Pushover Workshop

IS-CAAD
International Seminar on Computer Aided Analysis and Design
Performance Based Design

and Push-over Analysis of Buildings
Workshop Note
Pushover Analysis Using ETABS and SAP2000
Pushover Analysis
Using ETABS and SAP2000
June 18-19, Manila, Philippines

For
Association of Structural Engineers Philippines
By
Naveed Anwar
Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software
Asian Institute of Technology
In Association with
Computers and Structures Inc., Berkeley, California, USA
Acknowledgements
• Some of the material presented in these
notes is based on following sources:
– Class notes by Prof. Worsak Kanok-Nukulchai
– Seminar notes from Computers and Structures
Incorporated, USA
– Notes from various workshops conducted by
Pushover Analysis, ACECOMS, AIT
Naveed Anwar
– SAP2000 User and Technical Manuals
– ETABS User and Technical Manuals
– ATC40, Applied Technology Council, USA
– FEMA-273, Federal Emergency Management
Agency, USA
Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software 1

Objectives
• Introduce the basic Modeling and Analysis
Concepts
• To provide an understanding of Static
Nonlinear Pushover Analysis for Seismic
Performance
• To demonstrate the application of Pushover

Analysis for buildings using ETABS and
SAP2000 and to provide a comparison
Modeling and Analysis

Structural System – Analysis Model

STRUCTURE
EXCITATION RESPONSES
Loads Displacements
Vibrations Strains
Settlements Stress
Thermal Changes pv Stress Resultants
Structural
Model

Analysis of Structures
∂σxx ∂σyy ∂σzz

+ + + pvx = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z
pv
Real Structure is governed by
“Partial Differential Equations” of

various order
Direct solution is only possible for:
• Simple geometry
• Simple Boundary
• Simple Loading.
The Need for Modeling

A - Real Structure cannot be Analyzed:
It can only be “Load Tested” to determine
response
B - We can only analyze a “Model” of the
Structure
C - We therefore need tools to Model the

Structure and to Analyze the Model

Finite Element Method: The Analysis Tool
• Finite Element Analysis

(FEA)
– “A discretized solution to a
continuum problem using FEM”
• Finite Element Method (FEM)

– “A numerical procedure for solving

(partial) differential equations
associated with field problems, with
an accuracy acceptable to
engineers”
Continuum to Discrete Model

pv
3D-CONTINUM CONTINUOUS MODEL DISCRETE MODEL

MODEL OF STRUCTURE OF STRUCTURE
(Governed by partial (Governed by either (Governed by algebraic
differential equations) partial or total differential equations)
equations)

From Classical to FEM Solution

Classical Assumptions FEM
Equilibrium
Actual Structure Structural Model
∂σxx ∂σyy ∂σzz

+ +
∂x ∂y ∂z vx
+ p =0
Stress-Strain Law
Kr = R
Compatibility “Algebraic
“Partial
Equations”
Differential _ _ _
Equations” ∫σ t
ε dV = ∫ pvt udV + ∫ pst uds
v K = Stiffness
r = Response
(Principle of Virtual Work) R = Loads
Simplified Structural System
Loads (F) Deformations (D)
Fv
D K
F
F=KD

The Analysis System

STRUCTURE
EXCITATION RESPONSES
pv
• Static • Elastic • Linear

• Dynamic • Inelastic • Nonlinear
Eight types of equilibrium equations are possible!
The Equilibrium Equations

1. Linear-Static Elastic
Ku = F
2. Linear-Dynamic Elastic
Mu&&(t ) + Cu& (t ) + Ku (t ) = F (t )
3. Nonlinear - Static Elastic OR Inelastic

Ku + FNL = F
4. Nonlinear-Dynamic
Mu&&(t ) + Cu& (t ) + Ku(t ) + F (t ) NL = FElastic
(t ) OR
Inelastic

Basic Analysis Types

Excitation Structure Response Basic Analysis Type
Static Elastic Linear Linear-Elastic-Static Analysis
Static Elastic Nonlinear Nonlinear-Elastic-Static Analysis
Static Inelastic Linear Linear-Inelastic-Static Analysis
Static Inelastic Nonlinear Nonlinear-Inelastic-Static Analysis

Dynamic Elastic Linear Linear-Elastic-Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic Elastic Nonlinear Nonlinear-Elastic-Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic Inelastic Linear Linear-Inelastic-Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic Inelastic Nonlinear Nonlinear-Inelastic-Dynamic Analysis
Analysis Type
The type of Analysis to be carried out depends
on the Structural System
– The Type of Excitation (Loads)

– The Type Structure (Material and
Geometry)
– The Type Response

Some More Solution Types

• Non-linear Analysis
– P-Delta Analysis
– Buckling Analysis
– Static Pushover Analysis
– Fast Non-Linear Analysis (FNA)
– Large Displacement Analysis
• Dynamic Analysis
– Free Vibration and Modal Analysis
– Response Spectrum Analysis
– Steady State Dynamic Analysis
Static Vs Dynamic
• Static Excitation
– When the Excitation (Load) does not vary rapidly with
Time
– When the Load can be assumed to be applied
“Slowly”
• Dynamic Excitation
– When the Excitation varies rapidly with Time

– When the “Inertial Force” becomes significant
• Most Real Excitation are Dynamic but are

considered“Quasi Static”
• Most Dynamic Excitation can be converted to
“Equivalent Static Loads”

Elastic Vs Inelastic
• Elastic Material
– Follows the same path during loading and unloading
and returns to initial state of deformation, stress,
strain etc. after removal of load/ excitation
• Inelastic Material
– Does not follow the same path during loading and
unloading and may not returns to initial state of

deformation, stress, strain etc. after removal of load/
excitation
• Most materials exhibit both, elastic and inelastic

behavior depending upon level of loading.
Linear Vs Nonlinear
• Linearity
– The response is directly proportional to excitation
– (Deflection doubles if load is doubled)
• Non-Linearity
– The response is not directly proportional to
excitation
– (deflection may become 4 times if load is doubled)
• Non-linear response may be produced by:
– Geometric Effects (Geometric non-linearity)
– Material Effects (Material non-linearity)
– Both

Elastic Vs Inelastic
• Elastic Material
– Follows the same path during loading and unloading and
returns to initial state of deformation, stress, strain etc. after
removal of load/ excitation
• Inelastic Material
– Does not follow the same path during loading and
unloading and may not returns to initial state of
deformation, stress, strain etc. after removal of load/

excitation
• Most materials exhibit both, elastic and inelastic

behavior depending upon level of loading.
Linear Vs Nonlinear
• Linearity
– The response is directly proportional to excitation
– (Deflection doubles if load is doubled)
• Non-Linearity
– The response is not directly proportional to
excitation
– (deflection may become 4 times if load is doubled)
• Non-linear response may be produced by:
– Geometric Effects (Geometric non-linearity)
– Material Effects (Material non-linearity)
– Both

Elasticity and Linearity
Action
Action
Linear-Elastic Linear-Inelastic
Deformation Deformation
Action
Action
Nonlinear-Elastic Nonlinear-Inelastic
Deformation Deformation
Linear and Nonlinear
Linear, Static and Dynamic
Ku = F
F M u&&( t ) + C u& ( t ) + Ku ( t ) = F ( t )
Ku = F
FNL Ku - FNL = F Nonlinear, Static and Dynamic
Ku + FNL = F
u Mu&&(t ) + Cu&(t ) + Ku(t ) + F (t ) NL = F (t )
Non Linear Equilibrium

The Seven Degrees of Freedom

• The General Beam
ry
Element may have
uy
7 degrees of
y
freedom
• The seventh
degree is Warping u x rx
• Warping is out-of x
z
plane distortion of uz Each section on a beam
the beam cross- rz member can have seven
Degrees Of Freedom
section wz (DOF) with respect to its
local axis.
The Complete DOF Picture

uz Ö Axial deformation Ö Axial strain Ö Axial stress
ux Ö Shear deformation Ö Shear strain Ö Shear stress
uy Ö Shear deformation Ö Shear strain Ö Shear stress
rz Ö Torsion Ö Shear strain Ö Shear stress

ry Ö Curvature Ö Axial strain Ö Axial stress
rx Ö Curvature Ö Axial strain Ö Axial stress
wzÖ Warping Ö Axial strain Ö Axial stress

What is Stiffness ?
• In structural terms, stiffness
For Linear Response
may be defined as
“Resistance to Deformation” u∞F
• So for each type of
deformation, there is a Ku = F
corresponding stiffness
F
• Stiffness can be considered K=
or evaluated at various levels u
• Stiffness is also the
“constant” in the Action-
Deformation Relationship
The Structure Stiffness
Material Stiffness
Cross-section Geometry
Section Stiffness
Member Geometry
Member Stiffness
Structure Geometry
Structure Stiffness

The Matrices in FEM
Global Nodal Deformations

T-Matrix
Global-Local Cords.
Element Nodal Deformations
N-Matrix
Shape Functions
Deformation in Element Space

B-Matrix
Strain-Deforrmation
Strain In Element Space
D-Matrix
Stress-Strain
Stress in Element Space
Methods of Dynamic Analysis

• For Both Linear and Non-Linear Systems
– Step-by-Step Integration
– Use of Mode Superposition with Eigen or Load-
Dependent Ritz Vector for FNA
• For Linear Systems Only
– Transformation of frequency domain and FFT

Method
– Response Spectrum Method – CQC - SRSS

Step by Step Solution Method

• Form Effective Stiffness Matrix
• Solve Set of Dynamic Equilibrium Equations
for Displacement at Each Time Step
• For Non-Linear Problems Calculate Member
Forces for Each Time Step and Iterate for
Equilibrium – Brute Force Method
Mode Superposition Method

• Generate Orthogonal Dependent Vectors and
Frequencies
• Form Uncoupled Modal Equations and Solve
Using Exact Method for Each Time Increment
• Recover Nodal Displacement as a Function
of Time
• Calculate Member Forces as a Function of

Time

Load Dependent Ritz Vector

• Approximately Three Times Faster than the
Calculation of Exact Eigen Vectors
• Results in Improved Accuracy using a
Smaller Number of LDR Vector
• Computer Storage Requirements are
Reduced
• Can be Used for Non-Linear analysis to
Capture Local Static Response
Dynamic Response of Beam
100 Pounds
10 @ 12" = 120"
Force
Time

Pushover Analysis
• One Dimensional Static Loads
• No Energy Dissipation
• Inertia Forces Not Considered
• Defined One Failure Mode
• Higher Mode Effects Neglected
Fast Non-Linear Analysis

• Evaluate LDR Vectors with Non-Linear
Elements Removed and Dummy Elements
Added for Stability
• Solve All Modal Equations with Non-Linear
Forces on the Right Hand Side
• Use Exact Integration within Each Time Step
• Force and Energy Equilibrium are Satisfied at

Each Time Step by Iteration

Fast Non-Linear Analysis

• The FNA Method is Designed for Static and
Dynamic Analysis of Non-Linear Structures
with a Limited Number of Pre-Defined Non-
Linear Elements
Base Isolation

Building Impact
Dampers

Gaps and Joints

Hinges

Dampers
Linear Viscous Damping

• Does not Exist in Normal Structures and
Foundations
• 5 or 10 Percent modal Damping Values are
Often Used to Justify Energy Dissipation Due
to Non-Linear Effects
• If Energy Dissipation Devices are Used Then

1 Percent Modal Damping should be Used for
the Elastic Part of the Structure

Non-Linear Equilibrium Equations
Ma + Cv + Ku + FN = F
• Where Ma + Cv + Ku = F − FN
Fn= The Global Node Loads due to the
Forces in the Non-Linear Elements
Non-Linear Equilibrium Equations
Ma + Cv + [K + kE ]u = F − FN + kEu
• Where
Ke= The Effective Linear Stiffness of the
Non-Linear Element are of Arbitrary Values

for Zero Damping

Uplift
Non Linear Static Analysis


Structure Types
• Cable Structures
• Cable Nets
• Cable Stayed
• Bar Structures
• 2D/3D Trusses
• 2D/3D Frames, Grids
• Surface Structures
• Plate, Shell
• In-Plane, Plane Stress
• Solid Structures
Global Modeling of Structural Geometry
(a) Real Structure

(b) Solid Model (c) 3D Plate-Frame (d) 3D Frame
(f) Grid-Plate
(e) 2D Frame
Fig. 1 Various Ways to Model a Real Struture

Some Sample Finite Elements
Truss and Beam Elements (1D,2D,3D)

Plane Stress, Plane Strain, Axisymmetric, Plate and Shell Elements (2D,3D)
Brick Elements
The Modal Analysis


The Modal Analysis

• The modal analysis determines the inherent natural
frequencies of vibration
• Each natural frequency is related to a time period
and a mode shape
• Time Period is the time it takes to complete one
cycle of vibration
• The Mode Shape is normalized deformation pattern

• The number of Modes is typically equal to the
number of Degrees of Freedom
• The Time Period and Mode Shapes are inherent
properties of the structure and do not depend on the
applied loads
Free Vibration Analysis

• Definition
– Natural vibration of a structure released from initial condition and
subjected to no external load or damping
• Main governing equation -Eigenvalue Problem
[M ] ⎧⎨ u ⎫⎬ ⎧•⎫
••
+ [c ] ⎨ u ⎬ + [K ] {u }t = {P }t
⎩ ⎭t ⎩ ⎭t
• Solution gives
– Natural Frequencies
– Associated mode shapes
– An insight into the dynamic behavior and response of the structure

The Modal Analysis

• The Modal Analysis should be run before
applying loads any other analysis to check
the model and to understand the response of
the structure
• Modal analysis is precursor to most types of
analysis including Response Spectrum, Time

History, Push-over analysis etc.
• Modal analysis is a useful tool even if full
Dynamic Analysis is not performed
• Modal analysis easy to run and is a fun to
watch the animations
Application of Modal Analysis

• The Time Period and Mode Shapes, together
with animation immediately exhibit the
strengths and weaknesses of the structure
• Modal analysis can be used to check the
accuracy of the structural model
– The Time Period should be within reasonable

range, (Ex: 0.1 x number of stories seconds)
– The disconnected members are identified
– Local modes are identified that may need
suppression

Application of Modal Analysis

• The symmetry of the structure can be
determined
– For doubly symmetrical buildings, generally the
first two modes are translational and third mode
is rotational
– If first mode is rotational, the structural is un-
symmetrical
• The resonance with the applied loads or
excitation can be avoided
– The natural frequency of the structure should not
be close to excitation frequency
Model Creation Tools

• Defining Individual Nodes and Elements
• Using Graphical Modeling Tools
• Using Numerical Generation
• Using Mathematical Generation
• Using Copy and Replication
• Using Subdivision and Meshing

• Using Geometric Extrusions
• Using Parametric Structures
•

Graphic Object Modeling

• Use basic Geometric Entities to create FE
Models
• Simple Graphic Objects
– Point Object Represents Node
– Line Object Represents 1D Elements
– Area Object Represents 2D Elements

– Brick Object Represents 3D Elements
• Graphic Objects can be used to represent
geometry, boundary and loads
• SAP2000, ETABS and SAFE use the concept
of Graphic Objects
Modeling Objects and Finite Elements

• Structural Members are representation of
actual structural components
• Finite Elements are discretized
representation of Structural Members
• The concept of Graphic Objects can be used
to represent both, the Structural Members as
well as Finite Elements

• In ETABS, the Graphic Objects representing
the Structural Members are automatically
divided into Finite Elements for analysis and
then back to structural members for result
interpretation

Design Methods and Concepts

The Response and Design

Applied Loads Material Response
From Strains to Response
From Loads to Stresses
Building Analysis Section Response
Member Actions Member Response

Cross-section Actions Building Response
Material Stress/Strain Load Capacity

From Serviceability to Performance


• Satisfying one design level does not ensure
that other design levels will be satisfied
– Serviceability design only ensures that
deflections and vibrations etc. for service loads
are within limits but says nothing about strength
– Strength design ensures that a certain factor of
safety against overload is available within a

member or a cross-section but says nothing
about what happens if load exceeds design level
– Performance design ensures that structure as a
whole reaches a specified demand level.
Performance design can include, both service and
strength design levels


• The entire response of structure or a
member can be determined, in an
integrated manner from the Action-
Deformation Curve
A – Serviceability P
B – Cracking Limit
C – Strength Limit
D – Failure Limit
The Cross-section Response

Material Stress-Strain Curves
Cross-section Dimensions
Given Moment Direction Capacity

Interaction Surface
Given P value
Performance
Given Moments Given Axial Load

Strength
Moment-Curvature Curves
P-M Curve M-M Curve
•Moment for Given Curvature
•Curvature for Given Moment
•Yield Moment •Moment for Given Load •Mx for Given My
•Stiffness •Load for Given Moment •My for Given Mx
•Ductility •Capacity Ratio •Capacity Ratio

Original Cross-sections
Plain concrete shape Reinforced concrete section Compact Hot-rolled steel shape
Composite section Reinforced concrete,

Compact Built-up steel
composite section
section
Sections After Strengthening


Capacity
P Interaction Surface
My Mx
P-M and M-M Interaction Curves


The Moment Curvature Curve

Cross-section Stresses

Strength and Performance

• In Strength Design, every member and every
cross-section must satisfy strength equation
• Even if all members and sections are
designed for strength, the structure may not
perform well in case of overload
• In Performance Based Design, only a few

members on the critical load path need to
perform well for the structure to perform well
• Therefore for strengthening of structures, we
may only need to strengthen members or
section in the critical load path
Members on Critical Load Path

• In Performance Based Design, only a few
members on the critical load path need to
perform well for the structure to perform well
• Therefore for strengthening of structures, we

may only need to strengthen members or

section in the critical load path

What Effects Serviceability?

• Anything that reduces cracking
– The presence of appropriate amount of
reinforcement at appropriate locations
• Anything that increases stiffness
– Reasonable sizes and proportions of member
cross-sections
• Anything that reduces Creep/ Shrinkage
– Presence of compressive reinforcement
• Anything that improves Durability
– High strength concrete
– Proper cver and protection of rebars
What Effects Strength?

• The basic Material Strength
– Concrete crushing strength
– Reinforcement yield strength
• The Cross-section Dimensions
• The amount of Rebars
• The framing conditions

What Effects Performance?

• Performance is generally of concern for
lateral loads such as earthquake and wind
• The main factor that effects performance is
the Ductility of the members on the critical
load path
• In frame structures, the design of the joints

between columns and beams is critical
• The performance of shear walls if great
importance for lateral load demands
Ductility – Definition and Usage

• Ductility can be
Load
defined as the “ratio

of deformation and a Yield/ Design
Strength
given stage to the
maximum Dy Du
deformation
capacity” Deformation
• Normally ductility is Ductility = Dy / Du
measured from the
deformation at design
strength to the
maximum
deformation at failure

What Effects Ductility!

• The most important factor effecting ductility
of reinforced concrete cross-section is the
confinement of concrete
– Amount of confinement steel
– Shape of confinement steel
• Other factors include:

– Presence of Axial Load
– Stress-strain curve of rebars
– Amount of rebars in tension
– Amount of rebars in compression
– The shape of cross-section
Action – Deformation Curves

• Relationship between action and
corresponding deformation
• These relationships can be obtained at
several levels
– The Structural Level: Load - Deflection
– The Member Level: Moment - Rotation

– The Cross-section Level: Moment - Curvature
– The Material Level : Stress-Strain
• The Action-Deformation curves show the
entire response of the structure, member,
cross-section or material

How to Get Action-Deformation Curves

• By actual measurements
– Apply load, measure deflection
– Apply load, measure stress and strain
• By computations
– Use material models, cross-section dimensions to
get Moment-Curvature Curves
• By combination of measurement and

computations
– Calibrate computation models with actual
measurements
– Some parameters obtained by measurement and
some by computations
The Moment Curvature Curve

The Moment-Curvature Curve

• Probably the most important action-deformation
curve for beams, columns, shear walls and
consequently for building structures
• Significant information can be obtained from
Moment Curvature Curve to compute:
– Yield Point
– Failure Point
– Ductility
– Stiffness
– Crack Width
– Rotation
– Deflection
– Strain
What is Curvature
e
• In geometry, it is rate
C
of change of rotation
• In structural behavior,
Curvature is related to
Moment Curvature = e / C (radian / unit length)
• For a cross-section
undergoing flexural
deformation, it can
computed as the ratio
of the strain to the
depth of neutral axis

How to Read M-Phi Curve

Outputs from M-Phi Curve
2 -Failure Point
1 -Yield Point
ϕy
3 - Ductility =
ϕu


4 - Stiffness of the Section at given M and Phi
M
φ=
EI
M
EI =
φ
5 - Slope of the section at given Moment
b
M
θ =∫ dx
a
EI

6 - Deflection of the section at given Moment
⎛M⎞
b
∆ = ∫ ⎜ ⎟x dx
a⎝
EI ⎠
7 - Strain at given Moment
c = distance from the NA to

ε = φc the point where strain is
required


8 - Crack Width at given crack spacing
W = εs X φ
W = φyX
εs
9 - Crack Spacing at given crack width

W
X=
εs
W
X=
φy
Outputs from M-Phi Curve - Summary

Plot M-Phi Curve
⎛M ⎞
b
M ∆ = ∫⎜
EI = Determine curvature ⎟ x dx
φ at known moment a ⎝
EI ⎠
Determine Flexural
Determine Deflection
Stiffness (EI)
b
θ = ∫ EI
M
dx ε = φc
a
Determine Slope Determine Strain
W
X =
εs
W = εsX
Determine Crack
Spacing/Width

Outputs from M-Phi Curve - Example

For M=600 Phi = 0.00006
From M-Phi Diagram
M
EI =
φ
EI=600x12/0.00006
EI=1.2E8 k-in^2
Slope at Mid Span
b
M
θ =∫ dx
EI
=600x7.5x144/1.2E8
a
=0.0054 rad

Deflection at Mid Span
⎛M ⎞
b
∆ = ∫ ⎜ ⎟x dx
a⎝
EI ⎠
=600x7.5x144x15x12/(6x1.2E8)
=0.162 in
Strain in Steel
φ
ε = φc
M = 600 k-ft, y=16
εs
=0.00006x16
=0.00096


Crack Width
Assuming crack spacing of 18 in Specified Crack Spacing = X
W = εs X
NA φ
=0.00096 x 18 y Rebar Centroid
=0.01728 in
εs W
Crack Spacing
Assuming crack width of 0.02 in
W
X=
εs
=0.02/0.00096
=20.8 in
M-Phi Curve and Ductility

• Effect of Axial Load
• Effect of Compression Steel
• Effect of Confinement Model
• Effect of Confinement Shape

Axial Load and Ductility

Effect of Axial Load on Ductility
700
600
500
400
Axial Load =0
300
Axial Load =0.2Pu
200 Axial Load =0.4Pu
100 Axial Load =0.6Pu

Axial Load =0.8Pu
0
-0.0002 0.0000 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.0010 0.0012 0.0014 0.0016 0.0018
-100
C ur v a t ur e ( r a d/ i n)
Compression Steel and Ductility

Effects of Compression Rebars on Ductility
700
600
500
400
300 a: Duct ilit y Rat io =2.65

b: Duct ilit y Rat io =3.32
200
c: Duct ilit y Rat io =4.68
100 d: Duct ilit y Rat io =9.25
0
-0.0005 0.0000 0.0005 0.0010 0.0015 0.0020 0.0025 0.0030 0.0035 0.0040
-100
C ur v a t ur e ( r a d/ i n)

Confinement Model and Ductility

Effect of Concrete Confinement Model on Ductility of Cross-Section
350
300
Moment (kip-ft) 250
200
Whitney Rectangle
150 Mander Circular Confined
Mander Pipe Filled
100
50
0
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006
Curvature (rad/in)
Confinement Steel and Ductility

Effect of Confinement Steel Spacing on Ductility
160
140
120
Moment (kip-ft)
100
Spacing = 3in
80
Spacing = 6 in
60
Spacing = 12 in
40
20
0
-0.0005 0.0000 0.0005 0.0010 0.0015 0.0020 0.0025
-20
Curvature (in/rad)

Confinement Shape and Ductility

Effect of Confinement Shape on Ductility
350
300
250
200
150
100
M ander Rectangular Confined
M ander Circular Confined
50
Whitney Rect angle
(0. 0010) 0. 0000 0. 0010 0. 0020 0. 0030 0. 0040 0. 0050 0. 0060 0. 0070
-50
C ur vat ur e ( r ad/ i n)
Introducing
Pushover Analysis

The Pushover Analysis

• An alternate method of analysis for carrying
out the Performance Based Design
• Pushover analysis is carried out after the
Linear Analysis has been done and
Serviceability and Strength design has been
completed
• Pushover analysis is most suitable for
determining the performance, specially for
lateral loads such as Earthquake or even
wind
Why Pushover Analysis

• Buildings do not respond as linearly elastic
systems during strong ground shaking
• Improve Understanding of Building Behavior
– - More accurate prediction of global
displacement
– - More realistic prediction of earthquake demand
on individual components and elements

– - More reliable identification of “bad actors”
• Reduce Impact and Cost of Seismic Retrofit
– - Less conservative acceptance criteria
– - Less extensive construction
• Advance the State of the Practice

Performance Based Design - Basics

• Design is based not on Ultimate
Strength but rather on Expected
Performance
– Basic Ultimate Strength does not tell us
what will be performance of the structure at
Ultimate Capacity
• Performance Based Design Levels

– Fully Operational
– Operational
– Life Safe
– Near Collapse
– Collapse
Pushover Spectrum

Pushover Demand Curves

Earthquake Push on Building


The Pushover Curve

Pushover Capacity Curves


Demand Vs Capacity
Non-linearity in Pushover
• Material nonlinearity at discrete, user-defined hinges
in frame/line elements.
1. Material nonlinearity in the link elements.
• Gap (compression only), hook (tension only), uniaxial
plasticity base isolators (biaxial plasticity and biaxial
friction/pendulum)..
2. Geometric nonlinearity in all elements.

• Only P-delta effects
• P-delta effects plus large displacements
3. Staged (sequential) construction.
• Members can be added or removed in a sequence of stages
during each analysis case.

Important Considerations
• Nonlinear analysis takes time and patience
• Each nonlinear problem is different
• Start simple and build up gradually.
• Run linear static loads and modal analysis
first
• Add hinges gradually beginning with the

areas where you expect the most non-
linearity.
• Perform initial analyses without geometric
non-linearity. Add P-delta effects, and large
deformations, much later.
Important Considerations
• Mathematically, static nonlinear analysis
does not always guarantee a unique solution.
• Small changes in properties or loading can
cause large changes in nonlinear response.
• It is Important to consider many different
loading cases, and sensitivity studies on the

effect of varying the properties of the
structure
• Nonlinear analysis takes time and patience.
Don’t Rush it or Push to Hard

Procedure for Pushover Analysis

• Create a model just like for any other analysis.
• Define the static load cases, if any, needed for use in
the static nonlinear analysis (Define > Static Load
Cases).
• Define any other static and dynamic analysis cases
that may be needed for steel or concrete design of
frame elements.
• Define hinge properties, if any (Define > Frame

Nonlinear Hinge Properties).
• Assign hinge properties, if any, to frame/line
elements (Assign > Frame/Line > Frame Nonlinear
Hinges).
• Define nonlinear link properties, if any (Define > Link
Properties).

• Assign link properties, if any, to frame/line elements
(Assign > Frame/Line > Link Properties).
• Run the basic linear and dynamic analyses (Analyze
> Run).
• Perform concrete design/steel design so that
reinforcing steel/ section is determined for
concrete/steel hinge if properties are based on
default values to be computed by the program.

• For staged construction, define groups that
represent the various completed stages of
construction.
• Define the static nonlinear load cases (Define >
Static Nonlinear/Pushover Cases).


• Run the static nonlinear analysis (Analyze >
Run Static Nonlinear Analysis).
• Review the static nonlinear results (Display >
Show Static Pushover Curve), (Display >
Show Deformed Shape), (Display > Show
Member Forces/Stress Diagram), and (File >

Print Tables > Analysis Output).
• Perform any design checks that utilize static
nonlinear cases.
• Revise the model as necessary and repeat.
Performance Based Design

and
Pushover Analysis
Technical Background
By:
Iqbal Suharwardy, PhD, S.E
Director Development
Computers and Structures Inc., Berkeley, USA

Performance Check for Structures

• Purpose
– How will a structure perform when subjected to a
give level of earthquake?
• Definition of Structural Performance

• Definition of Earthquake Level
• Determination of performance level
Performance Check for Structures

• Process
– Recently released guidelines for Seismic
Rehabilitation of Buildings:
• ATC-40
• ATC-33 (FEMA 273 and 274)
– SEAOC Vision 2000 Framework

Types of Performance Checks

• Linear Static Analysis
• Linear Dynamic Analysis
• Non Linear Static Analysis (Pushover
Analysis)
• Non Linear Dynamic Analysis
Performance Check Using Pushover


Steps in Performance Check

• Construct Pushover Curve
• Select Earthquake Level to check
• Select Performance Level to check
• Select acceptance criteria for each
Performance Level
• Verify Acceptance
– ATC-40 Method
– ATC-33 Method
Constructing Pushover Curve

• Define Structural Model
– Elements
– Strength-Deformation properties
• Define Loads
– Gravity
– Lateral Load Patterns

• Select Control Displacements or Drifts
• Perform Pushover Analysis

Pushover Modeling (Elements)

• Types
– Truss – Yielding and Buckling
– 3D Beam – Major direction Flexural and Shear Hinging
– 3D Column – P-M-M Interaction and shear Hinging
– Panel Zone – Shear Yielding
– In-Fill Panel – Shear Failure
– Shear Wall – P-M-Shear Interaction!

– Spring – for foundation modeling
Pushover Modeling (Properties)


Pushover Modeling (Beam Element)

Pushover Modeling (Column Element)


Pushover Modeling (Column Element)

Pushover Modeling (Loads)

• Start with Gravity Loads
– Dead Load
– Same Portion of Live Load
• Select Lateral Load Patterns

– Uniform
– Code Static Lateral Load Distribution
– First Mode
– Combination of Modes

Pushover Analysis (Control)

• Force Controlled Analysis
• Deformation Controlled Analysis
– Roof Displacement
– Generalized Displacement Definitions
• Story Drift
• Limit of Analysis
– Instability – Loss of Gravity Load Carry Capacity

– Excessive Distortions
Pushover Analysis (Solution Schemes)

• Event by Event Strategies
– Manual
• Newton-Raphson Type Strategies
– Constant Stiffness iteration
– Tangent Stiffness iteraton
• Problem of Degradation of Strength

• Ritz Method (Reduced Space) Strategies

Pushover Analysis (Results)

Use of Pushover Curve (ATC-40)

• Construct Capacity Spectrum
• Estimation of Equivalent Damping
• Determine Demand Spectrum
• Determine Performance Point










Use of Pushover Curve (FEMA-273)

(Displacement Coefficient Method)
• Estimate Target Displacement


• Estimation of Target Displacement
– Estimate effective elastic stiffness , Ke
– Estimate post yield stiffness, Ks
– Estimate effective fundamental period, Te
– Calculate target roof displacement


• Estimation of Target Displacement
– Co, Relates spectral to roof displacement
– C1, Modifier for inelastic displacement
– C2, Modifier for hysteresis loop shape
– C3, Modifier for second order effects
SAP2000/ETABS Pushover Options

• Full 3D implementation
• Single Model for
– Linear Static Analysis
– Linear Response Spectrum Analysis
– Linear Time History Analysis
– Non Linear Time History Analysis

– Non Linear Static Pushover Analysis
– Steel and Concrete Design


• Generally Follows ATC-40 and FEMA-273
• Available Pushover Element Types
– Truss – Yielding and Buckling
– 3D Beam – Major direction Flexural and Shear Hinging
– 3D Column – P-M-M Interaction and shear Hinging
– Shell, Solids, etc (Considered Linear)
– Panel Zone – (later)

– Shear Wall – (Later)
– Non-Linear Spring – (Later)




• Strength – Deformation and P-M-M curves
can be calculated by program for:
– Steel beams (FEMA-273)
– Steel columns (FEMA-273)
– Shear Hinges in EBF Links (FEMA-273)
– Concrete Beams (ATC-40)

– Concrete Columns (ATC-40)
– Shear hinge in Coupling Beams (ATC-40)


• Gravity Load Analysis
– Nodal Loads
– Element Loads
– Load Controlled Analysis
• Pushover Analysis
– Starts from Gravity loads

– Nodal Load Patterns (User, Modal, Mass)
– Multi-Step Displacement or Drift Controlled

• Available Results for each step of Loading
– Base Shear
– Element Forces
– Section Forces
– Joint Displacement
– Drifts
– Element hinge Deformations
– Limit Points reached


• Pushover Curve Post-Processing (ACT-40)
– Conversion to Capacity Spectrum
– Calculation of Effective Period (per step)
– Calculation of Effective Damping (per step)
– Calculation of Demand Spectrum (per step)
– Location of Performance Point

– Limit Points (acceptable criteria) reached

• Visual Display for Each Step
– Deformed Shape
– Member Force Diagrams
– Hinge Locations and Stages
• Graphs
– Base Shear VS Roof Displacement
– Capacity Curves
– Demand Curves
– Demand Spectra at different Damping
– Effective Period Lines

Examples
Example 1

Base Shear Vs Displacement

Capacity Spectrum

Example 2
Example 2
Desired Behavior
2100
1700
1000
0.1 0.6 0.8
Measured Axial Displacement at Joint 2

(in)

Find Column E
• Determine Column E to
give Appropriate Initial
Stiffness:
Column
PL
E=
A∆
= (1700 *12*12)/(24*24*0.1)
= 4250 Ksi
Find Column Deflection

• Determine Elastic Column
Lengthening when loading
from 1700 to 2100 K:
Column
PL
= [(2100-1700) *12*12)]/(24*24*4250)
= 0.0235 in
∆=
AE


• Determine Elastic Column
Lengthening when loading
from 2100 to 1000 K:
Column
PL
= [(2100-1000) *12*12)]/(24*24*4250)
= 0.0647 in
∆ =
AE

• Determine Elastic
Column Lengthening
when loading from 1000
to 0 K:
Column
PL
∆ =
= 1000 *12*12)/(24*24*4250)
AE
= 0.0588 in

Find Hinge Properties

Hinge Properties

Pushover Curve
Example 3

Example 3
Example 3

With W12x190 Brace

With W8x10 Brace


Conversion to ADRS Spectra

ATC-40
Response Spectrum Conversion

• Acceleration-Displacement Response
Spectra (ADRS)
• Every Point on a Response Spectrum curve
has a unique
– Spectral Acceleration, Sa
– Spectral Velocity, Sv
– Spectral Displacement, Sd
– Time, T

Response Spectrum Conversion

• For Each value or Sai and Ti determine the
value of Sdi using the equation
2
T
S di = i 2 S ai g
4π
• Spectral Acceleration and Displacement at
period Ti are given by
2π Ti
S ai g = Sv S di = Sv
Ti 2π
Capacity Spectrum Conversion

• Capacity Spectrum from Capacity or
Pushover Curve
• Point by Point conversion to first mode
spectral coordinates
• on capacity curves are converted
to and ∆roof
Vicorresponding Sai and Sdi on capacity
spectrum using:
Vi ∆ roof
S ai = S di =
W
α1 (PF × φ
1 1, roof )

Moment Hinge Properties

Using M-Fi Curve
Procedure
• Plot M-Fi curve for cross-section
• Estimate EI value from M-Fi Curve using the
following equation
M
φ=
EI
M
EI =
φ
• Calculate Rotations from Curvature using:
b
M
θ =∫ dx
a
EI

Example
• Reinforced Concrete
Beam-Column Cross-
Section
• 24”x24”
• Reinforced with 12 #9
bars
• Length is 12 ft
Example
370
0.00028

Example
M
EI =
φ
• So EI = 370/0.00028 = 1321428.6
b
M M
θ = ∫ dx θ = Ip
EI EI
• So θ = 0.00336 rad
a
• Find θ for other Moment Values and input in

Hinge Property
Considerations
• Keep moment Constant over hinge length
when integrating or integrate over the whole
member length with actual moment diagram
• Only one value of EI at Yield is sufficient

• Ip = h/2

Comparisons of
SAP2000 and ETABS
SAP2000 vs ETABS
• SAP2000 • ETABS
– General Purpose FEA – Specialized FEA Software
Software for Building analysis and
design
– Classic Finite Element – Fully Object based Modeling
Software and Design
– Steel, and Concrete Frame – Steel, concrete, composite

Element Design Frame Element design
– Shear Wall Design Not – Supports Shear wall design

Supported
– Fewer Automated Meshing – Full and practical auto
Options meshing options
– Does not Support – Supports Composite Design
Composite Design

SAP2000 vs ETABS
– General output related to – Floor wise representation of
nodes and elements is results such as story drift,
reported floor mass participation,
story shear, etc.
– General Report (text files)

– Professional Report
– Relatively less ability to

– Powerful load cases, handle load combinations
combinations, envelopes,
multiple case, etc. – Only Nonlinear links and
– Cables, Dampers, and NL Hinges
Links and Hinges
SAP2000 vs ETABS
– Supports Solid Elements – Does not support solid
elements
– Relatively low versatility
for defining and editing – Powerful grid system
grid systems definition and editing

ETABS Pushover
ETABS Pushover

ETABS Pushover
SAP2000 Pushover

SAP2000 Pushover
SAP2000 Pushover

SAP2000 Pushover
SAP2000 Pushover


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IS-CAAD

International Seminar on Computer Aided Analysis and Design

Performance Based Design

June 18-19, Manila, Philippines

Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software 1

• To demonstrate the application of Pushover

Modeling and Analysis

Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software 2

Pushover Analysis, ACECOMS, AIT

Structural System – Analysis Model

Thermal Changes pv Stress Resultants

Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software 3

∂σxx ∂σyy ∂σzz

“Partial Differential Equations” of

The Need for Modeling

C - We therefore need tools to Model the

Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software 4

Finite Element Method: The Analysis Tool

• Finite Element Analysis

• Finite Element Method (FEM)

– “A numerical procedure for solving

Continuum to Discrete Model

3D-CONTINUM CONTINUOUS MODEL DISCRETE MODEL

Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software 5

From Classical to FEM Solution

∂σxx ∂σyy ∂σzz

Simplified Structural System

Loads (F) Deformations (D)

Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software 6

The Analysis System

• Static • Elastic • Linear

Eight types of equilibrium equations are possible!

The Equilibrium Equations

3. Nonlinear - Static Elastic OR Inelastic

Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software 7

Basic Analysis Types

Static Elastic Nonlinear Nonlinear-Elastic-Static Analysis

Static Inelastic Linear Linear-Inelastic-Static Analysis

Static Inelastic Nonlinear Nonlinear-Inelastic-Static Analysis

Dynamic Elastic Linear Linear-Elastic-Dynamic Analysis

Dynamic Elastic Nonlinear Nonlinear-Elastic-Dynamic Analysis

Dynamic Inelastic Linear Linear-Inelastic-Dynamic Analysis

Dynamic Inelastic Nonlinear Nonlinear-Inelastic-Dynamic Analysis

– The Type of Excitation (Loads)

Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software 8

Some More Solution Types

– Large Displacement Analysis

– When the Excitation varies rapidly with Time

• Most Real Excitation are Dynamic but are

Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software 9

unloading and may not returns to initial state of

• Most materials exhibit both, elastic and inelastic

Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software 10

deformation, stress, strain etc. after removal of load/

• Most materials exhibit both, elastic and inelastic

Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software 11

Elasticity and Linearity

Linear and Nonlinear

Linear, Static and Dynamic

FNL Ku - FNL = F Nonlinear, Static and Dynamic