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IEC REC(lMMEIIDATI(lII

Publication
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6dition-
Troisidme Thirdedition
)
1971
lr

Disjoncteurs
e courant
alternatif
a haute
tension
partie:
0euxiime Caracl6ristiques
n0minales

High-uoltage
alternating-cu
rrentcircuit-breakers
Parl2: Bating

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C t lM M I S S I ( l E
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IEC RECllMMENDATI(|N

Publication
56-2
6dition-
Troisidme Thirdedition
1971

Disjoncleurs
e couranl
alternatil
a haute
tension
Deuxi0me
partie:Caractdristiques
nominales

High-uoltag
e alternating-cu
rrentcircuil-brea
kers
Parl2: Bating

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?, 48.-
Fiix,'5
 3 - t
CONTENTS
Page

FoRewoRo 5
Pnrpncr 5

Clause

l. Rated characteristics. 9
2. Rated voltage . ll
3. Rated insulation level t1
4. Rated frequency l5
5. Rated nolmal current l7
6. Rated short-circuit breaking current l7
7. Rated transient recovery voltage for terminal faults 2l
8. Rated characteristicsfor short-line faults . 29
9. Rated short-circuit making current 35
10. Rated duration of short-circuit 35
I 1. Rated operating sequence 35
12. Rated out-of-phase breaking current . 37
13. Rated line-chargingbreaking current J I

14. Rated cable-charging breaking current 37

15. Rated (single)capacitor breaking current . 39
16. Rated small inductive breaking current 39
17. Rated supply voltages of closing and opening devices 4l
18. Rated supply voltages of auxiliary circuits 43
19. Rated supply frequency of closing and opening devicesand of auxiliary circuits 43

20. Rated pressureof compressedgas supply for operation or interruption 43

21. Co-ordination of rated values . 43

ApprNorx A - Calculation of specified transient recovery voltages for short-line faults from rated
characteristics . 55
 .
- 5 -

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

HIGH.VOLTAGE ALTERNATING-CURRENT CIRCUIT.BREAKERS

Part 2 z Rating

FOREWORD

r) T h e f o r m a l d e c i s i o n so r a g r e e m e n t so f t h e I E C o n t e c h n i c a l m a t t e i - s ,p r e p a r e d b y T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e s o n w h i c h a l l t h e
N a t i o n a l C o m m i t t e e s h a v i n g a s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t t h e r c i n a r e r e p r e s e n t e d ,e x p r e s s ,a s n e a r l y a s p o s s i b l e , a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l
c o n s e n s u so f o p i n i o n o n t h e s u b j e c t sd e a l t w i t h .

2) T h e y h a v e t h e f o r m o f r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l r , r s ea n d t h e y a r e a c c e p t e db y t h e N a t i o n a l C o m m i t t e e s i n t h a t
sense.

3) I n o r d e r t o p r o m o t e t h i s i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n i f i c a t i o n , t h e I E C e x p r e s s e st h e w i s h t h a t a l l N a t i o n a l C o m m i t t e e s h a v i n g a s
y e t n o n a t i o n a l r u l e s , w h e n p r e p a r i n g s u c h r u l e s , s h o u l d u s e t h e I E C r e c o n r m e n d a t i o n sa s t h e f u n d a m e n t a l b a s i sf o r t h e s e
rules in so far as national conditions will perntit.

4) T h e d e s i r a b i l i t y i s r e c o g n i z e do f e x t e n d i n g i n t e r n l t i o n a l a g r e e m e n to n t h e s e m a t t e r s t h r o u g h a n e n d e a v o u r t o h a r m o n i z e
n a t i o n a l s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n r u l e s w i t h t h e s e r e c o r n n r e n d a t i o n si n s o f a r : r s n a t i o n a l c o n d i t i o n s w i l l p e r m i t . T h e N a t i o n a l
C o m m i t t e e s p l e d g e t h e i r i n f l r - r e n c teo w a r d s t h a t e n d .

PREFACE

This Recommendation has been prepared by Sub-Committee 17A, High-voltage Switchgear and
Controlgear, of IEC Technical Committee No. 17, Switchgearand Controlgear.
A first draft was discussedat the meeting held in Paris in 1967 and in Arnhem in 1968.As a result of
this latter meeting, a final draft was submitted to the National Committees for approval under the Six
Months' Rule in June 1969.
This Publication forms part of the revision of I E C Publication 56 and constitutesPart 2: Rating.

The following countriesvoted explicitly in favour of publication:

Australia Italy
Belgium Netherlands
Canada Norway
Czechoslovakia Romania
Denmark South Africa
Finland Sweden
France Switzerland
Germany Turkey
Hungary United States
Iran of America
Israel Yugoslavia

The British National Committee recorded a negative vote becauseit is of the opinion that the values of
power frequency withstand voltages in column 3 of Table I are excessive.The values given are the values of
List 2 in Table I of IEC PublicationTl,Insulation Co-ordination, (fourth edition:1967). IEC Technical
Committee No.28,Insulation Co-ordination, at its meeting in Melbourne in 1969, discusseda revision
of this Table. It agreedthat List 2 should be eliminated and that in the remaining List I the values of 16 kV
and 22 kV applying to rated voltages of 3.6 kV and 7.2kY are to be reduced to 10 kV and 20 kV respectively.
 IT
1
t
, 1

i '

- 7 -

A draft concerningAppendix A was discussedat the meetingsheld inArnhemin 1968and in Stockholm

for
in 1969. As a result of'this latter meeting, a final draft was submitted to the National Committees
approval under the Six Months' Rule in January 1970'

The following countries voted explicitly in favour of publication:

Australia Netherlands
Belgium NorwaY
Canada Poland
Denmark Romania
Finland South Africa
France Sweden
Germany Switzerland
Iran TurkeY
Israel United Kingdom
Italy United States
Japan of America
Korea (Democratic People'sRepublic of) Yugoslavia

publication 56 has been divided into the following six parts which are published as separatebooklets:

Publication 56-1: Part l, General and Definitions.

Publication 56-2: Part 2, Rating.
Publication 56-3: Part 3, Design and Construction.
Publication 56-4: Part 4, Type Tests and Routine Tests'
pgblication 56-5: Part 5, Rules for the Selectionof Circuit-breakersfor Service.
publicatio n 56-6: part 6, Informarion to be Given with Enquiries, Tenders and Orders and Rules for
Transport, Erection and Maintenance.

,
 - 9 -

HIGH.VOLTAGE ALTERNATING-CURRENT CIRCUIT.BREAKERS

Part 2: Rating

l. Rated characteristics

The characteristicsof a circuit-breaker including its operating devices and auxiliary equipment
that shall be used to determine the rating, are the following:

1.1 Rated characteristicsto be givenfor all circuit-breakers

a) Rated voltage.
b) Rated insulation level.
c) Rated frequency.
d) Rated normal current.
c) Rated short-circuit breaking current.

f) Rated transient recovery voltage for terminal faults.

g) Rated short-circuit making current.
h) Rated operating sequence.

1.2 Rated characteristicsto be given in the specifc casesindicated below

a) Rated characteristics for short-line faults, for three-pole circuit-breakers designed for direct
connectionto overheadtransmissionlines and rated at 52 kV and above and at more than 12.5kA
rated short-circuit breaking current.
b) Rated duration of short-circuit, for circuit-breakers not fitted with direct over-current release.

c) Rated line-charging breaking current, for three-pole circuit-breakers intended for switching
overheadtransmissionlines and rated at 72.5 kV and above.

d) Rated supply voltage of closing and opening devices,where applicable.

e) Rated supply frequency of closing and opening devices,where applicable.

f) Rated pressureof compressedgas supply for operation and interruption, where applicable.

1.3 Rated characteristicsto be given on request

a) Rated out-of-phasebreaking current.

b) Rated cable-charging breaking current.
c) Rated (single)capacitor breaking current.
d) Rated small inductive breaking current.
e) Rated supply voltage of auxiliary circuits.

f) Rated supply frequency of auxiliary circuits.

'h
 - lt

2. Rated voltage

The rated voltage of a circuit-breaker indicates the upper limit of the highest voltage of systems
for which the circuit-breakeris intended (seeIEC Publication 38, IEC Standard Voltages).

The rated voltage of a three-pole circuit-breaker shall be selectedfrom the list of standard values
given below:

2.1 For rated toltages of 72.5 kV and below

S e r i e sI : 3 . 6 ; 7 . 2 ; 1 2 ; 1 7 . 5 ; 2 4 ; 3 6 ; 5 2 ; 7 2 . 5 .
S e r i e sI l : 4 . 7 6 ; 8 . 2 5 ;1 5 . 0 ;1 5 . 5 ; 2 5 . 8 3; 8 ; 4 8 . 3 ; 7 2 . 5 .
SeriesI: 50 Hz and 60 Hz.
SeriesII: 60 Hz based on current practice in the United Statesof America and Canada.

2.2 For rated voltasesabove72.5 kV

1 00 ; 1 2 3 ; 1 4 5 ;1 7 0 ; 2 4 53; 0 0; 3 6 2 ; 4 2 0 ; 5 2 5 ; 7 6 5 .

Note.- In North-Americanpractice550kV rather than 525kV is a preferredvalue.

3. Rated insulation level

The rated insulation level of a circuit-breaker for use on a system exposed to overvoltages of
atmosphericorigin, shall be selectedfiom Tables I, II and III, pages I 3 and 15.

a) For rated voltages up to and including72.5 kV, two tables of rated insulation levels aregiven:

- Table I based on current practice in Europe;

- Table II based on current practice in the United Statesof America and Canada.

b) For rated voltagesabove 72.5 kY, the rated insulation levelsare given in Table III which contains
alternative values for full and reduced insulation.

Full insulation vaLuesare intended for circuit-breakers for use on systemshaving the neutral isolated,
resonant-earthed or non-effectively earthed.

Reduced insulation values are intended for circuit-breakers for use on systemshaving the neutral
effectively earthed.

Notes /. - Test values for circuit-breakers for use on systen-ls not exposed to overvoltages of atmospheric origin
are under consideration. Examples of such systems are pure cable netrvorks or power station auxiliary
services.
 -13_-

2.- For definitionsof conditionsof systemearthing,see Sub-clauses

3.8 to 3.10 of IEC Pubtication56-1.

3.- The test voltage valuesin Tables I, II and III apply at the standard referenceconditions of temperature,
pressureand humidity specifiedin IEC Publication 60: High-voltage test techniques.

Tru.B I

Rated voltage Impulse withstand voltage, One minute

positive and power frequency
negative polarity withstand voltage

kV (r.m.s.) kV (peak) kV (r.m.s.)

3.6 45 2l
7.2 60 27
t2 75 35
17.5 95 45
24 125 55
36 170 75
52 250 105
72.5 325 140

Tesrn II

Rated voltage Impulse withstand voltage, Power frequency

positive and withstandvoltage
negativepolarity

kV (r.m.s.) kV (peak) kV (r.m.s.)

4.76 60 t9
8.2s 75 26
15.0 95 36
t5.5 110 50
2s.8 150 60
38.0 200 80
48.3 2sa r05
72.s 350 160
 - 1 5-

Taslr III

Rated hnpulse withstand voltage, Power frequency withstand

voltage positive and negative polarity voltage

kV (r.m.s.) kV (peak) kV (r.m.s.)

Reduced insulation

150

123

t45 230

245 39s

460

175 510
300 570

425 630
550 680

525 550 680

675 740
800 790

x Values under consideration.

4. Rated frequency

The rated frequency of a circuit-breaker is the power frequency for which the circuit-breaker
designedand to which the other rated characteristicscorrespond.

It is recommendedthat the rated frequency for three-pole circuit-breakersshall be either 5O Hz

or 60 Hz.

:--
 - 1 7 -

5 . Rated normal current

The rated normal current of a circuit-breaker is the r.m.s. value of the current which the circuit-
breaker shall be able to carry continuously without deterioration at its rated frequency with the
temperaturerisesof the various parts not exceedingthe valuesspecifiedin Table IV, page 19.

The values of rated normal currents shall be selectedfrom the following standard values:

4 0 0 ; 6 3 0 ; 8 0 0 ; 1 2 5 0 ; 1 6 0 0 ; 2 0 0 0 ; 2 5 0 0 ;3 1 5 0 ; 4 0 0 0 ; 5 0 0 0 ; 6 3 0 0 A

Note - The above values are selected from the R.l0 series, and, if required, higher values than those shown should
also be selected from this series.

If the circuit-breakeris fitted with a seriesconnectedaccessory,such as a direct over-currentrelease,

the rated normal current of the accessoryis the r.m.s. value of the current which the accessory shall
be able to carry continuously without deterioration at its rated frequency, with a temperature rise
not exceedingthe values specified in Table IV.

Current transformers shall comply with IEC Publication 185, Current Transformers(Sectiontwo,
Clause 4).

6 . Rated short-circuit breaking current

The rated short-circuit breaking current is the highest short-circuit current which the circuit-breaker
shallbe capableof breakingunder the conditions of useand behaviourprescribedin this recommendation
in a circuit having a power frequency recovery voltage corresponding to the rated voltage of the circuit-
breaker, and having a transient recovery voltage equal to the rated value specified in Clause 7.
Where applicable,the provisions of Clause 8 concerningshort-line faults shall be taken into account.

The rated short-circuit breaking current is characterized by two values:

- the r.m.s. value of its a.c. component, termed " rated short-circuit current " for shortness; and

- the percentaged.c. component.

For determination of the a.c. and d.c. components,seeFigure 1, lpage50.

The circuit-breaker shall be capable of breaking any short-circuit breaking current up to its rated
short-circuit breaking current containing any a.c. component up to the rated value and associated
with it any percentaged.c. component up to that specified,under the conditions mentioned above.

The following applies to a standard circuit-breaker:

i) At voltages below the rated voltage, it will be capable of breaking its rated short-circuit breaking
current.

Note.- For circuit-breakerswith ratedvoltagesnot exceeding72.5kV havingprovedratedshort-circuitbreaking

currents1at two differentratedvoltagesU, intermediate
characteristics
may be assignedfrom the straight
line drawnbetween the two provedratingpointson a plot of log U versuslog L In caseof doubt,tests
shouldbecarriedout to checkthe validityof the interpolation.

ii) At voltages above the rated voltage, no breaking current will be guaranteed except to the extent
provided for in Clause 12.
 -r
I

l9 -

Tann lV

Maximum value of:

Temperature Temperature rise at

Nature of the part or of the liquid
an ambient air tempera-
t u r e n o t e x c e e d i n g4 0 ' C

,C
deg C

I
I . Copper contacts in a l r :
- silver-faced (see Notes l, 2 and 6) r05 65
- not silver-faced 75 35

Copper contacts in o i l :
- silver-faced (see Notes 2 and 6) 90 50
- not silver-faced 80 40

3 . Terminals of circuit-breakers to be connected to external con-

ductors by screws or bolts:
- silver-faced (see Notes 3 and 6) 105 65
- r-rot silver-faced 90 50

Metal parts acting as springs See Note 4 See Note

Metal parts in contact with insulation of the following classes

(see Note 5):

Class Y: (for non-impregnated rnaterials) 90 50

Class A: (for materials immersed in oil or impregnated) 100 60

Class E: in air t20 80

in oil 100 60

Class B: in air 130 90

in oil 100 60

Class F: in air 155 lr5

in oil 100 60

Enamel: oil base 100 60

synthetic, in air 120 80
synthetic, in oil 100 60

6. Any part of metal or of insulating material in contact with oil, 100 60

except contacts

7 . Oil for oil circuit-breakers 80

N ot e.s I - When applying the temperature rise of 65 deg C, care should be taken to ensure that no damage is caused
to the surrounding insulating materials.
) - The quality of the silver-facing shall be of such a kind that:
a) alter any of the short-circurt test-duties;
b) after the mechanical test;
there is still a layer of silver at the contact points; otherwise, the contact shall be regarded as " not silver-
faced ".
J.- The values of temperature and temperature rise are valid whether or not the conductor connected to
the terminals is silver-faced.
4.- The temperature must not reach a value where the elasticity of the material is impaired. For pure copper,
this implies a temperature limit of 75 'C.
 -2r-

5. - The following classes of insulating materials are used:

Class Y: Insulation consists of materials or combinations of materials such as cotton, silk and paper
without impregnation. Other materials or combinations of materials may be included in this
class if, by experience or accepted tests, they can be shown to be capable of operation at Class
Y temperatures.
Class A: lnsulation consists of materials or combinations of materials such as cotton, silk and paper
when suitably impregnated or coated or when immersed in a dielectric liquid such as oil. Other
materials or combinations of materials may be included in this class if, by experience or
accepted tests, they can be shown to be capable of operation at Class A temperatures.

Class E: lnsulation consists of materials or combinations of materials, which by experience or accepted

tests can be shown to be capable of operation at Class E temperatures.
Class B; Insulation consists of materials or combinations of materials such as mica, glass fibre, asbestos,
etc., with suitable bonding substances. Other materials or combinations of materials, not
necessarily inorganic, may be included in this class, if by experience or accepted tests they can
be shown to be capable of operation at Class B temperatures.

Class F: lnsulationconsistsof materialsor combinationsof materialssuchas mica,glassfibre, asbestos

with suitablebonding substances as well as other materialsor combinationsof materials,not
necessarilyinorganic, which, by experienceor a@eptedtests, can be shown to be capable of
operation at Class F temperatures.
6. - When other materialsthan those mentionedin Table IV, page 19, are\-rsed,the nature and quality of these
materialsshall be considered.

6.1 The r.m.s. value of the a.c. component of the rated short-circuit breaking current shall be selected
from the followins values:

6 . 3 ;8 ; 1 0 ; 12 . 5 ; 1 6 ; 2 0 ; 2 5 ; 3 1 . 5 ; 4 0 ;5 0 ; 6 3 ;8 0 ; 1 0 0k A

6.2 The value of the percentaged.c. component shall be determined as follows:

a) For a circuit-breaker which can be tripped by the short-circuit current without the aid of any
form of auxiliary power, the percentaged.c. component shall correspond to a time intewal r
equal to the minimum opening time of the circuit-breaker.

b) For a circuit-breaker which is intended to be tripped solely by a form of auxiliary power, the
percentaged.c. component shall correspond to a time interval r equal to the minimum opening
time of the circuit-breaker plus one half cycle of rated frequency.

The minimum opening time mentioned above is the shortest opening time of the circuit-breaker
obtainable under any serviceconditions whether in a breaking operation or a make-break operating
cycle.

The percentagevalue of the d.c. component is dependent on the time interval r and standard values
are given in Figure 2, page 51.

Note. - In specialapplications,for example,if a circuit-breakeris closeto a generator,the percentaged.c. component

correspondingto the circuit-breaker opening time may be higher than the value given in Figure 2, which
is based on negligible decrementof the a.c. component of the short-circuit current and on an exponential
decay of the d.c. component to an 80/" value in 10 ms, i.e. a time constant of approximately 0.04 s. In this
case,the required percentaged.c. component shall be specifiedin the enquiry and testing shall be subject
to agreementbetweenmanufacturerand user.

7. Rated transient recovery yoltage for terminal faults

The rated transient recovery voltage (TRV) for terminal faults, relating to the rated short-circuit
breaking current in accordance with Clause 6 is the reference voltage which constitutes the limit of
 1 a
/ 1 -

the prospective transient recovery voltage of circuits which the circuit-breaker shall be capable of
breaking in the event of a short-circuit at its terminals.

7.1 Representationo.f transient recot)eryvoltage waves

The waveform of transient recovery voltagesvaries according to the arrangementof actual circuits.

In some cases,particularly in systemswith a voltage greater than 100 kV, and where the short-
circuit currents are relatively heavy in relation to the maximum short-circuit current at the point under
consideration,the transient recoveryvoltage contains an initial period of high rate-of-rise,followed by
a 1ater period of lower rate-of-rise. This type of wave is generally adequately represented by an
*.
envelope consisting of three line segmentsdefined by means of four parameters

In other cases,particularly in systemswith a voltage lessthan 100 kV, or in systemswith a voltage

greater than 100 kV in conditions where the short-circuit currents are relatively slight in relation to
the maximum short-circuit current, the transient recovery voltage approximates to a damped single
frequency oscillation. This waveform is adequately described by afl envelope consisting of
two line segmentsdefined by meansof two parameters*.

Such a representationin terms of two parametersis a specialcaseof representationin terms of four

parameters.

The influence of local capacitance on the source side of the circuit-breaker produces a slower rate-
of-rise of the voltage during the first f'ew microseconds of the TRV. This is taken into account
by introducing a time delay.

This representationis also being applied to rated and other specifiedtransient recovery voltages
which are representedby four-parameter or two-parameter reference lines together with delay lines'

7.2 Representationof rated TRV

The following parameters are used for the representation of rated TRV:

a) Case of four parameters (see Figure 3, page 52)

Ltt : first referencevoltage, in kilovolts;
tr : time to reach ur, in microseconds;
us : secondreferencevoltage (TRV peak value), in kilovolts;
tz : time to reach us, in microseconds.

b) Case of two parameters (see Figure 4, page 52)

uc : referencevoltage (TRV peak value), in kilovolts;
ts : time to reach voltage us, in microseconds.

c) Time delay

A circuit-breaker has a rated time delay ra (rrs). The circuit-breaker shall be capable of interrupting
in any circuit in which the TRV wave passesonce through a " delay line " and does not recross it.

* Note. - Methods of drawing TRV-envelopesare given in Appendix C of IEC Publication 56-4.

 l-
I

- 2 5 -

first section of
The delay line starts on the time axis at the rated time delay /a, runs parallel to the
the referenceline and terminatesat a specified voltageu'(time co-ordinate t').

7.3 Standard valuesof rated TRV

including
Standard values of rated TRV for three-polecircuit-breakersof rated voltagesup to and
Table Vn for rated voltages SeriesI.
100 kV, make use of two parameters.Values are given in
Table Vs for rated voltages SeriesII is under consideration.

TnnLE V.q.

Standard valuesof rated transient recoveryvoltage

Rated voltagesSeries I and 100 kV
Representationby two parameters-First'pole-to'clear factor 1.5

Rated TRV peak Time Voltage Time Rate of

voltage value co- co- co- rise
ordinate ordinate ordinate

U uc ts II, t' u.l tz

KV kv ps KV ps kVipr,s

3.6 6.2 40 6.0 2.06 19.4 0 . 15 4

7.2 12.4 52 7.8 4.1 25 0.238
12 20.6 60 9.0 6.9 29 0.345
r7.5 30 72 10.8 t0 35 0.415
24 4l 88 13.2 13.8 42.s 0.47
36 62 108 16.2 20.6 52 0.57
52 89 r32 6.6 29.5 51 0.68
72.5 r24 168 8.4 41.5 64 0.74
100 172 216 10.8 57 83 0.79

uc : 1.4x t.s^l!U; ta : 0 . 1 5r ' f o r U l 52kY:'

l,l' : ta .: 0.05t' f o r U \ 52kV.

Ir"t

Tenl,n Vs

Standard valuesof rated transient recoveryvoltage

Rated voltages Series II
Representationby two parameters - First-pole'to'clear factor 1.5

Under consideration.
 -27-

Tnsrn Vc

Standardt,aluesof rated transientrecoveryvoltage

Ratedvoltagesexceeding 100kV
byfour parameters
Representation - First-pole-to-clear
factor 1.3

Rated First Time I TRV peak Time Time Voltagei Time I Rate
voltage reference co- | value co- delay co- I co- | of rise
voltage ordinate ordinate ordinate I ordinate

U llt ,1 arc tz l6 u' I t' I urltt

KV KV l,rs KV l-r.s ps k V l p r , t l k v / p s

r23 r30 130 182 390 2.6 65 68 1.0

145 154 154 2t6 460 3.1 77 80 1.0
170 180 180 255 540 3.6 90 94 t.0
24s 260 260 365 780 5.2 130 r36 1.0
300 320 320 44s 960 6.4 160 166 1.0
362 385 385 540 I 160 7.7 192 200 1.0
420 M5 445 620 l 340 8.9 222 232 1.0
525 560 560 780 l 680 11.1 280 290 1.0
765 810 810 I 140 2M0 16.2 405 420 1.0

U1 : t.z^l!u; t2: 3tr;

U c : 1 . 4u t ;
u : : I u,; ta : 0.02 tt

TnsLE Vo

Standard values o.f rated transient recovery voltage

Rated voltagesexceeding100 kV
Representationby four parameters - First-pole'to-clearfactor L5

Rated First Time TRV peak Time Voltage Time Rate

voltage reference co- value co- co- co- of rise
voltage ordinate ordinate ordinate ordinate

U llt tl llc Iz I6 u' t' utft1

kv kv U,S KV U,S KV P,S kV/ps

123 150 150 2r0 4s0 3.0 75 78 1.0

145 178 178 248 530 3.6 89 92 1.0
t70 208 208 290 620 4.2 104 108 1.0
245 300 300 420 900 6.0 150 156 1.0
300 365 365 510 100 7.3 184 t92 1.0
362 44s 445 620 340 8.9 222 230 1.0
420 510 510 720 540 10.2 255 26s 1.0
s25 640 640 900 920 12.8 320 335 1.0
765 940 940 | 320 2 800 18.8 470 485 1.0

U y : r.s^l! u; tz: 3tri

U c : I.4 ur;
I
I,lt .-
z uti ta : 0.02 tt
 -29-

For rated voltages above 100 kV, four parametersare used. Values are given in Table Vc for a
first-pole-to-clearfactor of 1.3 and in Table Vp for a first-pole-to-clearfactor of 1.5.

Note.- A reductionof the TRV for U > 420kV is underconsideration.

The tables also indicate values of rate-of-rise,taken as u"f t'. and urft, in the two-parameter and
four-parametercasesrespectively,which, together with TRV peak values us, rn&! be used for purposes
of designation.

The values given in the tables are prospectivevalues. They apply to circuit-breakersfor general
transmissionand distribution in a three-phasesystemwith frequenciesof 50 Hz or 60 Hz consisting
of transformers, overhead lines, and short lengths of cable.

In the case of single-phasesystemsor where circuit-breakersare for use in an installation having

more severeconditions, the values shall be subject to agreementbetween manufacturer and user,
particularly for the following cases:

a) circuit-breakersdirectly connectedto generator circuits;

b) circuit-breakers directly connected to transformers without appreciable additional capacitance

betweenthe circuit-breakerand the transformer which provides more than 50 % of the rated short-
circuit breaking-currentof the circuit-breaker;

c) circuit-breakersadjacent to seriesreactors.

In circuits having large cable networks directly on the source side, it may be more economical to
use circuit-breakershaving a lower rate-of-riseof rated transient recovery voltage, but in this casethe
values shall be subject to agreementbetween manufacturer and user.

The rated transient recovery voltage corresponding to the rated short-circuit breaking-current on
the occurrence of a terminal fault, is used for testing at breaking-currents equal to the rated value.
However, for testing at breaking-currentslessthan 100%of the rated value, other values of transient
recovery voltage are specified(see Sub-clause 7.5 of I E C Publication 56-4); further additional require-
ments apply to circuit-breakers rated at 52 kV and above and having rated short-circuit breaking
currents exceeding12.5kA, which may be called upon to operate in short-line fault conditions (see
Clause 8).

8. Rated characteristics for short-line faults

Rated characteristics for short-line faults are required for three-pole circuit-breakers designed for
direct connection to overheadtransmissionlines and having a rated voltage of 52 kV and above and
a rated short-circuit breaking current exceeding 12.5 kA. These characteristicsrelate to the break-
ing of a single-phaseline-to-earth fault in a system with effectivelyearthed neutral.

Note. - For the purpose of this Recommendation,a single-phasetest at the voltage to neutral is deemed to cover
all types of short-linefault.
In this context it is consideredimmaterial that in isolatedneutral systemssingle-phaseline-to-earthfaults do
not subiecta circuit-breakerto short-linefault conditions'
 - 3l

The short-line fault circuit is taken as composed of a supply circuit on the sourceside of the
circuit-breakerand a short line on its load side (see Figure 5, page 53) with the following rated
c har ac t er is t ic s :

a) Rated supply circuit characteristics

Voltage equalto the phase-to-neutralvoltage U I 17 correspondingto the rated voltage U of the

circuit-breaker.

Short-circuit current, in case of terminal fault, equal to the rated short-circuit breaking-current
of the circuit-breaker.
prospective transient recovery voltage, in case of terminal fault, given by the standard values in
Tables VIn, VIs (under consideration)and Table VIc.

Note. The standard values in Tables VII and VIc are derived fron-r Tables Va and Vo by dividing
voltages by the first-pole-to-clear factor of 1.5, the time co-ordinates remaining unchanged. See
also the Note of Sub-clause7.3.

b) Rated line characteristics

Standard values of rated surge impedanceZ and rated peak factor k are given in Table VII, page
33, related to the number of conductors per phase.The correlation betweenthis number, the rated
voltage and the rated short-circuit current is also given.

The rated characteristicsallow the determination of the prospectivetransient recovery voltage in

short-line fault conditions. See Appendix A, page 55.

TesI-E VIA.

Standard valuesof transient recorcry)voltage of the

supply circuit for short-linefaults
Ratecl voltagesSeries I and 100 kV - Representationby two parameters

Rated TRV peak Time Time Voltage Time

voltage value co- delay co- co-
ordinate ordinate ordinate

IJ Ilc [:t /d u' I' u.ltt

KV kv l-rs ps KV tls kV/ps

52 59 132 6.6 5l 0.45

72.5 83 168 8.4 64 0.495
r00 114 216 10.8 83 0.53

TasLE Vls

Stqndard valuesof transient recowry voltage of the

supply circuit for short-linefaults
Rated voltagesSeriesII - Representationby two parameters
Under consideration.
 - 3 3 -

T.tBrB VIc

Standard valuesof transient recoveryvoltage of the

supply circuit for short-linefaults
Rated voltagesexceeding100 kv-Representation by four parameters

Voltagel Time Rate

Rated I First Time I TRV peak Time Time I
value co- delay co- | co- | of rise
voltage I reference co- |
voltage ordinate ordinate ordinate I ordinate

U U1 t1 Llc tz t6 u ' I t ' | , t l t ,

KV KV ps KV ps ps k v l r r t l k V / P s

150 140 450 3.0 50 78 0.67

123 100
178 t66 530 3.6 59 92 0.67
L45 118
194 620 4.2 69 108 0.67
r70 138 208
0.67
200 300 280 900 6.0 100 156
245
300 2M 365 345 100 t.J r22 t9z 0.67
362 295 M5 415 340 8.9 r48 230 0.67
510 480 540 10.2 172 265 0.67
420 345
640 600 920 t2.8 214 335 0.67
525 430
940 870 2 800 18.8 310 485 0.67
765 620

T.q.sI,nVII

Standard values of rated line characteristics for short-line faults

Rated short-circuit Number of Rated surge RRRV factor

Rated voltage
current conductors impedance
per phase

U I Z

kv KA o

5 2 - = < U< 2 4 5
t.7 | 0.214

12.5<I<44

=40
375** 1.6 | 0.166

245 < U'=a 420

525 3or4 3 3 0* * 1.5 | 0.146

765

* Subject to special agreementbetween manufacturer and user, the parameters given for 3 or 4 conductors may be
uppii"d if the rated short-circuit current is equal or higher than 40 kA.
** The valuesof surgeimpedancefot 2,3 and4 conductors may be revisedin future in order to take account of conduc-
tor attraction with heavy short-circuit currents.
*** For the RRRV factor s, seeAppendix A, page 55.
 - 3 5 -

9. Rated short-circuit making current

The rated short-circuit making current, see Figure l. page 50, of a circuit-breakeris that which
correspondsto the rated voltage,and shall be 2.5 times the r.m.s. value of the a.c. component of its
rated short-circuitbreakins current (seeClause6).

10. Rated duration of short-circuit

The rated duration of short-circuitof a circuit-breakeris that period of time for which it can earry,
when closed,a current equal to its rated short-circuitbreaking current.

The standardvalue of rated duration of short-circuitis I s.

If a value of more than I s is necessary,

the value of 3 s is recommended.

A rated duration of short-circuit need not be assignedto a circuit-breaker fitted with a direct
over-currentreleaseprovided that, when connectedin a circuit the prospectivebreaking current of
which is equal to its rated short-circuit breaking current, the circuit-breaker shall be capable of
carrying the resulting current for the break-time required by the circuit-breakerwith the over-current
releasesetfor the maximum time lag, when operatingin accordancewith its rated operatingsequence.

11. Rated operating sequence

There are two alternativerated operatingsequences

as follows:

q) O-1-CO-I'-CO

If the time intervalsare not specified:

t : 3 min for circuit-breakersnot intended for rapid auto-reclosing,

/ : 0.3 s for circuit-breakersintended for rapid auto-reclosing(dead time),

t' : 3 min.

b) CO-r"-CO
wit h:
7" : 15 s, for circuit-breakersnot intendedfor rapid auto-reclosing
wher e:
O representsan opening operation,
CO representsa closing operation followed immediately (that is, without any intentional time-
delay) by an opening operation,
t, t' and /" : time-intervalsbetweensuccessiveoperations.
/ and r' should always be expressedin minutes (symbol min) or in seconds(symbol s).
/" should always be expressedin seconds(symbol s).

If the dead time is adjustable,the limits of adjustment shall be specified.

 - 3 7 -

12. Rated out-of-phase breaking current

SeeIEC Publication 267: Guide to the Testing of Circuit-Breakers with respect to Out-of-phase
Switching.

1 3 . Rated line-charging breaking current

The rated line-charging breaking current is the maximum line-charging breaking current that the
circuit-breaker shall be capable of breaking at its rated voltage and under the conditions of use and
behaviour prescribedin this specificationand without exceedingthe appropriate maximum permissible
switching overvoltages(under consideration).

Note. - Meanwhile values should be assigned by the manufacturer.

The assignmentof a rated line-charging breaking current is confined to circuit-breakers intended to

be used for switching three-phaseoverhead lines and having a rated voltage equal to or greater than
72.5 kV. Standard values are given in Table VIII.

Tlsrn VIII

Rated line-charging
breaking current

72.5 t0
100 20
r23 31.5
r45 50
170 63
24s 125
300 200
362 315
420 400
525 500

Note. - For singleconductor overheadlines operating at 50 Hz, the breaking currents indicated in Table VlIl imply
a length in kilometres approximatelyequal to 1.2 times the rated voltage of the circuit-breakerin kilovolts.

14. Rated cable-charging breaking current

The rated cable-charging breaking current is the maximum cable-charging current that the circuit-
breaker shall be capable of breaking at its rated voltage and under the conditions of use and behaviour
prescribed in this specification and without excaedingthe appropriate maximum permissible switching
overvoltages (under consideration).

Nore.- Meanwhilevaluesshouldbe assigned

by the manufacturer.

The assignment of a rated cable-charging breaking current to a circuit-breaker is not mandatory

but is made on request, and is considered unnecessaryfor circuit-breakers of rated voltages equal
 = a
.? -'

-39-

to or lessthan 24 kV. If assigned,it is recommended breakingcurrent

that the ratedcable-charging
be in accordancewith Table IX.

TesI.r IX

Rated Rated cable-charging

breakine cllrreut

3.6 t0
7.2 l0
t2 25
17.5 31.5
24 31.5
36 50
52 80
72.5 12s
100 125
123 r40
145 160
174 r60
245 250
300 315
362 355
420 400
525 500

Note. - The values of Table lX correspond to the normal maximum requirements of the majority of power systenrs.
Cable-charging currents in excessof these values should be the subject of special agreement between manu-
facturer and user.

15. Rated (single) capacitor breaking current

The rated capacitor breaking current is the maximum capacitor breaking current that the circuit-
breaker shall be capable of breaking at its rated voltage and under the conditions of use and behaviour
prescribed in this specification and without exceedingthe appropriate maximum permissible switching
overvoltages(under consideration).

Note. - Meanwhile values should be assigned by the manufacturer.

This breaking current refers to the switching of a single (isolated) shunt capacitor bank. The
assignment of a rated capacitor breaking current to a circuit-breaker is not mandatory but is made
on request.

Note. - Standard values of rated capacitor breaking currents are under consideration and, until these have been
agreed internationally, values based on the R.10 series should be assigned to particular circuit-breakers,
either through national standards, or by agreement between manufacturer and user.

16. Rated small inductive breaking current

Under consideration.
 I
4t-

17. Rated supply voltages of closing and opening devices

The rated supply voltage of closing or opening devices is the voltage which determines their
conditions of operation and of heating, as well as the insulation of the control circuits.

The supply voltage of thesedevicesshall be understood to mean the voltage measuredat the circuit
terminals on the apparatus itself during its operation, including, if necessary,the auxiliary resistor
or accessoriessupplied or required by the manufacturer to be installed in series with it, but not
including the conductors for the connection to the electricity supply.
The rated supply voltage for auxiliaries shall preferably have one of the appropriate standard
values in Tables X. XI and XII.

Tenr.e X
Direct current

24
48
I l0 or 125
220 or 250

TesI-n XI
Single-phasea.c.

SeriesI SeriesII

100 120
220 t201240
240

Note. - Where two values are indicated, they refer to three-wire systemsand the lower value is the voltage between
phasesand neutral, the higher value being the voltage betweenphases.
Where only one value is indicated,it refers to two-wire systems.

Tlsrr XII
Three-phasea.c.

Series I SeriesII

1271220 1201208
2201380 240l4rs
2771480

Note. - The two values indicated refer to four-wire systems and the lower value is the voltage between phases and
neutral, the higher value being the voltage between phases.
 'I

43-

18. Rated supply voltages of auxiliary circuits

Rated supply voltages of auxiliary circuits shall preferably be selectedfrom the standard values in
Tables X, XI and XII, page 41.

19. Rated supply frequency of closing and opening devicesand of auxiliary circuits

The rated supply frequency of closing and opening devicesand of auxiliary circuits is the frequencl'
at which the conditions of operation and heating of these devices and circuits are determined.

20. Rated pressure of compressedgas supply for operation or interruption

The rated pressureof a compressedgas supply for operating a pneumatic control device or a gas-
blast circuit-breaker is the pressureat which the conditions for operation of the control device or
for arc extinction are determined.

For circuit-breakersprovided with individual reservoirs, the pressure of the gas supply shall be
understood to mean the pressuremeasuredin the reservoir immediately before the operation of the
circuit-breaker.

Note. - For other circuit-breakers. the matter is still under consideration.

For specific operating requirements, it is also necessaryto know the maximum and minimum
operating pressures.

No standard values of rated pressureare given, these being specifiedby the manufacturer.

21. Co-ordination of rated values

Co-ordination tables of rated voltages (Clause 2), short-circuit breaking-currents(Clause 6) and

normal curtents (Clause 5) are given in Tables XIII to XV, pages45 to 49.

The co-ordination tables are not mandatory and are intended as a guide for preferred values.
 -45-

Tesr,B XIII

Co-ordinqtion table of rated valuesfor circuit-breakers

Rated Rated Rated normal current

voltage short-circuit
breaking current
KV KA

3.6 l0 400
16 630 250
25 250 I 600 2 500
4A 2s0 1 600 2 500 4 000

7.2 8 400
12.5 400 630 250
l6 630 250 600
25 630 254 600 2 500
40 250 600 2 500 4 000

l2 8 400
12.5 400 630 250
l6 630 250 600
25 630 2s0 600 2 500
40 254 600 2 500 4 000
50 250 600 2 500 4 000

t7.5 8 400 630 2s0

12.5 630 2s0
l6 630 250
25 2s0
40 250 r 600 2 500

24 8 400 630 250

12.5 630 2s0
l6 630 250
25 250 1 600 2 500

I
40 I 600 2 500 4 000

8 630
12.5 630 250
t6 630 2s0 600
I
25 250 600 2 500 I

4A 600 2 500 4 000

52 8 800
12.5 | 2s0
20 | 250 I 600 2 000

r2.5 800 250

l6 800 2s0
20 250 l 600 2 000
31.5 250 1 600 2 000

Note. - The co-ordination table is not mandatory and is intended to be used as a guide for preferred values.There-
fore a circuit-breakerwith another combination of the rated values is not outside the I E C Recommendation
for circuit-breakers.
The valuesof the rated voltage are those given in Sub-clause2.1 for SeriesI. The valuesof the rated short-
circuit breakingcurrent and rated normal current are selectedfrom thosegivenin Clause 5 and Sub-Clause6.1.
 47-

Tnnr,EXIV
(Under consideration)

The values given in the present table show for inforrnation the present practice
in U.S.A. and Canada

Maximum Rated Mininrum Rated Rated normal cllrrent

rated short- rated short-circuit
voltage circuit voltage breakingcurrent
breaking at minimunr
currentat rated voltage
maximunr
rated
voltage

KV kA* kvx kA*

4.76 6.1 2.3 l3 250

8.8 3.5 l2 250
18.0 3.5 24 250
29.0 3.85 36 250 2 000
4r.0 4.O 49 250 3 r50

8.25 3.5 2.3 13 630

7.0 2.3 25 630 250 2 000
17.0 4.6 30 250
33.0 6.6 41 2s0 2 000

5.8 4.0 22 250

9.3 6.6 2l 250
9.8 40 J I 250
18.0 l l.5 23 250 2 000
19.0 6.6 43 250 2 000
280 l 1.5 36 2s0 2 000
37.0 l r.5 48 2so 3 t50

8.9 5.8 24 630

r8.0 12.0 23 | 250
35.0 12.0 4s | 250
56.0 12.O 73 3 r50
93.0 12.0 t20

25.8 5.4 12.0 t2 630

I1.0 12.0 24 i r 2 5 oI

38.0 22.O 23.O 36 tzso I I 3t5o I

36.0 24.0 J I
I zooo I I

48.3 t7.o 40.0 2l 12s0 I

72.5 19.0 60.0 ZJ t2so I

37.O 66.0 4l I 2000 |
* Values more in line with IEC recommendations are under consideration.

I{ote. - The co-ordination table is not mandatory and is intended to be used as a guide for preferred values. There-
fore a circuit-breaker with another combination of the rated values is not outside the I E C Recommendation
for circuit-breakers.
The values of the maximum rated voltage are those given in Sub-clause 2.1 for Series Il. The values of rated
normal current are selected from those given in Clause 5. See Note in Clause 6r,) regarding interpolation of
short-circuit breakine currents for intermediate voltages.
 I
_49_

Tnsr,B XV

Co-ordinationtableof ratedvaluesfor circuit-breakers

Rated voltage Rated short-circuit Rated normal current

breaking current
KV KA A

t23 t2.s 800 250

20 250 600 2 000
25 250 600 2 000
40 600 2 000

145 t2.s 800 2s0

20 250 600 2 000
25 250 600 2 000
31.5 250 600 2 000 3 150
40 600 2 000 3 150
50 2 000 3 150

r70 1 2 .5 800 250

20 2s0 600 2 000
3r.5 250 600 2 000 3 150
40 600 2 000 3 150
50 600 2 000 3 150

245 20 | 250 600 2 000

31.5 r 250 600 2 000
40 600 2 000 3 150
50 2 000 3 150

300 l6 250 600

20 250 600 2 000
31.5 250 600 2 000 3 150
50 600 2 000 3 150

362 20 2 000
31.5 2 000
40 1 600 2 000 3 150

420 20 600 2 000

31.5 600 2 000
40 600 2 000 3 150
50 2 000 3 150

525 40 | 2000 | rrso

40 I z o o oI 3 r 5 o I

Note. - The co-ordination table is not mandatory and is intended to be used as a guide for preferred values. There-
fore a circuit-breaker with another combination of the rated values is not outside the I E C Recommendation
for circuit-breakers.
The values of rated voltage are those given in Sub-clauses2.2, omitting 100 kV. The values of rated short-
circuit breaking current and rated normal current are selectedfrom those given in Clause5 and Sub-clause6.1.
 -50-

AA'I enveloppe de I'onde de courant

BB' I envelope of current-wave

ligne de z6ro
BX
normal zero line

ddplacement de la ligne de z6ro de I'onde de courant d chaque instant

CC'
displacement of current-wave zero-line at any instant

valeur efficace de la composante p6riodique du courant d chaque instant, mesur6e d partir de CC'
DD'
r.m.s. value of the a.c. component of current at any instant, measured from CC'

instant de la s6paration des contacts (amorQage de l'arc)

EE'
instant of contact separation (initiation of the arc)

Courant 6tabli
lrvtc
making current

valeur de cr€te de la composante pdriodique du courant au moment EE'

Itc peak value of a.c. component of current at instant EE'
Il.c
valeur efficace de la composante p6riodique du courant au moment EE'
It r.m.s. value of the a.c. component of current at instant EE'

composante apdriodique du courant au moment EE'

Ioc
d.c. component of current at instant EE'

1oc x 100 pourcentage de la composante ap6riodique

Ia,c percentage value of the d.c. component

Flc. l. - D6termination descourants6tabli et coup6 et du pourcentagede la composanteaperiodique.

Determination of making and breaking currents, and of percentaged.c. component.

i
t
 - 5l -

P o u r c e n t a g ed e l a c o n r p o s a n t ea p 6 r i o d i q u e
P e r c e n t a g ed . c , c o m p o n e n t

100

90

BO

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

10 2A 30 40 50 OU 70

T e m p s A p a r t i rd u d 6 b u t d u c o u r a n t d e c o u r t - c i r c u i t
T i m e f r o m i n i t i a t i o no f s h o r t - c i r c u i t r (ms)

Frc. 2. - Pourcentagede la composanteap6riodique en fonction du temps

Percentaged.c. component in relation to time z.

- --_
 -\)-

L '1 L2 Temps
Time

Frc. 3. - Repr6sentation d'une TTR sp6cifi6e par un trac6 de r6f6rence ir quatre paramdtres
et par un segment de droite d6finissant un retard.
Representation of a specified TRV by a four-parameter reference line and a delay line.
T e ns i o n
Voltage

rd L Lg
Temps
Time
Flc. 4. - Reprdsentation d'une TTR spdcifide par un tracl de rdf6rence d deux paramdtres
et par un segment de droite d6finissant un retard.
Representationof a specifiedTRV by a two-parameterreferenceline and a delay line.
 T

53-

X I ,
4

source de puissance
G
source of power

valeur de la tension phase/neutre | '

U^ voltage, phase-to-neuiralvalue : U I ,l 3

Courant de d6faut en ligne

11,
shortline fault current

disjoncteur
CB
circuit-breaker

r6actance du c6t6 de la sourc.

xs reactanceon source side

rdactancedu c6t6 de la ligne

Xy
reactanceon line side

imp6danced'onde de la ligne
z surge impedance of line

longueur de la ligne jusqu'au d6faut

length of line to fault

FIc. 5. - Schdma de circuit pour ddfaut en ligne.

ShortJine fault circuit.
 I

-55-

APPENDIX A

CALCULATION OF SPECIFIED TRANSIENT RECOVERY VOLTAGES

FOR SHORT-LINE FAULTS FROM RATED CHARACTERISTICS

l. Basic approach

For rating and testing purposes,it has been decided to consider only a short-line fault occurring
from one phase to earth in a system having the neutral effectively earthed, the severity of this being
suffi.cientto cover other cases,except in special circumstanceswhere the system parameters may be
more severethan the standard values.

The simplified single-phasecircuit can be representedas in Figure 5, page 53.

During the short-circuit,the voltage will be:

(Jp: UI 13 (1)

U : the r.m.s. value of the rated voltage of the circuit-breaker.

This voltage drives the current 1" through the circuit consisting of reactancesX, and X, in series.
The r.m.s. value of the voltage drop on the source side will be:

U": ItX" (2)

and along the line
UL: I"X" (3)

When the current is broken the instantaneousvoltase to earth of the line terminal of the circuit-
breaker will be:

,o: lTu" (4)

This voltage will return to zero by a series of travelling waves reflected back and forth along the
line between the circuit-breaker and the fault, producing a transient voltage on the line side in the
form of a damped saw-tooth oscillation * as shownby u" in Figure 6,page 62.The voltage to earth
on the source side terminal of the circuit-breaker will also be uo at the instant of breaking. It will
rise to a peak value z- depending upon the transient recovery voltage characteristics on the source
side as shown by u" in Figure 6, the crest value U- of the power frequency voltage to earth on the
source side (after the ending of transient phenomena)becoming:

fJ^: UoJj: Ul7 (5)

The resulting specified transient recovery voltage for short-line faults appearing across the circuit-
breaker is the differencebetween the source and the line side voltages as shown by u, - uL in Figure 6.

* Note. - In practice the saw-tooth shapeis in some degreemodified by an initial time delay due to lumped capaci-
tances present at the terminals of the circuit-breaker (capacitancesof voltage transformers, current trans-
formers, etc.); also the top of the oscillation is slightly rounded. However, there is insufficientinformation
available at this time to specify values.

*\--,
l*
'----*-'--
 - 5 7 -

2 . trnitial voltage to earth

The ratio betweenthe voltage uo at the instant of breaking and the crest value U^ of the driving
voltage is dependent only on the reduction in current due to the reactanceof the line, and is inde-
pendent of rated voltage, rated short-circuit breaking current and the line constants. hence:

uolU^.: l-ILII (6)

where:

I : rated short-circuit breaking current

Ir : short-line fault breaking current

This relation is shown in Table XVI for the standard ratios of short-line fault currents: for other
ratios it can be taken from Figure 7, page 63.

Tnsrn XVI

Initial voltage to earth and

peak transient recovery voltagefor short-line faults

3. Transient voltage on line side

The line-side characteristicshave been standardized as shown in Table VII, page 33.

The excursion a"* of the line-sidevoltage urfrom the initial value ao is obtained by multiplying the
value uoby the appropriate peak factor k:

uL* =: kuo Q)

The time /" to the first voltage peak a"* is obtained from the rate-of-riseof voltage of the line-side
transient, as follows:

The rate-of-rise dutldt of the line-side voltage on breaking the current I : f"^f Tsin(2rcf t)
at current zero is:

+d t: -ZI"^lizrf : -srt (8)

where:

s : RRRV factor,: z^f Z Z^7

Z : sur9e impedance of line
f : rated frequency
 -

-59-

Valuesof s correspondingto the surgeimpedancesin Table Vll, page 33, forf : 50 Hz and 60Hz
are given in Table XVII below.

Tanr-r XVII
Rate-of-rise
factorsfor line-sidetransientvoltages

Surge impedance Z RRRV factor s kV/prs.kA

0.2t4
0 . 16 6
0.146

uL*
tL : (e)
s Ir,

After time /, the voltage will fall to zero by a damped saw-toothoscillation;the exact shapeof this
dependingupon the characteristicsof the actual line. This is shown as an exampleonly by the dotted
lines in Figure 6, page 62, as the preciseform of these oscillations is not specified.

Note. - The approximate length of line corresponding to a given short-line fault can be obtained by the formula:

r-j (10)

where c is the speed of the wave propagation assurned to be equal to:

c : 0.3 km/i"rs (11)

4. Transient voltage on source side

The course of the source-sidetransient voltage from the initial value uoto the peak value u^canbe
derived from Tables VI, pages 31 and 33. The times tr, tr, /B and /u given there canbeuseddirectly.
The voltaEa ut in Table VIc equalling the power-frequencycrest voltage U*, is not affected,but the
TRV peak value a" must be scaleddown to the value a_ such that

tr^fU^.: l+0.4fLlI (r2)

asgivenin TableXVI, page57, and Figure7, page63.
The valuesgivenin TablesVI correspond
to the limit caseof I"f I: 1.0:
u"lU^ =: 1.4 (13)
The peak value u^ of the source-sidevoltage is also that of the resulting transient recoveryvoltage
for short-line faults provided the line oscillation has reached zero voltage by the time t, (or rr) is
reached,as is generally the case.

In service,the source-sidevoltage will commenceto rise as a curve having as a boundary the delay
line. The most important part of the short-line fault transient recovery voltage is up to the time t,
of the first voltage peak on the line side. For the calculation of the source-sidecontribution z,* at
 6t-

the time /L, negligible error is introduced by ignoring the curvature, the voltage being deemed
to
follow the straight delay line running parallel to the referenceline with time delay /6, compare
Figures 3
and 4, page 52.

5. Example of calculation

Circuit-breaker ratinss :
U:245kVi I:3t.5kAi f :50H2
Short-line fault current considered:
Ir-: 0 . 7 5I = : 2 3 . 6 k A
Power-frequencycrest voltage [from equation (5) or u, in Table VIc, page 33]:

(J^ : 24517 : 200kV

Initial voltageuoto earth [from equation(6) or uolU^ in TableXVI of this Appendix]:

uo : 0.25 x 200 =: 50 kV
First excursionof line-sidevoltage[from equation(7) and TableVII, page33]:

u L *- 1 . 7x 5 0 : 85kV
Time /t to first peakof line-sidevoltage[from equation(9) and TableXVII of this Appendix]:

85 85
tL : ;:;; ^- -: :--:-: : 16.8
1 6 ' 8P
rrss
o2L4\ 23s: 5.05
LengthL of line to fault [from equation(10)]:
o'3x16'8:2.52km
L-
2
From the above data,the initial line-sidetransientcan be constructed(seeFigure 6, page
62),

The times tr, t, and lo for the source-sidevoltage can be obtained from Table VIc:
t r : 3 0 0l r s i t,:900psi ta:6ps
Source-siderate of rise:

200- s0
: 0.5 kV/pts
300
Source-side
voltagecontributionat time /r:
u"* : (t" - /J 0.5 : (16.8 -
6) 0.5 =: 5.4 kV
(if t" I tu the source-sidecontribution is deemed to be zero).

Peak voltage Ltmon the sourceside [from equation (12) or Table XVI of this Appendix]:

u^ : 1.30 X 200 : 260 kV

From the above data, the source-sidetransient can be constructedand thus the resulting
prospective
transient recovery voltage appearing across the circuit-breaker terminals xts-
uL can be evaluated
as shown in Figure 6. The value of u, at the time t" of the first line-sidepeak is:

Ur : ut* -l ttr* : 90.4 kV

I
I
)
 _62_

ut

1-"1"--'---

---.-/-
irrr A
U :u,
m l
200 kv /l\i /A-

t
/
U s^ - U Lt l
/
. t v

\iJ
I
J''il
uo
16.8
fL
'l
'[
1r

Ftc. 6. - Construction d'une TTR sp6cifi6epour d6faut en ligne.

Construction of specified TRV for short-line fault.

I
i
i
r
I

I
 u ^ lun
-

u^ u^

-1

uo l L
m

Frcune 7