PA R T I

C H A P T E R P
Preparation for Calculus

Section P.1 Graphs and Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Section P.2 Linear Models and Rates of Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Section P.3 Functions and Their Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Section P.4 Fitting Models to Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
C H A P T E R P
Preparation for Calculus
Section P.1 Graphs and Models
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises

1
1. y   2 x  2 3. y  4  x2
x-intercept: 4, 0 x-intercepts: 2, 0, 2, 0
y-intercept: 0, 2 y-intercept: 0, 4
Matches graph (b) Matches graph (a)

5. y  32x  1 7. y  4  x2

x 4 2 0 2 4 x 3 2 0 2 3

y 5 2 1 4 7 y 5 0 4 0 5

y y

8 6
(4, 7)
6 (0, 4)
4 (2, 4)
2
2 (−2, 0)
(0, 1) (2, 0)
x x
−8 −6 −4 2 4 6 8 −6 −4 4 6
(− 2, −2) −2
(−4, − 5) −4
(− 3, − 5) −4 (3, − 5)
−6
−8 −6

9. y  x  2  11. y  x  4

x 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 x 0 1 4 9 16
y 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 y 4 3 2 1 0

y y

10
6 8
6
4 4
(−5, 3)
(1, 3) 2 (4, − 2) (16, 0)
(−4, 2) 2 (0, 2) x
−2 2 12 14 16 18
(−3, 1) (−1, 1) (9, − 1)
x −4 (1, − 3)
−6 −4 (− 2, 0) 2 −6 (0, − 4)
−8
−2
− 10

2
 Section P.1 Graphs and Models 3

13. 15. 5
Xmin = -3
(− 4.00, 3)
Xmax = 5 (2, 1.73)
Xscl = 1 −6 6
Ymin = -3
Ymax = 5
−3
Yscl = 1
(a) 2, y  2, 1.73  y  5  2  3  1.73
Note that y  4 when x  0.
(b) x, 3  4, 3  3  5  4 

17. y  x2  x  2 19. y  x225  x2

y-intercept: y  02  0  2 y-intercept: y  0225  02

y  2; 0, 2 y  0; 0, 0

x-intercepts: 0  x2  x  2 x-intercepts: 0  x225  x2

0  x  2x  1 0  x25  x5  x
x  2, 1; 2, 0, 1, 0 x  0, ± 5; 0, 0; ± 5, 0

32  x 
21. y  23. x2y  x2  4y  0
x
y-intercept:
y-intercept: None. x cannot equal 0.
02y  02  4y  0
32  x
x-intercepts: 0
x y  0; 0, 0
0  2  x x-intercept:
x  4; 4, 0 x20  x2  40  0
x  0; 0, 0

25. Symmetric with respect to the y-axis since 27. Symmetric with respect to the x-axis since
y  x  2  x  2.
2 2
y2  y2  x3  4x.

29. Symmetric with respect to the origin since 31. y  4  x  3

xy  xy  4. No symmetry with respect to either axis or the origin.

33. Symmetric with respect to the origin since  

35. y  x3  x is symmetric with respect to the y-axis
x
y 
x2  1
  
since y  x3  x   x3  x  x3  x .   
x
y .
x2  1

37. y  3x  2 y

Intercepts:

 23 , 0, 0, 2 2 (0, 2)

1 2
Symmetry: none 3, 0
x
1 2 3
1
4 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus

x
39. y  4 41. y  1  x2 43. y  x  32
2
Intercepts: Intercepts:
Intercepts:
1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1 3, 0, 0, 9
8, 0, 0, 4
Symmetry: y-axis Symmetry: none
Symmetry: none
y
y y

2 12
2
(8, 0) 10
x
(0, 1)
(0, 9)
2 2 4 8 10 8
2 ( 1, 0) (1, 0)
x
−2 2
(0, 4)
6 1
2
8 2 x
− 10 − 8 − 6 (− 3, 0) 2 4
10 −2

45. y  x3  2 47. y  xx  2 49. x  y3

Intercepts: Intercepts: Intercepts: 0, 0

  
3 2, 0 , 0, 2
0, 0, 2, 0 Symmetry: origin

Symmetry: none Symmetry: none y

4
y Domain: x ≥ 2 3

5 2
y
4 (0, 0)
x
3 6 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
5
3
( 2, 0) −2
(0, 2) 4
1 −3
3
−4
x 2
3 2 1 2 3
1 (− 2, 0) 1
(0, 0)
x
−4 −3 −1 1 2 3 4

−2

1
51. y 
x
y 53. y  6  x  y

3 8
Intercepts: none Intercepts: 6 (0, 6)
2
4
Symmetry: origin 1 0, 6, 6, 0, 6, 0 (− 6, 0) 2
(6, 0)
x x
1 2 3 Symmetry: y-axis −8 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
−2
−4
−6
−8

55. y2  x  9 57. x  3y2  6

y2  x  9 3y2  6  x
y  ± x  9
2  3x
4
(0, 3) y± 3
Intercepts: (−9, 0) (0, 2 )
− 11 1
0, 3, 0, 3, 9, 0 Intercepts: −1
(6, 0)
8

Symmetry: x-axis
(0, − 3)
6, 0, 0, 2, 0,  2 (0, − 2 )
−4
−3
Symmetry: x-axis
 Section P.1 Graphs and Models 5

59. y  x  2x  4x  6 (other answers possible) 61. Some possible equations:

yx
y  x3
y  3x3  x
y 
3 x

63. xy2⇒y2x 65. xy7⇒y7x

2x  y  1 ⇒ y  2x  1 3x  11
3x  2y  11 ⇒ y 
2
2  x  2x  1
3x  11
3  3x 7x
2
1x
14  2x  3x  11
The corresponding y-value is y  1.
5x  25
Point of intersection: 1, 1 x5

The corresponding y-value is y  2.

Point of intersection: 5, 2

67. x2  y  6 ⇒ y  6  x2 69. x2  y 2  5 ⇒ y 2  5  x 2
xy4⇒y4x xy1⇒yx1

6  x2  4  x 5  x2  x  12

0  x2  x  2 5  x2  x2  2x  1
0  x  2x  1 0  2x2  2x  4  2x  1x  2
x  2, 1 x  1 or x  2
The corresponding y-values are y  2 (for x  2) The corresponding y-values are y  2 and y  1.
and y  5 (for x  1).
Points of intersection: 1, 2, 2, 1
Points of intersection: 2, 2, 1, 5

71. y  x3 73. y  x3  2x2  x  1

yx y  x2  3x  1
x3  x x3  2x2  x  1  x2  3x  1
x3  x  0 x3  x2  2x  0

xx  1x  1  0 xx  2x  1  0

x  0, x  1, or x  1 x  1, 0, 2

The corresponding y-values are y  0, y  1, and 1, 5, 0, 1, 2, 1
y  1.
4
y = x 3 − 2x 2 + x − 1
Points of intersection: 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1
(2, 1)
−4 6
(0, −1)

(−1, −5)

−8
y = −x 2 + 3 x − 1
6 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus

75. 5.5x  10,000  3.29x

 5.5x  2  3.29x  10,0002
30.25x  10.8241x2  65,800x  100,000,000
0  10.8241x2  65,830.25x  100,000,000 Use the Quadratic Formula.
x  3133 units

The other root, x  2949, does not satisfy the equation R  C.

This problem can also be solved by using a graphing utility and finding the intersection of the graphs of C and R.

77. (a) Using a graphing utility, you obtain (b) 250

y  0.0153t2  4.9971t  34.9405

(c) For the year 2004, t  34 and
−5
y  187.2 CPI. 35

− 50

79. 400

0 100
0

If the diameter is doubled, the resistance is changed by approximately a factor of 14. For instance, y20  26.555 and
y40  6.36125.

81. False; x-axis symmetry means that if 1, 2 is on the graph, then 1, 2 is also on the graph.

83. True; the x-intercepts are

b ± b2  4ac

2a
,0 .
85. Distance to the origin  K  Distance to 2, 0
x2  y2  Kx  22  y2, K  1

x2  y 2  K 2x2  4x  4  y2
1  K 2 x 2  1  K 2y 2  4K 2x  4K 2  0
Note: This is the equation of a circle!
 Section P.2 Linear Models and Rates of Change 7

Section P.2 Linear Models and Rates of Change

1. m  1 3. m  0 5. m  12

2  4 51
7. y
9. m  11. m 
53 22
5 m=1
4 6 4
 3 
3 (2, 3) 2 0
2
y
m = − 32 undefined
1 m is
undefined 3
x y
2 (5, 2)
1 3 4 5
−1 m = −2
1
6
x
−1 1 2 3 5 6 7 5 (2, 5)
4
−2
3
−3
2
−4 (3, − 4)
1 (2, 1)
−5
x
−2 −1 1 3 4 5 6
−1
−2

23  16 y
13. m 
12  34 3

2
12 (− 12 , 23 )
 2 (− 34 , 16 )
14 x
−3 −2 1 2 3
−1

−2

−3

15. Since the slope is 0, the line is horizontal and its equation is y  1. Therefore, three additional points are 0, 1, 1, 1,
and 3, 1.

17. The equation of this line is

y  7  3x  1
y  3x  10 .

Therefore, three additional points are 0, 10, 2, 4, and 3, 1.

19. Given a line L, you can use any two distinct points to calculate its slope. Since a line is straight, the ratio of the change in
y-values to the change in x-values will always be the same. See Section P.2 Exercise 93 for a proof.
8 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus

21. (a) (b) The slopes of the line segments are

Population (in millions)

270
255.0  252.1
 2.9
260 21
257.7  255.0
250
 2.7
32
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 260.3  257.7
Year (0 ↔ 1990)  2.6
43
262.8  260.3
 2.5
54
265.2  262.8
 2.4
65
267.7  265.2
 2.5
76
270.3  267.7
 2.6
87
The population increased most rapidly from 1991 to 1992.
m  2.9

23. x  5y  20 25. x  4
y  15 x 4 The line is vertical. Therefore, the slope is undefined and
1 there is no y-intercept.
Therefore, the slope is m  5 and the y-intercept is
0, 4.

27. y  34 x  3 29. y  23 x 31. y  2  3x  3

4y  3x  12 3y  2x y  2  3x  9
0  3x  4y  12 2x  3y  0 y  3x  11
y y y  3x  11  0
5 4
y
4 3
(0, 3) 3
2 2
2
1
1 x
(0, 0)
x −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6
x −1
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 1 2 3 4
−1 −2 (3, − 2)
−3
−4
−5

60 1  3 80 8

33. m  3 35. m  2 37. m  
20 20 25 3
y  0  3x  0 8
y  1  2x  2 y  0   x  5
3
y  3x y  1  2x  4 8 40
y x
y 0  2x  y  3 3 3
8
y
3y  8x  40  0
6 (2, 6)
4 2 y
2 1 (2, 1)
(0, 0) 9
x x
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 8 (2, 8)
−2 −1 2 3 4 5 7
−1
6
−2 5
−3 4
−8 (0, −3) 3
2
−5 1 (5, 0)
x
−1 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9
−2
 Section P.2 Linear Models and Rates of Change 9

81 72  34 114 11

39. m  Undefined. 41. m    43. x3
55 12  0 12 2
x30
Vertical line x  5 3 11
y  x  0
4 2 y
y
11 3 2
9
8 (5, 8) y x
7
2 4 1
6
5 22x  4y  3  0 (3, 0)
x
4 1 2 4
3
2 y −1
1 (5, 1)
x 4 −2
−1 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9
3
( 12 , 72 )
−2
2
1 ( 0, 34 )
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4

x y x y
45.  1 47.  1
2 3 a a
3x  2y  6  0 1 2
 1
a a
3
1
a
a3⇒xy3

xy30

49. y  3 51. y  2x  1

y30 y

3
y

2
1
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
x
−2 −2 −1 1 2
−1
−4
−5
−6

53. y  2  32x  1 55. 2x  y  3  0

y 3
2x  1
2 y  2x  3
2y  3x  1  0 y

y 1

4 x
2 1 2 3
3
1
2
1 2
x 3
−4 −3 −2 1 2 3 4

−2
−3
−4
10 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus

57. 10 10

− 10 10 − 15 15

− 10 − 10

The lines do not appear perpendicular. The lines appear perpendicular.

The lines are perpendicular because their slopes 1 and 1 are negative reciprocals of each other.
You must use a square setting in order for perpendicular lines to appear perpendicular.

59. 4x  2y  3 61. 5x  3y  0
y  2x  2
3
y  53x
m2 m  53

(a) y  1  2x  2 (a) y  78  53x  34 

y  1  2x  4 24y  21  40x  30

2x  y  3  0 24y  40x  9  0

(b) y1  2 x
1
 2 (b) y  78   35x  34 

2y  2  x  2 40y  35  24x  18

x  2y  4  0 40y  24x  53  0

63. (a) x  2 ⇒ x  2  0

(b) y  5 ⇒ y  5  0

65. The slope is 125. Hence, V  125t  1  2540

 125t  2415

67. The slope is 2000. Hence, V  2000t  1  20,400

 2000t  22,400

69. 5
(2, 4)

−3 6
(0, 0)
−1

You can use the graphing utility to determine that the points of intersection are 0, 0 and 2, 4. Analytically,
x2  4x  x2
2x2  4x  0
2xx  2  0
x  0 ⇒ y  0 ⇒ 0, 0

x  2 ⇒ y  4 ⇒ 2, 4.
The slope of the line joining 0, 0 and 2, 4 is m  4  02  0  2. Hence, an equation of the line is
y  0  2x  0
y  2x.
 Section P.2 Linear Models and Rates of Change 11

10
71. m1   1
2  1
2  0 2
m2  
2  1 3
m1  m2

The points are not collinear.

y
73. Equations of perpendicular bisectors:
ab ab
y
c
2

c
x
2   (b, c)

ab ba
y
c
2

c
x
2   ( b −2 a , 2c ) ( a +2 b , 2c )
x
(− a, 0) (a, 0)
Letting x  0 in either equation gives the point of inter-
section:

0, a  b2  c2

2
.
2c
This point lies on the third perpendicular bisector, x  0.

75. Equations of altitudes: y

ab
y x  a
c
(b, c)
xb
ab (a, 0)
y x  a (− a, 0)
x
c

Solving simultaneously, the point of intersection is

 b2
b, a 
2
.
c

77. Find the equation of the line through the points 0, 32 and 100, 212.
m  180 9
100  5

F  32  5 C  0
9

F  95 C  32

5F  9C  160  0

For F  72, C  22.2.

79. (a) W1  0.75x  12.50 (b) 50

W2  1.30x  9.20

(c) Both jobs pay $17 per hour if 6 units are produced. (6, 17)
For someone who can produce more than 6 units per 0 30
hour, the second offer would pay more. For a worker 0

who produces less than 6 units per hour, the first offer
pays more. Using a graphing utility, the point of intersection is
approximately 6, 17. Analytically,

0.75x  12.50  1.30x  9.20

3.3  0.55x ⇒ x  6
y  0.756  12.50  17.
12 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus

81. (a) Two points are 50, 580 and 47, 625. The slope is (b) 50

625  580
m  15.
47  50

p  580  15x  50 0

0
1500

p  15x  750  580  15x  1330 1

If p  655, x  15 1330  655  45 units.
1
or x  15 1330  p
1
(c) If p  595, x  15 1330  595  49 units.

83. 4x  3y  10  0 ⇒ d  40  30  10  10  2

42  32 5

85. x  y  2  0 ⇒ d  12  11  2  5


5 2
1  1
2 2 2 2

87. A point on the line x  y  1 is 0, 1. The distance from the point 0, 1 to x  y  5  0 is

d 10  11  5  1  5  4
 2 2.
12  12 2 2

89. If A  0, then By  C  0 is the horizontal line y  CB. The distance to x1, y1 is


d  y1  C
B 

By  C  Ax  By  C.
B
1
A  B
1
2
1
2

If B  0, then Ax  C  0 is the vertical line x  CA. The distance to x1, y1 is


d  x1  C
A 

Ax  C  Ax  By  C.
A
1
A  B
1
2
1
2

(Note that A and B cannot both be zero.)

The slope of the line Ax  By  C  0 is AB. The equation of the line through x1, y1 perpendicular
to Ax  By  C  0 is:

B
y  y1  x  x1
A
Ay  Ay1  Bx  Bx1

Bx1  Ay1  Bx  Ay
The point of intersection of these two lines is:

Ax  By  C ⇒ A2x  ABy  AC (1)

Bx  Ay  Bx1  Ay1 ⇒ B 2x  ABy  B2x 1  ABy1 (2)

A2  B2x  AC  B2x1  ABy1 (By adding equations (1) and (2))
AC  B2x1  ABy1
x
A2  B2
Ax  By  C ⇒ ABx  B2y  BC (3)
Bx  Ay  Bx1  Ay1⇒ ABx  A2 y  ABx1  A2 y1 (4)

A2  B2y  BC  ABx1  A2y1 (By adding equations (3) and (4))
BC  ABx1  A2y1
y
A2  B2

—CONTINUED—
 Section P.2 Linear Models and Rates of Change 13

89. —CONTINUED—

AC A Bx B ABy , BC A ABx Ay

 point of intersection
2 2
1 1 1 1
2 B 2 2 2

The distance between x1, y1 and this point gives us the distance between x1, y1 and the line Ax  By  C  0.

AC A Bx B ABy  x  
BC A ABx Ay

2 2 2 2
d 1 1 1 1
 y1
B2 2 1 2 2

AC  ABy  A x
 
BC A ABx By

2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
A B B 2 2 2 2


AC A ByB Ax  
BC A AxB By 
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
2


A  B C  Ax  By 2 2
1 1
2

A  B  2 2 2

 Ax1  By1  C
A2  B2

91. For simplicity, let the vertices of the rhombus be 0, 0,
y

a, 0, b, c, and a  b, c, as shown in the figure. The
slopes of the diagonals are then (b, c) (a + b , c )

c c
m1  and m2  .
ab ba
x
(0, 0) (a, 0)
Since the sides of the Rhombus are equal, a2  b2  c2,
and we have

c c c2 c2
m1m2 
ab
 b  a  b2  a2  c2  1.

Therefore, the diagonals are perpendicular.

93. Consider the figure below in which the four points are 95. True.
collinear. Since the triangles are similar, the result imme-
a c a
diately follows. ax  by  c1 ⇒ y   x  1 ⇒ m1  
b b b
y2  y1 y2  y1
 b c b
x2  x1 x2  x1 bx  ay  c2 ⇒ y  x  2 ⇒ m2 
a a a
y

1
m2  
(x 2 , y2 ) (x *2 , y*2 ) m1
(x1, y1 )

(x *1, y*1 )

x
14 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus

Section P.3 Functions and Their Graphs

1. (a) f 0  20  3  3 3. (a) g0  3  02  3

(b) g3  3  3  3  3  0
2
(b) f 3  23  3  9

(c) f b  2b  3 (c) g2  3  22  3  4  1

(d) f x  1  2x  1  3  2x  5 (d) gt  1  3  t  12  t2  2t  2

5. (a) f 0  cos20  cos 0  1  4   cos2 4   cos 2   0

(b) f 

(c) f 3   cos23   cos23   12

f x  x  f x x  x3  x3 x3  3x2x  3xx2  x3  x3
7.    3x2  3xx  x2, x  0
x x x

f x  f 2 1x  1  1

9. 
x2 x2
1  x  1 1  x  1 2x 1
   
x  2x  1 1  x  1 x  2x  11  x  1 x  11  x  1
,x2

t
11. hx   x  3 13. f t  sec
4
Domain: x  3 ≥ 0 ⇒ 3, 
t 2k  1
 ⇒ t  4k  2
Range:  , 0 4 2
Domain: all t  4k  2, k an integer
Range:  , 1, 1, 

1
15. f x 
x
Domain:  , 0, 0, 
Range:  , 0, 0, 

x  1, x < 1
17. f x 
2x2x  1,2, xx <≥ 00 19. f x 
x  1, x ≥ 1
(a) f 1  21  1  1  
(a) f 3  3  1  4
(b) f 0  20  2  2 (b) f 1  1  1  0
(c) f 2  22  2  6 (c) f 3  3  1  2
(d) f t  1  2t  1  2t  4
2 2 2
(d) f b  1   b  1  1  b
2 2 2

(Note: t2  1 ≥ 0 for all t) Domain:  , 

Domain:  ,  Range:  , 0  1, 
Range:  , 1, 2, 
 Section P.3 Functions and Their Graphs 15

21. f x  4  x y
23. hx  x  1 y

Domain:  ,  8 Domain: 1,  2

6
Range:  ,  Range: 0,  1

x
2 1 2 3

x
4 2 2 4

25. f x  9  x2 y
27. gt  2 sin  t y

4
Domain: 3, 3 Domain:  , 
2

2
1
Range: 0, 3 Range: 2, 2
x t
4 2 2 4 2 3

2 −1

29. x  y 2  0 ⇒ y  ± x 31. y is a function of x. Vertical lines intersect the graph

at most once.
y is not a function of x. Some vertical lines intersect
the graph twice.

33. x2  y2  4 ⇒ y  ± 4  x2 35. y2  x2  1 ⇒ y  ± x2  1

y is not a function of x since there are two values of y for y is not a function of x since there are two values of y for
some x. some x.

 
37. f x  x  x  2 
If x < 0, then f x  x  x  2  2x  2  21  x.

If 0 ≤ x < 2, then f x  x  x  2  2.

If x ≥ 2, then f x  x  x  2  2x  2  2x  1.

Thus,

21  x, x < 0

f x  2, 0 ≤ x < 2.
2x  1, x ≥ 2.

39. The function is gx  cx2. Since 1, 2 satisfies the 41. The function is rx  cx, since it must be undefined at
equation, c  2. Thus, gx  2x2. x  0. Since 1, 32 satisfies the equation, c  32. Thus,
rx  32x.

43. (a) For each time t, there corresponds a depth d. 45. d

(b) Domain: 0 ≤ t ≤ 5
27

Range: 0 ≤ d ≤ 30 18

(c) d
9
30

25 t
t1 t2 t3
20

15

10

t
1 2 3 4 5 6
16 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus

y y
47. (a) The graph is shifted (b) The graph is shifted
3 units to the left. 4 1 unit to the right. 4

x x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 −2 2 4 6 8
−2 −2

−4 −4

−6 −6

y y
(c) The graph is shifted (d) The graph is shifted
2 units upward. 6 4 units downward. x
−4 −2 2 4 6
4 −2

2 −4

x −6
−4 −2 2 4 6
−2 −8

y y
(e) The graph is stretched (f) The graph is stretched
vertically by a factor of 3. x vertically by a factor 4
−4 −2 4 6
−2
of 14. 2

−4 x
−4 −2 2 4 6
−6

−8

− 10 −6

49. (a) y  x  2 (b) y   x (c) y  x  2

y y y

4
4 1
3
3 x
1 2 3 4 2

1 1
2
x
2 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 −1
3 −2
x
1 2 3 4

Vertical shift 2 units upward Reflection about the x-axis Horizontal shift 2 units to the
right

51. (a) T4  16

, T15  23

(b) If Ht  Tt  1, then the program would turn on (and off) one hour later.

(c) If Ht  Tt  1, then the overall temperature would be reduced 1 degree.

3
53. f x  x2, gx  x 55. f x  , gx  x2  1
x
 f
gx  f gx  f  x    x   x, x ≥ 0
2
3
 f
gx  f gx  f x2  1 
Domain: 0,  x2  1

g
f x  g f x  gx2  x2  x Domain: all x  ± 1
9  x2
Domain:  , 
3x   3x 
2
9
g
f x  g f x  g 1 2
1
x x2
No. Their domains are different.  f
g  g
f  for x ≥ 0.
Domain: all x  0
No, f
g  g
f.
 Section P.3 Functions and Their Graphs 17

57. A
rt  Art  A0.6t  0.6t2  0.36t 2 59. f x  x24  x2  x24  x2  f x

A
rt represents the area of the circle at time t. Even

61. f x  x cosx  x cos x  f x

Odd

63. (a) If f is even, then  2 , 4 is on the graph. (b) If f is odd, then  2 , 4 is on the graph.
3 3

65. f x  a2n1x2n1  . . .  a3x3  a1x

  a2n1x2n1  . . .  a3x3  a1x
 f x

Odd

67. Let F x  f xgx where f and g are even. Then

F x  f xgx  f xgx  F x.

Thus, F x is even. Let F x  f xgx where f and g are odd. Then

F x  f xgx  f x gx  f xgx  F x.

Thus, F x is even.

69. f x  x2  1 and gx  x4 are even. f x  x3  x is odd and gx  x2 is even.

f xgx  x2  1x4  x6  x4 is even. f xgx  x3  xx2  x5  x3 is odd.

5 4

−6 6

−4 4

−1 −4

71. (a) x length and width volume V (b) 1200

1 24  21 484
2 24  22 800
0 7
3 24  23 972 0

4 24  24 1024 Yes, V is a function of x.

5 24  25 980 (d) 1100

6 24  26 864

The maximum volume appears to be 1024 cm3.

−1 12

(c) V  x24  2x2  4x12  x2 − 100

Domain: 0 < x < 12 Maximum volume is V  1024 cm3 for box having
dimensions 4  16  16 cm.

73. False; let f x  x2. 75. True, the function is even.

Then f 3  f 3  9, but 3  3.

18 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus

Section P.4 Fitting Models to Data

1. Quadratic function 3. Linear function

5. (a), (b) y 7. (a) d  0.066F or F  15.1d  0.1

250
(b) 125
200

150

100
F = 15.13 d + 0.10
50
0 10
x 0
3 6 9 12 15

The model fits well.

Yes. The cancer mortality increases linearly with
increased exposure to the carcinogenic substance. (c) If F  55, then d  0.06655  3.63 cm.

(c) If x  3, then y  136.

9. (a) Let x  per capita energy usage (in millions of Btu) 11. (a) y1  0.0343t3  0.3451t2  0.8837t  5.6061
y  per capita gross national product (in thousands) y2  0.1095t  2.0667
y  0.0764x  4.9985  0.08x  5.0 y3  0.0917t  0.7917
r  0.7052 (b) 15
y1 + y2 + y3
(b) 40
y1
y2

0 8
0 y3
0 420
0 y = 0.08x + 5.0 For 2002, t  12 and y1  y2  y3  31.06 centsmile
(c) Denmark, Japan, and Canada
(d) Deleting the data for the three countries above,
y  0.0959x  1.0539
(r  0.9202 is much closer to 1.)

13. (a) y1  4.0367t  28.9644 (d) y3  0.4297t2  0.5994t  32.9745

y2  0.0099t3  0.5488t2  0.2399t  33.1414 70

(b) 70

y1 = 4.04t + 28.96

0 8
25

0 8
25
(e) The slope represents the average increase per year
y2 = −0.01t 3 + 0.55t 2 + 0.24t + 33.14
in the number of people (in millions) in HMOs.
(f) For 2000, t  10, and y1  69.3 million. (linear)
(c) The cubic model is better.
y2  80.5 million (cubic)
 Review Exercises for Chapter P 19

15. (a) y  1.81x3  14.58x2  16.39x  10 17. (a) Yes, y is a function of t. At each time t, there is one
and only one displacement y.
(b) 300

(b) The amplitude is approximately

2.35  1.652  0.35.

0 7 The period is approximately

0

20.375  0.125  0.5.

(c) If x  4.5, y  214 horsepower.
(c) One model is y  0.35 sin4 t  2.

(d) 4

0 0.9
0

19. Answers will vary.

Review Exercises for Chapter P

1. y  2x  3
x  0 ⇒ y  20  3  3 ⇒ 0, 3 y-intercept

y  0 ⇒ 0  2x  3 ⇒ x  2 ⇒  2 , 0
3 3
x-intercept

x1
3. y  5. Symmetric with respect to y-axis since
x2
x2y  x2  4y  0
01 1
x0⇒y  ⇒ 0,
02 2
1
2   y-intercept x2y  x2  4y  0.

x1
y0⇒0 ⇒ x  1 ⇒ 1, 0 x-intercept
x2

7. y   12 x  32 1 5
9.  3 x  6 y  1 11. y  7  6x  x2
y  25 x  y  65 y

3 y  25 x  65
2 2
Slope: 5
1
6
y-intercept: 5 5
x
1 2 3 y
x
1 10 5 5
3
2
2

x
3 2 1 1
1
20 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus

13. y  5  x 15. y  4x2  25 17. 3x  4y  8

4x  4y  20
Domain:  , 5
Xmin = -5
y Xmax = 5 7x  28
Xscl = 1 x 4
5
Ymin = -30
4
Ymax = 10 y 1
3
Yscl = 5
2
Point: 4, 1
1

x
1 2 3 4 5

19. You need factors x  2 and x  2. Multiply by x to obtain origin symmetry
y  xx  2x  2.

 x3  4x.

1t 15
21. y 23. 
1  0 1  2
5
4
4 1t
5 3
3 ( 5, ) 2

2 7
t
1 3
( 32 , 1)
x
1 2 3 4 5

52  1 32 3
Slope   
5  32 72 7

25. y  5  32x  0 27. y  0   23x  3

y  32x  5 y   23x  2
2y  3x  10  0 3y  2x  6  0

y y

4 4

2 2
(−3, 0)
x x
−4 −2 2 4 6 8 −8 −6 −4 2 4
−2 −2

−4 −4
(0, −5)
−6

−8 −8
 Review Exercises for Chapter P 21

7 5
29. (a) y4 x  2 (b) Slope of line is .
16 3
16y  64  7x  14 5
y  4  x  2
3
0  7x  16y  78
3y  12  5x  10
40
(c) m  2 0  5x  3y  22
2  0
y  2x
(d) x  2
2x  y  0
x20

31. The slope is 850. V  850t  12,500.

V3  8503  12,500  $9950

33. x  y2  0 35. y  x2  2x
y  ± x Function of x since there is one value of y for each x.
Not a function of x since there are two values of y for y

some x. 4

3
y

2
x
1 −2 −1 3 4

x
1 2 3 4 5 6 −2
−1

−2

−3

1
37. f x  39. (a) Domain: 36  x2 ≥ 0 ⇒ 6 ≤ x ≤ 6 or
6, 6
x
Range:
0, 6
(a) f 0 does not exist.
(b) Domain: all x  5 or  , 5, 5, 
1 1
 Range: all y  0 or  , 0, 0, 
f 1  x  f 1 1  x 1 1  1  x
(b)  
x x 1  xx (c) Domain: all x or  , 
1  , 
 , x  1, 0 Range: all y or
1  x

41. (a) f x  x3  c, c  2, 0, 2 (b) f x  x  c3, c  2, 0, 2

y y
c 0 c 0
3 c 2

1 c 2 1
x x
3 2 2 3 2 2 3

2 c 2
c 2 3

—CONTINUED—
22 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus

41. —CONTINUED—

(c) f x  x  23  c, c  2, 0, 2 (d) f x  cx3, c  2, 0, 2

y y

c 2 3 c 2
2
2
1 c 0
1
c 0
x x
2 4 3 2 1 1 2 3

2 c 2
c 2

43. (a) Odd powers: f x  x, gx  x3, hx  x5 Even powers: f x  x2, gx  x4, hx  x6

2 g 4 g
h h
f

−3 3

f
−3 3
−2 0

The graphs of f, g, and h all rise to the right and fall to The graphs of f, g, and h all rise to the left and to the
the left. As the degree increases, the graph rises and right. As the degree increases, the graph rises more
falls more steeply. All three graphs pass through the steeply. All three graphs pass through the points 0, 0,
points 0, 0, 1, 1, and 1, 1. 1, 1, and 1, 1.
(b) y  x7 will look like hx  x5, but rise and fall even more steeply.
y  x8 will look like hx  x6, but rise even more steeply.

45. (a) y (b) Domain: 0 < x < 12

40
x x

2x  2y  24 0 12
0
y  12  x
(c) Maximum area is A  36. In general, the maximum
A  xy  x12  x  12x  x2 area is attained when the rectangle is a square. In this
case, x  6.

47. (a) 3 (cubic), negative leading coefficient 49. (a) Yes, y is a function of t. At each time t, there is one
and only one displacement y.
(b) 4 (quartic), positive leading coefficient
(b) The amplitude is approximately
(c) 2 (quadratic), negative leading coefficient
0.25  0.252  0.25.
(d) 5, positive leading coefficient
The period is approximately 1.1.
2
(c) One model is y 
1
4
cos
1.1
1
4 
t  cos5.7t

(d) 0.5

0 2.2

−0.5