Scribd
Upload
163 views

Introduction of Computer Networks and Internet

A computer network allows computers and devices to share data and resources. The document defines a computer network and lists some key criteria networks must meet, such as performance, reliability, and scalability. It then describes different types of networks including personal area networks (PANs), local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). Finally, it discusses various network topologies like star, bus, ring, tree and hybrid as well as common network hardware components.

Uploaded by

Christy Ragay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
163 views

Introduction of Computer Networks and Internet

A computer network allows computers and devices to share data and resources. The document defines a computer network and lists some key criteria networks must meet, such as performance, reliability, and scalability. It then describes different types of networks including personal area networks (PANs), local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). Finally, it discusses various network topologies like star, bus, ring, tree and hybrid as well as common network hardware components.

Uploaded by

Christy Ragay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 24

Introduction of Computer

Networks and Internet


Andrew Mores
Introduction to Computer Networks
- a telecommunication channel using which we can share data with other computers
or devices, connected to the same network. It is also called Data Network. The best
example of computer network is Internet.

- a series of computers that are connected to each other for the purpose of sharing
information and other resources

The computers that are inside a network are called nodes.


A network must be able to meet certain criterias:

1. Performance

It can be measured in the following ways:


● Transit time : It is the time taken to travel a message from one device to another.

● Response time : It is defined as the time elapsed between enquiry and response.

Other ways to measure performance are :

1. Efficiency of software

2. Number of users

3. Capability of connected hardware


2. Reliability

It decides the frequency at which network failure take place. More the failures are, less

is the network's reliability.

3. Scalability

is the capability of a network to handle a growing amount of work, or its potential to be

enlarged to accommodate that growth.


Network Classification
Personal Area Network (PAN)
refers to the interconnection of any form of devices or
gadgets within the environment of an individual user (typically
within 10 meters or 33 feed).

PANs can be wired, such as USB or FireWire, or they can be


wireless, such as infrared, ZigBee, Bluetooth and
ultrawideband, or UWB.

A wireless personal area network (WPAN) can also be made


possible with wireless network technologies such as IrDA,
Bluetooth, Wireless USB, Z-Wave and ZigBee.
Local Area Network (LAN)
is a group of computers and associated
devices that share a common communications
line or wireless link to a server. Typically, a LAN
encompasses computers and peripherals
connected to a server within a distinct
geographic area such as an office or a
commercial establishment.
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
is a network that interconnects users with computer
resources in a geographic area or region larger than that
covered by even a large local area network (LAN) but
smaller than the area covered by a wide area network
(WAN).
Wide Area Network (WAN)
is a geographically distributed private
telecommunications network that interconnects
multiple local area networks (LANs)

Enterprise WANs allow users to share access to


applications, services and other centrally located
resources. This eliminates the need to install the same
application server, firewall or other resource in multiple
locations, for example.
Types of Network Topology
What Are Network Topologies?
Network Topology refers to layout of a network. How different nodes in a network are connected to each
other and how they communicate is determined by the network's topology.
Mesh Topology

devices are connected with many redundant


interconnections between network nodes. In a true
mesh topology every node has a connection to every
other node in the network.

Full mesh topology: occurs when every node has a circuit connecting it to every other node in a network. Full mesh
is very expensive to implement but yields the greatest amount of redundancy, so in the event that one of those
nodes fails, network traffic can be directed to any of the other nodes. Full mesh is usually reserved for backbone
networks.

Partial mesh topology: is less expensive to implement and yields less redundancy than full mesh topology. With
partial mesh, some nodes are organized in a full mesh scheme but others are only connected to one or two in the
network. Partial mesh topology is commonly found in peripheral networks connected to a full meshed backbone.
Star Topology
devices are connected to a central computer, called a hub.
Nodes communicate across the network by passing data
through the hub.

Main Advantage: In a star network, one malfunctioning


node doesn't affect the rest of the network.

Main Disadvantage: If the central computer fails, the entire


network becomes unusable.
Bus Topology
In networking a bus is the central cable -- the main wire -- that connects
all devices on a local-area network (LAN). It is also called the backbone.
This is often used to describe the main network connections composing
the Internet. Bus networks are relatively inexpensive and easy to install
for small networks. Ethernet systems use a bus topology.

Main Advantage: It's easy to connect a computer or device and


typically it requires less cable than a star topology.

Main Disadvantage: The entire network shuts down if there is a break in


the main wire and it can be difficult to identify the problem if the network
shuts down.
Ring Topology
A local-area network (LAN) whose topology is a ring. That
is, all of the nodes are connected in a closed loop.
Messages travel around the ring, with each node reading
those messages addressed to it.
Main Advantage: One main advantage to a ring network
is that it can span larger distances than other types of
networks, such as bus networks, because each node
regenerates messages as they pass through it.
Tree Topology
A tree topology combines characteristics of linear bus and star topologies. It
consists of groups of star-configured workstations connected to a linear bus
backbone cable. Tree topologies allow for the expansion of an existing network,
and enable schools to configure a network to meet their needs.

Main Advantage: A Tree topology is a good choice for large computer networks as
the tree topology "divides" the whole network into parts that are more easily
manageable.

Main Disadvantage: The entire network depends on a central hub and a failure of
the central hub can cripple the whole network.
Hybrid Topology
A hybrid topology is a type of network topology that
uses two or more differing network topologies.
Thesetopologies include a mix of bus topology,
meshtopology, ring topology, star topology, and
treetopology

These network types have several advantages, such as


being able to utilize the strongest aspects of other
networks, e.g., signal strength. They also have several
disadvantages, including the requirement for high-end
equipment.
Network Hardware
Bridge
Hub
A connectivity device to which network A connectivity device that forwards data based on
cables are attached to form a network a physical address.
segment. Hubs typically do not filter data, but
In networking terms, a bridge filters and forwards
instead retransmit incoming data packets or
packets by physical address. Bridges operate at
frames to all parts.
the Network Access Layer in the TCP/IP protocol
stack.
Switch Router

A switch is aware of addresses associated A connectivity device that filters and forwards data
with each of its ports and forwards each based on a logical address. In the case of TCP/IP
incoming data frame to the correct port. networks, that would be the IP address.
Switches can base forwarding decisions on
Routers are an essential part of any larger TCP/IP
guidelines that are provided in the headers of
network. In fact, without the development of
the TCP/IP protocols.
network routers and TCP/IP routing protocols, the
A switch, simplified, is a smarter version of a Internet (the biggest network in the world) would
hub. On a switch, as with a hub, each not have become as extensive. Routers play a vital
computer is connected through a single line. role in controlling traffic and keeping the network
However, the switch is smarter about where it efficient.
sends data that comes in through one of its
ports.
Gateway Repeater
an interface providing a compatibility between an electronic device that receives a signal and
networks by converting transmission speeds, retransmits it at a higher level or higher power, or
protocols, codes, or security measures. onto the other side of an obstruction, so that the
signal can cover longer distances
Modem Network interface controller
device that modulates an analog "carrier" a device connecting a computer to a wire-based
signal (such as sound) to encode digital computer network.
information, and that also demodulates such a
carrier signal to decode the transmitted
information. Used (for example) when a
computer communicates with another
computer over a telephone network.
Wireless network interface
Multiplexer controller
a device that selects only one signal from a device connecting the attached computer to a
several electrical input signals. radio-based computer network

You might also like