Electronics and Communication

Engineering

HAND BOOK
II-B.Tech I-Sem

I Semester: 11-06-2018 to 03-10-2018

SR Educational Group

The thirst for knowledge and the enthusiasm to go beyond and think 'out of the box' is something
that S R group encourages, nurtures and supports among our students.

S R Engineering College, Warangal was established in 2002 by S R Educational Society. It is

located on Warangal-Karimnagar highway at about 15 KM away from Warangal City. The
college is affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad. It is running 5 undergraduate (B.Tech) and 5
postgraduate (M.Tech) engineering programs besides, Master of Business Administration
(MBA). Three undergraduate engineering programs are accredited by the National Board of
Accreditation (NBA) within a short span of six years of its establishment. The college was
recently sanctioned with two new integrated programs; a 5-year dual degree program in
Management (BBA+MAM) and a 5½ year dual degree program in engineering (B.Tech+MTM).
The college is granted Autonomous Status by University Grants Commission (UGC) in 2014.

S R Engineering College (SREC) is an autonomous and accredited institution valuing and

encouraging creativity and quality in teaching and research. The staff and the students take on
new and interesting activities to acquire ability to think uniquely and independently. The college
is in a position to attract and develop outstanding faculty to actively participate and interactively
support an open academic climate in the campus. It adopts innovative approaches for continuous
improvement by strategic planning, benchmarking and performance monitoring. The policy is to
establish a system of quality assurance of its graduates by continuously assessing and upgrading
teaching and learning practices.

Through active industry cooperation, SREC has established centers like CISCO Networking
Academy, Microsoft Innovation Centre, IBM Centre of Excellence and NEN Centre for
Entrepreneurship Development for nurturing specific skill sets for employability. To shape and
transform the graduates to meet challenging and complex engineering tasks globally, the college
has built and fostered relationship with reputed universities like University of Massachusetts,
Saint Louis University, University of Missouri and Wright State University. To align with ABET
system of outcome based curriculum, many reforms have been implemented in the course
structure with due stress on basic sciences and humanities, interdisciplinary and core engineering
including projects and seminars in line with AICTE guidelines.
The college is striving to create and support academic and research activities in thrust areas like
energy and environment. The institute has reliable, flexible and scalable technology
infrastructure for networking and web services which provides crucial support for improved
functioning and timely service to students and faculty. The centre for student services and
placements (CSSP) actively pursues training and campus placements by keeping in touch with
industry for internships and employment. The faculty is highly motivated to advance their
knowledge and qualifications through sponsored research. The digital library provides the
necessary resources and e-learning services. Regular seminars, webinars, workshops and
conferences and faculty development programs are conducted to encourage participation from
students and faculty from neighboring colleges.

S R Engineering College is implementing a strategic action plan with specific focus on:

1. Novel technology enabled teaching and learning techniques,

2. Strengthen existing PG programs through modernization of laboratories and training of
faculty and staff,
3. Identify and start new PG programs in current areas of research with immediate
relevance to the state and the country,
4. Attract funding for sponsored research from DST, MNRE, AICTE and UGC,
5. Strengthen functional areas like governance and administration, infrastructure, finance
etc.,
6. Network with industry and institutes of repute through academic partnership for
expanding avenues for internships and research.
 VISION
 To be among the Top 20 Private Engineering Institutes in India by 2020

MISSION
 Design and implement curriculum that equips students with professional and
life skills
 Recruit, develop and retain outstanding faculty to achieve academic
excellence
 Promote and undertake quality research in thrust areas of science and
Technology
 Collaborate with industry and academia to meet the changing needs of
society
 Foster innovation and cultivate the spirit of entrepreneurship among students
 ABOUT THE DEPARTMENT
The Department of ECE is one of the biggest department in the college with highly

experienced, qualified, dedicated, and trained faculty with deep sense of

commitment towards the Students and Institution. The department has 56 staff

members, 5 of whom are Doctorates and 12 faculties are pursuing their higher

qualifications from various universities besides this most of the faculty were

executing research projects from various funding agencies like AICTE,DST and

UGC The main research of the department is in the area of VLSI, Embedded

Systems and Communications. The department has four major projects from

Department of Science and Technology and one minor project from UGC. The

department of ECE has well equipped and state of the art laboratories for both UG

& PG programs. To cater the needs of the students several technical talks,

workshops, personality development programs, soft skills and entrepreneurial

activities are regularly conducted under professional societies besides the

curriculum. The Department has an Active IEEE student branch and IETE Student

forum.

The department has its own Vision and Mission at par with the Vision and

Mission of the Institute.

 VISION
 To be the leading Electronics and Communication
Engineering Department in promoting quality education,
research and consultancy

MISSION
 Design curriculum that provides effective engineering
education by promoting innovating teaching-learning
practices
 Establish centers of excellence in core areas and take up
consultancy and research
 Interact and work closely with industries, research
organizations to accomplish technology transfer
 Impart necessary skills and promote professional practices
to enhance placement and entrepreneurship
Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)
PEOs (Program Educational Objectives) relate to the career and professional accomplishments of
students after they graduate from the program. Consequently, assessment and evaluation of the
objectives requires assessment tools that can be applied after graduation.

I. Enhance the skill set of students by providing strong foundation in basic sciences,
mathematics, engineering and use necessary tools to solve engineering problems..
II. Equip students with ethical, professional behavior and mould them to become
successful qualified engineers.
III. Inculcate necessary aptitude and ability to equip students to use their knowledge
as a foundation for lifelong learning.
IV. Build team work skills and develop abilities to communicate and deal with
different professionals both nationally and globally.

Program Outcomes (POs):

Engineering Graduates will be able to:

1. Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and an

engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
2. Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering
problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural
sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system components or
processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public
health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
4. Use research-based knowledge and research methods including design of experiments,
analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid
conclusions.
5. Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering and
IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an
understanding of the limitations.
6. Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety,
legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional
engineering practice.
7. Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in societal and
environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable
development.
8. Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms
of the engineering practice.
9. Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams, and in
multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering
community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and
receive clear instructions.
11. Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and management
principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to
manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent
and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
13. (PSO1) Apply mathematical foundations, electronic principles and computer
fundamentals in the modeling and design of electronic based systems in a way that
demonstrates comprehension of the tradeoffs involving design choices.
14. (PSO2) Demonstrate ideas, methodologies with new cutting edge technologies using
system software for product development starting from lowest level of physical devices
to the top level of application development .
 ACADEMIC CALANDER

S. No. Description Schedule Duration

1 Commencement of Instruction 11th June 2018 --

2 1st Spell of Instruction 11.06.18 to 04.08.18 8 weeks

First Mid Term Examinations
3 07.08.18 to 09.08.18 3 days
Timings : FN: 9:30am to 11.00am; AN: 2.00 pm to 3.30pm
4 Parent Teacher Meeting 19.08.18 --

5 2nd Spell of Instruction 10.08.18 to 03.10.18 8 weeks

6 Last date of Instruction 03.10.18

Second Mid Term Examinations
7 04.10.18 to 06.10.18 3 days
Timings : FN: 9:30am to 11.00am; AN: 2.00 pm to 3.30pm
8 Dussehra Vacation 15.10.18 to 20.10.18 1 week
End Semester Regular & Supplementary Examinations
9 08.10.18 to 09.11.18 4 weeks
(Theory & Practical)
Commencement of Class work for II, III & IV B.Tech II
10 19.11.18 --
Sem for the academic year 2018-19

II-Semester
S.
Description Schedule Duration
No.
1 Commencement of Instruction 19.11.18 --

2 1st Spell of Instruction 19.11.18 to 11.01.19 8weeks

First Mid Term Examinations
3 16.01.19 to 18.01.19 3 days
Timings : FN: 9:30am to 11.00am; AN: 2.00 pm to 3.30pm
4 Parent Teacher Meeting 03.02.19 --

5 2nd Spell of Instruction 19.01.19 to 13.03.19 8 weeks

6 Last date of Instruction 13.03.19 --

Second Mid Term Examinations
7 14.03.19 to 16.03.19 3 days
Timings : FN: 9:30am to 11.00am; AN: 2.00 pm to 3.30pm
End Semester Regular & Supplementary Examinations
8 18.03.19 to 12.04.19 4 weeks
(Theory & Practical)
9 Summer Vacation 15.04.19 to 07.06.19 8 weeks
Commencement of Class work for II, III & IV B.Tech I Sem
10 10.06.19 --
for the academic year 2019-20
COUSE STRUCTURE
 TIME TABLE
Class: II-ECE-A Room No: 2216 w.e.f. 28-06-2018

9:30-10:30 10:30-11:30 11:30-11:40 11:40-12:40 12:40-1:20 1:20-2:20 2:20-3:20 3:20-4:00

Day
I II BREAK III IV V VI

MON NA BS/EDCA LAB M-II ECA

LUNCH BREAK
TUE ECA NA M-II SS PTSP
BREAK
WED PTSP SS M-II ECA CED

THU M-II ECA PTSP SS GS

FRI SS BS/EDCA LAB NA Library

SAT NA CM LAB Library Sports

Class Teacher : Dr. J. Ravi Chander

Subjects: Labs:
ECA(EC103) :Electronic Circuit Analysis: Mr. S.
Umamaheshwar BS (ES120) :Basic Simulation:
Dr. J. Ravichnder/
PTSP (EC104):Probability Theory and Stochastic Processes :
Mr. Leo Joseph
Dr. J. Tarun /Mr. S. Sriinivas
S& S (ES105) : Signals and Systems: Dr. J. Ravichander/Mr. Leo
Joseph EDCA (EC109):Electronic
NA (EE135) : Network Analysis: Ms. B. Devices & Circuit Analysis
Satyavani :Mr. S. Umamaheshwar/ Ms. Ch.
Sudharani
M-II(BS109) :Mathematics II : Ms. Rashmi Agarwal
GS (MC102): Gender Sensitization :Dr.
CM (BS111) : Computational Mathematics:
Sailaja
Mr. SRV Narsaiah/ Mr. B. Rajesh
CED:Center for Enterpreurship Development:(Room No: ) Dept. of
Design
Class: II-ECE-B Room No: 2217 w.e.f. 28-06-2018
9:30- 10:30- 11:30- 11:40- 1:20- 2:20- 3:20-
12:40-1:20
10:30 11:30 11:40 12:40 2:20 3:20 4:00
Day
I II III IV V VI

MO
SS M-II BREAK PTSP ECA NA
N

LUNCH BREAK
TUE NA M-II SS BS/EDCA LAB

WE
ECA CM LAB SS CED
D

THU PTSP NA ECA BS/EDCA LAB

BREAK

FRI M-II NA PTSP GS

SAT SS M-II ECA Library Sports

Class Teacher : Ms. P. Anuradha

Subjects: Labs:
ECA(EC103) :Electronic Circuit Analysis: Dr. A. BS (ES120) :Basic
Subbarao Simulation:
PTSP (EC104):Probability Theory and Stochastic Processes : Dr. Shankaranand Jha/ Mr.
Dr. J. Tarun/Ms. Ch. Sridevi Y.Srikanth
S& S (ES105) : Signals and Systems: Dr. J. Ravichander/
Ms. P. Anuradha EDCA (EC109):Electronic
Devices & Circuit Analysis :
NA (EE135) : Network Analysis: Dr. Chandan Kumar Dr. A. Subbarao/Mr.
Shiva G.Mahesh Kumar

M-II(BS109) :Mathematics II : Mr. Balarama Krishna CM (BS111) :

Computational
GS (MC102): Gender Sensitization :Dr. Mathematics: Dr. Manowar
Sailaja Hussain/Ms. Sravya

CED:Center for Enterpreurship Development:(Room No: ) Dept.

of Design
Class: II-ECE-C Room No: 2218 w.e.f. 28-06-2018
9:30- 10:30- 11:30- 11:40- 1:20- 2:20-
12:40-1:20 3:20-4:00
10:30 11:30 11:40 12:40 2:20 3:20
Day
I II III IV V VI
BREAK
MO
ECA M-II NA SS PTSP
N

LUNCH BREAK
TUE SS BS/EDCA LAB GS

WED M-II PTSP ECA NA CED

BREAK
THU NA SS M-II ECA M-II

FRI PTSP CM LAB BS/EDCA LAB

Librar
SAT ECA NA BREAK SS Sports
y

Class Teacher : Mr. S. Srinivas

Subjects: Labs:
ECA(EC103) :Electronic Circuit Analysis: Mr. S. BS (ES120) :Basic
Umamaheshwar Simulation:
PTSP (EC104):Probability Theory and Stochastic Processes : Mr. S. Srinivas/Mr. Leo
Ms.Ch. Sridevi / Mr. S. Srinivas Joseph
S& S (ES105) :Signals and Systems: Ms.P.Anuradha/Mr. Leo
Joseph/Ms.B. Swetha EDCA (EC109):Electronic
NA (EE135) : Network Analysis: Dr. Chandan Kumar Devices & Circuit Analysis
Shiva Mr. S. Umamaheshwar/
Ms. Ch. Sudharani
M-II(BS109) :Mathematics II : Dr. G. Swami Reddy
GS (MC102): Gender Sensitization : Dr. Radhika CM (BS111) :
Reddy Computational
Mathematics:
Dr. Pankaj / Raghavendra
CED:Center for Enterpreurship Development:(Room No: ) Dept.
of Design
 (EE135) Network Analysis

Hours / Week Marks

Year Semester C
L T P/D CIE SEE Total
II I 4 - - 4 30 70 100

Course Description:
An electrical circuit is a system of interconnected components such as resistors, capacitors,
inductors, voltage sources, and so on. The electrical behavior of these components is described
by a few basic experimental laws. These laws and the principles, concepts, mathematical
relationships, and methods of analysis that have evolved from them are known as circuit theory.
The course will begin with a review of the basics of R-L-C Parameters- Voltage and Current
sources – Independent and dependent sources. Then, some basic laws of circuit theory are given.
Next, we study the steady state response of a network subjected to sinusoidal excitation and
calculate various AC quantities and their phase diagrams. Along with network Reduction
techniques, they will study network theorems to solve for the voltage and current in a given
network with AC and DC excitations. In the next chapter, the properties and representation of
two-port network is studied. Also, the relationships between different sets of parameters of a two
port network are studied.

Prerequisites
Pre-requisite: Mathematics and Physics.

Course Objectives
1. To identify the fundamental electric circuit laws, reduction techniques and general methods
those are useful in solving for the voltage and current in a given network.
2. To calculate the steady state response of a network subjected to sinusoidal excitation.
3. To draw the transient response of given network with DC excitation.
4. To learn the electric circuit behavior with D.C. and A.C. excitations.
5. To analyze the properties and representation of two port network.

COURSE OUTCOMES:
The students will be able to
1. understand the basic characteristics of the network elements and related network law.
2. analyze the different reduction techniques for resistive circuits for DC excitation.
3. identify the single phase A.C circuit and its physical quantity importance.
4. determine the Steady state sinusoidal analysis of a given network.
5. apply network theorems for solving networks with DC and AC Excitations are known.
6. differentiate steady state and transient response.
7. classify the reasons and cause of transient phenomena in a network.
8. list of different network parameters.

2. SYLLABUS
UNIT – I
Introduction to Electrical Circuits : Circuit Concept – R-L-C Parameters- Voltage and Current
sources – Independent and dependent sources – Source transformation – Voltage – Current
relationship for passive. Kirchhoff’s laws – network reduction techniques – series, parallel, star-
to-delta or delta-to-star transformation. Nodal analysis Mesh analysis Super node and Super
mesh for DC excitations.

UNIT – II
Single Phase AC Circuits: Single Phase A.C Circuits: R.M.S and Average values and form
factor for different periodic wave forms, Steady state analysis of R, L and C (in series, parallel
and series parallel combinations) with sinusoidal excitation – Concept of Reactance, Impedance,
Susceptance and Admittance – Phase and Phase difference – concept of power factor, Real and
Reactive powers, Complex power. : Resonance – series, parallel circuits, concept of band width
and Q factor.

UNIT – III
Network Theorems with DC and AC Excitations: Superposition, Reciprocity, Thevenin’s,
Norton’s, Maximum Power Transfer and Compensation theorems for dc and ac excitations.
UNIT – IV
Transient Analysis: Transient Response of RL, RC Series, RLC Circuits (First and Second
Order Circuits), for DC Excitations, Initial conditions, Solution Using Differential Equations
Approach and Laplace Transform Method.

UNIT – V
Two Port Networks: Impedance Parameters, Admittance Parameters, Hybrid Parameters,
Transmission (ABCD) Parameters, Conversion of one parameter to another, Conditions for
reciprocity and symmetry, Interconnection of Two Port Networks in Series, Parallel and
Cascaded Configurations, Image Parameters, Illustrative Problems

TEXT BOOKS:
1. William Hayt and Jack E. Kimmerly, “Engineering Circuit Analysis”, McGraw Hill
Company, 6th Edition.
2. A. Chakrabarthi, “Circuit Theory: Analysis and Synthesis”, Dhanpat Rai and Co., 6th Edition.

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Vanvalkenburg, “Network Analysis”, PHI.
2. N C Jagan and C. Lakshminarayana, “Network Theory”, B.S Publications.
WEBSITES
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_analysis_(electrical_circuits)
2. https://www.electrical4u.com/electrical-engineering-articles/circuit-theory/
3. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/electrical-engineering/ee-circuit-
analysis-topic
4. https://study.com/academy/lesson/circuit-theory-basics.html

3.Time table
1. LECTURE PLAN
Sl. Lecture Suggested books
Topics in syllabus Modules and Sub modules
No. No. with Page Nos.
UNIT – I (No. of Lectures – 15)
Authors A SUDHKAR SHYAMMOHAN SPALI & CHKRABARTHI
Introduction to L1 1
1 Circuits concepts
electrical circuits
L2
2 R-L-C parameters Properties of R-L-C parameters 5,6,7
L3
Voltage and current Voltage-current relationship for L4
3 5,6,7
sources passive elements
L5
4 Energy sources Dependent &independent sources L6 9,10,11

Kirchhoff’s current
5 problems L7 16,17,18
law definition
6 Kirchhoff’s voltage
problems L8 11,12,13
law definition
L9
Nodal analysis& problems. 76,77,78,81,82
7 L10
super node analysis

Mesh analysis
L11
8 &super mesh problems 68,69,70,74,75
L12
analysis
REFER
9 Series-parallel ,star to delta and
Network Reduction L13 CHAKRABARTI
delta to star transformation
techniques L14 4,8,9,10,20,21,22,23,
problems
24
Source
10 transformation problems L15 83,84,85
techniques
UNIT –II (No. of Lectures – 13)
11 Introduction to
L16
single phase Difference b/w A.C and D.C 169,171
voltage source
R.M.S and Average Problems on different periodic L17 172,173,174,175 upto
12
values Form factor waveforms L18 186
Steady state Series, parallel and series L19
analysis of R-L-C Refer chakrabarthi
13 parallel combinations with L20
201-246
sinusoidal excitation
Concept of Refer sudhkar
14 reactance Susceptance ,admittance L21 shamohan
impedance s 192,193,upto 205
Concept of power
factor, Real and L22 Refer Chakrabarti
15 problems
reactive powers, 305-329
complex power
Definition of Problems on Series, parallel L23 Refer Chakrabarthi
16
Resonance circuits L24 247-248
Concept of band L25 Refer Chakrabarti
17 Problems
width and Q factor L26 249-250
L27
18 problems Of all topics L28 Refer both books

UNIT –III (No. of Lectures – 13)

L29
Introduction to Classification of network Refer chakrabarti
19
network theorems theorems 99
Problems on Thevenins theorem L30
20 Thevenins theorem 99-200
with DC and AC exitation L31
Problems on Superposition L32
Superposition
21 theorem with DC and AC L33 121
theorem
exitation
Problems on Nortons theorem L34
22 Nortons theorem 111
with DC and AC exitation L35
Reciprocity Problems on Reciprocity theorem L36
23 133
theorem with DC and AC exitation L37
Problems on Maximum power
Maximum power L38
24 theorem with DC and AC 127
theorem L39
exitation
L40
25 problems Of all topics L41 Refer both books

UNIT-IV (No. of Lectures – 11)

26 Introduction to Classification of transient L42 Refer chakrabarti
 Transient analysis analysis 331
Problems on RL circuit first&
Transient response L43
27 second order system for DC 333
of RL circuit L44
excitations
Problems on RC circuit first&
Transient response L45
28 second order system for DC 339
of RC circuit L46
excitations
Problems on RLC circuit
Transient response L47
29 first&second order system for 349
of RLC circuit L48
DC excitations
Solution using
30 Differential equation problems L49 Refer van valkenburg
approach method
Solution using L50
31 Laplace Transform problems L51 377-430
approach method L52
UNIT –V (No. of Lectures – 14)
Introduction to two Classification of two port Refer chakrabarti
35 L53
port networks networks 485
Impedance Problems on impedance L54
36 492
parameters parameters L55
Admittance Problems on admittance L56
37 500
parameters parameters L57
L58
38 Hybrid parameters Problems on hybrid parameters 504
L59
ABCD or
L60
39 Transmission Problems on ABCD parameters 507
L61
parameters
Conversion of one Interconnection of Two port
L62
40 parameter to anther networks in series ,parallel and 517-525
L63
parameter cascaded configurations
L64
Illustrative problems condition
41 Image parameters L65 508
for reciprocity and symmetry
L66

2. Course Handouts
UNIT-I
1. Explain about source transformation.
2. Define different types of powers (Real, reactive and apparent) and power factor.
3. Deduce an expression for energy stored in a capacitor.
4. State and explain Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.
 5. Draw the V-I characteristics of ideal & practical current sources.
6. State Kirchhoff’s voltage and current law.
7. Define inductance.
8. The value of current through the ammeter of the circuit shown in Figure.
2
A

5
2
+ -

10 V
9. For a current of 12 A the voltage VAB in Figure is:
+ -
B A
10I2 30 V
10. Define circuit and illustrate dependent and independent sources , active and passive elements in
a circuit, ideal and practical voltage sources.
11. Find Vo in the following circuit.

ESSAY QUESTIONS 1
1. For the circuit shown in Figure, determine power dissipation in a lamp load connected
between the terminals X and Y. Use source transformation technique only.
-+ +-
2
2V 4V
+
- 2V 3 3

X 0.5A Lamp Y
2. Using mesh analysis, find all branch currents of the network shown in Figure.
2A
1
i3 I
2 1
+ +
- I i2 -
6V
i1
4V 2

3. Find currents I1 and I2

using mesh analysis.
4 Derive an expression for star to delta and delta to star transformation.
5. Find current flowing thorough 5 resistor using Nodal analysis. Also calculate
power supplied by 4A source.

6 Calculate the current in each branch. Also determine kW, kVAR, kVA and power factor of each
branch and whole circuit.

7. Obtain the voltage across terminals ab using source transformation theorem.

8. Using nodal analysis determine current in 1 Ω resistor in the following circuit?

9. Calculate mesh currents in following circuit and find out the current flowing
through 10 Ω resistor?

10. Calculate current in 5 Ω resistor in the given circuit using super mesh analysis?

UNIT-II

1. Distinguish between the series and parallel resonance.

2. What is the condition for resonance in RLC parallel circuit.
3. Find rms, average values, form factor and peak factor of a sinusoidal wave.
4. A series RL circuit having a resistance of 4Ω and inductance reactance 3Ω is connected to
100V, 50Hz, single phase supply. Find the current, power drawn by the circuit and power
factor.
5. What is resonance and show that in a series R-L-C circuit, the resonant frequency is the
geometric mean of half power frequencies.
6. Define average value.

ESSAY QUESTIONS

1. Calculate the active power absorbed in the circuit.

2. In the parallel resonant circuit, determine the resonance frequency, dynamic

resistance and Band width for the circuit shown.
3. Find the average and RMS value for sinusoidal alternating Current.
4. Calculate the impedance at resonant frequency,20 Hz above resonant
frequency, and 20 Hz below resonant frequency for the following circuit?

5. For circuit shown below determine total impedance Z, current I, phase angle Ø,
voltage across resistor VR and the voltage across capacitor VC?

6. In a RLC series circuit, the applied voltage is 10 sinωt. At resonance the voltage across the
capacitor is 500V and the impedance is 100 ohm. The bandwidth is 400 rad/s. Find the resonant
frequency and parameters of the circuit.

UNIT-III
1. State and discuss maximum power transfer theorem.
2. State compensation theorem.
3. Mention the applications of superposition theorem.
4. State and explain superposition theorem with a suitable example
5. State Thevenin’s theorem?
6. Maximum power is transferred when load impedance is
ESSAY QUESTIONS

1. Determine Thevenin’s and Norton’s equivalent circuits across a & b terminals

for the circuit shown in Fig.

2. Find the current flowing through 20 Ω resistor using superposition theorem in

the circuit shown in Fig.

3. Obtain current flowing thorough 5 resistor in the following circuit using super position
theorem.

4. For what value of R maximum power will be transferred to the load. Also find
the value of maximum power.

5. For what value of R maximum power will be transferred to the load. Also find
the value of maximum power.
6. Determine the current through 1 resistor for the circuit shown in figure by using
Thevenin’s theorem.

7. Determine the current in Resistor 4 ohm using superposition theorem as shown in

figure.

Unit-IV
1. Define time constant in dc transients.
2. Sketch the transient current and voltages of RC circuit.
3. Define time constant of RL circuit.
4. Under steady state (final condition) Inductor acts as…….
5. Time constant of RL Series circuit is Initial condition of uncharged capacitor is
6. When the frequency of the applied voltage in a series RC circuit is increased what
happens to the capacitive reactance
 Essay type question
1. Find the transient current response RL.=10 ohm

2. In a series RL circuit, with R = 3 & L = 1H, a D.C. Voltage of E = 50V is applied

at t=0. Find the transient response of current. Plot the response.
3. Derive the transient response of RC series circuit with unit step input.
4. Find current i(t), voltage across resistance VR(t), voltage across capacitor Vc(t), of RC series
circuit with dc excitation.
5. In the circuit given below, S is open for a long time so that steady state is reached and at t=0,S
is closed. Determine the current i(t) in R=4ohm

Unit-V
1. Develop the relation between Z and Y-parameters.
2. What are transmission parameters?
3. Symmetrical condition in two port network parameters
4. Define driving point impedance
5. If 2 Two port networks are connected in series what is overall network impedance
parameters
6. Why admittance parameters are known as short circuit parameters.
7. Derive Z parameters in terms of H(hybrid) parameters.
8. Define:
(i) Reciprocal network and (ii) symmetrical network.
9. What is the condition for a given network to be reciprocal as well as symmetrical
network in terms of ABCD parameters?
10. Reciprocity condition in terms of Admittance parameters
11. Two port network has .. terminals.
12. If 2 Two port networks are connected in series what is overall network impedance
parameters.
13. Why admittance parameters are known as short circuit parameters.

ESSAY QUESTIONS
1. For a two-port, let A = 4, B = 30 Ω , C = 0.1 S, and D = 1.5. Calculate the input impedance
Zin = V1/I1, when:
(a) the output terminals are short-circuited,
(b) the output port is open-circuited,
(c) the output port is terminated by a 10 Ω load.

2.

3.Find ABC D parameters of the given network fig(1)

4 .Find Z parameters of the given network

5. To find z11 and z21 , consider the circuit below.

6. Calculate the impedance-parameter equivalent of the circuit in Fig.

7. To get z11 and z21, consider the circuit below.

8.

9.

10.
 8. Assignments
Assignment –I
1. For the circuit shown in Figure, determine power dissipation in a lamp load
connected between the terminals X and Y. Use source transformation technique
only.
-+ +-
2
2V 4V
+
- 2V 3 3

X 0.5A Lamp Y
2. Using mesh analysis, find all branch currents of the network shown in Figure.
2A
1
i3 I
2 1
+ +
- I i2 -
6V
i1
4V 2

3. Find rms, average values, form factor and peak factor of a sinusoidal wave.

4. Find currents I1 and I2 using mesh analysis.

5. Deduce an expression for equivalent inductance (Leq) when two coupled coils
are connected in parallel differential mode.

6. A series RL circuit having a resistance of 4Ω and inductance reactance 3Ω is

connected to 100V, 50Hz, single phase supply. Find the current, power drawn by
the circuit and power factor.
b) Find the RMS value for sinusoidal alternating Current.
7. A coil of 0.20H inductance and 60 Ω resistance is connected in parallel with a
20microF capacitor across a 20V, variable frequency supply.Calculate the
resonant frequency,dynamic resistance, the current at resonance and the
circuit Q-factor at resonance.

Assignment –II

1. In Figure, determine ‘I’ using Millman’s Theorem.

A
I
1+j2 Z1 2+j3 Z2 3+j2 Z3
ZL 4+j5

2 0 0 5 0 0 8 0 0
B

2. Determine the power loss in 10Ω resistor shown in Figure. Use Thevenin’s
theorem.

3. State and explain Norton’s theorem.

4. State Thevenin’s theorem. Using Thevenin’s theorem find the current in the
network.
 

5. Determine the current through 1 resistor for the circuit shown in figure by using
Thevenin’s theorem.

6. Determine the current in Resistor 4 ohm using superposition theorem as shown in

figure.

7. a) State and discuss the maximum power transfer theorem.

b) Determine the value of RL in the circuit shown in figure for maximum power
transfer.
8. a) In a series RL circuit, with R = 3 & L = 1H, a D.C. Voltage of E = 50V is applied
at t=0. Find the transient response of current. Plot the response also.
b) Derive the transient response of RC series circuit with unit step input.
 (EC103) ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

Hours / Week Marks

Year Semester C
L T P/D CIE SEE Total
II I 4 - - 4 30 70 100

Course Description:
The course is designed to provide students with fundamental principles of electronic circuit
design and analysis. Students are engaged in the study of basic concepts of BJT & its design,
analysis of MOS amplifier, feedback amplifiers, oscillators, power and tuned amplifiers and their
applications. This course also helps students to develop the skills to analyze and design
electronic circuits that utilize the devices. This course includes Circuit models for electronic
devices such as BJT, FET as amplifiers, dc and ac circuit models for the design and analysis of
electronic circuits and also analysis and design of Single-stage and multistage amplifier circuits,
low-frequency and high-frequency response of amplifiers.

Prerequisites
Requires the knowledge of Electronic Devices and Circuits.
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
Students will be able to
1. Design RC coupled amplifier and analyze its performance using simplified hybrid model.
2. Illustrate the effect of coupling and by-pass capacitors at low frequencies and stray
capacitances at high frequencies.
3. Describe the effect of negative feedback on amplifier characteristics and to analyze the
feedback amplifiers (voltage series, voltage shunt, current series and current shunt).
4. Discuss the concept of positive feedback and explain RC and LC oscillators
5. Evaluate the efficiency of power amplifiers (class A and B) and explain tuned amplifiers
(single, double and staggered).

COURSE OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, the student will develop ability to
1. Design RC coupled amplifier for the given specifications and analyze its performance.
2. Explain MOSFET amplifiers.
3. Discuss the frequency response of a given amplifier.
4. Explain the effect of negative feedback on amplifiers.
5. Illustrate the generation of sinusoidal signals at audio and radio frequencies using oscillators.
6. Evaluate the efficiency of a given power amplifier.
7. Explain the concept of tuned amplifiers.
8. Compare small signal and large signal amplifiers.
UNIT – I
Single Stage and Multi Stage Amplifiers: Classification of Amplifiers – Analysis of CE, CC,
and CB Configurations with simplified Hybrid Model, Analysis of CE amplifier with Emitter
Resistance, Emitter follower, Miller’s Theorem and its dual, design of single stage RC coupled
amplifier using BJT.
Different coupling schemes used in amplifiers – RC coupled amplifier, Transformer coupled
amplifier, direct coupled amplifier, Analysis of Cascaded RC coupled BJT amplifiers, Cascode
amplifier, Darlington pair, Distortion in Amplifiers

UNIT – II
BJT and MOS Amplifiers – Frequency Response: Logarithms, Decibles, frequency response
of BJT amplifier, analysis at low and high frequencies, effect of coupling and bypass capacitors,
the hybrid-pi common emitter transistor model, CE short circuit current gain, single stage CE
Transistor Amplifier Response, gain-bandwidth product.
Basic concepts, MOS Small signal model, common source amplifier with resistive load, diode
connected load and current source load, source follower, common gate stage cascade amplifier
and their frequency response.

UNIT – III
Feedback Amplifiers: Concepts of feedback, classification of feedback amplifiers, general
characteristics of negative feedback amplifiers, effect of feedback on amplifier characteristics,
voltage series, voltage shunt, current series and current shunt feedback configurations,
illustrative problems.

UNIT – IV
Oscillators: Classification of oscillators, conditions for oscillation, RC phase shift oscillator,
generalized analysis of LC oscillators, hartely, and colpitts oscillators, wien-bridge and crystal
oscillators, stability of oscillators

UNIT – V
Large Signal and Tuned Amplifiers: Classification. Class A Large signal amplifiers,
Transformer coupled class A audio power amplifier, efficiency of class A amplifier, class B
amplifier, efficiency of class B amplifier, class-B Push-pull amplifier, Complementary symmetry
class B Push-pull amplifier, distortion in power amplifiers, thermal stability and heat sinks.
Introduction, Q-Factor, small signal tuned amplifiers, effect of cascading single tuned amplifiers
on bandwidth, stagger tuned amplifiers, stability of tuned amplifiers.

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Jacob Millman and Christos C Halkias, “Integrated Electronics”, TMH, 2008.
2. S. Salivahanan, N. Suresh Kumar and A Vallavaraj, “Electronic Devices and Circuits”, 2nd
Edition, TMH, 2009.

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky, “Electronic Devices and Circuits Theory”, 9th
Edition, Pearson Education, 2008.
2. K Lal Kishore, “Electronic Circuit Analysis”, BSP, 2004.
3. Niamen, Donalda, “Electronic Circuits Analysis and Design”, TMH, 2012.
4. Millman Jacob, “Electronic Devices and Circuits”, 2nd Edition, TMH, New Delhi, 2009.

WEBSITES
1. www.cc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~lhlu/eecourses/Electronics1/Electronics_Ch4.pdf
2. www.techpowerup.com/articles/overclocking/voltmods/21
3. www.pa.msu.edu/courses/2014spring/PHY252/Lab4.pd
4. www.iet.ntnu.no/courses/ttt4100/oppg1_eng.pdf
5. www.te.kmutnb.ac.th/~msn/225301reports156-2.pdf
6. http://www.unix.eng.ua.edu/~huddl/mystuff/ECE333/ISM--
Electronic%20Circuit%20Analysis%20and%20Design.pdf

CONTENT BEYOND SYLLABUS:

Phase lead phase lag networks, LC coupled amplifier, Class AB and Class C power amplifiers.
 LECTURE PLAN

Sl. Lecture Suggested books

Topics in syllabus Modules and Sub modules
No. No. with Page Nos.
UNIT – I Single Stage and Multi Stage Amplifiers: (No. of Lectures – 16)
Classification of Categorization of amplifiers with L1
1 TB1, 372-373
Amplifiers Examples
Distortion in Amplitude, Frequency and Phase
2 L2 TB1, 373-374
Amplifiers distortions

Analysis of
Transistor in C.B L3 TB2, 6.25-6.26
Configuration using
Simplified Hybrid
Model

Analysis of
Transistor in C.E
Configuration using L4 B2, 6.15-6.18
Simplified Hybrid
Model
Expression for voltage gain,
3 current gain, input impedance and
Analysis of CE
output impedance
amplifier with
Emitter Resistance L5 TB2, 6.20-6.21
using Simplified
Hybrid Model

Analysis of
Transistor in C.C
Configuration &
Emitter Follower
using Simplified L6 TB2, 6.25-6.26
Hybrid Model

Miller's Theorem
4 Definition & Proof L7 TB1, 255-266
and it's dual
Design of single Design concepts and Equations L8
TB2, 6.68-6.76
5 stage RC coupled for circuit components L9
amplifier using BJT
 Different coupling RC coupled amplifier,
L10
6 schemes used in Transformer coupled amplifier RB4, 245
L11
amplifiers and direct coupled amplifier
7 L13
Cascode amplifier Explanation and Analysis TB1, 560-563
L14
L15
8 Darlington pair Explanation and Analysis TB1, 274-279
L16
UNIT –II BJT and MOS Amplifiers- Frequency Response (No. of Lectures – 16)
9
Logarithm, decibels Basic concept and Problems L17 TB1, 388

Frequency Explanation of Frequency

10 Response of BJT Response of RC Coupled L18 TB1, 389-390
Amplifier Amplifier
Analysis(of
L19
frequency response) Analysis using Low Pass and
11 L20 TB1, 374-378
at low and high High Pass RC circuits.
frequencies
Effect of coupling L21
12 and bypass Derivation for CE and CC L22 TB2, 6.27-6.32
capacitors
Hybrid-pi model
Justification of each parameter in
13 for common emitter L23 TB2, 6.33
the model & it's expressions
transistor
CE short circuit Concept & Derivation for CE L24
14 TB1, 356-359
current gain short circuit current gain
Effect of load on B.W &
CE current gain L25
15 Derivation for CE current gain TB1, 359-361
with Resistive Load
with resistive load
gain-bandwidth L26
16 Concept & derivation TB1, 365-367
product
Basic concepts of
Justification of each parameter in L27
17 MOSFET & it's TB1, 313-319
the model()
Small signal model
Common Source
Explanation and Analysis (i.e
amplifier with
expression for voltage gain, input L28
18 resistive load, diode TB1, 329-331
impedance and output L29
connected load and
impedance)
current source load
L30
19 Source follower Explanation and Analysis TB1, 334-335
Common gate
20 Explanation and Analysis L31 TB1, 341-343
amplifier
21 Cascode amplifier Explanation and Analysis L32
UNIT –III Feedback Amplifiers (No. of Lectures – 11)
 Basic concepts of feedback with
Concepts of L33
22 block diagram & derivation for TB2, 7.1
feedback
negative feedback
Classification and
general Categorization of feedback
23 characteristics of amplifiers with Examples. L34 TB2, 7.2-7.3
negative feedback Merits & Demerits
amplifiers
Effect of negative feedback on
L35
Effect of feedback Gain, Noise, Distortion, Input
L36
24 on amplifier impedance, Output impedance TB2, 7.4-7.7
L37
characteristics and Bandwidth of amplifier &
L38
Problems
Voltage Series,
Analysis(i.e. Gain, Input and
Voltage Shunt, L39
Output impedances) of Practical TB2, 7.7-7.9
Current Series and L40
25 feedback amplifier circuits. TB2, 7.11-7.13
Current shunt L41
TB2, 7.13-7.18
feedback L42
configurations
Illustrative L43 TB2,7.4-7.6,7.9-7.10,
26 Problems on above topics
Problems 7.16
UNIT – IV Oscillators : (No. of Lectures – 10)
Oscillators, Basic concepts, Derivation for
27 conditions for positive feedback, Condition for L44 TB2, 8.1-8.2
Oscillations Oscillations & Starting voltage
Classification of Categorization of Oscillators with
28 L45 TB2, 8.1-8.4
Oscillators Examples.
Explanation & Derivations for
RC phase shift L46
29 Resonant frequency and condition TB2, 8.14-8.16
oscillator L47
for oscillations
Explanation & Derivations for L48
Wien-bridge
30 Resonant frequency and condition TB2, 8.25-8.27
oscillator
for oscillations
Generalized
Derivation of General Equation
31 analysis of LC L49 TB2, 8.3-8.5
for LC oscillator
oscillators
Explanation & Derivations for
32 Hartley oscillator Resonant frequency and condition L50 TB2, 8.6-8.7
for oscillations
Explanation & Derivations for
TB2, 8.9-8.10
33 Colpitts oscillator Resonant frequency and condition L51
for oscillations
34 Crystal oscillator Basic concepts of Crystals & L52 TB2, 8.29-8.31
 Explanation of oscillator using
crystals
Stability of
35 Amplitude and frequency stability L53 TB2, 8.34-8.35
oscillators
UNIT –V Large Signal and Tuned Amplifiers : (No. of Lectures – 12)
Classification of
Basic concepts & Categorization
36 Large signal L54 TB1, 373
of power amplifiers
amplifiers
Class A Large Explanation & Derivations of
37 L55 TB1, 677-678
signal amplifiers Efficiency. Problems
Transformer
coupled class A Explanation & Derivations of
38 L56 TB1, 684-687
audio power Efficiency. Problems
amplifier
class B power Explanation & Derivations of
39 L57 TB1, 692-693
amplifier Efficiency. Problems
class-B Push-pull Explanation & Derivations of
40 L58 TB1, 690-695
amplifier Efficiency. Problems
Complementary
symmetry class B
Explanation & Derivations of
41 Push-pull amplifier, L59 TB1, 693-695
Efficiency. Problems
distortion in power
amplifiers
Explanation and Derivations of
Distortion in Power
42 Harmonic and Cross-over L60 TB1, 679-681, 699
Amplifiers
distortions
Thermal resistance, condition for
Thermal stability
43 thermal stability, types of heat L61 TB1, 5.22-5.27
and heat sinks
sinks
RB4, 399
44 Tuned amplifiers Introduction, Q-Factor L62
RB5, 13.28
Small Signal tuned Expression for gain and L63
45 RB4, 400-403
amplifiers bandwidth
Effect of cascading
single and double
46 Expression for bandwidth L64 RB4, 411-415
tuned amplifiers on
bandwidth
Stagger tuned
Explanation of stagger tuning &
47 amplifiers, Stability L65 RB4, 415
Stability of tuned amplifiers
of tuned amplifiers
 Review Questions

UNIT-I

1. Explain how amplifiers are classified?

2. Explain various types of distortions occur in amplifiers with neat sketches.
3. Draw a self-biased CE amplifier circuit without bypass capacitor. Also derive the expressions
(using simplified hybrid model) for
i) Current gain ii) Input impedance iii) Voltage gain and iv) Output impedance.
4. Draw the simplified hybrid model for Emitter Follower. Also derive the expressions for
i) Current gain ii) Input impedance iii) voltage gain iv) Output impedance
5. State and prove Miller's theorem & it's dual.
6. Design Single Stage RC coupled CE amplifier(with self bias and emitter bypassed) for the
given specifications.
VCC=24 V , VCE =3 V , VRE =5 V , RS =600 Ω, f1 =100 Hz , hfe =100 , RL =120 K Ω
7. Differentiate various coupling schemes used in amplifiers.
8. Draw a Two-Stage Transformer Coupled amplifier and explain its operation.
Also list it's merits, demerits and applications.
9. Draw a Two-stage Direct Coupled amplifier using BJT and explain its frequency response
with neat sketches. Also list it's merits, demerits and applications.
10. Explain Cascode amplifier in detail with a neat sketches and derive the expressions for
i) Input impedance and ii) Voltage gain.
11. Explain Darlington Emitter follower with neat sketches. Also derive the expressions for
i) Voltage gain ii) Current gain iii) Input impedance and iv) Output impedance.
 UNIT-II

1. Explain the frequency response of RC coupled amplifier.

2. Explain in detail the reasons for fall of gain of RC coupled amplifier at both low and high
frequencies.

3. Explain the effect of emitter bypass capacitor and coupling capacitor on low frequency
response of single stage RC coupled amplifier. Also derive the expressions for bypass
capacitor and coupling capacitor.

4. Draw the hybrid π model for a transistor in CE configuration. Also explain the significance
of each component in the model.

5. Define CE short circuit current gain. Also derive its expression as a function of frequency
using hybrid - π model.
6. Derive the expression for CE current gain with resistive load. Also explain the effect of load
on B.W.
7. Define fα, fβ and fT. Also derive the relation between fβ and fT.

8. Draw and explain the small signal MOS model at low and high frequencies.
9. Draw and explain CS amplifier with resistive load. Also derive the expressions for

i) I/P resistance ii) O/P resistance iii) Voltage gain

10. Draw and explain CS amplifier with diode connected load. Also derive the expression
for Voltage gain.
11. Draw and explain CS amplifier with current source load. Also derive the expression
for Voltage gain.
12. Draw and explain source follower. Also derive the expressions for
i) I/P resistance ii) O/P resistance iii) Voltage gain
13. Draw and explain CG amplifier. Also derive the expressions for

i) I/P resistance ii) O/P resistance iii) Voltage gain

14. The h-parameters of a transistor at Ic= 10 mA , VCE =10 V and room temp. are hfe=100 ,
hie=500 Ω , | Ai |=10 at 10 M Hz and Cc=3 pF. Find i) rb’e ii) rbb’ iii) fT iv) f and v) Ce

15. The hybrid-π parameters of the transistor at room temperature with I c= 1.3mA are gm =
50mA/V, rb’e= 1KΩ, rbb’ = 100Ω, rb’c = 4MΩ, rce = 80KΩ,rce = 80KΩ, Cc = 3pF, Ce = 100pF.
 C BJT has gm = 38millimhos; rbe = 5.9Kohms, hie = 6Kohms, rbb' = 100 ohms, C bc =12pF;
C be =63pF, hfe = 224 at 1KHz. Find  and  cutoff frequencies and fT.

16. The following low-frequency parameters are known for a given transistor at Ic=10 mA,
Vce=10v and at room temperature.
hie=500  hoe=4x10-5 A/v hfe=100, hoe=10-4
At the same operating point, fT=50 MHZ and Cob=3pf, compute the values of all the hybrid
-  parameters.
17. Three identical non interacting stages of amplifiers have the overall cutoff frequencies; f L* =
10KHZ and f H* =40 KHZ. What are the values of fL and fH?

18. The parameters of a two stage BJT RC coupled amplifier are hfe = 50, hie= 1.1 K ohms, hoe =
0 and RL = 2 K ohms. Find the value of the Coupling capacitor to give a lower 3dB
frequency of 20Hz.
19. In the three stage amplifier, the higher cutoff frequencies are: 500 kHz, 200 kHz and 100
kHz. Estimate the resulting high cutoff frequency.

UNIT-III

1. Classify the negative feedback amplifiers.

2. Explain the concept of feedback using block diagram.

3. Derive an expression for the gain of amplifier with negative feedback.

4. List out the merits & demerits of negative feedback.

5. Explain the effect of negative feedback on Gain and B.W.

6. Show that with negative feedback Gain of amplifier will be stabilized.

7. Show that with negative feedback lower cut-off frequency will be decreased and upper cut-
off frequency will be increased by 1+Aβ.

8. Explain the effect of negative feedback on Noise & Distortion

9. Show that for Voltage Shunt feedback amplifier transresistance gain, Ri and Ro are
decreased by a factor 1+Aβ.

10. With the help of network topology, obtain the expressions for I/P impedance and O/P
impedance of Current Series feedback amplifier.

11. With the help of network topology, obtain the expressions for I/P impedance and O/P
impedance of Current Shunt feedback amplifier.

12. Draw and explain practical Voltage-Series feedback amplifier circuit. Also derive the
expressions for i) Voltage gain ii) I/P impedance iii) O/P impedance

13. Draw and explain practical Current-Series feedback amplifier circuit. Also derive the
expressions for i) Transconductance gain ii) I/P impedance iii) O/P impedance

14. An amplifier has mid band gain of 125 and a B.W of 250 kHz.
i) If 4% negative feedback is introduced, find new B.W and gain.
ii) If B.W is restricted to 1 MHz , find the feedback ratio

15. The gain of an amplifier is decreased to 10000 with negative feedback from its gain of
60000. Calculate the feedback factor. Also express the amount of negative feedback n dB.

16. Calculate the Gain, I/P impedance and O/P impedance of Voltage-Series feedback amplifier
having A=300 , Ri =1.5 kΩ , Ro =50 kΩ and β=1/12.

17. An amplifier has an open loop gain of 400 and a feedback ratio of 0.05. If the open loop gain
changes by 20% due to temp. find the % change in closed loop gain.

18. An amplifier has voltage gain with feedback is 100. If the gain without feedback changes by
20% and gain with feedback should not vary more than 2%. Determine the values of Open
loop gain (A) and feedback ratio (β)

19. An amplifier has a mid frequency gain of 800. lts upper and lower cut off frequencies are
16KHz and 40KHz respectively. What will be the band width after 2% of the signal output is
given as negative feedback?
 UNIT-IV

1. Derive an expression for gain of amplifier with positive feedback.

2. Draw and explain RC Phase shift Oscillator. Also derive an expression for i) fo ii) hfe

3. Draw and explain Wein Bridge Oscillator. Also derive an expression for i) fo ii) hfe

4. Derive the general expression for frequency of oscillations of an LC oscillator.

5. Draw and explain Hartley Oscillator. Also derive an expression for fo

6. Draw and explain Colpitt's Oscillator. Also derive an expression for fo

7. What is Piezo electric effect? What are the main substances that exhibit this property?

8. Explain the stability of oscillators?

9. A Hartley Oscillator is designed with L1=2 mH , L2=20 µH and a variable capacitance. Find
the range of Capacitance values if the frequency of oscillations is varied between 950 kHz to
2050 kHz

10. In a Colpitt's Oscillator, the values of inductors and capacitors in the tank circuit are L= 40
mH, C1=100 pF and C2=500 pF. Find the frequency of oscillation.

UNIT-V

1. Differentiate small signal transistor and power transistor.

2. Differentiate small signal amplifier and power amplifier

3. Explain class A power amplifier (series fed type) with neat sketches. Also derive it's
expression for maximum efficiency. List its merits and demerits.
4. Explain class A power amplifier (transformer coupled type) with neat sketches. Also derive
it's expression for maximum efficiency. List its merits and demerits.
5. Explain Class-B power amplifier. Derive it's expression for the efficiency.

6. Explain class B push pull power amplifier with neat sketches. Also derive it's expressions for
i) Max. efficiency (n%max) ii) Pc(dc),max(total)

7. Show that no even harmonics are present in a push pull complementary circuit.
8. Explain complementary symmetry class B push pull power amplifier with neat sketches.
Also derive it's expression for theoretical Max. efficiency (n%)

9. Explain harmonic distortion in power amplifiers. Also derive the expression for total
harmonic distortion.

10. Describe cross over distortion. How it is overcome?

11. What is thermal runaway? How does a heat sink help?

12. Explain small signal capacitive coupled single tuned amplifier. Also derive it's expressions
for i) A/Ao ii) Bandwidth.

13. Explain the effect of cascading single tuned amplifiers on Bandwidth.

14. Draw the circuit of a double tuned amplifier and explain its operation.

15. Write a short notes on i) Stagger Tuning ii) stability of tuned amplifiers.

16. A class B push pull amplifier drives a load of 16 Ω connected to the secondary of Ideal
transformer. The supply voltage is 25 V. If no. of primary turns is 200 and secondary turns is
50, Calculate i) Max. power o/p ii) efficiency iii) Max. power dissipation per transistor.

17. A transistor supplies 2 W ac power to a load resistor of 2 kΩ. Zero-Signal dc collector

current is 30 mA and dc collector current with signal is 35 mA. Determine the Present
Second Harmonic distortion.

18. A sinusoidal signal vi=1.75 Sin 600t is fed to an amplifier. The resulting output current is of
the form io=15Sin 600t + 1.5 Sin 1200t + 1.2 Sin 1800t + 0 .5 Sin 2400t. Calculate

i) Second, Third and Fourth harmonic distortion

ii) % increase in power(because of distortion)

 (EC104) PROBABILITY THEORY AND STOCHASTIC PROCESSES

Hours / Week Marks

Year Semester C
L T P/D CIE SEE Total
II I 3 - - 3 30 70 100

COURSE DESCRIPTION:

Probability theory is the branch of mathematics concerned with probability, the analysis of
random phenomena. The central objects of probability theory are random variables, stochastic
processes, and events: mathematical abstractions of non-deterministic events or measured
quantities that may either be single occurrences or evolve over time in an apparently random
fashion.

It is not possible to predict precisely results of random events. However, if a sequence of

individual events, such as coin flipping or the roll of dice, is influenced by other factors, such as
friction, it will exhibit certain patterns, which can be studied and predicted Two representative
mathematical results describing such patterns are the law of large numbers and the central limit
theorem.

Prerequisites
Requires the knowledge of mathematics.

COURSE OBJECTIVES:
Students will be able to
1. Recall the concept of probability and understand the random variable.
2. Analyze the concept of operation on random variable and transformations.
3. Understand the multiple random variables and analyze the concept of operation on multiple
random variables.
4. Learn the random process concept and classify the various random processes.
5. Relate power spectrum density and autocorrelation function and analyze the probabilistic
situations in communication.

COURSE OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, the student will develop ability to
1. Define random variable and understand the probability, events and random experiments.
2. Analyze the operations like expectation, variance and moments of single random variable.
3. Analyze the operations like expectation, variance and moments of multiple random variables.
4. Understand the central limit theorem.
5. Understand the stochastic process in both deterministic and non deterministic types.
6. Classify the various processes, functions and state its properties.
7. Relate power spectrum density and autocorrelation function and state its properties.
8. Analyze the power spectral density of linear systems.

UNIT – I
Probability: Concept of Probability, Random Variables, Discrete and Continuous Sample
Spaces, Events, Probability Definitions and Axioms, Joint Probability, Conditional Probability,
Total Probability, Bayes’ Theorem. Distribution and Density functions, Properties, Binomial,
Poisson, Uniform, Gaussian, Exponential, Rayleigh, Conditional Distribution.

UNIT – II
Operation on One Random Variable – Expectations: Introduction, Expected Value of a
Random Variable, Function of a Random Variable, Moments about the Origin, Central
Moments, Variance and Skew, Chebychev’s Inequality, Characteristic Function, Moment
Generating Function, Transformations of a Random Variable: Transformation of a Discrete
Random Variable

UNIT – III
Multiple Random Variables: Vector Random Variables, Joint Distribution Function, Properties
of Joint Distribution, Marginal Distribution Functions, Conditional Distribution and Density –
Point Conditioning, Conditional Distribution and Density – Interval conditioning, Statistical
Independence, Sum of Two Random Variables, Sum of Several Random Variables, Central
Limit Theorem, (Proof not expected).

UNIT – IV
Stochastic Processes - Temporal Characteristics: The Stochastic Process Concept,
Classification of Processes, Stationary Random Process, Ergodicity, Mean-Ergodic Processes,
Correlation-Ergodic Processes, Autocorrelation Function and Its Properties, Cross- Correlation
Function and Its Properties, Covariance and its properties.

UNIT – V
Stochastic Processes – Spectral Characteristics: Power Spectrum Properties, Relationship
between Power Spectrum and Autocorrelation Function, Cross-Power Density Spectrum,
Properties, Relationship between Cross-Power Spectrum and Cross-Correlation Function.
Spectral Characteristics of system response: power density spectrum of response, cross- power
spectral density of input and output of a linear system.

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Peyton Z. Peebles, “Probability, Random Variables and Random Signal Principles”, TMH, 4th
Edition, 2001.
2. Athanasios Papoulis and S. Unnikrishna Pillai, “Probability, Random Variables and
Stochastic Processes”, PHI, 4th Edition, 2002.

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Johnson Richard A, “Probability and Statistics for Engineers”, Pearson Publications, New
Delhi, 2007.
2. Mallikarjuna Reddy, “Probability Theory and Stochastic Processes”, Cengage Learning.
3. BP Lathi, “Communication Systems”, BS Publication, 2006.
4. Murugesan K and Guruswami P, “Probability and Statistics”, Anuradha Publications,
Chennai.

WEBSITES
7. www.math.harvard.edu
8. ebooks.cambridge.org
9. nptel.ac.in
10. https://www.maths.unsw.edu.au
11. ocw.mit.edu
CONTENT BEYOND SYLLABUS:
1. Detection of a target
LECTURE PLAN

Sl. Lecture Suggested books

Topics in syllabus Modules and Sub modules
No. No. with Page Nos.
UNIT – I (No. of Lectures – 14)
An overview of Introduction of probability and its L1 TB2 (3-7)
1
probability significance TB1 (1-4)
Probability Introduced through sets, relative L2 TB1 3
2
definition frequency L3 TB1 (9-14)
Pack of cards, dice, tossing of L4
Experiments and coins experiments, definition of L5
3 TB1 9
sample spaces continuous and discrete sample L6
spaces.
Independent events, mutually
L7
4 events exclusive events, certain events, TB1 (10& 20 )
joint events
5 Joint probability Joint probability L9 TB1 14
conditional
6 probability, total conditional probability, total
L10 TB1 (14-19)
probability, baye’s probability, baye’s theorm
theorm
Binomial, Poisson, Uniform, L11
Standard
Gaussian, Exponential, Rayleigh, L12
7 distribution and TB1 (54-65)
Conditional Distribution. L13
density functions
L14
UNIT –II (No. of Lectures – 14)
7 definition of a
definition of a random L15
random TB1 41
variable(R.V)
variable(R.V)
Classification of
Random variables,
Continuous, discrete, Mixed L16
8 condition for a TB1 (41-43)
random variables
function to be a
random variable
Distributions and Definitions, properties L17
9 density functions L18 TB1 (44-50)

expected value of a
expected value of a R.V, function
10 R.V, function of a L19 TB1 (77-80)
of a R.V
R.V
moments about the
Mean, mean square value, L20
11 origin, central TB1 (81-83)
variance, skew
moments
characteristic characteristic functions, moment L21
12 TB1 (84-86)
functions, moment generating function. L22
 generating function.
L23
Transformations of Transformation of a Discrete R.V,
13 L24 TB1 (87-92)
a Random Variable continuous R.V
L25
L26
14 problems Of all topics L27 TB1 (32,66 & 97)
L28
UNIT –III (No. of Lectures – 11)

L29
Vector Random
16 Introduction, definition TB1 108
variables.
joint distribution,
joint distribution, density L30
19 density functions TB1 (109-115)
functions and its properties L31
and its properties
conditional L32
Point conditioning and interval
20 distribution and L33 TB1 (116-120)
conditioning
density
statistical
Statistical independence L34
21 independence TB1 121
,problems L35
,problems
sum of two R.V's,
sum of two R.V's, sum of several
22 sum of several L36 TB1 (122-124)
R.V's.
R.V's.
central limit
23 central limit theorem. L37 TB1 (125-128)
theorem.
L38
24 problems problems L39 TB1 129

UNIT-IV (No. of Lectures – 11)

25 Introduction introduction L40 TB1 179
Classification of
29 Continuous and disrete L41 TB1 (179-184)
R.P
concept of first-order stationary processes,
stationary and second-order and wide sense
30 L42 TB1 (185-188)
statistical stationarity, N order and strict
independent sense stationarity
Time averages and Mean ergodic processes, L43
31 TB1 (189-193)
ergodicity correlation ergodic processes L44
Auto correlation
and cross Auto correlation and cross L45
32 correlation correlation functions and its L46 TB1 (194-198)
functions and its properties
properties
 Covariance and its
33 Covariance and its properties L47 TB1 198
properties
L48
34 problems problems L49 TB1 (169 & 208)
L50
UNIT –V (No. of Lectures – 10)
Power Spectrum
35 Power Spectrum Properties L51 TB1 (220-226)
Properties
Relationship
Relationship between power
between power
36 spectrum and Auto correlation L52 TB1 (227-230)
spectrum and Auto
function
correlation function
The cross power
37 The cross power density spectrum L53 TB1 230
density spectrum
properties, L54
38 properties, problems TB1 (230-234)
problems L55
Relationship
between cross Relationship between cross power
39 power spectrum spectrum and cross correlation L56 TB1( 234-237)
and cross function
correlation function
power density spectrum of
Spectral
response, cross-power spectral
40 Characteristics of L57 TB1 (280-286)
density of input and output of a
system response
linear system
L58
41 problems problems L59 TB1 (256 & 329)
L60

TB1: Probability, Random Variables & Random Signal Principles - Peyton Z. Peebles,
TMH, 4th Edition, 2001.ISBN-10: 0071181814 ISBN-13

TB2 : Probability, Random Variables and Stochastic Processes – Athanasios Papoulis and S.
Unnikrishna Pillai, PHI, 4th Edition, 2002. ISBN-10: 0071199810 | ISBN-13: 978-0071199810

REVIEW QUESTIONS
UNIT I: PROBABLITY

1. a. Find the probability of obtaining 14 with 3 dice.

b. A class has only 3 students A, B, C who attended the class independently. The
probability of their attendance on any day being 1/2, 2/3, 3/4 respectively. Find the
probability that the total number of attendances in two consecutive days is exactly
three.
2. a. Explain Poisson approximation to Binomial law.
b. There are 500 misprints in book of 500 pages. What is the probability that a given
page will contain at most 3 misprints?
3. a) State and prove Baye’s theorem.
b) State and prove any four properties of conditional probability.
4. a) What is the probability that a positive integer not exceeding 100 selected at random is
divisible by 5 or 7?
b) The diameter of a cable, say X, is taken to be a random variable with probability density
function (pdf) fx(x) = 6x (1-x), 0  x  1. Verify whether fx(x) is pdf.
5. a. Define joint and conditional probability.
b. In a box there 500 coloured balls: 75 black , 150 green, 175 red, 70 white and 30 blue
what are the probability of selecting a ball of each colour.
6. a. State and prove properties of probability density function.
b. A random variable X has the distribution function
12
n2
f X ( x)   u ( x  n).
n 1 650

Find the probabilities of P {-   x  6.5}.


7. a. Give the definition of probability and axioms.
b. A book containing 100 pages is opened at random. Find the probability that on the
page.
i) A doublet is found. ii) a number whose sum of digits is 10.
8. a. State and prove the properties of cumulative distribution function.
b. A sample space is defined by the set S = {1,2,3,4}. A random variable x is defined
by y = x(s) = s3. If the probability of S are P(1) = 4/24, P(2) = 3/24, P(3) = 7/24 and
P(4) = 10/24. Then find the probability of random variable Y.
9. a. A missile can be accidentally launched if two relays A and B both have failed. The
probabilities of A and B failing are known to be 0.01 and 0.03 respectively. It is also
known that B is more likely to fail (probability 0.06) if A have failed.
i. What is the probability of an accidental missile launch?
ii. What is the probability that A will fail if B has failed?
Are the events “A fails” and “B fails” statistically independent?
b. Trains X and Y arrive at a station at random between 8 a.m. and 8.20 a.m. Train X
stops for four minutes and train Y stops for five minutes. Assuming that the trains
arrive independently of each other, determine
i. The probability that the train X arrives before train Y.
ii. The probability that the trains meet at the station.
iii. Assuming that the trains met, determine the probability that the train X
arrives before train Y.
10. a. Define a random variable. State the properties of a probability distribution function.
b. Find the value of A such that the following function is a valid probability density
function.
fx(x) = 0 X<-1
A(1-x2) cos(πx/2) -1≤x≤1
0 1<x
UNIT II: OPERATIONS ON ONE RANDOM VARIABLE

11. a. Derive the variance of Poisson distribution.

b. The first, second and third moments of a probability distribution about the point 2 are
1, 16, -40 respectively. Find the mean, variance and the third central moment.
12. a) What are the effects of change of scale on moment generating function?
b) Derive the variance of Binomial distribution.
13. a) A Random variable X has pdf 12x2 (1 – x) where 0  x  1, compute P( x -    2 )
and compare it with the limits given by chebycheff’s inequality.
b) X1, X2 and X3 are continuous independent random variables with mean value 1, -1 and 2
respectively and variances 0.5, 2 and 0.5 respectively. If Z = X1 + X2 + X3, write the
approximate probability density function of random variable Z.
14. a. Calculate the mean of Rayliegh random variable.
b. In an experiment when two dice are thrown simultaneously find expected value of
sum of number of points on them.
15. a. Calculate the mean of Gaussian random variable.
b. In an experiment when two dice are thrown simultaneously. Find the expected value
of sum of number of points on them.
16. a. A random variable x has the density
3
fx(x) = (-x2+8x-12) ; 2< x < 6
32
=0 ; otherwise
Find all moments about origin.
17. a. A Gaussian random variable X has a mean value 0 and variance 9. The voltage X is
applied to a square law, full wave diode detector with a transfer function
characteristic Y = 5X. Find the mean value of the output voltage Y.

b. Show that the characteristic function of a random variable having binomial density
function is x( ) = [exp(1-p+pej )]N.

UNIT III: MULTIPLE RANDOM VARIABLES

18. The joint density function of two continuous random variable X and Y is given by
fXY(x, y) = 2 for 0 < x 1, 0 < y < x
= 0 otherwise
i) Find the conditional density functions fX/Y(x/y) and fY/X(y/x).
ii) Find the marginal density functions fX(x) and fY(y).

19. The joint probability density function of two random variables X and Y is given by
1  23 x 2  xy  y 2 
fXY(xy) = e
 3
Determine the marginal probability density function fX(x) and fY(y).

20. a)Random variables X and Y have a joint probability density function given by
 1
 , for x 2  y 2  1
f XY ( x, y )  
 0 otherwise
Determine whether random variables X and Y are a) Statistically independent b)
Uncorrelated.
b. State and prove any four properties of joint density function of two random
variables.

21. a. Find the marginal densities of X and Y using the joint density.
10
f XY ( x, y )  [u ( x )  u ( x  4)]u ( y ) y 3 exp[ ( x  1) 2 y ] 
4
b. Explain conditional distribution and density for point conditioning and interval
conditioning.
22. a. Find the mean value.
b. Variance of a random variable with
1  x m b .
f X ( x)  e
2b
Where m and b are real constants b>0 and    m  

23. a. A random variable x ahs the probability density

 x
 cos( ) ;4  x  4
fx(x) = 16 8
 0 ; elsewhere
Find its mean value.
b. Its second moment and its variance.
24. a. Determine the given function is a valid probability distribution function.
0
1 x0

FX  x   
3 1
1 0 x
2
b. For real constants b > 0, c > 0, and any a, find a condition on constant 'a' and a
relationship between1 'c' and 'a' (for given b) such that the function given below is a
valid probability density function.
a1   x b  0xc
f x   
0 elsewhere
2
25. a. fxy(x,y) = b(x+y) -2<x<2 and -3<y<3
o Else where
Find the constant b such that this is a valid joint density function.
Determine the marginal density functions fX(x) and fY(y).
b. Random variables X and Y have the joint density function
fxy(x,y) = (x+y)2 /40 -1 <x< 1 and -3<y<3
o Else where
i. Find the second order moments of X and Y.
 ii. What are the variances of X and Y?
iii. What is the correlation coefficient?

UNIT IV: STOCHASTIC PROCESS – TEMPORAL CHARACTERISTICS

1
26. a. Let Z be a random variable with probability density fZ(z) = in the range -1 Z
2
Let the random variable X = Z and random variable Y = Z2.
Show that X and Y are uncorrelated.
b. Show that if any two random variables are statistically independent, then they are
also uncorrelated.
27. Explain the properties of cross correlation function of second order stationary process.
28. a) Show that if two random variables are uncorrelated and one of them has Zero mean, then
they are also orthogonal.
b) X and Y are two statistically independent random variables with values X  2, Y  4
respectively and second moments E[X2] = 8, E[Y2] = 25 respectively. Random variable
W = 2X – Y. Determine variance  2 of W.
29. List and explain the properties of auto correlation function of wide sense stationary
process.
30. a. State and prove properties of stationary random process.
b. Give that a process X(t) has the autocorrelation function.
R XX ( )  A.e  ( ) cos( w0 )
Where A>0,   0 and w0 are real constants find the power spectrum of x(t)
31. a. Explain the concept of stationary and statistical independence.
b. For a linear system find out autocorrelation of the output.
32. a. State and prove properties of auto correlation function.
b. If x(t) is a stationary random process having a mean value E{x(t)} = 3, auto
correlation function Rxx(  ) = 9  2e | | Find the mean value.
33. a. Explain the classification of random processes.
b. For a linear system, if input mean and variance are given, find the mean and variance
of the output.
34. a. Write short notes on variance and skew.
b. Given the random process X(t) = A sin( t+ ) where A and 0 are constants and
is a random variable uniformly distributed on the interval (- , ). Define a new
random process Y(t)=X2(t).
i. Find the autocorrelation function of Y(t)
ii. Find the cross correlation function of X(t) and Y(t).
iv. Are X(t) and Y(t) wide sense stationary?

UNIT V: STOCHASTIC PROCESS – SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS

35. State & prove Wiener-Khintchine relation.
36. a) Find average power of a power spectrum of a random process.
  2
4  ( ), /  /  6
S XY ( )   9
 0, elsewhere
b) State and prove the properties of the power density spectrum.
37. a. Given the power density spectrum of the response of a linear time invariant system
having a transfer function H ( )
b. Compare Gaussian and Poisson Random process.
38. a. Define cross power density spectrum. State the properties of cross power density
spectrum.
b. Give the spectral characteristics of a linear system for a given input.
39. Let X(t) and Y(t) be both zero-mean and WSS random processes. Consider the random
process Z(t) defined by Z(t)=Y(t) + X(t). Determine the autocorrelation function and the
power spectral density of Z(t), (i) if X(t) and Y(t) are jointly WSS; (ii) if X(t) and Y(t) are
orthogonal.
40. Explain the relationship between Power spectrum and autocorrelation function.

SHORT QUESTIONS

UNIT I

1. Define a property of Independent event.

2. Explain Bernoulli trails.
3. A coin is flipped ten times, how many possible outcomes are exactly two heads?
4. How many ways can the letters of the word ALGORTHM are arranged in a row?
5. What is probability mass function?
6. Define probability and explain its use in communication system.
7. Give the properties of probability density function.
8. Give the properties of probability distribution function.
9. Illustrate the importance of Gaussian Random variable.
10. Define the set theory with reference to probability.
11. Give the relation between probability density function and cumulative distribution
function.
12. Give the properties of Gaussian density function.
13. An experiment consists of observing the sum of the dice when two fair dice are thrown.
Find (a) the probability that the sum is 7 and (b) the probability that the sum is greater
than 10.
13. Define conditional probability and hence conditional distribution function
14. Consider a telegraph source generating two symbols Dots & Dashes. The dots were equally
as likely to occur as the dashes. Find the probabilities of occurring of dots & dashes.
15. Define set theory with reference to probability.
16. Define Baye’s theorem.
17. Explain the differences between joint and conditional probabilities.
18. Define probability based on fundamental axioms.
19. Write the expression for Gaussian density function.
20. Write the expression for Rayleigh density function.
21. Write the expression for Uniform density function.
22. Write the expression for Exponential density function.
23. Write the expression for Binomial density function.
24. Write the expression for Poisson density function.
25.Define Mutually exclusive events with an example.

UNIT – II
26. List the properties of characteristic function.
27. Define Skew.
28. List two limitations of moment generating function.
29. Define moments about origin.
30. Define central moments of a random variable.
31. Define Expectation of a random variable.
32. List the conditions for function to be a random variable.
33. Define variance.
34. Define characteristics function.
35. Define Moment generating function.
36. List the properties of mean.
37. List the properties of variance.
38. List the properties of moment generating function.
39. Write the expression for coefficient of skewness.
40. Evaluate mean of uniform random variable.
UNIT – III
41. List the properties of the joint distribution function?
42. Define Joint distribution function.
43. Define joint density function.
44. List the properties of the joint density function?
45. State central limit theorem.
46. Write the cumulative distribution function of sum of two random variable.
47. Write joint and conditional probabilities for multiple random variables.
48. Describe the concept of stastical independence.
49. Distinguish between joint distribution and marginal distribution function.
50. Define the properties of conditional density function.
51. Define the properties of conditional distribution function.
52. How can we say that two processes are statistically independent?
53. List out the properties of co-variance.
54. Write short notes on interval conditioning.
55. Suppose b is a positive constant test whether the joint pdf is valid or not.

gx,y(x,y)= 0 ≤ ≤ ∞ 0 ≤ ≤∞
0 ℎ

56. Define conditional distribution function of two random variables X and Y.

57. Define conditional density function of two random variables X and Y.
58. The joint density function of random variable X and Y is
8
fx,y(x,y)= 0 < < 1 0 < <1
0 ℎ

Find f(x/y) and f(y/x).

59. Define marginal density function.
60. Write down the density function of sum of N statistically independent random variables.

UNIT – IV
61. Define Ergodicity?
62. Define cross correlation function of two random processes.
63. Give the relation between auto-correlation and cross-correlation functions.
64. Define auto correlation function of two random processes.
65. Define covariance function of random process X (t).
66. Give the properties of co-variance.
67. Define random process and classify.
68. Define Mean ergodic processes.
69. Define Correlation ergodic processes.
70. List out the properties of auto-correlation function.
71. List out the properties of cross-correlation function.
72. Define Auto covariance function of a random process.
73. Define Cross covariance function of a random process.
74. Define Jointly ergodic processes.
75. Explain Wide sense stationary processes.
76. Explain Jointly Wide sense stationary processes.
77. Explain strict sense stationary processes.
78. Define mean of a random processes.
79. Define stationary processes.
80. Write down the expression for joint distribution function of a random process.
81. Write down the expression for joint density function of a random process.
82. Explain independent random processes.
83. Explain second order stationary processes.
UNIT – V
84. Explain Mean & Mean squared value of a linear system response.
85. What are the conditions to be satisfied by a function to be Fourier transformable?
86. Give any two examples of Poisson processes.
87. Differentiate temporal and spectral characteristics.
88. Give the relation between auto correlation and power spectral density.
89. Calculate the output spectral density for a given input spectral density.
90. Give the relation between cross correlation and cross spectral density.
91. Calculate the cross power spectral density of input and output of a linear system.
92. State the similarities between probability density function and power density spectrum.
93. Define Poisson random process.
94. Define cross power density spectrum.
95. Write down the expression for average power of a random process.
96. List out the properties of a power spectral density.
97. List out the properties of a cross power spectral density.
98. Define Wiener-khintchine relation.
99. Define impulse response.
100. Write down the expression for power spectrum of output response.
 (EC105) SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

Hours / Week Marks

Year Semester C
L T P/D CIE SEE Total
II I 4 - - 4 30 70 100

Course Description:
Concepts associated with Signals and Systems find wide area of application in different technological
fields such as communications, circuit design, aeronautics, speech processing and so on. This course
focuses on analyzing signals (sound, voltage, communication transmissions etc.) and the systems that act
on them (circuits, mechanical dynamics, modulation, etc.). The course presents and integrates the basic
concepts for both continuous-time and discrete-time signals and systems. Signal and system
representations are developed for both time and frequency domains. Filter design and sampling are also
discussed.

Prerequisites
Requires the knowledge of mathematics generally taught at higher secondary level.

COURSE OBJECTIVES:
Students will be able to
1. Recall the basics concepts about the elementary signals.
2. Apply fourier series, fourier transform, laplace transform and Z-transform with respect to
signal processing.
3. Solve response of RLC networks using transform techniques.
4. Discuss concepts of convolution and correlation of various signal
5. Illustrate concept of sampling theorem.

COURSE OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, the student will develop ability to
1. Retrieve the historical and natural aspects of signals and systems (remember)
2. Describe the different types of signals and systems (understand)
3. Apply the mathematical operations on signals (apply)
4. Distinguish the type of transform (fourier / laplace / Z) required to analyze the given signal
(analyze)
5. Apply the relation between time domain and frequency domain representations of signals and
their applications in filters (apply)
6. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of operating in time / frequency domain (analyze)
7. Evaluate the response of a system for a given signal (evaluate)
8. Design of RLC circuits, stable systems (create)
UNIT- I
Introduction: Definitions of a signal and a system, classification of signals, basic Operations on
signals, elementary signals, Systems viewed as Interconnections of operations, properties of
systems.

UNIT- II
Time-Domain Representations for LTI Systems: Convolution, impulse response
representation, Convolution Sum and Convolution Integral, Properties of impulse response
representation, Differential and difference equation Representations, Block diagram
representations.

UNIT- III
Fourier Series: Introduction, Discrete time and continuous time Fourier series (trigonometric
Fourier series representation and exponential Fourier series representation), Properties of Fourier
series (No proof), Applications of Fourier series. Sampling Theorem and Reconstruction.

UNIT- IV
Applications of Fourier Representations: Introduction, Frequency response of LTI, Fourier
transform representation of periodic signals, Fourier transform representation of discrete time
signals.
Laplace Transformation and Applications: Review of Laplace transforms, waveform
Synthesis, initial and final value theorems, step, ramp and impulse responses, convolution
theorem, solution of simple R-L, R-C, RL-C networks.

UNIT V
Transforms: Introduction, Z – transform, properties of ROC and Z – transforms Inverse Z-
transforms, unilateral Z- Transform, analysis of LTI Systems and application to solve Difference
equations.

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Alan V Oppenheim, Alan S Willsky and A Hamid Nawab, “Signals and Systems”, Pearson
Education Asia / PHI.
2. Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen, “Signals and Systems”, John Wiley and Sons.

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. B. P. Lathi, “Linear Systems and Signals”, Oxford University Press, 2005.
2. Tarun Kumar Rawath, “Signals and Systems”, Oxford University Press.
3. Sanjay Sharma and SK Kataria, “Signals and Systems”, 6th Edition, 2008.
4. Roborts Michel J, “Signals and Systems”, TMH, New Delhi, 2005.
 WEBSITES
12. http://nptel.ac.in/courses/117104074/
13. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-CdTxDShho&list=PLC6210462711083C4
14. http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-6-007-signals-and-systems-spring-2011/lecture-
notes/
15. http://www.tutorialspoint.com/signals_and_systems/index.htm
16. www.google.com
CONTENT BEYOND SYLLABUS:
 Applications in Communication Engineering
 LECTURE PLAN

Suggested book
(Signals &
Sl. Lecture
Topics in syllabus Modules and Sub modules Systems by
No. No.
Oppenheim)
with Page Nos.
UNIT – I Introduction (No. of Lectures: 14)
Motivation and some historical 1
1 Introduction
aspects, engineering applications L1
Definitions of a Definition and examples of signal
2 L2 1, 38
signal and a system and system
Continuous-time and Discrete-time,
L3
Classification of Continuous-value and Discrete-
3 L4 5, 11−25
signals value, Periodic and Aperiodic, Even
L5
and Odd, Energy and Power signals
Time and Amplitude Scaling, Time
L6
Basic operations on Shifting, Time reversal, Multiple
4 L7 8
signals transformations, Differentiation and
L8
Integration
Sinusoidal, Real and complex
Exponential, Unit Step, Impulse, L9
5 Elementary signals 1, 15
Ramp, Signum, Sinc, Rectangular L10
pulse, Triangular
Systems viewed as
6 Effect of Parallel and Cascade
Interconnections of L11 41
representation of Systems
operations
Homogeneity, Time Invariance,
L12
Properties of Additivity, Linearity and
7 L13 44−53
systems Superposition, Stability, Causality,
L14
Orthogonality Memory, Invertibility
UNIT –II Time-Domain Representations for LTI Systems (No. of Lectures :10)
1
Convolution Need for convolution L15 74

Significance of Impulse response

Impulse response
2 Mathematical representation of L16 77, 94
representation
Impulse response
Discrete-Time LTI Systems and
Convolution Sum Convolution Sum
L17,L18
3 and Convolution Continuous-Time LTI Systems and 75−94
L19,L20
Integral Convolution Integral

Properties of Impulse response properties of LTI

4 L21 103
impulse response systems
 Linear Constant -Coefficient
Differential and Differential Equations
L22
5 difference equation Linear Constant-Coefficient 116−124
L23
Representations Difference Equations

Block Diagram Representations of

Block diagram First-Order Systems Described
6 L24 124
representations by Differential and Difference
Equations
UNIT –III Fourier Series (No. of Lectures: 13)
Introduction and Historical
L25
Perspective
1 Introduction L26 177−182
Response of LTI Systems to
Complex Exponentials
Fourier Series Representation of
Discrete time and
Continuous-Time Periodic Signals L27, L28 186−190
2 continuous time
Fourier Series Representation of L29, L30 211−212
Fourier series
Discrete-Time Periodic Signal
Properties of Continuous-Time and
Discrete-Time Fourier Series:
L31
Linearity, Time Shifting, Time
Properties of L32 202−205
3 Reversal, Time Scaling,
Fourier series L33 221−223
Multiplication, Conjugation and
L34
Conjugate Symmetry, Parseval's
Relation
Applications of
4 Application in Filters L35 231−245
Fourier series
Representation of a Continuous-
Time Signal by Its Samples
Sampling Theorem L36
5 Impulse-Train Sampling 514
and Reconstruction L37
Reconstruction of a Signal from Its
Samples
UNIT – IV Applications of Fourier Representations & Laplace Transformation (No. of
Lectures: 15)
Need for Fourier transform
1 Introduction L38 284
Frequency response of LTI systems
Fourier transform Fourier transform of Continuous-
L39
representation of Time aperiodic signals
2 L40 285−328
continuous-time Properties of the Continuous-Time
L41
aperiodic signals Fourier Transform
Fourier transform Fourier transform of discrete time L42
representation of aperiodic signals L43
3 358−390
discrete-time Properties of the discrete time L44
aperiodic signals Fourier Transform
4 Review of Laplace Laplace Transform definition L45 655,662,670,
 transforms Region of Convergence for Laplace L46 682−691
Transforms L47
Inverse Laplace Transform L48
Properties of Laplace Transform
Initial and Final Definitions
5 L49 690
value theorems Usefulness of these theorems
Convolution Definition L50
6 693
theorem Application in LTI systems L51
Solution of simple
Network solutions using Laplace
7 R-L, R-C, RL-C L52 700
Transform
networks
UNIT –V Z-Transforms (No. of Lectures: 08)
1 Introduction Need for Z-transforms L53 741
Definition of Z-transform
L54
Z – transform and How to draw ROC
2 L55 741−774
properties of ROC Importance of ROC
L56
Properties of Z-transform
Inverse Z–
3 Inverse Z–transforms L57 757
transforms
Unilateral Z–
4 Unilateral Z- Transform L58 789
Transform
Analysis of LTI
Analysis of LTI Systems in terms of
Systems and
Causality, Stability L59
5 application to solve 774−781
Solution of Difference equations L60
Difference
using Z- Transform
equations

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1.1. Give two examples for each of the following signals

a) Continuous-time and Discrete-time
b) Continuous-value and Discrete-value
c) Discrete-time discrete-value
d) Periodic and Aperiodic
e) Even and Odd
f) Energy and Power

1.2. Explain (a) Unit step function (b) Exponential function (c) Sinc function
1.3. Let x[n] be a signal with x[n] = 0 for n < −2 and n > 4. For each signal given
below, determine the values of n for which it is guaranteed to be zero
(a) x[n − 3] (b) x[n + 4] (c) x[− n] (d) x[− n + 2] (e) x[− n − 2]
 1.4. If g(t) = 7e −2t −3, write out and simplify the following function
 t  g (( jt  3) / 2)  g (( jt  3) / 2)
(a) g(3) (b) g(2−t) (c) g   4  (d) g( jt) (e)
 10  2
1.5. Determine whether or not each of the following functions is periodic. If the signal is
periodic, determine its fundamental period.
 
(a) x(t )  3 cos(4t  ) (b) x(t )  [cos(2t  )]2 (c) x(t ) e j (t 1)
3 3
6 n  
(d) x[n]  sin( n  1) (e) x[n]  cos(   ) (f) cos( n) cos( n)
7 8 2 4
1.6. Sketch the signal x(t) = r(t + 2) – r(t + 1) – r(t – 1) + r(t – 2)
1.7. A continuous-time signal x(t) is shown in Figure 1.1. Sketch and label carefully
each of the following signals:
t
(a) x(t − 1) (b) x(2 − t) (c) x(2t + 1) (d) x (4  ) (e) [x(t)+x(-t)]u(t)
2
3 3
(f) x(t )[ (t  )   (t  )]
2 2

1.8. A discrete-time signal is shown in Figure 1.2. Sketch and label carefully each of
the following signals:
(a) x[n−4] (b) x[3−n] (c) x[3n] (d) x[3n+1] (e) x[n]u[3 − n]
1 1
(f) x[n − 2]δ[n − 2] (g) x[n]  (1) n x[n] (h) x[(n − 1)2]
2 2
1.9. Find the even and odd parts of these functions
(a) g(t)= 2t2 −3t + 6 (b) g(t) = sinc (t) (c) g[n] = cos(0.5πn)
1.10. Explain the perseval’s energy theorem.
1.11. Find the signal energy of the following signals
(a) x(t )  2rect (t ) (b) x(t )  A(u (t )  u (t  10)) (c) x(t )  rect (t ) cos( 2t )
(d) x[n] = A δ[n]
1.12. Find the signal power of the signals: (a) x(t )  A (b) x(t )  A cos(2ft   )
1.13. Define LTI system with examples.
1.14. Consider a continuous-time system with input x(t) and output y(t) related by
y (t )  x(sin( t ))
(a) Is this system causal? (b) Is this system linear?
1.15. Evaluate the following integrals
5
(a)  sin( 2 t )  (t  3) dt
0

(b)  u(t ) cos(t ) dt

2.1. Let x[n] =  [n] + 2 [n − 1] −  [n − 3] and h[n] = 2 [n + 1] + 2 [n −1]
Compute and plot each of the following convolutions:
(a) y1 [n] = x[n] * h[n] (b) y2[n] = x[n + 2] * h[n]
(c) y3 [n] = x[n] * h[n + 2]
2.2. Consider an input x[n] and a unit impulse response h[n] given by
n 2
1
x[n]    u[n  2]
2
h[n]  u[n  2]
Determine and plot the output y[ n]  x[ n]  h[ n] .
2.3. Let
x(t )  u (t  3)  u (t  5) and h(t )  e 3t u(t ) .
(a) Compute y (t )  x (t )  h(t ) .
(b) Compute g (t )  ( dx (t ) / dt  h(t ) .
(c) How is g(t) related to y(t).
2.4. For the following impulse responses determine whether each system is causal and/or
stable. Justify your answers.
n
1
(a) h[n]    u[n] (b) h[n]  (5) n u[3  n]
5
(c) h(t )  e 4t u (t  2) (d) h(t )  e 2t u (1  t )

2.5. Determine whether the system is Linear Time Invariant (LTI) or not: y(t)= cos(x(t)).
3.1. Find fourier-series for the following continuous-time periodic signal
 2t   5t 
x(t )  2  cos   4 sin  
 3   3 
3.2. Obtain the Exponential Fourier series co-efficient and plot its magnitude, phase spectrum.
3.3. A continuous-time periodic signal x(t) is real valued and has a fundamental period T = 8.
The nonzero Fourier series coefficients for x(t) are specified as
a1  a 1  j, a5  a5  2

Express x(t) in the form: x(t )   Ak cos(wk t   k )
k 0
3.4. Write differences between Fourier Series and Fourier Transform.
3.5. State and prove time sifting property of Fourier transform.
3.6. Find Fourier Transform of the following signals and also plot the results
2 t 1 
(a) e 2(t 1) u (t  1) (b) e (c)  (t  1)   (t  1) (d) sin( 2t  )
4
1 n1
(e) ( ) u[ n  1] (f)  [ n  1]   [n  1]
2
2 sin[3(  2 )]
3.7. Find the signal corresponding to X ( j ) 
(  2 )
3.8. State and prove the Sampling Theorem.
4.1. What is the difference between Laplace Transform and Fourier Transform?
4.2. What is the significance of Region of Convergence (ROC)?
4.3. For the following signals find the Laplace Transform and its ROC
e t sin 2t , t  0
(a) e 5t u (t  1) (b) 
0, t0
2( s  2)
4.4. Find the inverse Laplace transform of X ( s )  2 , e{s}  3.
s  7 s  12
4.5. Determine the unilateral Laplace transform of the following signals, and specify the
corresponding regions of convergence:
(a) x(t )  e 2t u(t  1) (b) x(t )   (t  1)   (t )  e 2(t 3) u (t  1)
4.6. Determine the zero-state response of the following circuit when the input current is
x(t) = e−2t u(t).

4.7. Consider an LTI system with input x(t) = e−t u(t) and impulse response h(t) = e−2t u(t).
(a) Determine the Laplace transforms of x(t) and h(t).
 (b) Using the convolution property, determine the Laplace transform Y(s) of the
output y(t).
(c) From the Laplace transform of y(t) as obtained in part (b), determine y(t).
(d) Verify your result in part (c) by explicitly convolving x(t) and h(t).
5.1. Compare (i.e. write differences between) Fourier Transform, Laplace Transform and Z-
Transform.
5.2. Determine the z-transform for each of the following sequences. Sketch the pole-zero
plot and indicate the region of convergence. Indicate whether or not the Fourier
transform of the sequence exists.
n n2
1 1
(a)  ( n  5) (b)  ( n  5) (c) (1) n u[n] (d)   u[3  n] (e)   u[n  2]
4  3

5.3. Let x[n]  (1) n u[n]   n u[n  n0 ] , determine the constraints on the complex number 
and the integer n0 , given that the ROC of X(z) is 1  z  2.
1
1  z 1
5.4. Find the inverse z-transform of X ( z )  3 , z 2
(1  z )(1  2 z 1 )
1

5.5. Consider the following system functions for stable LTI systems. Determine in each case
whether or not the corresponding system is causal.
4 1 1
1  z 1  z 2 z
(a) X ( z )  3 2 (b) X ( z )  2
1 1 1 3
z 1 (1  z 1 )(1  z 1 ) z2  z 
2 3 2 16
5.6. Derive the relation between discrete time Fourier Transform (DTFT) and Z-transform.
5.7. Find the z-transform and ROC for x(n) = sin(ωon) u(n).