Crosstalk is a form of electromagnetic interference where a signal transmitted in one circuit or channel creates unwanted disturbances in other circuits or channels due to unwanted coupling or leakage of energy between the channels. It can occur in telephone circuits where you may hear another conversation, in computer and audio equipment circuits, and in network circuits. The interference is caused by electromagnetic fields from one circuit inducing signals in nearby circuits. Crosstalk can be reduced by techniques such as twisting pairs of wires, using shielding, separating conductors further apart, or using fiber optic cables which are not susceptible to electromagnetic interference.
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Crosstalk is a form of electromagnetic interference where a signal transmitted in one circuit or channel creates unwanted disturbances in other circuits or channels due to unwanted coupling or leakage of energy between the channels. It can occur in telephone circuits where you may hear another conversation, in computer and audio equipment circuits, and in network circuits. The interference is caused by electromagnetic fields from one circuit inducing signals in nearby circuits. Crosstalk can be reduced by techniques such as twisting pairs of wires, using shielding, separating conductors further apart, or using fiber optic cables which are not susceptible to electromagnetic interference.
Crosstalk is a form of electromagnetic interference where a signal transmitted in one circuit or channel creates unwanted disturbances in other circuits or channels due to unwanted coupling or leakage of energy between the channels. It can occur in telephone circuits where you may hear another conversation, in computer and audio equipment circuits, and in network circuits. The interference is caused by electromagnetic fields from one circuit inducing signals in nearby circuits. Crosstalk can be reduced by techniques such as twisting pairs of wires, using shielding, separating conductors further apart, or using fiber optic cables which are not susceptible to electromagnetic interference.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Crosstalk is a form of electromagnetic interference where a signal transmitted in one circuit or channel creates unwanted disturbances in other circuits or channels due to unwanted coupling or leakage of energy between the channels. It can occur in telephone circuits where you may hear another conversation, in computer and audio equipment circuits, and in network circuits. The interference is caused by electromagnetic fields from one circuit inducing signals in nearby circuits. Crosstalk can be reduced by techniques such as twisting pairs of wires, using shielding, separating conductors further apart, or using fiber optic cables which are not susceptible to electromagnetic interference.
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Crosstalk is a disturbance caused by the electric or magnetic fields of one
telecommunication signal affecting a signal in an adjacent circuit. In an telephone circuit, crosstalk can result in your hearing part of a voice conversation from another circuit. The phenomenon that causes crosstalk is called electromagnetic interference (EMI). It can occur in microcircuits within computers and audio equipment as well as within network circuits. The term is also applied to optical signals that interfere with each other.
Undesired signals or sounds, as of voices, in a telephone or other communications device as a result of
coupling between transmission circuits.
Interference in a communications channel (disturbed channel) caused by activity in other
communications channels (disturbing channels). The term was originally used to denote the presence in a telephone receiver of unwantedspeech signals from other conversations, but its scope has been extended by common usage to include like effects in other types of communications.
The cause of crosstalk is some form of coupling mechanism between the disturbed channel and the disturbing channels. Communications channels are normally segregated by space, frequency, time, code, or polarization division, or by some combination of the five, to avoid such coupling, but economic and other constraints oftenpreclude complete segregation.
In space-division segregation, each communication channel is assigned its own transmission medium, for example, a pair of wires is a multipair cable or a separate radio propagation path. Coupling between channels is caused by the physical proximity and relative orientation of the transmission media. The coupling is usually electromagnetic, a linear phenomenon that is independent of signal level in the channels. See also Electromagnetic compatibility.
Crosstalk is classified in a variety of ways. The type of coupling (electromagnetic, intermodulation, or
commonimpedance) indicates the mechanism. The terms near-end crosstalk (NEXT) and far-end crosstalk (FEXT) indicate the relative directions of signal propagation in the disturbed and disturbing channels. The terms direct crosstalk, where the disturbing channel couples directly to the disturbed channel, and indirect crosstalk, where the coupling path between disturbing and disturbed channels involves a third, or tertiary, channel, are often used to further describe crosstalk caused by electromagnetic coupling. Interaction crosstalk (IXT) is a term used to further describe indirect crosstalk that couples from the disturbing channel to the tertiary channel at one place, propagates along the tertiary channel, and subsequently couples into the disturbed channel at another place. Transverse crosstalk is a term that includes all direct and indirect crosstalk that is not interaction crosstalk. Intelligible crosstalk is understood by the receiver of the disturbed channel, whereas nonintelligible crosstalk is not.
Most remedies for reducing crosstalk entail some technique for decreasing coupling among the communications channels involved. The use of twisted pairs in multipair cables, of shielding for each pair, or of coaxial conductors and optical fibers in place of pairs are common techniques for reducing electromagnetic coupling where space division alone is not adequate. Improved control of signal levels and improved linearity in amplifiers are effective for frequency-division systems. Often such improvements are made possible by advances in technology. Selection of the appropriate type of modulation (AM, FM, PM) is also important. Crosstalk within multichannel digital systems that transport digital versions of analog signals can be reduced with the help of a separate coder-decoder for each analog channel in place of a common, time-shared coder-decoder for all channels. Signal processing in the disturbed channel can sometimes be effective in reducing crosstalk.
Crosstalk is a form of interference caused by signals in nearby conductors. The most common example is hearing an unwanted conversation on the telephone. Crosstalk can also occur in radios, televisions, networking equipment, and even electric guitars.
Causes of Crosstalk Crosstalk is caused by coupling, the transfer of electrical energy between conductors. The three main types of coupling are capacitive, inductive, and conductive. Capacitive coupling occurs when two separate conductors are close enough together to act as a capacitor. Inductive coupling occurs when the current in one conductor induced a similar current in another conductor. Conductive coupling occurs when there is physical contact between conductors.
Crosstalk Prevention Capacitive coupling is reduced by spacing the conductors apart, or by increasing the insulation between them. It is impractical to increase the spacing in cables that contain hundreds of separate wires, so better insulation is preferred.
Inductive capacitance is reduced by twisting two wires around each other to create a twisted pair. This reduces most of the electromagnetic interference by creating a smaller cross-section for the field to act on.
Conductive capacitance is easily eliminated through adequate insulation between conductors. Crosstalk in telephone wires often happens when rainwater seeps into the terminals.
Digital signals are not affected by interference as much as analogue signals. This is because digital uses either high voltage or zero voltage, not the continuous voltage range of an analogue signal. Only the most severe crosstalk will disrupt a digital signal.
Cable Categories There are many categories of electrical cable used for telecommunications, each with different specifications for crosstalk. Category one is the most prone to crosstalk and is used for telephone cable. Category seven has the strictest specifications and is the least prone to crosstalk, which makes it ideal for high speed networking.
