefficient of friction between chain and seafloor
(dimensionless)

68

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 DISTRIBUTION LIST

AFB CESCH. Wright-Patterson

ARCTICSUBLAB Code 54, San Diego. CA
ARMY BMDSC-RE (H. McClellan) Huntsville AL; DAEN-MPE-D Washington DC
ARMY COE Philadelphia Dist. (LIBRARY) Philadelphia, PA
ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS MRD-Eng. Div.. Omaha NE; Seattle Dist. Library, Seattle WA
ARMY CRREL A. Kovacs, Hanover NH; Library, Hanover NH
ARMY DARCOM Code DRCMM-CS Alexandria VA
ARMY ENG WATERWAYS EXP STA Library, Vicksburg MS; Coastal Eng Rsrch Cntr, Vicksburg. MS
ARMY ENGR DIST. Library, Portland OR
ARMY ENVIRON. HYGIENE AGCY HSE-EW Water Qual Eng Div Aberdeen Prov Grnd MD
ARMY MATERIALS & MECHANICS RESEARCH CENTER Dr. Lenoe, Watertown MA
ARMY MOBIL EQUIP R&D COM DRDME-GS Fuel Tech Br, r't Belvoir. VA
ARMY TRANSPORTATION SCHOOL Code ATSPO CD-TE Fort Eustis, VA
ASST SECRETARY OF THE NAVY Spec. Assist Submarines, Washington DC
BUREAU OF RECLAMATION Code 1512 (C. Selander) Denver CO
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CNO Code NOP-964. Washington DC; Code OP 323, Washington DC; Code OP 987 Washington DC; Code
OPNAV 09B24 (H); Code OPNAV 22. Wash DC; Code OPNAV 23. Wash DC; OP-23 (Capt J.H. Howland)
Washinton. DC; OP987J, Washington, DC
COMCBPAC Operations Off, Makalapa HI
COMDEVGRUONE CMDR San Diego. CA
COMNAVBEACHPHIBREFTRAGRU ONE San Diego CA
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COMRNCF Nicholson, Tampa, FL; Nicholson, Tampa, FL
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DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY DB-4C1 Washington DC
DEFFUELSUPPCEN DFSC-OWE (Term Engrng) Alexandria, VA; DFSC-OWE, Alexandria VA
DOE Div Ocean Energy Sys Cons/Solar Energy Wash DC
DTIC Defense Technical Info Ctr/Alexandria, VA
DTNcr>DC Ar.r.a Lab. Code 2724 (D Bluuxiiiju™} A.mapoiis. MD
HCl JNE CO. Bishops Point. HI
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS Washington, DC (Sciences & Tech Div)
MARINE CORPS BASE PWO, Camp Pendleton CA
MCAS Facil. Engr. Div. Cherry Point NC; CO. Kaneohe Bay HI
MCRD SCE, San Diego CA
MILITARY SEAL'FT COMMAND Washington DC
NAF PWO, Atsugi Japan
NALr OINC, San Diego, CA
NARF Code 1(H), Cherry Point, NC; Equipment Engineering Division (Code 61000). Pcnsacola, FL
NAS PWD - Engr Div. Oak Harbor. WA; PWD Maint. Div.. New Orleans. Belle Chasse LA; PWD. Code
I821H (Pfankuch) Miramar, SD CA; PWO Belle Chasse. LA; PWO Key West FL; PWO. Glenview IL; SCE
Norfolk, VA
NATL BUREAU OF STANDARDS Kovacs, Washington. DC.; R Chung Washington, DC
NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL Naval Studies Board/Washington DC
NAVACT PWO, London UK
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Panama City. FL; Code 719. Panama City. FL; Library Panama City. FL; PWO Panama City. FL
NAVCOMMAREAMSTRSTA SCE Unit 1 Naples Italy; SCE. Wahiawa HI
NAVCOMMSTA Code 401 Nea Makri, Greece; PWD - Maint Control Div. Diego Garcia Is.; PWO. Exmouth.
Australia
NAVCONSTRACEN Curriculum Instr. Stds Olir. Gullport MS
NAVEDTRAPRODEVCEN Technical Library. Pensacola. FL
NAVELEXSYSCOM Code PME 124-61. Washington. DC; PME 124-612. Wash DC
NAVEODTECHCEN Code 605. Indian Head MD
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0453 (D. Potter) Alexandria. VA; Code 0453C. Alexandria. VA; Code 04AI Alexandria. VA; (ode 09M54.
Tech Lib. Alexandria. VA; Code OKI Alexandria. VA; Code KKI2B (J. Leimanis) Alexandria. VA; Code
1113. Alexandria. VA

69
 NAVFACENGCOM - CHES DIV. Code 407 (D Scheesele) Washington, DL; Code FPO-1C Washington DC;
Code FPO-1E, Wash. DC; FPO-1 Washington. DC; FPO-1EA5 Washington DC; FPO-1P/1P3 Washington.
DC; Library, Washington. DC.
NAVFACENGCOM - LANT DIV. Eur. BR Deputy Dir, Naples Italy; Library. Norfolk. VA; RDT&ELO
102A. Norfolk. VA
NAVFACENGCOM - NORTH DIV. (Boretsky) Philadelphia. PA; CO; Code 04 Philadelphia. PA; Code (MAL,
Philadelphia PA; ROICC. Contracts, Crane IN
NAVFACENGCOM - PAC DIV. CODE 09P PEARL HARBOR HI; Code 402. RDT&E, Pearl Harbor HI;
Library, Pearl Harbor, HI
NAVFACENGCOM - SOUTH DIV. Code 90. RDT&ELO, Charleston SC; Library. Charleston, SC
NAVFACENGCOM - WEST DIV Code 'MB San Bruno. CA; Library. San Bruno, CA; O9P/20 San Bruno,
CA; RDT&ELO San Bruno, CA
NAVFACENGCOM CONTRACTS Eng Div dir. Southwest Pac, Manila, PI; OICC, Southwest Pac, Manila. PI;
OICC/ROICC, Balboa Panama Canal; ROICC Code 495 Portsmouth VA; ROICC, NAS, Corpus Christi, TX;
ROICC. Yap
NAVOCEANO Library Bay St. Louis. MS
NAVOCEANSYSCEN Code 09 (Talkington). San Diego, CA; Code 4473 Bayside Library, San Diego, CA;
Code 4473B (Tech Lib) San Diego, CA; Code 5204 (.1. Stachiw), San Diego. CA; Code 5214 (H. Wheeler),
San Diego CA; Code 5221 (R.Jones) San Diego Ca; Code 5322 (Bachman) San Diego, CA; Hawaii Lab (R
Yumori) Kailua. HI; Hi Lab Tech Lib Kailua HI
»*** ■""
L"V\-, NAVPGSCOL C. Morers Monterey CA; Code 61WL (O. Wilson) Monterey CA; E. Thornton, Monterey CA
'.";N NAVPHIBASE CO, ACB 2 Norfolk. VA; COMNAVBEACHGRU TWO Norfolk VA; Code S3T, Norfolk VA;
''.'* Harbor Clearance Unit Two, Little Creek, VA; SCE Coronado, SD.CA
*'_.-'; NAVREGMEDCEN SCE; SCE. Guam
^ NAVSCOLCECOFF C35 Port Hueneme, CA
$*% NAVSCSOL PWO, Athens GA
"-"- NAVSEASYSCOM Code OOC-D, Washington, DC; Code PMS 395 A 3. Washington, DC; Code PMS 395 A2.
Washington, DC; Code PMS 396.3311 (Rekas). Wash.. DC; Code SEA OOC Washington. DC; PMS-395
Al, Washington, DC; PMS395-A3. Washington. DC
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Security Offr. San Francisco, CA
NAVTECHTRACEN SCE, Pensacola FL
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NAVWPNSTA PW Office Yorktown. VA
NAVWPNSTA PWD "- Maint. Control Div.. Concord. CA; PWD - Supr Gen Engr. Seal Beach. CA; PWO,
Charleston, SC; PWO. Seal Beach CA
NAVWPNSUPPCEN Code 09 Crane IN
NCBC Code 10 Davisville, RI; Code 15, Port Hueneme CA; Code 155. Port Hueneme CA; Code 156, Port
Hueneme, CA; Library, Davisville, RI; Technical Library. Gulfport, MS
NMCB FIVE, Operations Depi
NOAA (Mr. Joseph Vadus) Roekville, MD; Library Roekville. MD
NORDA Code 410 Bay St. Louis. MS; Code 440 (Ocean Rsch Off) Bay St. Louis MS; Code 500. (Ocean Prog
Off-Ferer) Bay St. Louis. MS
NRL Code 5800 Washington. DC; Code 5843 (F. Rosenthal) Washington. DC; Code 8441 (R.A. Skop),
Washington DC
NROTC J.W. Stephenson. UC, Berkeley. CA
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Cruz), New London CT
ONR Central Regional Office, Boston. MA; Code 481, Bay St. Louis. MS; Code 485 (Silva) Arlington. VA;
Code 700F Ailington VA
PI11BCB 1 P&E, San Diego, CA; I, CO San Diego. CA
PM'IC Code 3144, (E. Good) Point Mugu. CA; Code 3331 (S. Opatowslu) Point Mugu. CA; EOD Mobile
Unit. Point Mugu. CA
PWC CO, (Code 10). Oakland. CA; Code 10, Great Lakes. 1L; Code 120, Oakland CA; Code 128. Guam;
Code 154 (Library). Great Lakes. IL; Code 2:00. Great Lakes IL; Code 4(H). Great Lakes. IL; Code 400.
Pearl Harbor, HI; Code 400. San Diego. CA; Code 420. Great Lakes. II ; Code 420. Oakland. CA; Code
424. Norfolk, VA; Code 500 Norfolk, VA; Code 700, San Diego, CA; Library (ode I20C. San Diego. CA;

70
 Library, Guam; Library. Norfolk, VA; Library, Pearl Harbor, HI; Library. Pensacola. FL; Library. Subic
Bay, R.P.; Library, Yokosuka JA
UCT ONE OIC. Norfolk, VA
UCT TWO OIC. Port Hueneme CA
US DEPT OF INTERIOR Bur of Land Mgmnt Code 583, Washington DC
US GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Off. Marine Geology, Piteleki, Reston VA
US NAVAL FORCES Korea (ENJ-P&O)
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USCG R&D CENTER CO Groton. CT; D. Motherway, Groton CT; Library New London. CT
USDA Ext Service (T. Maher) Washington. DC; Forest Service. San Dimas, CA
USNA ENGRNG Div. PWD. Annapolis MD; USNA/SYS ENG DEPT ANNAPOLIS MD
WATER & POWER RESOURCES SERVICE (Smoak) Denver, CO
NUSC DET Library. Newport, RI

71

y»"v"V% «'• >% ,"»• - v-. ■ ^ . ."■'.

•-»•■*•■■--».■•-• -- ^_, m-..MJ - - ■ - * mM - ■ - » - ^^r,
 INSTRUCTIONS

The Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory has revised its primary distribution lists. The bottom of
the mailing label has several numbers listed. These numbers correspond to numbers assigned to the list of
Subject Categories. Numbers on the label corresponding to those on the list indicate the subject category and
type of documents you are presently receiving. If > o i are satisfied, throw this card away (or file it for later
reference).
If you want to change what you are presently receiving:
• Delete - mark off number on bottom of label.
• Add - circle number on list.
• Remove mv name from all vour lists - cheek box on list.
• Change my address - line out incorrect line and write in correction (ATTACH MAILING LABEL).
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PORT HUENEME, CALIFORNIA 93043
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OFFICIAL BUSINESS
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1 IND-NCEL-270O/4 (REV. 12-73)
0SS0-LI-L70-0044

Commanding Officer
Code L.14
Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory
Port Hueneme, California 93043

.^y.lV.VkV.V.VLf'LS. A'A^^.^V^'A'^:VÄ'A-,'>:'.I. ■"■■.•.'«.•f.t.w.'j -" fc' i" *. 1«-' ■*-" i ' aJ *•- i
*9*4

DISTRIBUTION QUESTIONNAIRE
The Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory is revising its primary distribution lists.

SUBJECT CATEGORIES 28 ENERGY/POWER GENERATION

29 Thermal conservation (thermal engineering of buildings, HVAC
1 SHORE FACILITIES systems, energy loss measurement, power generation)
2 Construction methods and materials {including corrosion 30 Controls and electrical conservation (electrical systems,
control, coatings) energy monitoring and control systems)
3 Waterfront structures (maintenance/deterioration control) 31 Fuel flexibility (liquid fuels, coal utilization, energy
4 Utilities (including power conditioning) from solid waste)
5 Explosives safety 32 Alternate energy source (geothermal power, photovoltaic
6 Construction equipment and machinery power systems, solar systems, wind systems, energy storage
7 Fire prevention and control . systems)
8 Antenna technology 33 Site data and systems integration (energy resource data, energy
9 Structural analysis and design (including numerical and consumption data, integrating energy systems)
computer techniques) 34 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
10 Protective construction (including hardened shelters, 35 Solid waste management
shock and vibration studies) 36 Hazardous/toxic materials management
11 Soil/rock mechanics 37 Wastewatfir management and sanitary engineering
13 BEQ 38 Oil pollution removal and recovery
14 Airfields and pavements 39 Air pollution
15 ADVANCED BASE AND AMPHIBIOUS FACILITIES 40 Noise abatement
16 Base facilities (including shelters, power generation, water supplies; 44 OCEAN ENGINEERING
17 Expedient roads/airfields/bridges 45 Seafloor soils and foundations
18 Amphibious operations (including breakwaters, wave forces) 46 Seafloor construction systems and operations (including
19 Over-the-Beach operations (including containerization, diver and manipulator tools)
materiel transfer, lighterage and cranps) 47 Undersea structures and materials
20 POL storage, transfer and distribution 48 Anchors and moorings
24 POLAR ENGINEERING 49 Undersea power systems, electromechanical cables,
24 Same as Advanced Base and Amphibious Facilities, and connectors
except limited to cold-region environments 50 Pressure vessel facilities
51 Physical environment (including site surveying)
52 Ocean-based concrete structures
53 Hyperbanc chambers
54 Undersea cable dynamics
TYPES OF DOCUMENTS
85 Techdata Sheets 86 Technical Reports and Technical Notes 82 NCEL Guide 8< Updates r; Nonc-
83 Table of Contents & Index to TDS rcmove my name
91 Physical Security

. ,*_ j*. ^.. ^* »-* —* i — v:^.:v>:-: y-■ y->-- -s- kA >A'»-"• -'»-*> .'».*> -> ."-.. a »>»''
I I

SUPPLEMENTARY

INFORMATION
v

i» i ■ i unitiir, ,j »i «>.,. r i ■tamii/lt*-',fc~*J"

♦
 DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY
NAVAL CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
PORT HUENEME, CA 93043
IN REPLY REFER TO
L08/PDT/jw
42-040
IN Serial 450
19 Mar 84

0
0 From: Commanding Officer
To: Distribution

Subj: Errata Sheet for Technical Note TN-1688, "Design Guide for Drag Embedment
Anchors," by R. Taylor.

1. Please replace page 39 with attached page 39.

P. D. TRIEM
By direction

hr.
 D/L

Figure 7.2 Predicted normalized fluke tip penetration versus normalized

drag distance.

1000 c

.a

40 oO 80 100

ANCHOR AIR HEIGHT MA (KIPS)

Figure 7.3 Anchor holding capacity factor, NcfBL, versus anchor air weight,
WA, based on anchor designs available in June 1982.

39