I.

Election and Suffrage

Moya v. Del Fierro, 69 Phil 199

https://www.scribd.com/document/152077516/Moya-vs-Del-Fiero

Badelles vs. Cabili, 27 SCRA 11, February 27, 1969

Facts: Mariano Badelles together with Bonifacio P. Legaspi and Cecilia T. Barazon who along with the
five protestees were among those who were registered candidates voted for in such election for
councilors in the City of Iligan, who contested the election of Honorable Camilo P. Cabili to the Office of
City Mayor of the said city.

It was then alleged that there are irregularities on the said election and that illegal votes were cast by
those not qualified to do so. Protestees moved to dismiss in different suits the petition on the following
grounds:

1. That the protest was filed beyond the reglementary period allowed by the Revised Election Code;

2. That the lower court has no jurisdiction over the subject matter of the present case, the Commission
on Elections being the proper body to hear the same;

3. That the complaint states no cause of action.

On march 23, 1968, in a single order, the election protests were dismissed based on the lack of a
cause of action.

Issue: Whether or not the dismissal issued by COMELEC on March 23, 1968 is valid.

Held: No. The election law has no justification except as a means for assuring a free, honest and orderly
expression of their views. It is of the essence that corruption and irregularities should not be permitted
to taint the electoral process.

Tolentino vs. Comelec G.R. No. 148334. January 21, 2004.

Facts: Following Senator Guingona's confirmation, the Senate on 8 February 2001 passed Resolution No. 84
("Resolution No. 84") certifying to the existence of a vacancy in the Senate. Resolution No. 84 called on COMELEC
to fill the vacancy through a special election to be held simultaneously with the regular elections on 14 May 2001.
Twelve Senators, with a 6-year term each, were due to be elected in that election. 1 Resolution No. 84 further
provided that the "Senatorial candidate garnering the 13th highest number of votes shall serve only for the
unexpired term of former Senator Teofisto T. Guingona, Jr.," which ends on 30 June 2004.
 On 5 June 2001, after COMELEC had canvassed the election results from all the provinces but one (Lanao del
Norte), COMELEC issued Resolution No. 01-005 provisionally proclaiming 13 candidates as the elected Senators.
Resolution No. 01-005 also provided that "the first twelve (12) Senators shall serve for a term of six (6) years and
the thirteenth (13th) Senator shall serve the unexpired term of three (3) years of Senator Teofisto T. Guingona, Jr.
who was appointed Vice-President." Respondents Ralph Recto ("Recto") and Gregorio Honasan ("Honasan")
ranked 12th and 13th, respectively, in Resolution No. 01-005.

Petitioners contend that COMELEC issued Resolution No. 01-005 without jurisdiction because:
(1) it failed to notify the electorate of the position to be filled in the special election as required under Section 2 of
Republic Act No. 6645 ("R.A. No. 6645");
(2) it failed to require senatorial candidates to indicate in their certificates of candidacy whether they seek election
under the special or regular elections as allegedly required under Section 73 of Batas Pambansa Blg. 881; 5 and,
consequently,
(3) it failed to specify in the Voters Information Sheet the candidates seeking election under the special or regular
senatorial elections as purportedly required under Section 4, paragraph 4 of Republic Act No. 6646 ("R.A. No.
6646").

In view of the issuance of Resolution No. 01-006, the Court required petitioners to file an amended petition
impleading Recto and Honasan as additional respondents. Petitioners accordingly filed an amended petition in
which they reiterated the contentions raised in their original petition and, in addition, sought the nullification of
Resolution No. 01-006.

COMELEC and Honasan further raise preliminary issues on the mootness of the petition and on petitioners'
standing to litigate. Honasan also claims that the petition, which seeks the nullity of his proclamation as Senator, is
actually a quo warranto petition and the Court should dismiss the same for lack of jurisdiction. For his part, Recto,
as the 12th ranking Senator, contends he is not a proper party to this case because the petition only involves the
validity of the proclamation of the 13th placer in the 14 May 2001 senatorial elections.

Issues: The following are the issues presented for resolution:

(1) Procedurally --
(a) whether the petition is in fact a petition for quo warranto over which the Senate Electoral Tribunal is the
sole judge;
(b) whether the petition is moot; and
(c) whether petitioners have standing to litigate.
(2) On the merits, whether a special election to fill a vacant three-year term Senate seat was validly held on 14
May 2001.

Held: WHEREFORE, we DISMISS the petition for lack of merit.

Ratio: The Commission on Elections is a constitutional body. It is intended to play a distinct and important part in
our scheme of government. In the discharge of its functions, it should not be hampered with restrictions that
would be fully warranted in the case of a less responsible organization.

The calling of a special election, if necessary, and the giving of notice to the electorate of necessary information
regarding a special election, are central to an informed exercise of the right of suffrage. While the circumstances
attendant to the present case have led us to conclude that COMELEC's failure to so call and give notice did not
invalidate the special senatorial election held on 14 May 2001, COMELEC should not take chances in future
elections.

The Nature of the Petition and the Court's Jurisdiction

A quo warranto proceeding is, among others, one to determine the right of a public officer in the exercise of his
office and to oust him from its enjoyment if his claim is not well-founded. Under Section 17, Article VI of the
Constitution, the Senate Electoral Tribunal is the sole judge of all contests relating to the qualifications of the
members of the Senate.

Admittedly, the office of the writ of prohibition is to command a tribunal or board to desist from committing an
act threatened to be done without jurisdiction or with grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of
jurisdiction. 11 Consequently, the writ will not lie to enjoin acts already done.

In view of petitioners' standing

We accord the same treatment to petitioners in the instant case in their capacity as voters since they raise
important issues involving their right of suffrage, considering that the issue raised in this petition is likely to arise
again.

Whether a Special Election for a Single, Three-Year Term Senatorial Seat was Validly Held on 14 May 2001
Under Section 9, Article VI of the Constitution, a special election may be called to fill any vacancy in the Senate
and the House of Representatives "in the manner prescribed by law," thus: In case of vacancy in the Senate or in
the House of Representatives, a special election may be called to fill such vacancy in the manner prescribed by law,
but the Senator or Member of the House of Representatives thus elected shall serve only for the unexpired term

Thus, in case a vacancy arises in Congress at least one year before the expiration of the term, Section 2 of R.A.
No. 6645, as amended, requires COMELEC: (1) to call a special election by fixing the date of the special election,
which shall not be earlier than sixty (60) days nor later than ninety (90) after the occurrence of the vacancy but in
case of a vacancy in the Senate, the special election shall be held simultaneously with the next succeeding regular
election; and (2) to give notice to the voters of, among other things, the office or offices; to be voted for.

A survey of COMELEC's resolutions relating to the conduct of the 14 May 2001 elections reveals that they
contain nothing which would amount to a compliance, either strict or substantial, with the requirements in Section
2 of R.A. No. 6645, as amended. Thus, nowhere in its resolutions 24 or even in its press releases 25 did COMELEC
state that it would hold a special election for a single three-year term Senate seat simultaneously with the regular
elections on 14 May 2001. Nor did COMELEC give formal notice that it would proclaim as winner the senatorial
candidate receiving the 13th highest number of votes in the special election.

In view of COMELEC's failure

The calling of an election, that is, the giving notice of the time and place of its occurrence, whether made by the
legislature directly or by the body with the duty to give such call, is indispensable to the election's validity. In a
general election, where the law fixes the date of the election, the election is valid without any call by the body
charged to administer the election.
 In a special election to fill a vacancy, the rule is that a statute that expressly provides that an election to fill a
vacancy shall be held at the next general elections fixes the date at which the special election is to be held
and operates as the call for that election. Consequently, an election held at the time thus prescribed is not
invalidated by the fact that the body charged by law with the duty of calling the election failed to do so. This is
because the right and duty to hold the election emanate from the statute and not from any call for the election by
some authority and the law thus charges voters with knowledge of the time and place of the election.

Section 2 of R.A. No. 6645, as amended. This makes mandatory the requirement in Section 2 of R.A. No. 6645, as
amended, for COMELEC to "call . . . a special election . . . not earlier than 60 days nor longer than 90 days after the
occurrence of the vacancy" and give notice of the office to be filled. The COMELEC's failure to so call and give
notice will nullify any attempt to hold a special election to fill the vacancy.

More than 10 million voters cast their votes in favor of Honasan, the party who stands most prejudiced by the
instant petition. We simply cannot disenfranchise those who voted for Honasan, in the absence of proof that
COMELEC's omission prejudiced voters in the exercise of their right of suffrage so as to negate the holding of the
special election.

Neither is there basis in petitioners' claim that the manner by which COMELEC conducted the special senatorial
election on 14 May 2001 is a nullity because COMELEC failed to document separately the candidates and to
canvass separately the votes cast for the special election. No such requirements exist in our election laws. What is
mandatory under Section 2 of R.A. No. 6645 is that COMELEC "fix the date of the election," if necessary, and "state,
among others, the office or offices to be voted for." Similarly, petitioners' reliance on Section 73 of B.P. Blg. 881 on
the filing of certificates of candidacy, and on Section 4(4) of R.A. No. 6646 on the printing of election returns and
tally sheets, to support their claim is misplaced. These provisions govern elections in general and in no way require
separate documentation of candidates or separate canvass of votes in a jointly held regular and special elections.

However, upon the suggestion of Senator Raul Roco ("Senator Roco"), the Senate agreed to amend Resolution
No. 84 by providing, as it now appears, that "the senatorial candidate garnering the thirteenth (13th) highest
number of votes shall serve only for the unexpired term of former Senator Teofisto T. Guingona, Jr." Senator
Roco introduced the amendment to spare COMELEC and the candidates needless expenditures and the voters
further inconvenience.

The Commission on Elections is a constitutional body. It is intended to play a distinct and important part in our
scheme of government. In the discharge of its functions, it should not be hampered with restrictions that would be
fully warranted in the case of a less responsible organization. The Commission may err, so may this Court also. It
should be allowed considerable latitude in devising means and methods that will insure the accomplishment of the
great objective for which it was created — free, orderly and honest elections. We may not agree fully with its
choice of means, but unless these are clearly illegal or constitute gross abuse of discretion, this court should not
interfere.

The calling of a special election, if necessary, and the giving of notice to the electorate of necessary
information regarding a special election, are central to an informed exercise of the right of suffrage. While the
circumstances attendant to the present case have led us to conclude that COMELEC's failure to so call and give
notice did not invalidate the special senatorial election held on 14 May 2001, COMELEC should not take chances
in future elections.

http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2004/jan2004/148334.htm (full text)

II. Commission on Elections

Purisima v Salanga, 15 SCRA 704

https://www.scribd.com/document/341144648/Purisima-vs-Salanga

Cauton v COMELEC, 19 SCRA 911

https://www.scribd.com/document/270992806/5-Cauton-v-Comelec-19-Scra-911

Roque v COMELEC

https://www.scribd.com/document/323756035/14-Roque-vs-COMELEC-digest-docx

http://www.pinayjurist.com/harry-l-roque-jr-et-al-vs-comelec-g-r-188456-september-10-2009-poll-
automation-law/

http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2009/september2009/188456.htm

https://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2010/feb2010/gr_188456_2010.html

Arroyo v DOJ and COMELEC

http://brigettemayor.blogspot.com/2015/06/gr-no-199082-july-23-2013-jose-miguel-t.html

Ongsioko Reyes v COMELEC

https://voiceofgraceweb.wordpress.com/2018/01/08/reyes-vs-comelec-2013/

Lico v Commission on Elections

http://lawyerly.ph/digest/cef48?user=8

Estrella v COMELEC

http://pinoycasedigest.blogspot.com/2013/08/estrella-vs-comelec-case-digest.html

Sevilla v COMELEC

FACTS:

Sevilla and So were candidates for the position of Punong Barangay of Barangay Sucat, Muntinlupa City during
October 25, 2010 Barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan Elections, in which, Sevilla was proclaimed as the
winner. So filed an election protest with the MeTC on the ground that Sevilla committed electoral fraud,
anomalies and irregularities in all the protested precincts. The MeTC dismissed the election protest.

So filed a motion for reconsideration from the dismissal order instead of a notice of appeal; he also failed to
pay the appeal fee within the reglementary period. But the MeTC denied the motion for reconsideration on
the ground that it was a prohibited pleading. In response, So filed a petition for certiorati with the COMELEC,
alleging grave abuse of discretion on the part of the MeTC Judge.

The COMELEC Second Division granted So’s petition and held that certiorari can be granted despite the
availability of appeals when the questioned order amounts to an oppressive exercise of judicial authority. It
also ruled that the assailed Order was fraught with infirmities and irregularities in the appreciation of the
ballot.

The COMELEC en banc, by a vote of 3-3, affirmed the COMELEC Second Division’s ruling.
ISSUE:

Whether the COMELEC gravely abused its discretion when it gave due course to the petition despite its loss of
jurisdiction after the dismissal order became final and executory due to So’s wrong choice of remedy.

RULING:

The Court resolve to dismiss the petition for having been prematurely filed, and remand the case to the
COMELEC for its appropriate action. It ruled that COMELEC en banc’s Resolution lacks legal effect as it is not a
majority decision required by the Constitution and by the COMELEC Rules of Procedure

The Court have previously ruled that a majority vote requires a vote of four members of the COMELE en banc.
In Marcoleta v. Commission on Elections, it declared “that Section 5(a) of Rule 3 of the COMELEC Rules of
Procedure and Section & of Article IX-A of the Constitution require that a majority vote of all the members of
the COMELEC en banc, and not only those who participated and took part in the deliberations, is necessary for
the pronouncement of a decision, resolution, order or ruling.”

In the present case, while the Resolution of the COMELEC en banc appears to have affirmed the COMELEC
Second Division’s Resolution and, in effect, denied Sevilla’s motion for reconsideration, the equally divided
voting between three Commissioners concurring and three Commissioners dissenting is not the majority vote
that the Constitution and the COMELEC Rules of Procedure require for a valid pronouncement of the assailed
Resolution of the COMELEC en banc. Thus, the assailed Resolution of the COMELEC en banc had no legal effect
whatsoever except to convey that the COMELEC failed to reach a decision and that further actions is required.
The COMELEC en banc’s Resolution must be reheard pursuant to the COMELEC Rules of Procedure.

Ibrahim v COMELEC

https://www.scribd.com/document/294024273/Ibrahim-vs-Comelec

Jaramilla v COMELEC

http://www.thezamboanguena.com/2017/09/jaramilla-v-comelec-gr-no-155717-23-oct-2003/

III. Voters

Macalintal v COMELEC

http://www.uberdigests.info/2013/03/romulo-macalintal-vs-commission-on-elections/

People v Corral

https://www.scribd.com/doc/298370536/People-v-Corral