Vidya Vikas College of Arts, Science,

Commerce, BMM & BMS

FYBMM
Project Submitted By

Akash Priyan 20
Rahul Haridas 26

Guided By: - Prof Shabana Khan

 Effective
Communication I

Topic

Evolution of
Communication

Acknowledgement
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. D.N.

MISHRA, principal of Vidya Vikas College for providing

me an opportunity to do my project work on “Evolution

of Communication” .This project bears on imprint of

many peoples. I sincerely thank to my project guide Smt

Shabana Khan, Professor of Effective Communication,

Vidya Vikas College, Mumbai for guidance and

encouragement in carrying out this project work. Last

but not least I wish to avail myself of this opportunity,

express a sense of gratitude and love to my friends, my

beloved parents Prof (Dr.) K N Rai & Smt Pratima

Kumari & my sister Urmika Rai for their manual

support, strength and help and for everything.

Akash Priyan
Roll no. 20
FYBMM

Index
Communication 1

History 3

Speech 4

Cave Painting 5

Petroglyphs 6

Pictogram 7

Ideogram 8

Writing 9

Alphabets 12

Telecommunication 14

Timeline of telecommunication 15

Radio 17

Television 18

Internet 19

Satellite communication 21

Conclusion 22

COMMUNICATION
The definition of communication is shared in the Webster's
Dictionary as "sending, giving, or exchanging information and
ideas," which is often expressed nonverbally and verbally.
Non-verbal communication is the act of saying what's on your
mind without speaking words. Examples of this include facial
gestures (smiling, frowning), body language (arms crossed, giving
someone the "finger", legs shaking resembling nervousness, sitting
upright giving someone their full attention), and the impression
you give to others with your appearance (dress, body image, body
odor).

Also, the tone of your voice can be expressed non-verbally. For

instance, if you are saying one thing, but your tone of voice is
saying another, then that reflects how you are truly feeling without
speaking a word about it (yelling and crying while saying your
okay). 1

Verbal communication is the act of saying what's on your mind

with words. This form of communication is often taken for granted.
Such as saying regretful things and opening your mouth before
thinking about what you are saying.
Words can hurt or they can heal. So, it's very important to become
aware of what words you choose to use when communicating to
others as well as to yourself.

HISTORY
The history of communication dates back to the earliest signs
of life. Communication can range from very subtle processes of
exchange, to full conversations and mass
communication. Human communication was revolutionized
with speech perhaps 200,000 years ago. Symbols were developed
about 30,000 years ago and writing about 7,000. On a much
shorter scale, there have been major developments in the field
of telecommunication in the past few centuries.

SPEECH
Speech greatly facilitated the transmission
of information and knowledge to further generations. Experiences
passed on through speech became increasingly rich, and allowed
humans to adapt themselves to new environments - or adapt the
environments to themselves - much more quickly than was
possible before; in effect, biological human evolution was
overtaken by technological progress and sociocultural evolution.
Speech meant easier coordination and cooperation, technological
progress and development of complex, abstract concepts such
as religion or science. Speech placed humans at the top of the food
chain, and facilitated human colonization of the entire planet.

CAVE PAINTING
The oldest known symbols created with the purpose of
communication through time are the cave paintings, a form
of rock art, dating to the Upper Paleolithic. Just as the small child
first learns to draw before it masters more complex forms of
communication, so Homo sapiens' first attempts at passing
information through time took the form of paintings. The oldest
known cave painting is that of the Chauvet Cave, dating to around
30,000 BC. Though not well standardized, those paintings
contained increasing amounts of information: Cro-Magnon people
may have created the first calendar as far back as 15,000 years
ago. The connection between drawing and writing is further
shown by linguistics: in the Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece the
concepts and words of drawing and writing were one and the
same (Egyptian:’s-sh', Greek: 'graphein').

PETROGLYPHS
Petroglyphs from Häljesta, Sweden. Nordic Bronze Age.

The next step in the history of communications is Petroglyphs,

carvings into a rock surface. It took about 20,000 years for Homo
sapiens to move from the first cave paintings to the first
Petroglyphs, which are dated to around 10,000 BC. It is possible
that the humans of that time used some other forms of
communication, often for mnemonic purposes - specially arranged
stones, symbols carved in wood or earth, quipu-like ropes, tattoos,
but little other than the most durable carved stones has survived to
modern times and we can only speculate about their existence
based on our observation of still existing 'hunter-gatherer' cultures
such as those of Africa or Oceania.

PICTOGRAMS
Pictograph from 1510 telling a story of coming of
missionaries to Hispaniola.
A pictogram (pictograph) is a symbol representing
a concept, object, activity, place or event by illustration.
Pictography is a form of proto-writing where by ideas are
transmitted through drawing. Pictographs were the next step in the
evolution of communication: the most important difference
between Petroglyphs and pictograms is that Petroglyphs are simply
showing an event, but pictograms are telling a story about the
event, thus they can for example be ordered
in chronological order.
Pictograms were used by various ancient cultures all over the
world since around 9000 BC, when tokens marked with simple
pictures began to be used to label basic farm produce, and become
increasingly popular around 6000-5000 BC.
They were the basis of cuneiform  and hieroglyphs, and began to
develop into logographic writing systems around 5000 BC.

IDEOGRAMS
The beginning of the Lord's Prayer inMíkmaq hieroglyphic writing.
The text reads Nujjinen wásóq – "Our father / in heaven"

Pictograms, in turn, evolved into ideograms, graphical symbols that

represent an idea. Their ancestors, the pictograms, could represent
only something resembling their form: therefore a pictogram of a
circle could represent a sun, but not concepts like 'heat', 'light', 'day'
or 'Great God of the Sun'. Ideograms, on the other hand, could
convey more abstract concepts, so that for example an ideogram of
two sticks can mean not only 'legs' but also a verb 'to walk'.
Because some ideas are universal, many different cultures
developed similar ideograms. For example an eye with a tear
means 'sadness' in Native American ideograms in California, as it
does for the Aztecs, the early Chinese and the Egyptians.
Ideograms were precursors of logographic writing systems such
as Egyptian hieroglyphs and Chinese characters.

WRITING
26th century BC Sumerian cuneiform script inSumerian language,
listing gifts to the high priestess of Adab on the occasion of her
election. One of the earliest examples of human writing.
The oldest-known forms of writing were primarily logographic in
nature, based on pictographic and ideographic elements. Most
writing systems can be broadly divided into three
categories: logographic, syllabic and alphabetic (or segmental);
however, all three may be found in any given writing system in
varying proportions, often making it difficult to categorize a system
uniquely.

9
The invention of the first writing systems is roughly contemporary
with the beginning of the Bronze Age in the late Neolithic of the
late 4th millennium BC. The first writing system is generally
believed to have been invented in pre-historic Sumer and
developed by the late 3rd millennium into cuneiform. Egyptian
hieroglyphs, and the undeciphered Proto-Elamite writing system
and Indus Valley script also date to this era, though a few scholars
have questioned the Indus Valley script's status as a writing system.
The original Sumerian writing system was derived from a system
of clay tokens used to represent commodities. By the end of the 4th
millennium BC, this had evolved into a method of
keeping accounts, using a round-shaped stylus impressed into soft
clay at different angles for recording numbers. This was gradually
augmented with pictographic writing using a sharp stylus to
indicate what was being counted. Round-stylus and sharp-stylus
writing was gradually replaced about 2700-2000 BC by writing
using a wedge-shaped stylus (hence the term cuneiform), at first
only for logograms, but developed to include phonetic elements by
the 2800 BC. About 2600 BC cuneiform began to represent
syllables of spoken Sumerian language. Finally, cuneiform writing
became a general purpose writing system for logograms, syllables,
and numbers. By the 26th century BC, this script had been adapted
10
to another Mesopotamian language, Akkadian, and from there to
others such as Hurrian, and Hittite. Scripts similar in appearance to
this writing system include those forUgaritic and Old Persian.
The Chinese script may have originated independently of the
Middle Eastern scripts, around the 16th century BC (early Shang
Dynasty), out of a late Neolithic Chinese system of proto-writing
dating back to c. 6000 BC. The pre-Columbian writing systems of
the Americas(including among others Olmec and Mayan) are also
generally believed to have had independent origins, although some
experts have noticed similarities between Olmec writing and
Shang writing that seem to suggest that Mesoamerican writing was
imported from China.[5]

11

ALPHABET
The first pure alphabets (properly, "abjads", mapping single
symbols to single phonemes, but not necessarily each phoneme to a
symbol) emerged around 2000 BC in Ancient Egypt, but by then
alphabetic principles had already been incorporated into Egyptian
hieroglyphs for a millennium (see Middle Bronze Age alphabets).
By 2700 BC Egyptian writing had a set of some 22
hieroglyphs to represent syllables that begin with a
single consonant of their language, plus a vowel (or no vowel)
to be supplied by the native speaker. These glyphs were used as
pronunciation guides for logograms, to write grammatical
inflections, and, later, to transcribe loan words and foreign
names. 12
However, although seemingly alphabetic in nature, the original
Egyptian uniliteral were not a system and were never used by
themselves to encode Egyptian speech. In the Middle Bronze
Age an apparently "alphabetic" system is thought by some to have
been developed in central Egypt around 1700 BC for or
by Semitic workers, but we cannot read these early writings and
their exact nature remain open to interpretation.
Over the next five centuries this Semitic "alphabet" (really
a syllabary like Phoenician writing) seems to have spread north. All
subsequent alphabets around the world with the sole exception of
Korean Hangul have either descended from it, or been inspired by
one of its descendants. 13

TELECOMMUNICATION
The history of telecommunication –
the transmission of signals over a distance for the purpose
of communication - began thousands of years ago with the use
of smoke signals and drums in Africa, America and parts of Asia. In
the 1790s the first fixed semaphore systems emerged
in Europe however it was not until the 1830s
that electrical telecommunication systems started to appear.

14

Timeline of telecommunications
Distance telecommunications
Visual signals (non-electronic):
 Prehistoric: Fires, Beacons, Smoke signals
 6th century BC: Mail
 5th century BC: Pigeon post
 4th century BC: Hydraulic semaphores
 490 BC: Heliographs
 15th century AD: Maritime flags
 1790 AD: Semaphore lines
 19th century AD: Signal lamps

Audio signals

 Prehistoric: Communication drums, Horns
 1838 AD: Electrical telegraph.
 1876: Telephone.
 1880: Photophone
 1896: Radio.
15

 Advanced electrical/electronic signals:

 1927: Television.
 1930: Videophone
 1964: Fiber optical telecommunications
 1969: Computer networking
 1981: Analog cellular mobile phones
 1982: SMTP email
 1983: Internet.
 1998: Satellite phones

16

RADIO
Radio owes its development to two other inventions,
the telegraph and the telephone, all three technologies
are closely related. Radio technology began as "wireless
telegraphy".
Radio can refer to either the electronic appliance that
we listen with or the content listened to. However, it
all started with the discovery of "radio waves" -
electromagnetic waves that have the capacity to
transmit music, speech, pictures and other data
invisibly through the air. Many devices work by using
electromagnetic waves including: radio, microwaves,
cordless phones, remote controlled toys, television
broadcasts, and more.

Radio-telegraphy is the sending by radio waves the same

dot-dash message (Morse code) used in a telegraph.
Transmitters at that time were called spark-gap
machines. It was developed mainly for ship-to-shore and
ship-to-ship communication. This was a way of
communicating between two points, however, it was not
public radio broadcasting as we know it today.

17

TELEVISION
Television (TV) is a widely used telecommunication
medium for transmitting and receiving
moving images that are either monochromatic("black
and white") or color, usually accompanied by sound.
"Television" may also refer specifically to a television
set, television programming or television transmission.
In its early stages of development, television employed
a combination of optical, mechanical
and electronic technologies to capture, transmit and
display a visual image. By the late 1920s, however,
those employing only optical and electronic technologies
were being explored. All modern television systems rely
on the latter, although the knowledge gained from the
work on electromechanical systems was crucial in the
development of fully electronic television.

18

American family watching TV, 1958

The first images transmitted electrically were sent by
early mechanical fax machines, including the pan
telegraph, developed in the late nineteenth century.
The concept of electrically powered transmission of
television images in motion was first sketched in 1878
as the telephonoscope, shortly after the invention of
the telephone. At the time, it was imagined by early
science fiction authors, that someday that light could
be transmitted over wires, as sounds were.

Internet
In the 1950s and early 1960s, before the widespread
inter-networking that led to the Internet, most
communication networks were limited in that they only
allowed communications between the stations on the
network. Some networks
had gateways or bridges between them, but these
bridges were often limited or built specifically for a
single use. One prevalent computer networking method
was based on the central mainframe method, simply
allowing its terminals to be connected via long leased
lines. This method was used in the 1950s by 19
Project RAND to support researchers such as Herbert
Simon, at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, when collaborating across the continent
with researchers in Sullivan, Illinois, on automated
theorem proving and artificial intelligence.
The vast, global internet of today had rather humble
origins when it initiated. In 1969, the Department of
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
developed an experimental network called Arpanet to
link together four supercomputing centers for military
research. This network had the many and difficult
design requirements that it had to be fast, reliable,
and capable of withstanding a nuclear bomb destroying
any one computer center on the network. From those
original four computers, this network evolved into the
sprawling network of millions of computers we know
today as the internet. 

There are some social networking sites these days that

are used for communication anywhere across the globe.

e.g Facebook, Orkut, twitter etc

20

Satellite Phone
A satellite telephone, satellite phone, or satphone is a
type of mobile phone that connects to
orbiting satellites instead of terrestrial cell sites. Depending
on the architecture of a particular system, coverage may
include the entire Earth, or only specific regions.
The mobile equipment, also known as a terminal, varies
widely. Early satellite phone handsets had a size and weight
comparable to that of alate-1980s or early-1990s mobile
phone, but usually with a large retractable antenna. More
recent satellite phones are similar in size to a regular mobile
phone while some prototype satellite phones have no
distinguishable difference from an ordinary Smartphone.
Satphone are popular on expeditions into remote areas
where terrestrial cellular service is unavailable.

21

Conclusion
We barely have time to pause and reflect these days
on how far communications technology has
progressed. Without even taking a deep breath,
we've transitioned from telephone to mobile to email
to chat to blogs to social networks and more recently
to Twitter.

22

Bibliography

www.google.com

www.wikipedia.edu
www.communication.com