CE388

Reinforced Concrete I
Introduction
Prof. Dr. A. Samet ARSLAN
Gazi University,
Faculty of Engineering,
Civil Engineering Department
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING IS THE ART OF
USING MATERIALS
That Have Properties Which Can Only Be
Estimated
TO BUILD REAL STRUCTURES
That Can Only Be Approximately Analyzed
TO WITHSTAND FORCES
That Are Not Accurately Known
SO THAT OUR RESPONSIBILITY WITH
RESPECT TO PUBLIC SAFETY IS SATISFIED
Adopted From An Unknown Author
You can do it !....
The World without YOU !...
 Bibles !...
TS500 and Turkish Earthquake Code
Earthquake zones in Turkey
TS498 and TS ISO 9194
Books…
Books…
 LECTURE NOTE ON CE388
Reinforced Concrete I
Course Lecturer: Professor A. Samet ARSLAN
Duration for lecture:
3 hours per week
(14 weeks)
 Course Objectives (offcial)
• To develop an understanding of basic concepts
in the behavior and design of reinforced
concrete systems and elements.
• To introduce the basic concepts and steps for
reinforced concrete section design (in
accordance with ultimate strength design).
• To underline and discuss basic principles of
mechanics regarding the analysis and design
of reinforced concrete systems and elements.
 Class Policies (???)
• Midterms: Two exams, each 40% of the course
grade;
• Attendance and Laboratory Work (?): 10% of
the course grade;
• Essays and Quizes: 10% of the course grade;
• Final Exam: 40% of the course grade.
Copying is Prohibited !...
 Introduction
• In the design and analysis of reinforced
concrete members, you are presented with a
problem unfamiliar to most of you:
“The mechanics of members
consisting of two materials.”
• To compound this problem, one of the
materials (concrete) behaves differently in
tension than in compression, and may be
considered to be either elastic or inelastic.
 Purpose of this Course
Purpose of this course is to establish a firm
understanding of behavior of reinforced
concrete structures, then to develop method
used in current practice and to achieve
familiarity with codes and specifications
governing practical design.
 What will we learn from this course ?
In this course we will learn to understand the basic
performance of concrete and steel as structural
materials, and the behaviour of reinforced concrete
members and structures. If we understand the basic
concepts behind code provisions for design, we will
be able to:
• Approach the design in a more knowledgeable
fashion, not like following a black box; and
• Understand and adapt the changes in code
provisions better and faster.
 Main Goal ?
The overall goal is to be able to design
reinforced concrete structures that are:
• Safe
• Economical
• Efficient

SEE rule…..
 Reinforced Concrete
Reinforced concrete is one of the principal building
materials used in engineered structures
because:
• Low cost
• Weathering and fire resistance
• Good compressive strength
• Formability
all these criteria make concrete an attractive
material for wide range of structural applications
such as buildings, dams, reservoirs, tanks, etc.
 Reinforced Concrete:
Course Description
• Design Philosophy
• Materials
– Concrete
– Rebars (steel)
• Fundamental Assumptions
• Limit State Design
• Structural Concrete elements
– Axially Loaded (Short) Columns
– Beams under pure Bending
– Beams under pure Shear
– Columns under combined loading
– Torsion
– Slabs ?
 Design Codes and Specifications
• Buildings must be designed and constructed
according to the provisions of a building code,
which is a legal document containing
requirements related to such things as
structural safety, fire safety, plumbing,
ventilation.
• A building code has the force of law and is
administered by a governmental entity.
Design Without Codes !...
 TS500
• Building codes do not give design procedures,
but specify the design requirements and
constraints that must be satisfied.
• Turkey does have a national code governing
structural concrete;
• TS500 (REQUIREMENTS FOR DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES)
Loads from the structures
 Loads
Loads that act on structures can be divided into
three general categories:

1. Dead Loads
2. Live Loads
3. Environmental Loads
Eathquake Wind
 Dead Loads
1. Dead Loads
Dead loads are those that are constant in
magnitude and fixed in location throughout the
lifetime of the structure such as:
• floor fill,
• finish floor, and
• plastered ceiling for buildings and
• wearing surface,
• sidewalks, and
• curbing for bridges.
 Live Loads
2. Live Loads
Live loads are those that are either fully or
partially in place or not present at all, may also
change in location; the minimum live loads for
which the floors and roof of a building should be
designed are usually specified in building code
that governs at the site of construction.
 Environmental Loads
3. Environmental Loads
Environmental Loads consist of
• wind,
• earthquake, and
• snow loads.
 Serviceability
Serviceability requires that
• Deflections be adequately small;
• Cracks if any be kept to a tolerable limits;
• Vibrations be minimized.
 Safety

A structure must be safe against collapse;

strength of the structure must be adequate for
all loads that might act on it.

If we could build buildings as designed, and if

the loads and their internal effects can be
predicted accurately, we do not have to worry
about safety.
 Safety
But there are uncertainties in:
• Actual loads;
• Forces/loads might be distributed in a manner
different from what we assumed;
• The assumptions in analysis might not be
exactly correct;
• Actual behavior might be different from that
assumed;
• etc.
Finally, we would like to have the structure safe
against brittle failure (gradual failure with ample
warning permitting remedial measures is preferable
to a sudden or brittle failure).
 Design Basis
Two philosophies of design have long been
prevalent.
• The working stress method, focusing on
conditions at service load (that is, when the
structure is being used), was the principal
method used from the early 1900s until the early
1960s. Today, with few exceptions, the strength
design method is used, focusing on conditions at
loads greater than service loads when failure may
be immanent.
• The strength design method is deemed
conceptually more realistic to establish structural
safety
 Strength Design (Ultimate Strength
Design)
• Since 1982 the TS500 Code has been totally a strength
code with “strength” meaning ultimate.
• Select concrete dimensions and reinforcements so that
the member strength are adequate to resist forces
resulting from certain hypothetical overload stages,
significantly above loads expected actually to occur in
service. The design concept is known as “strength
design.” Based on strength design the nominal strength
of a member must be calculated on the basis of
inelastic behaviour of material. In other words, both
reinforcing steel and concrete behave inelastically at
ultimate strength condition.
 Strength Design (Ultimate Strength
Design)
The strength design method may be expressed by the
following,
Strength provide
≥
Strength required to carry factored loads
where
• the “strength provided” such as moment strength is
computed in accordance with rules and assumptions of
behaviour prescribed by a building code, and
• the “strength required” is that obtained by performing
a structural analysis using the factored loads.
 Strength Design (Ultimate Strength
Design)
The design procedure is roughly as follows:
• Multiply the working loads by the load
factor to obtain the failure loads.
• Determine the cross-sectional properties
needed to resist failure under these
loads.
• Proportion your members that have
these properties.
 Allowable Stress Design
• As an alternate to the strength design method,
members may be proportioned so that stresses in
the steel and concrete resulting from normal
service loads are within specified limits (an
allowable, or permissible, stress or load).
• These limits, known as allowable stresses are only
fractions of the failure stresses of the material.
• Allowable stress design is also referred to as
“working stress design.”
 Allowable Stress Design
• For example in design of steel structures, this allowable
stress will be in the elastic range of the material and
will be less than the yield stress Fy. A typical value
might be 0.60Fy.
• The allowable stress is obtained by dividing either the
yield stress Fy or the tensile strength Fu by a factor of
safety.
• This approach to design is also called elastic design or
working stress design.
• Working stresses are those due to the working loads,
which are the applied loads.
• A properly designed member will be stressed to no
more than the allowable stress when subjected to
working loads.
 Allowable Stress Design
The working stress method may be expressed by
the following:
allowable f ≤ allowable stresses (f allowable)
where:
f = An elastically computed stress, such as by using
the flexure formula f = Mc/I for beam.
fallow = A limiting stress prescribed by a building
code as a percentage of the compressive strength c
f ′ for concrete, or of the yield stress fy for the steel
reinforcing bars.
 Safety Provisions of TS500 Code
• Load factors are applied to the loads, and a
member is selected that will have enough
strength to resist the factored loads.
• In addition, the theoretical strength of the
member is reduced by the application of a
resistance factor.
The criterion that must be satisfied in the selection
of a member is
Factored Strength ≥ Factored Load
where, the factored load is actually the sum of all
working loads to be resisted by the member, each
multiplied by its own load factor.
 Safety Provisions of TS500 Code
• For example, dead loads will have load factors that are
different from those for live loads.
• The factored strength is the theoretical strength multiplied
by a strength reduction factor.
The previous equation can therefore be written as;
Nominal Strength X Strength Reduction Factor
≥
Load X Load Factors
Since the factored load is a failure load greater than the actual
working loads, the load factors are usually greater than unity.
• On the other hand, the factored strength is a reduced,
usable strength and the resistance factor is usually less
than unity.
• The factored loads are the loads that bring the structure or
member to its limit.
 Required Strength
• Factored loads are the loads specified in the
general building code multiplied by appropriate
factors.
• The factor assigned is influenced by the degree of
accuracy to which the load effect can be
determined and the variation which might be
expected in the load during the lifetime of the
structure.
• Dead loads are assigned a lower load factored
than live load because they can be determined
more accurately.
 Required Strength
• Load factors also account for variability in the
structural analysis used to compute moments
and shears.
• The code gives load factors for specific
combinations of loads. In assigning factors to
combinations of loading, some consideration is
given to the probability of simultaneous
occurrence.
• While most of the usual combinations of loadings
are included, the designer should not assume
that all cases are covered.
 Material Factors
For the ultimate limit state, concrete and steel
design strengths are,
Concrete: fcd = fck / mc
fctd = fctk / mc
Steel: fyd = fyk / ms
mc=1.5 shall be taken for concrete cast in situ.
This factor can be taken as 1.4 for precast
concrete.
For all steel grades, the material factor shall be
taken as 1.15 (ms=1.15).
 Load Factors and Load Combinations
For vertical loads only
Fd = 1.4G + 1.6Q
Fd = 1.0G + 1.2Q + 1.2T
T in the equation is the load effect created by
temperature change, shrinkage, differential
settlement and similar deformations and
displacements.
 Load Factors and Load Combinations
When wind loading is considered
• Fd = 1.0G + 1.3Q + 1.3W
• Fd = 0.9G + 1.3W
When earthquake loading is considered,
• Fd = 1.0G + 1.0Q + 1.0E
• Fd = 0.9G + 1.0E
When horizontal soil pressure is present,
• Fd = 1.4G + 1.6Q
• Fd = 0.9G + 1.6H
 Structural Analysis
• Internal forces, which provide the basis for the
dimensioning of the sections of structural
members, should be obtained by an analysis in
accordance with the principles of structural
mechanics.
• This analysis based on the stress-strain
relationships of concrete and steel may be a
nonlinear method or a method that is based on
the assumption of linear elastic structural
behavior.
 Loads
• Load effects due to temperature change,
shrinkage and creep are given in this standard.
• Others should be obtained from TS 498, TS ISO
9194 and “Specifications for Structures to be
Built in Disaster Areas” prepared by the
Ministry of Public Works and Settlement.
• In case of special structures, loads should be
chosen from specifications especially
formulated for those structures.
 Arrangement of Live Loads
• For all load combinations, except those
including earthquake loading, the live load
should be arranged on the structure so as to
provide the most critical (unsuitable) internal
force effects.