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Power Flow Method Paper

This document discusses power flow analysis methods. It provides a brief overview of power flow studies and their importance for ensuring stable, reliable power transfer. It reviews early iterative power flow methods like the Gauss-Seidel method and their limitations for large networks. The Newton-Raphson method is introduced as an improvement, using an algorithm to solve the simultaneous quadratic equations more efficiently. The document also mentions using a load tap changing transformer to control voltage and reduce losses in the Nigerian power grid system.

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mr ozair
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32 views

Power Flow Method Paper

This document discusses power flow analysis methods. It provides a brief overview of power flow studies and their importance for ensuring stable, reliable power transfer. It reviews early iterative power flow methods like the Gauss-Seidel method and their limitations for large networks. The Newton-Raphson method is introduced as an improvement, using an algorithm to solve the simultaneous quadratic equations more efficiently. The document also mentions using a load tap changing transformer to control voltage and reduce losses in the Nigerian power grid system.

Uploaded by

mr ozair
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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II.

BRIEF REVIEW OF POWER FLOW METHODS


Abstract- In order to ensure that electrical power transfer from
generator to consumers through the grid system is stable, Power flow study is the steady state solutions of the power
reliable and economical , it becomes imperative to carry out system. Generally, power flow calculations are carried out
power flow studies. This paper presents power flow solution for power system planning, operational planning and in
incorporating load tap changing transformer (LTCT) for connection with system operation and control. The
solving the steady-state problems of longitudinal power system information obtained from power flow analysis can be used
using Nigerian 330kV transmission system as a case study . In for the studies of normal operating mode, contingency
this work, the adopted numerical technique for solving the
analysis, outage security assessment, as well as optimal
power flow problems was the Newton Raphson iterative
algorithm. Modified power flow algorithm was implemented by dispatching and stability. Most of the early iterative
the application of voltage control method using a load tap methods were based on the Y-matrix of the Gauss-Seidel
changing transformer (LTCT). Simulations were done using method. It requires minimum computer storage and needs
MATLAB software package .The results obtained from the only a small number of iterations for small networks [12].
existing condition of the Nigerian 330 kV transmission Network The shortcoming of this is that, as the size of the network is
indicate that the bus voltages at New Heaven (0.929p.u), Gombe increased, the number of iterations required increases
(0.886p.u), and Kano(0.880p.u) were below the set of binding dramatically for large systems. In some cases, the method
limits that is, tolerance. With the incorporation of LTCT, does not provide a solution at all. Therefore, the slowly
voltage magnitudes of 0.995p.u, 0.950p.u and 0.996p.u were converging behavior of the Gauss-Seidel method and its
obtained at New Heaven, Gombe and Kano respectively, while frequent failure to converge in ill-conditioned situations
the total system active power loss on the transmission line also
reduced by about 5.1%. Keywords: Power Flow, LTCT, power
resulted in the development of the Z-matrix methods. Even
system, active power loss, voltage magnitude % 10 though these methods have considerable better converging
I. INTRODUCTION characteristics, they also have the disadvantage of requiring
a significantly larger computer storage memory owing to
The major important investment decisions begin with the fact that the Z-matrix is full, contrary to the Y-matrix,
reinforcement strategies based on power-flow analysis. In which is sparse [4].
power system operating studies, power - flow analysis is [1] These difficulties encountered in power flow studies led
used to ensure that each generator runs at the optimum to the development of Newton Raphson iterative
operating point and that demand will be met without method. This method was originally developed by [5]
overloading facilities and that maintenance plans can and later by others including [6]. The method is based
proceed without undermining the security of the system. on the Newton- Raphson algorithm to solve the
Power flow studies are of great importance in planning and simultaneous quadratic equations of the power network.
designing the future expansion of power systems as well as Contrary to the Gauss- Seidel algorithm which needs a
in determining the best operation of existing systems [1] larger time per iteration, Newton-Raphson needs only a
[11]. They are used to ensure that electrical power transfer few of iterations, and is significantly independent of the
from generator to consumers through the grid system is network size. Therefore, most of the power flow
stable, reliable and economical. The major goal of a power problems that could not be solved by
flow study is to obtain complete voltage angle and
magnitude information for each bus in a power system for
specified load and generator real power and voltage
condition [2]. Manuscript received on February, 2013. Adebayo I.G.,
Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Ladoke Akintola
University of Technology, Ogbomoso. P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.
Adejumobi, I.A., Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria Adepoju, G.A.,
Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Ladoke Akintola
University of Technology, Ogbomoso. P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.
Once this information is known, real and reactive power
flow on each branch as well as generator reactive power
output can be analytically determined. Due to the nonlinear
nature of this problem, numerical methods are employed to
obtain a solution that is within an acceptable tolerance. In a
modern-day energy management centre, highly developed
optimization methods are used to determine not only the
optimal outputs of the generators participating in the
dispatch, but also the optimal settings of various control
devices, such as the tap settings of load tap –changing
transformer (LTCT), outputs of VAR compensating devices,
desired settings of phase shifters and so on . In this paper ,
the application of LTCT to Nigerian grid system is
considered with the aim of improving voltage profile and
reducing the total system active power losses of the weak
buses [3].

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