SUBMITTED BY

LOURDAN ELABA
XI- STEM EINSTEIN
SUBMITTED TO
MRS. BONGON
 Aristotle’s Model of Communication

Aristotle, a great philosopher initiative the earliest mass communication model called
Aristotle‘s Model of Communication. He proposed model before 300 B.C who found the
importance of audience role in communication chain in his communication model. This model is
more focused on public speaking than interpersonal communication.
Aristotle Model of Communication is formed with 5 basic elements (I) Speaker, (II)
Speech, (III) Occasion, (IV) Audience and (V) Effect. Speaker plays an important role in Public
speaking. The speaker must prepare his speech and analysis audience needs before he enters into
the stage. His words should influence in audience mind and persuade their thoughts towards him.
Aristotle advises speakers to build speech for different audience on different time (occasion) and
for different effects. The communication model of Aristotle is widely accepted because of its
simplicity. Anyone who is in needs to excel themselves in public speaking ,seminar,
presentations can make use of this model. Here the sender is the active and the receiver is
passive one.
Example:Hitler gave brave speech to his soldiers in the war field to defeat Russian Army.
Speaker - Hitler
Speech - about his invasion
Occasion - 2nd World War Field
Audience - Soldiers
Effect - To defeat Russia
 Laswell’s Model

Developed by communication theorist Harold D. Lasswell (1902-1978) in 1948. It is also

known as action model or linear model or one way model of communication. Lasswell’s model,
one of the first communication models, is summed up in five questions: Who, Says what, In
which Channel, To Whom, With what effect? Lasswell’s model of communication is linear and
unidirectional meaning that no outside factor come into play and the conversation is one way.
Lasswell believes that the message travels from “who” to “whom”, Lasswell’s further defined
each of the five questions representing his model:

 Who: the person who formulates the message

 What: the content of the message
 Channel: the medium by which the message is being communicated
 Whom: the person or persons who receive the message
 Effect: the outcome of the message.
It has been critized for not including feedback and ignores the possibility of noise or
other barriers of communication.
 Shannon-Weaver Model
“MOTHER OF ALL COMMUNICATION MODELS”

In 1948, Shannon was an American mathematician, Electronic engineer and Weaver was
an American scientist both of them join together to write an article in “Bell System Technical
Journal” called “A Mathematical Theory of Communication” and also called as “Shannon-
Weaver model of communication”. This model is specially designed to develop the effective
communication between sender and receiver. Also they find factors which affecting the
communication process called “Noise”.

Shannon and Weaver broadly defined communication as “all of the procedures by which
one mind may affect another”. Their communication model consisted of an information source:
the source’s message, a transmitter, a signal, and a receiver: the receiver’s message, and a
destination. This model simply proposes that a message actually originates from the person who
gets the thought or has the information. The sender is also called the Source of information or the
Information Source. The information then gets transmitted from the brain to the mouth and
comes out as a signal which then reaches the recipient after joining hands with several noises and
other disturbances. The recipient then further passes on the message to its final destination or
other minds of other individuals.

Even though it is considered as mother of all communication models, it has been

criticized for lacking one of essential elements of communication which is the feedback. Without
feedback, the transmitter will not know whether the receiver understands the message.
 Schramm’s Model

Wilber Schramm proposed the Schramm’s model of communication in 1954.

Information is of no use unless and until it is carefully put into words and conveyed to
others. Encoding plays a very important role because it initiates the process of communication by
converting the thought into content. When the information reaches the recipient his prime
responsibility is to understand what the speaker intends to convey. Unless and until the second
party is able to understand or decode the information what the sender wants to communicate, the
message is actually of no use. Thus encoding and decoding are two most important factors of an
effective communication without which information can never flow between two individuals.
Schramm’s model also revolves around the above principle. According to the Schramm’s model,
encoding and decoding are the two essential processes of an effective communication.He also
emphasizes that the communication is incomplete unless and until the sender receives a feedback
from the recipient.

Schramm believed that an individual’s knowledge, experience and cultural background

also play an important role in communication. Individuals from diverse cultures, religion or
background tend to interpret the message in different ways. To conclude according to this model
of communication when a sender passes on the information to the receiver, the receiver must
interpret it in the desired form the sender wants and give him the feedback or respond
accordingly. Any communication where the sender does not get the feedback, the
communication is not complete and thus ineffective.
 Berlo’s Model

The Berlo’s model of communication takes into account the emotional aspect of the
message. Berlo’s model of communication operates on the SMCR model.

 S - Source- The source in other words also called the sender is the one from whom the
thought originates. He is the one who transfers the information to the receiver after carefully
putting his thoughts into words. It is done with the help of communication skills, Attitude,
Knowledge, Social System and Culture.
 M – Message-When an individual converts his thoughts into words, a message is
created. The process is also called as Encoding. Any message further comprises of the
following elements: Content, Elements, Treatment. Structure, and Code.

 C – Channel- refers to the medium how the information flows from the sender to the
receiver. All the five senses are the channels which help human beings to communicate with
each other.

 R – Receiver- When the message reaches the receiver, he tries to understand what the
listener actually wants to convey and then responds accordingly. This is also called as
decoding. The receiver should be on the same platform as the speaker for smooth flow of
information and better understanding of the message. To be a good receiver or listener, one
must possess good communication skills, right attitude, enough knowledge and he should
also be from the same social and cultural background just like the speaker.

There are several loopholes in the Berlo’s model of communication. According to the
Berlo’s model of communication, the speaker and the listener must be on a common ground for
smooth conversion which is sometimes not practical in the real scenario.
 White’s Model

In Eugene White’s Model of Communication, there is a step by step sequence with

thinking of the speaker or generating an idea and ends with the monitoring of the speaker. His
model describes communication as a repetitive, cyclical event but the dynamic quality of
interaction is not depicted. He also cocluded that the speaker is the originator of the
communication process, on the other hand, the listener is a passive reactor who does not initiate
communication.These eight stages of oral communication are the following:
 Thinking – a desire, feeling, provides a speaker a stimulus to communicate a need.
 Symbolizing – before he can utter sounds, a speaker has to know the code of oral language
with which to represent his ideas and in order to make his selection
 Expressing – the speaker then uses his vocal mechanism accompanied by gestures
 Transmitting – process of channeling or sending the message.
 Receiving – sound waves impinge upon the listener’s ears after which the resulting nerve
impulses reach the brain via the auditory nerve;
 Decoding – the listener interprets the language symbols he receives and thinks further
 Feedbacking – the listener responds to the received message. It may be verbal or non-verbal.
 Monitoring – while the speaker watches for signs of reception or understanding of his
message among his listeners, he is also attuned to what’s going on inside him
 Dance’s Model

In 1967, Frank Dance proposed the communication model called Dance’s Helix Model
for a better communication process. The name helical comes from “Helix” which means an
object having a three-dimensional shape like that of a wire wound uniformly around a cylinder or
cone. He shows communication as a dynamic and non-linear process.

Frank Dance explains the communication process based on this Helix structure and
compares it with communication. In the Helix structure, the bottom or starting is very small then
it’s gradually moves upward in a back and forth circular motion which form the bigger circle in
the top and its still moves further. The whole process takes some time to reach. As like helix, the
communication process starts very slowly and defined small circle. Communicators share
information only with small portion of themselves to their relationships. Its gradually develops
into next level but which will take some time to reach and expanding its boundaries to the next
level. Later the communicators commit more and share more portions themselves.

The Helical model of communication is largely dependent on its past. A child learns to
pronounce a word in his elementary classes and throughout his life he uses that word in the same
way he learnt. Just like that we used to react to certain things in a certain way in our childhood
and such reactions and habits lasts with us forever. The communication evolves in the beginning
in some simple forms then the same process of communication develops based on the past
activities. It develops further with modifications.

According to this theory a communication process is the product of what we learnt.

 Wood’s Symbolic Interaction Model

This model reflects the nature of communication as a dynamic, systemic process in

which communicators construct personal meanings through their symbolic interactions.
Communicators are linked together by their symbolic interactions. Interactions may be
either sequential or simultaneous since there is no direction specified. Then a given
interaction evolves out of earlier interactions and is influenced by previous encounters as
well as by the present situation. As communication progresses over time (T1, T2, T3...), the
shared world between communicators is enlarged. As people communicate they learn each
other’s values, beliefs, attitudes, predispositions to situations, moods and interests. Over
time people also learn to use common symbols to designate ideas, perceptions, rituals, and
expectations. It is communication that enables people to build shared worlds.
Communication enlarge the shared worlds between communicators. Thus, the
model emphasizes the temporal dimension of communication—a given interaction serves
as a starting point for the next and future interactions.
The model presents a feature not highlighted by the other models: constraints. The
series of lines indicates the existence of constraints throughout the communication process.
Constraints may come in the form of conditions beyond our control (i.e., unstable economy)
and they may also be found in the communicators (i.e., biases, moods, dislikes).