Brick Construction PART 2

DETAILED FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS
OF CEMENT BASED PRODUCTS
Part II
For
DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIES
MINISTRY OF ECONOMIC AFFAIRS
ROYAL GOVERNMENT OF BHUTAN
By
IDRG CONSULTANCY SERVICES
In Association with Sherpa Consultancy
February, 2009
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 – PROJECT AT A GLANCE……………………………………………………3
CHAPTER 2 – JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT……………………………………….6
CHAPTER 3 – MARKET ANALYSIS………………………………………………………….8
CHAPTER 4 – RESOURCES…………………………………………………………………17
CHAPTER 5 – THE PLANT…………………………………………………………………...20
CHAPTER 6 – PLANT LOCATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE…………………………...31
CHAPTER 7 – ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT……………………………………………….33
CHAPTER 8 – PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION……………………………………………..35
CHAPTER 9 – COST PRESENTATION……………………………………………………..37
CHAPTER 10 – FINANCIAL ANALYSIS…………………………………………………….42
CHAPTER 11 – ECONOMIC ANALYSIS……………………………………………………57
ANNEXURES…………………………………………………………………………………...59
Annexure I – List of machine suppliers
Annexure II – List of raw material suppliers
Annexure III – List of Lab equipment suppliers
2
CHAPTER 1 - PROJECT AT A GLANCE
1. Project concept – Detailed feasibility analysis on cement based products. The

project envisages the manufacture of various types of cement
based products viz cement concrete bricks, solid blocks, hollow
blocks, paver blocks, cement concrete tiles and mosaic flooring
tiles.
2. Location - Location of the proposed unit should preferably in the vicinity of

the major sites of construction as well as sources of raw materials.
Punakha, Wangdue, Thimphu, Phuentsholing, Gelephu, Paro and
Samdrup happen to be the main towns and would constitute the
major sites of construction. Besides, Wangdue being the site of
biggest ongoing power projects has also tremendous potential for
construction activities. In past also, a cement brick unit was setup
near to the site of Taala Power Project. The units for the
manufacture of main raw materials viz stone aggregates and sand
also need to be promoted near the proposed project. Cement, in
any case, has to be transported from the cement factories.
Keeping in view, the various parameters, these sites have been
short listed in the order of preference.
Location Overall rating

Punakha 45
Wangdue 42
Thimphu 42
Phuentsholing 41
Gelephu 41
Paro 41
Samdrup 41
It is recommended that to begin with a project be setup at Punakha. Similar,

projects need to be setup near to major cities, which would constitute the major
construction sites.
3. Markets - Cement based products proposed to be manufactured by the unit

are the basic building blocks of any construction project and on an
average, they account for nearly 10% of the estimated cost of the
building. The cost of transport of raw materials and finished
goods has to be kept at minimum level so as to make the products
competitive. Normally, the construction projects whether big or
small, prefer to buy these products from nearest sources and
therefore, vicinity to major sites of construction would be an
important parameter for healthy functioning of the unit. As the
cost of red bricks is very high in Bhutan due to heavy transport
3
Register to Remove Trial Watermark!!
cost, there exists a good market for cement bricks. There is

already one unit manufacturing such products in Thimphu and the
proposed unit in Punakha has bright prospects of success owing
to future growth in the construction activities in an around
Punakha.
4. Annual production Items Capacity (in numbers)

capacity Solid blocks - 2,00,000
recommended - Hollow blocks - 2,00,000
Paver blocks - 6,00,000
Grey mosaic tiles - 6,00,000
Colored tiles - 2,00,000
5. Land and
building
requirement Plot area 6000 sq. mts
Built up area 208 sq mts
Industrial shed 900 sq. mts
6. Power 45 KWH
requirement
7. Main machinery Hydraulic system

Mould vibrator
Ram vibrator
Pallet feeder
Mix feeder
Mix feeder bin
Cavity block ram & mould
Pallet stacker
Pan mixer
Water dosing pump
Wheel barrows
Skip loader
Color mixer
8. Man power Manager –1

requirement Plant supervisor –2
Office staff –2
Laboratory technician and assistant –2
Machine operators –4
Unskilled workers – 15
9. Total project
cost Rs. 127.46 lacs
Register eDocPrinter PDF Pro Online Now!!

10. Project
implementation
period 11-12 months
11. Means of Debt - Rs. 89.22 lacs (70%)

finance Equity - Rs. 38.24 lacs (30%)
12. Break up of Machinery - Rs. 44.68 lacs

cost of project Construction cost - Rs. 45.13 lacs
Misc. fixed assets - Rs. 3.00 lacs
Pre-operative exp. - Rs. 5.00 lacs
Training expenses - Rs. 0.45 lacs
Interest - Rs. 11.79 lacs
Working capital - Rs. 17.41 lacs
Total - Rs. 127.46 lacs
13. Annual sales Rs. 250 lacs

turnover
14. Financial IRR – 27% on equity

analysis IRR – 18% on investment
NPV – Rs. 42.28 lacs (12% discount rate)
Pay back period – 4 Years 6 months
Project break-even – 66%

CHAPTER 2 – JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT
2.1 Project Concept

The project is for carrying out detailed feasibility analysis for setting up a
manufacturing unit in Bhutan for cement based products viz cement concrete solid
blocks, hollow blocks, paver tiles, grey mosaic tiles and color tiles mainly to cater the
domestic demand in construction material sector.
2.2 Project Justification

Infrastructure is the building block of economic growth. It forms the foundation of
an economy, reinforces its structures and integrates it into productive system. It is
economy’s spinal cord that builds, shapes, nourishes, energizes & synergizes its
existence, growth and continued incremental progress. Government of Bhutan has an
ambitious program of infrastructure development for which reasonable budget provisions
has been made in 10th five year plan.
Bhutan is passing through fast growing phase of development. Starting in early

1960, Bhutan embarked on planned economic development through successive five
year plans. Over the years, ever increasing generation of electricity by installation of new
hydro power projects has facilitated the establishment of new industries within the broad
framework of sustainable and environmental friendly development. As power, transport
and other infrastructure are the basic requirements for economic growth, the
development of infrastructure has also been in the focus of developmental programmes.
Over the years a number of power projects, roads, bridges, hospitals, schools and
commercial and residential buildings have been built. This has resulted in a rapidly
growing construction industry.
A society becomes functional and productive only when it is empowered by

social infrastructure development such as housing, schools, hospitals, roads, bridges
etc. Cement concrete based products are essential for such development and hence
products like cement concrete blocks, hollow blocks, pavers and tiles etc. has been
identified. The manufactures of these products are environment friendly and could be
commercially exploited profitably with low investment. These items are extensively used
in various activities of infrastructure development like hydro electric power generation,
roads, bridges, housing and commercial building which is part of urban development.
With a view to cut down the cost of raw materials in construction industries and
also to accelerate the pace of industrialization in Bhutan, the government is keen to
promote industrial units for manufacture of construction materials. Setting up of such
industries would help in easy availability of construction materials at economic prices,
generation of employment opportunities, optimum use of natural and human resources
and above all accelerating the pace of industrialization in the country.

The construction sector as such contributes to 25% of Bhutan GDP which is

further likely to grow. The establishment of industrial unit for the manufacture of cement
based products is most suited for development in private and public sector. The
following factors contribute to its growth:-
 Requires local resources such as natural & rivers sand, crushed stone
aggregate & cement etc. These raw materials are abundantly available
across the country near to the development activities.
 The industries could be set up near the source of raw materials and market
minimizing the transportation cost which is otherwise too heavy.
 A unit with selected machinery and equipment can produce various types of
cement based products required in the construction & infrastructure
development activities and thereby facilitating the industrial unit to market
their production throughout the year and attain regular margins and
economics of production.
In view of the above, a project has been designed for the manufacture of various
cement based products viz cement concrete solid blocks and hollow blocks including
bricks, concrete paving blocks, cement concrete tiles and mosaic flooring tiles, primarily
to meet the domestic demands in Bhutan. It is important to note that cement concrete
bricks are usually more costly than red clay bricks, however, in case of Bhutan, red clay
bricks are quite expensive in view of the heavy transport costs involved and therefore,
production of cement concrete bricks becomes a viable proposition. The details of the
products proposed to be manufactured, raw materials required, manufacturing
technologies and machines have been given in forth coming discussions.

CHAPTER 3 – MARKET ANALYSIS
3.1 Demand and supply scenario

The cement based products envisaged to be manufacture in the unit are the
basic building blocks of any construction viz housing and commercial buildings, industrial
estates, road and bridges, hydro electric power projects and any other type of
construction. As discussed earlier in the part I of the report in a developing economy like
Bhutan, the construction becomes the major activity in various spheres of development,
be it power, road, urban infrastructure and housing, education, health, communication.
Evidently, the strengthening of infrastructure has become a focused sector for
development in Bhutan. It could be observed that a lot of construction activities are
either in the process of implementation or planned to be taken up in near future both in
public and private sector. With the growing pace of development in infrastructure sector
mainly power & roads and increasing trend of urbanization, the construction activities are
likely to gain further momentum.
As per the estimate of structural experts, the demand of building construction unit
for load bearing & partition wall is around 5% of the cost of construction, flooring tiles –
5% and paving blocks is 2-3% of the construction & development cost of buildings. Thus
the cement based products shall account for a total of 10% of the estimated cost of
building construction envisaged for urban & rural development. This estimate shall
further include a part of budget earmarked for the development of footpaths, pavements,
bridges & roads etc.
Further, an ambitious power project Punatshangchhu- Hydroelectric Power

Project is being setup at Wangdue. The project has a provision of construction of a
township, hospitals, including also roads infrastructure. A number of other power
projects have also been planned for adding around 340 MW capacity per annum. The
implementation of the project will lead to a lot of construction activities in and around the
project location. Further, the programme for construction of roads and bridges in Bhutan
is being taken up on an extensive scale. The 10th five year plan document emphasizes
on construction of road network including national highways, rural roads along with a
number of bridges and also on broadening and up-gradation of existing roads and
highways. Similarly, it is estimated that the urban population is likely to grow much
higher than the present level resulting in the additional requirement of housing facilities
and commercial constructions.
As mentioned in the part I of the report, hydro-electric power projects, road

constructions and urban development constitute the main sectors requiring these
construction materials. Taking into consideration, the financial allocation to these
sectors in 10 th five year plan of Bhutan and considering the requirement of cement
based products at around 1.5%of the total cost in power projects, around 0.5% in road
and bridge construction projects and around 10% in urban development projects, the
total projected requirement of cement based products for 10th five year plan works out to
be approximately Rs. 68 crores. Besides, there would be additional demand of Rs. 7
crores (10% of the government sector demand) from private sector construction projects

and thus the total demand would be around Rs. 75 crores. This would lead to a demand
level of around Rs. 15 crores of cement based products per annum and therefore 4-5
units for the production of cement based products are considered viable, taking into
consideration, the available demand level at around 80% of the projected requirement.
The activities in all these sectors of construction shall generate a huge and long
term demand for various construction materials. As the items proposed to be
manufactured in the project are the basic units for construction for any type construction,
prima-facie, there would be no problems in marketing the products of the unit. There is
already one unit near Thimphu having facilities for the production of cement concrete
bricks and blocks and they have been able to successfully market their products. In the
construction of housing colonies of Tala Power Project, cement concrete bricks have
been used. Keeping in view, the boom in construction industry in Bhutan, there is ample
scope for setting up few more units for the production of cement products.
3.2 Competitive Advantages

The cement products proposed to be manufacture by the unit constituent the
basic building blocks for any construction activity. The main competition would be from
the red clay bricks or the cement products produced at far of locations. The unit in
Punakha is being recommended mainly for catering to the local demand of hydro-electric
power related construction activities in the area and the competitive advantages would
be as under: -
 Production of tailor made goods in terms of design and quality as per

requirement of the concerned authorities in hydro-electric power project and
other private customers.
 Lower transport cost of finished goods from factory to construction site, the unit
being in Punakha which is around 15-18 kms from the project site in Wangdue.
 Value addition on local raw materials.
 Better inventory control management as the production can be planned as per
demand of the customers.
 The unit being in vicinity to power project, the products could be supplied at short
notice to customers including hydro-electric power project.
There is already one unit at Thimphu for the manufacture of cement based
products. The proposed project is being recommended to be setup near Punakha in
view of the upcoming hydro electric power project in Wangdue. It is envisaged that the
proposed project shall be able to supply the hollow blocks and tiles for the construction
activities related to power project and other construction projects at economical prices
due to lower cost of transport of finished goods from the manufacturing unit to the
construction sites.

3.3 Target market and Marketing Strategy

The industrial units for the production of cement based products could be
developed as a cluster of a number of units manufacturing different products. In this
cluster, a number of units could be setup for manufacturing different products. This
would enable the individual units to achieve better economics of production since it
would be possible to transport the raw materials in bulk at an economical price and also
to market wide range of product from one center of production. The cluster approach
would also help in developing and refining the skills of manpower to be employed in
these units through joint programmes of training and demonstration. The following
strategy could be adopted by the unit for better market access.
 Long term contract with hydro-electric power project authorities for supplying the
cement based products on mutually agreed terms and conditions as the project
would be the main buyer.
 Ensuring the quality and design of the products as per requirement of the project
authorities.
 Direct sales to construction projects in private sector.
 Sales of floor tiles through hardware stores.
All construction projects viz building construction in both in public and private
sector, road construction, bridges could be the target market for the project. In most of
the private housing construction, normally the red bricks have been used in the past,
however, their cost is quite prohibitive on account of heavy transport cost. The unit has
to strive for a placement of red bricks by cement concrete bricks both on cost
considerations as well as on advantages associated with the use of cement bricks viz
less consumption of cement in the construction for wall construction and plastering. The
marketing team of the unit has to create awareness among the prospective buyers about
the advantages associated with the use of cement bricks. The unit also needs to market
the cement blocks and paver blocks to road construction agencies and contractors by
offering quality products at a competitive rate as compared to the blocks usually cast
near the site of construction. This should be possible as the unit can avail the benefits of
bulk purchase of raw materials and supply the quality goods at competitive prices to the
market. The unit also needs to have some skilled peoples on contract basis who could
educate and guide the supervisors, masons and workers at construction sites in
correctly laying the bricks with optimum use of cement mortar and also in plastering of
the constructed walls and surfaces, so as to achieve the best results.
3.4 Product range and product description

As mentioned above, the project has been designed for the production of a
variety of cement based products. The unit shall have two manufacturing sections, the
first for the production of cement concrete blocks, hollow blocks and paving blocks and
the second for the production of cement concrete tiles and mosaic flooring tiles.
10

3.5 Cement Concrete blocks and hollow blocks

All these years the smallest unit of construction has been red clay bricks.
However due to use of fertile top and bio-fuel the use of red clay bricks is being
discouraged world over. Inconsistent quality, size & shape and low crushing strength
are some of the factors declining the use of bricks. The most successfully used
alternative material is cement concrete bricks and blocks. The mechanical strength of
these blocks is consistent and much better than the clay bricks. This ensures structural
stability. The two plane surface of the blocks obviates necessity of plaster and if required
the quantity of mortar used is very low.
These masonry units viz cement concrete blocks are used for both load bearing
and non-load bearing walls, partitions and panels, retaining walls. The hollow (open &
closed cavity) blocks are made with normal weight aggregate and are known as normal
weight units. The hollow load bearing concrete blocks are made of standard sizes viz.
Bricks - 230 x 115 x 75 (mm)

- 190 x 90 x 90 (mm)
Solid Blocks - 400 x 200 x 200 (mm)
- 300 x 200 x 150 (mm)
- 290 x 200 x 140 (mm)
Hollow Blocks - 400 x 200 x 200 (mm)
- 400 x 200 x 150 (mm)
The weight varies from 17-31 kg. The hollow blocks have one or more large
holes or cavities. The cavities which pass through the blocks are called open cavities
hollow blocks and those which do not effectively pass through the block are closed
cavity block. A hollow block should have 50 to 75% material of total volume. The solid
block has solid material not less than 75% of the total volume.
The masonry building units are made in sizes & shapes to fulfill different
construction needs these includes stretchers, corners, double corners, pier, jamb,
header, bull nose. Half lengths are made to fulfill masonry needs. Blocks of sizes other
than mentioned above can also be manufactured as per the mutual agreement between
the buyer & manufacturer. However care has to be taken that the vibro presses are
capable of generating the desires pressure to solidify the block and impart sufficient
green strength.
The hollow concrete blocks are required to conform to be following requirement:
 Load bearing units should have minimum bulk density of 1100 kg / m3 and
1500 kg/m3
 Average minimum compressive strength specified varies from 3.5 – 15
N/mm2
11

 Solid concrete blocks used as load bearing unit shall have a bulk density of
not less than 1800 kg/m3
 The minimum average compressive strength should be 4.0 – 5.0 N/mm2
The standard dimensions viz length, breadth and thickness and the weight per
unit for solid cement concrete blocks and hollow cement concrete blocks are as given
below:
Solid Concrete Block Specifications: Hollow Concrete Block Specifications:

Length 290 mm Length 400 mm
Width 200 mm Width 200 mm
Height 140 mm Height 200 mm
Weight: 16 kg Weight: 16 kg
3.5.1 Paver Blocks
The paving blocks of different sizes and shape find application in pavements,
footpaths, gardens, passengers waiting halls, bus stops, industry and other public
places. The product is commonly used in urban areas for the above applications.
Concrete paving blocks is an ideal material for easy laying of footpath. It gives aesthetic
look and fine finish. This also finds extensive use outside the large public buildings and
houses.
12

The Paver blocks are made both in natural cement color and different bright
colors. As per the application they are made both in plain geometrical designs &
interlocking. Paver blocks are used for light, medium & heavy duty applications and
these are designed and manufactured accordingly.
Light Usage: Side walks, walk ways, garden path, verandahs, swimming pool decks,
Terries, pavements, footpaths, bicycle path, jogging track etc.
Medium Usage: Hotel-driveways, restaurant, shopping mall/plazas, amusement parks,

holidays parking lots embankment, canal lining.
Heavy Usage: Inland container depots, industrial floor, ramps, petrol pumps, service
stations, factory compound, bus terminals & road sides etc.
Paver blocks are classified in different grades as per Indian Standards keeping in
view the quantum of the load of traffic at their intended sites of use. The details are as
under:
13

Grade Specific Traffic Recommended Application

compressive category minimum
strength of paver block
paver block at thickness
28 days N/
mm2
M -30 30 Non traffic 50 mm Building premises
monument, landscape,
public garden and park
drives.
M-35 35 Light 60 mm Pedestrians shopping
traffic complexes, car parks,
office complexes,
driveways, farm site,
local & residential
footways.
M-40 40 Medium 80 mm City streets, small &
traffic medium roads, paths.
M-50 50 Heavy 100 mm Bus terminals, industrial
traffic complexes houses,
service stations.
M-55 55 Very 120 mm Container terminals, bulk
heavy cargo areas, airport
traffic pavements.
The use of concrete paver has many advantages over the conventional.
 Quality control possible with in house concrete testing laboratories.

 Easy installation without specialized equipment.
 Can be unlocked, removed & re-fixed to facilitate repairs.
 Sophisticated & attractive appearance.
 Maintenance free & economical.
 High compressive strength.
 Low water absorption.
 High abrasion resistance.
Comparison of Pavers to IPS
Sl. No. Pavers IPS

1. Cracks are not found Cracks appear after sometime
2. No skilled labour required Skilled labour required
3. Can be removed anytime Cannot be removed without brakeage
without brakeage
4. No accumulation of water Accumulation of water
5. Can be use for roads, Not used generally require alternate
pavements, gardens etc. material
6. Good & bright appearance Dull appearance
14

3.6 Cement Concrete tiles and Mosaic flooring tiles

The cement concrete tiles are used both for laying floors inside & outside the
buildings. The mosaic flooring tiles are also known as terrazzo tiles. The natural
occurring raw materials like marble chips, stone chips, stone dust, sand, stone
aggregate and cement is used in the production of tiles. The construction of floor by
laying these tiles is time saving. The repair of damaged floor can easily be carried out
by replacing the tiles. The colorful stone chips tile is a good decorative flooring material.
The promotion of these items will help in promoting the use of natural resources.
Cement concrete tiles proposed to be manufactured can broadly be classified in

the following categories:
 Plain Cement Tiles: In the manufacture of plan cement tiles no pigment or stone
chips viz marble chips & others are used.
 Plain Colored Tiles: The tiles have a plain colored wearing surface.
 Terrazzo Tiles (Chequered Tiles): Are also known as Mosaic Flooring Tiles.
The wearing surface is composed of stone chips in a matrix of ordinary or
colored Portland cement mixed with or without pigments and the surface is
mechanically ground to achieve the smoothness.
The cement concrete flooring tiles are classified as below depending upon their
intended applications:
 General Purpose Tile: These are used for flooring in such places wherein
normally uses conditions are not quite heavy resulting in light load applications
usage such as office buildings, schools, colleges, hospitals & residential building.
 Heavy Duty Floor Tile: These are used for heavy traffic conditions such as
footpath, entrances & stair cases of public buildings.
The tiles are made in various sizes depending upon their use and usage
conditions. The details of the recommended sizes are as under:
15

Cement Concrete Flooring Tiles Cement Concrete Terrazzo Tiles

200 x 200 x 20 (mm) 200 x 200 x 22 (mm)
250 x 250 x 22 (mm) 250 x 250 x 22 (mm)
300 x 300 x 25 (mm) 300 x 300 x 25 (mm)
3.7 Standards and quality specifications

Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) have prescribed a number of standard
specifications for hollow and solid cement concrete blocks, Paver blocks, cement
concrete flooring tiles and Chequered cement concrete tiles. The details of the standard
specifications are as follows:
IS 2185 (Part 1): 2005 Concrete Masonry Units - Specification

Part 1 Hollow & Solid Concrete Blocks
IS 2185 (Part 2): 1983 Specification for Concrete Masonry Units Part 2
Hollow & Solid Lightweight Concrete Blocks
IS 15658: 2006 Pre-cast Concrete Blocks For Paving - Specification
IS: 1237 – 1980 Specification For Cement Concrete Flooring Tiles
IS 13801: 1993 Chequered Cement Concrete Tiles Specification
In addition to the above standards, Indian Standards specification relating to

cement viz IS-269, IS-8112, IS-455, IS-1484, part 1 & 2, IS-8041, IS-8042, for stone
aggregates IS-383 for water IS-456, for additive and pigments IS 44, IS-54 & 56, IS
3574, IS 411, IS 50 & IS 3574 also need to be referred to.
16

CHAPTER 4 – RESOURCES
4.1 Main Resources
The main resources for the production of cement-based products include the
following:
- Land and building

- Plant and machinery
- Raw materials viz Portland cement, stone aggregates, natural sand,
stone crush, synthetic and natural pigments
- Power
- Water
- Skilled and non-skilled workers
It has been envisaged in the project the land for the project would be available on
lease basis from Government of Bhutan. The building and the shed as per requirements
has to be constructed for the unit. There would be two production sections of the unit viz
cement concrete block manufacturing section and cement concrete tiles & mosaic
flooring tiles section. Persons having sufficient experience in the production of these
products have to be employed as production supervisor so as to ensure the
manufacturing of quality goods. Experienced machine operators would also be needed
for main machine for hydraulic presses. The operators can also be trained by the
machine manufacturers at the site of the factory during installation and commission of
the machine.
4.2 Raw materials and consumables

4.2.1 Raw materials for cement concrete blocks
The main raw materials required include cement, stone aggregates, fine and coarse
sand, chemical additives and water. The details are as under:
 Portland cement complying to Indian Standard grade 33, 43 & 53 is widely used
in the manufacture of blocks.
 The stone aggregate should be hard preferably more than 5 on morsh’s scale. It
should be free from deleterious matters. Grit size of 8 mm & less is mostly used.
 However in case of large size blocks the mesh size could be up to 12 mm.
 The natural sand & stone crush of size 2 mm & below is used. It should be free
from clay dust & deleterious matters.
 The water should be free from the matters harmful to concrete and reinforcement
or matters likely to cost efflorescence in the product.
 Additives and admixtures are used to accelerating the process of setting, water
reduction, minimizing of air en-trapping & as super plasticizers. Chemical
17

additives are also used for imparting water proofing characteristics. Colors and
pigments are also used for imparting color to the products.
4.2.2 Raw materials for cement concrete tiles and mosaic flooring tiles
The details of raw materials used for plain cement tiles, plain colored tiles and
terrazzo tiles are as under:
 White or Grey colored Portland Cement of various grades confirming to Indian

Standard such as IS 269, IS 8041, 8042, IS 1489, grade 43, 53 etc. are used.
 Stone crush of 6 mm & below is normally used for backing layer. It should be free
from soft, honey combed particles & deleterious matters. For the wearing layer
the aggregate consists of marble or stone chips of similar character & hardness,
Marble powder & Dolomite powder is also used.
 Synthetic or natural pigments are used in the concrete mix to obtain colorful tiles
of desired shades. It should provide durable colors and should be free from
matters deleterious to concrete pigments either singly or in combination. It is
recommended to use pigment to a maximum of 9% by weight of cement used in
the top layer concrete. The pigment should be finer than cement (fineness
between 2-15 m2/kg). It should be free from zinc compound and organic dyes.
4.3 Comparative analysis of sources and prices of critical inputs

& consumables
As mentioned earlier, the raw materials required for manufacture of cement
products include the following: -
 Portland Cement grey

 White cement
 Stone aggregates
 Marble stone chips / powder
 Natural river sand
 Stone dust
 Natural / Synthetic pigments
 Additives
The major raw materials for the project include cement, stone aggregates and
sand / stone dust. All these raw materials are available in Bhutan and the cement could
be directly procured from the cement companies. The stone aggregates, stone dust and
river sand is also available in Punakha and Wangdue area where the project is to be
located. Marble stone, chips and powder is also available in Bhutan. The pigments and
additives need to be imported as per requirement depending on the production
programme.
18

4.4 Recommended sources

A list of raw material supplier has been given in the Annexure II. As mentioned
above, it would be more economical to purchase the cement directly from cement
companies.
4.5 Annual requirement of raw materials

The annual requirement of various raw materials along with their prices have
been given in the chapter 9 relating to cost presentation.
19

CHAPTER 5 – THE PLANT
5.1 Selection of technology

The basic process involved in the manufacture of cement concrete blocks
includes mixing of cement, stone aggregate and sand in appropriate proportion and
casting of blocks. The manufacturing process for paver blocks and cement concrete
tiles and mosaic flooring tiles also involves similar operations. For the manufacturing of
cement concrete blocks, manual, semi-automatic and automatic processes of operation
are used. The major item of machines for automatic, semi automatic & manual process
are similar except that in case of automatic machines, the transportation of raw material,
mixture, charging of press & shifting of green product from one machine to the other is
carried out with the help of material handling equipments such as shovel loader,
conveyer belt, screw conveyer & fork lifter etc. Keeping in view, the size of demand for
these products in Bhutan, a semi automatic process has been taken into consideration in
the proposed project. The plant would have following two manufacturing sections.
 Hollow blocks and Paver blocks section

 Mosaic tiles and Colored tiles section
5.1.1 Process Technologies used
As mentioned above, for the production of cement products normally following

type of process technology are used
 Manual process wherein the mixing of various ingredients and casting of blocks
and bricks is carried out manually.
 Semi-automatic process using semi-automatic machines for mixing and casting
operations.
 Fully automatic process.
5.1.2 Factors influencing the choice of technology
A number of factors need to be taken into considerations while deciding the

choice in favour of a process technology. These factors mainly include
 Factor inputs
 Market findings viz size of market and recurrence of repeat demand
 Purchasing power of consumers and prevailing price spectrum
 Future projections of market demand
 Availability of skilled manpower and support facilities
 Availability of infrastructure and transport facilities
 Environmental considerations
20

5.1.3 Technology recommended
As stated earlier, the project is based on semi-automatic process technology

wherein for mixing and casting semi-automatic machines are proposed to be used.
Keeping in view, the relatively small size of demand in Bhutan, the semi-automatic
operations are most suited and this would offer the following main advantages.
 Low capital cost

 Common mixing plant for all the products
 Facility for easy change of modes
 Feasibility for production of low volumes of a specific size and design of the
product.
5.2 Production Capacity

In both the manufacturing sections, an appropriate product mix of most
commonly used items has been taken into considerations while calculating the
production capacity of the unit. The annual production capacity of both the sections has
been taken for the manufacture of blocks & tiles. For the purpose of financial analysis
product mix has been taken into consideration on the basis of single shift working for
300 days in a year. 100 days of production has been taken for the manufacture of each
item mentioned below. 90% of installed machine capacity has been taken as the
production capacity of the plant at optimum. The product mix along with quantity of each
item of production per annum is as given under.
Cement concrete blocks and paver blocks:
Solid blocks 390 x 190 x 140 2,00,000 nos

Hollow blocks 390 x 190x 190 2,00,000 nos
Paver blocks 225 x 112 x 80 6,00,000 nos
Cement Concrete tiles and Mosaic Flooring tiles:
Grey mosaic tiles 300 x 300 x 22 3,00,000 nos

Grey mosaic tiles 250 x 250 x 22 3,00,000 nos
Colored tiles 250 x 250 x 22 2,50,000 nos
21

5.3 Details and specification of machinery and equipments:

A). For cement concrete block manufacturing section:
Particulars of Machine
1 Hydraulically operated stationary
block making machine with:-
Hydraulic system - 5 HP
Mould vibrator – 2 HP x 2
Ram vibrator – 1.5 HP x 1
Moulding area – 860 x 600 (mm)
Pallet feeder – hydraulic x 1
Mix feeder – hydraulic x 1
Mix feeder bin - hydraulic x 1
Moulds:-
2 200 x 200 x 400 (mm) cavity block ram & mould

5 200 x 200 x 400 (mm) solid block ram & mould
8 Paver block mould
(or mould of any size as per market demand)
9 Pallet stacker
10 Pan mixer of 500 kg. capacity with 15 HP motor
11 Mix conveyor with 2 HP motor
12 Platform electronic weighing scale 500 kg. capacity
13 Water dosing pump with 2 HP motor
14 Wheel barrows with pneumatic wheels
15 Pallet truck 1500 kg. capacity
16 Pallet truck capacity 500 kg. with pneumatic wheels
17 Pallets size 900 x 650 x 250 (mm)
18 Skip loader
19 Color mixer 100 kg. capacity 7 HP
B). Cement concrete tiles and mosaic flooring tiles section:

Particular of Machine
20 Hydraulic press (Cap. 150 kg/ sq. cm) with pressure gauge
21 Hydraulic double piston pump with 5 HP motor combined with safety valve,
capable of feeding 4 to 5 presses, ram vibrator 1.5 HP, mould vibrator 2 HP
22 Leveling (grinding) machine complete with all attachments grinding capacity
4 tiles at a time (5 HP)
23 Semi polishing machine with 2 HP motor for sample polishing for testing
24 Mould with 1 set of extra mould
25 Pallets
26 Tipping borrows
22

5.4 Process of manufacture
5.4.1 Cement concrete blocks
The manufacturing process of cement concrete blocks mainly involves mixing

and casting of blocks. The concrete mix in respect of cement aggregate and sand
should be suitably proportioned to gain required strength of block conforming to the
standards. The factors like quality of raw materials, grading, homogenous mixing, vibro
pressing and curing plays a vital role in producing quality blocks. The coarse, fine &
medium grade materials should preferably be mixed in the ratio of 40:20:40 for obtaining
better interlocking of grains. Vibration & pressing action together helps in better
dispersion of mixture and compaction. The amount of water required for the mixture
varies depending upon the grading of aggregated & capacity of press machine.
PAN MIXER SKIP LOADER
23

VIBRO-HYDRAULIC PRESS
Batching equipment is used for proportioning the ingredient accurately. Concrete

mixer is used for homogenous mixing and blocks are shaped in a vibro compactor.
Material handling is carried out with the help of shovel loader, screw & belt conveyer and
forklift etc. The blocks after formation are stacked on pallets and carefully shifted to shed
in a humid atmosphere to develop initial strength in 24-36 hours. The blocks are
stacked & sprayed with the water. The spraying of water must be continued
intermittently for a period of three weeks for complete curing. The blocks are then
allowed to dry for four week before dispatch.
24

As stated above, keeping in view the size of the demand for these products in
Bhutan, a semi-automatic process has been recommended in the project.
5.4.2 Paver Blocks
The manufacturing process for Paver blocks is similar to the process employed
for block making and the raw material used are also same. However, for various raw
materials and their quality the corresponding Indian Standard may be referred to. The
pavers are made both in the natural color and in a range of other shades. The top layer
of the Paver is laid with the coloring material.
Synthetic or natural pigments are used in the concrete mix to obtain coloured
Paver blocks of desired shades. It should provide durable colors and should be free from
matters deleterious to concrete pigments either singly or in combination. It is
recommended to use pigment to a maximum of 9 percent by weight of cement used in
the top layer concrete. The pigment should be finer then cement (fineness between 2-
15 m2/kg). It should be free from zinc compound and organic dyes.
In the production process of Paver blocks, the raw materials are mixed in suitable
grade & ratio. After homogenous mixing, it is compacted with the help of suitable die in a
Vibro-pressing machine. For colored layer of blocks, the pigment is separately mixed in
a counter current mixer with fine grade aggregate. The mixture of desired colour is
uniformly spread over the top layer of the block with the help of a front feed drawer. In
case of non automatic process, the mixture is spread manually before compaction. The
paver blocks are sifted in a shade with the help of pellet stacker/forklift. After initial
development of strength in a period of 24-36 hrs, the blocks are stacked & subjected to
water spraying and misting for curing. After three weeks of curing, the block are allowed
to dry before dispatch.
25

The process flowchart for the manufacture of cement concrete blocks and paver
blocks is as given below:
PROCESS FLOW CHART
SAND AGGREGATE PORTLAND CEMENT
PROPORTIONING AND BATCHING
WATER MIXER
MIXER FOR
VIBRO-PRESSING
COLOUR
STACKING OF GREEN MATERIAL
CURING
DRYING FINISHED PRODUCT
5.5 Cement concrete tiles and mosaic flooring tiles

Basically, the manufacturing process of tiles is also similar to production of
blocks. Cement, coarse & fine aggregate are mixed in a ratio of 1:4 for the backing layer.
A homogenous mass is obtained with the help of a suitable mixes by adding required
quantity of water. The mixture for wearing layer is separately prepared using marble
chips, colored stone chips, marble dolomite powder with grey or white cement. The
selection of pigment, marble or colored chips etc. is made to produce distinctive designs
& deep color shades. The pressing of the tiles in done in a Vibro-press in two
successions for molding the backing & facing layers.
Suitable iron moulds are fitted with the bottom plate of the press. The facing
mixture is first spread into the mould to a thickness of about 6.5 mm & then backing
mixture is filled to form a thickness of 15.5 mm. It is pressed to form the shape at a
pressure of around 150 kg/sq. cm. The tiles are ejected from the moulds and stacked in
shade for 24 hours to develop initial strength. It is then sprayed with water alternatively
immersed in water for curing. After two weeks, the cured tiles are stacked in shade for
drying and then ground & polished to make the top surface smooth. The tiles are finally
finished manually for any minor visual defect and packed for dispatch.
26

The process flowchart for the manufacturing of plain and coloured mosaic tiles is
given below: -
PROCESS FLOW CHART
SAND AGGREGATE CEMENT MARBLE CHIPS,

POWDER
PROPORTIONING AND BATCHING
WHITE
WATER MIXER COLOURS
CEMENT
MIXER FOR
VIBRO-PRESSING TOP LAYER MIX
TOP LAYER
SETTING
CURING
TOP-LAYER GRINDING
POLISHING
FILLING & REPAIR
FINISHED PRODUCT
5.6 Process and quality control

The products proposed to be manufactured by the unit are the basic construction
materials and it is desirable that they are manufactured as per quality standards.
Accordingly, a common testing laboratory for both the sections is purposed for the
testing of raw materials and finished products and also to ensure in process quality
control. The laboratory will be equipped with the following equipments to carry out the
various tests as per standard procedure. The details of the tests which need to be
carried out and the list of equipment is as given below:
27

5.6.1 Physical Tests:

 Visual inspection for defect like crack, chipping, open course, sponginess
 Dimensions, flatness of tiles surface, perpendicularity, straightness
 Density
 Moisture absorption
 Drying shrinkage
 Water absorption
 Compressive strength
 Modulus of rupture
 Abrasion resistance
5.6.2 Testing Equipments:

 Steel scale, calipers, rectangle, vernier scale, magnifying glass etc
 Balance with accuracy up to 2nd place of decimal
 Electronic platform type weighing machine
 Vibrating screen set (for grading of raw material)
 Equipment for determination of porosity and water absorption
 Glass apparatus like beaker flask, test tube, etc
 Universal testing machine
 Micro meter gauge, dial gauge
 Abrasion testing machine
 Drying oven
 Rapid moisture testing equipment
28

5.6.3 Plant Layout
5.7 Technical know-how

The manufacturing process for the production of cement based products is
relatively simple and involves two major operations viz mixing of cement, stone
aggregates and sand in suitable proportion and casting of the mix in the form of blocks
of requisite size. The ratio of the ingredients in the mix has to be suitably adjusted to
impart the required strength to the block depending on its sues. These ratios are well-
known for various standard products. Proper mixing, Vibro pressing and proper curing
also play major role in the quality of the products. Besides, design of the product is
another aspect which needs to be looked into. With a view to produce quality goods at
economical cost, experienced people in the production of similar products need to be
employed. The basic details of the technology and machine operations are also
provided by the machine manufacturers. The machine suppliers also train the operators
and skilled workers at their own factory or at the site of installation of their machines.
This aspect has been discussed by IDRG team with some of the machine suppliers also.
A provision has been made in the project for process and quality control laboratory and
the finer technological details viz ratio proportion of ingredients and curing time could be
adjusted keeping in view the local conditions and the test results of the products.
29

5.8 Requirement of power and fuel

It is estimated that 45 KWH power connection would be required for the
production unit including the power requirement for production machines and general
purpose lighting. The cost of the power has been calculated on the basis of Re. 1.45 per
unit.
5.9 Requirement of manpower

The annual production turnover and the financial projections are based on single
shift operation of machines. For operation of the unit, 3 managerial and office staff, 3
marketing executives, 1 laboratory technician, 1 laboratory assistant, 2 plant
supervisors, 4 skilled workers and 15 unskilled workers would be required. In case the
unit is required to be operated in more than one shift, additional staff would be required.
In addition to this, there would be a requirement of contract workers during the
construction phase of the factory and installation of machinery and equipment. The
organization chart for single shift operation would be as under:
5.10 Organization Chart

Manager
(Overall head of the factory operations)
Production Testing and Administration

Section Quality control and accounts
section
Accounts and
administration
Plant Laboratory staff – 2 nos
supervisor – 2 technician – 1
Machine Laboratory
operators – 4 assistant – 1
Unskilled
workers – 15
The project has a good employment potential for skilled and unskilled workers,
which would be employed in the production unit. Beside the project would generate
employment potential in marketing & sales of its produce, transport of raw materials and
finished products. The project would thus create opportunity both for direct & indirect
employment.
30

CHAPTER 6 – PLANT LOCATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE
6.1 Potential Locations

Location of the proposed unit should preferably in the vicinity of the major sites of
construction as well as sources of raw materials. Thimphu, Phuentsholing, Punakha,
Wangdue, Gelephu, Samdrup and Paro happen to be the main towns and would
constitute the major sites of construction. Besides, Wangdue being the site of biggest
ongoing power projects has also tremendous potential for construction activities. In past
also, a cement brick unit was setup near to the site of Taala power project. The units for
the manufacture of main raw materials viz stone aggregates and sand also need to be
promoted near the proposed project. Cement, in any case, has to be transported from
the cement factories.
6.2 Selection of suitable locations

In order to select the suitable location for the manufacturing plant, various
parameters viz availability of land, environmental conditions, investments considerations,
operational logistics, future development possibility, socio-economic factors including
availability of services like transport and communication facilities etc. have been taken
into consideration for ranking the locations. The table below shows the ranking of
locations:
31

Ranking of possible locations based on various parameters

Weightage of location related parameters
S. Locations Land Environme Socio Investment Operational Future Overall
No. Access ntal economic Consideratio Logistics development Rating
conditions Conditions factors n possibilities
1 Punakha 7 7 7 9 8 7 45
2 Wangdue 7 7 6 7 8 7 42
3 Thimphu 7 7 6 8 7 7 42
4 Phuentsholing 7 7 6 7 7 7 41
5 Gelephu 7 7 6 7 7 7 41
6 Samdrup 7 7 6 7 7 7 41
7 Paro 7 7 6 7 7 7 41
It is therefore proposed that the unit be located near Punakha. It may be

mentioned that the project site is almost in between Wangdue and Punakha. The
requisite infrastructure viz land, power, road transport and communication facilities
required for the proposed unit are available in and around Punakha and the
infrastructure facilities are likely to be further developed due to setting up of hydro
electric power project. The project has been conceptualized in totality and all the
manufacturing operations are proposed to be carried out in the unit itself. The project
has an inbuilt provision for spare parts, components & tools and the cost for the same
has been incorporated. There may be some requirement of minor mechanical or electric
repairs which could be taken care of by the skilled workers of the unit. Alternatively, the
assistance could be taken off from the existing mechanical and electrical repair
workshops.
Further keeping in view the fact that on the considerations of market demand, all
major towns and sites of big projects constitute the potential market for the cement
based products since these products happen to be the basic building blocks of any
construction activity. Accordingly, it is recommended that a number of such units need
to be promoted at different locations to meet the local demand. Punakha has been
recommended as the selected location for the project since there would be lot of
construction activities in near future both for the hydro electric power project and also
creation of support facilities for the project as well as there would be lot of construction
activities in the private sector to meet the growing demand of housing and commercial
establishments.
32

CHAPTER 7 – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
7.1 Environmental aspect of manufacturing process

The manufacturing process involved in the production of cement based products
are basically mixing of various ingredients viz cement, stone aggregate and sand, the
conversion of raw material mix into the form of paste followed by casting of the mix in
requisite shape and sizes. There are no solid, liquid or gaseous effluents generated
during the manufacturing process. However, while preparing the mix of cement, stone
aggregates and sand, some dust particles get floated in the air causing higher level of
suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the air. This could be checked and controlled by
providing appropriate coverings to the mixing bins, use of exhaust fans and sprinkling of
water on sand and stone aggregates as also during mixing operations. A provision of
dust collector would further minimize the SPM in the air and improve the working
conditions in and around the manufacturing unit. The wearing of mask by workers to
protect them from inhaling of dust particles is also recommended.
7.2 Waste generated and mitigation measures

In the manufacturing process of cement based products, no solid, liquid or
gaseous wastes are generated. However, as mentioned above, during handling of
cement, stone aggregates and sand, dust particles flow in the air resulting in higher level
of suspended particulates matter (SPM). In order to reduce the SPM, various methods
could be used viz covering of mixing bins, used of exhaust fan, sprinkling of water and
use of dust collectors. Besides, there would be some waste of metal scrap, wooden
scrap, broken bricks, stone aggregates, etc during construction phase of the project.
The waste generated during construction phase is mainly used for earth filling & flooring.
The details of the waste generated during construction phase and project operation
phase along with mitigation measures are given below in subsequent paras.
7.2.1 Waste generated during construction phase and mitigation modes
The details of the waste generated during construction phase and the mitigation
measures are as under: -
S. No. Type of waste/scrap Quantity Mitigation measures Impact on

Environment
1. Metal scrap Around 2-3 % of Sold to trade No adverse
the steel used in channels for impact
construction reprocessing.
2. Wooden scrap Around 5-7% of Used as fuel. No adverse
the wood used in impact
construction.
33

3. Clay stones, Depending upon Used for earth filling. No adverse

mounds on the impact.
topography of the
construction site.
4. Brick stone cement 5% of the quantity Used for flooring No adverse
aggregate used and earth filling. impact
7.2.2 Waste generated during project operation phase and mitigation modes
The details of the waste generated and the mitigation measures are as under:
S. No. Type of waste Quantity Mitigation Impact on

measures environment
1. Liquid effluents Nil Not applicable No adverse
impact
2. Gaseous effluents Nil Not applicable No adverse
impact
3. Solid effluents or Small SPM can be No adverse
waste quantity checked by impact
* During handling sprinkling of
of raw materials, water, covering
there is likely to be of mixing bins
higher level of and use of dust
SPM in the air in collectors.
the production
shed.
34

CHAPTER 8 – IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE
8.1 Implementation Schedule – Table

Particular From To Total Weeks
Arrangement of Funds through Bank/
Own 1 8 8
Procurement of Land 1 7 7
Procurement of Tech. know how/

transfer of technology 1 18 18
Finalization of Building Contracts 6 11 5
Placement of Orders for Building

Material 7 14 7
Placement of Orders for Machinery 9 19 10
Construction of Manufacturing
premises 13 43 30
Delivery of Machinery 27 43 16
Erection, Commissioning of Plant &

Machinery & Utilities 41 46 5
Procurement of Raw Material and

Trial Runs 46 48 2
Training for workers 48 49 1
Commercial Production 49 50 1
35

8.2 Implementation schedule – Graphic view
Implementation Schedule
Manufacture of Exercise Books
Week
Activity
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
Arrangement of Funds through Bank/ Own
Procurement of Land
Procurement of Tech. know how/ transfer

of technology
Finalization of Building Contracts
Placement of Orders for Building Material
Placement of Orders for Machinery
Construction of Manufacturing premises
Delivery of Machinery
Erection, Commissioning of Plant &

Machinery & Utilities
Procurement of Raw Material and Trial

Runs
Training for workers
Commercial Production
Register eDocPrinter PDF Pro Online Now!! 36

CHAPTER 9 – COST PRESENTATION
9.1 Capital costs
9.1.1 Cost of Land and building
A). Plot and built up area

- Total land requirement - 6000 sq. mt.
- Constructed area for godowns, offices and
Testing laboratory - 208 sq. mt.
- Two Industrial sheds of 450 sq. mt each
for installations of machines - 900 sq. mt.
- Curing tanks for blocks and tiles - 2 nos
B). Cost of construction

- Office and godown (208 X 6000) - Rs. 12,48,000/-
- Industrial sheds (900 X 3500) - Rs. 31,50,000/-
- Curing tanks - Rs. 1,15,000/-
Sub-total - Rs. 45,13,000/-
C). Land on lease @ Rs. 10/- per sq. mt / annum
Break up of cost of construction
Office and godown

Industrial sheds
Curing tanks
37

9.1.2 Cost of Machines and Equipments
S. No. Particulars of Machine Nos Amount

1 Hydraulically operated stationary 1 5,92,000
block making machine (M1) with:-
Hydraulic system - 5 HP
Mould vibrator – 2 HP x 2
Ram vibrator – 1.5 HP x 1
Moulding area – 860 x 600 (mm)
Pallet feeder – hydraulic x 1
Mix feeder – hydraulic x 1
Mix feeder bin - hydraulic x 1
Moulds (M2):-
2 200 x 200 x 400 (mm) cavity block ram & mould (M3) 1 set 18,500
3 150 x 200 x 400 (mm) cavity block ram & mould (M4) -do- 18,500
4 100 x 200 x 400 (mm) cavity block ram & mould (M5) -do- 17,000
5 200 x 200 x 400 (mm) solid block ram & mould (M6) -do- 16,000
8 Paver block mould (M9) -do- 86,000
(or mould of any size as per market demand)
9 Pallet stacker (M10) 1 3,60,000
10 Pan mixer of 500 kg. capacity with 15 HP motor 1 2,50,000
(M11)
11 Mix conveyor with 2 HP motor (M12) 1 1,86,000
12 Platform electronic weighing scale 500 kg. capacity 1 62,000
(M13)
13 Water dosing pump with 2 HP motor (M14) 1 24,000
14 Wheel barrows with pneumatic wheels (M15) 4 28,000
15 Pallet truck 1500 kg. capacity (M16) 2 40,000
16 Pallet truck capacity 500 kg. with pneumatic wheels 2 68,000
(M16)
17 Pallets size 900 x 650 x 250 (mm) (M17) 500 4,90,000
18 Skip loader (M18) 1 30,000
19 Color mixer 100 kg. capacity 7 HP (M19) 1 62,000
Sub-Total 23,80,000
38

9.1.3 Cement concrete tiles and mosaic flooring tiles section
S. No Particular of Machine Nos Amount

20 Hydraulic press (Cap 150 kg/sq cm) with pressure 3 3,00,000/-
gauge (M20)
21 Hydraulic double piston pump with 5 HP motor 1 1,00,000/-
combined with safety valve, capable of feeding 4 to 5
presses, ram vibrator 1.5 HP, mould vibrator 2 HP
(M21)
22 Leveling (grinding) machine complete with all 1 1,50,000/-
attachments grinding capacity 4 tiles at a time (5 HP)
(M22)
23 Semi polishing machine with 2 HP motor for sample 1 25,000/-
polishing for testing (M23)
24 Mould with 1 set of extra mould (M24) 1set 70,000/-
25 Pallets (M25) 250 1,50,000/-
26 Tipping borrows (M26) LS 10,000/-
Sub-Total 8,05,000/-
9.2 OPERATING COSTS:
9.2.1 Cost of Raw Materials
(ii) Raw material (PM)

Portland cement 133 MT tonnes @ Rs. 5000/- 6,65,000/-
White cement 16 MT tonnes @ Rs. 9000/- 1,44,000/-
Sand 500 MT tonnes @ Rs. 250/- 1,25,000/-
Stone aggregate 452 MT tonnes @ Rs. 550/- 2,48,600/-
Marble chips 21 MT tonnes @ Rs. 900/- 18,900/-
Mineral colors Lump-Sum 7,500/-
Sub-total 12,09,000/-
Wastage allowance 60,450/-
5%
Total 12,69,450/-
Total annual cost of raw material - Rs. 1,52,33,400/-
39

Break up of cost of raw materials
Portland cement
White cement
Sand
Stone aggregates
Marble chips
Mineral colors
9.2.2 Salary and wages

Manager 1 25,000 25,000/-
Plant supervisor 2 15,000 30,000/-
Office staff 2 12,000 24,000/-
Laboratory technician 1 12,000 12,000/-
Lab assistant 1 10,000 10,000/-
Machine operators 4 10,000 40,000/-
Unskilled workers 15 7,000 1,05,000/-
Total 2,46,000/-
Salary and wages per annum = Rs. 29,52,000/-
Break up of salary and wages
Manager
Plant supervisor
Office staff
Laboratory technician
Laboratory assistant
Machine operators
Unskilled workers
40

9.2.3 Cost of Power and Fuel
Power requirement for production machines - 37.5 KWH

Power requirement for general purpose with lighting
Of stores, offices and production unit - 7.5 KWH
Total - 45 KWH
Annual cost of power - Rs. 1,25,280/-
Break up of cost of power and fuel
Production machines
General purpose lighting
9.2.4 Annual Turnover

Total turnover (per annum)
Solid blocks 390 x 190 x 140 2,00,000 nos @ Rs. 29/- 58,00,000/-
Hollow blocks 390 x 190x 190 2,00,000 nos @ Rs. 29/- 58,00,000/-
Paver blocks 225 x 112 x 80 6,00,000 nos @ Rs. 9/- 54,00,000/-
Grey mosaic tiles 300 x 300 x 22 3,00,000 nos @ Rs. 8.50/- 25,50,000/-
Grey mosaic tiles 250 x 250 x 22 3,00,000 nos @ Rs. 8/- 24,00,000/-
Colored tiles 250 x 250 x 22 2,50,000 nos @ Rs. 12/- 30,00,000/-
Total 2,49,50,000/-
Wastage @ 5% 4,99,000/-
Net Turnover 2,44,51,000/-
Break up of Annual Turnover
Solid blocks
Hollow blocks
Paver blocks
Grey mosaic tiles (large)
Grey mosaic tiles (small)
Colored tiles
41

CHAPTER 10 – FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
10.1 Project Assumptions
Assumptions at a Glance
S. No Particulars
1 Total Project Cost (in Rs. Lacs) 127.46
2 Debt 70%
3 Equity 30%
4 Rate of Interest 12%
5 Depreciation (Building) SLM 10 yrs
6 Depreciation (Machinery) SLM 20 yrs
7 Tax 30%
8 Construction Cost (Building) Rs. per sq/mt 6000
9 Construction Cost (Shed) Rs. per sq/mt 3500
10 Repayment period of Debt 8 yrs
11 Moratorium period 1 yr.
12 Installed Capacity (in lac units) 20.5
13 Capacity Utilization 90%
14 Working Capital Cycle 1 month
10.2 Total Project cost
Total Project cost (in Rs. Lacs)

1 Machinery 44.68
2 Construction Cost 45.13
3 Miscellaneous Fixed Assets 3.00
4 Pre operating Expenses 5.00
5 Training Expense 0.45
6 Interest 11.79
7 Working Capital 17.41
Total 127.46
42

Total Project Cost
Machinery
Construction Cost
Miscellaneous Fixed Assets
Pre operative expenses
Training Expenses
Interest
Working Capital
10.3 Means of Finance
Means of Finance
(In Rs. Lacs)
Debt 89.22 70%
Equity 38.24 30%
Total 127.46 100%
Means of Finance
Debt
Equity
43

10.4 Cost of Machinery and Equipments

MACHINERY (In Rs.)
M1 592,000
M2 18,500
M3 18,500
M4 17,000
M5 16,000
M6 16,000
M7 16,000
M8 86,000
M9 360,000
M10 250,000
M11 186,000
M12 62,000
M13 24,000
M14 28,000
M15 40,000
M16 68,000
M17 490,000
M18 30,000
M19 62,000
Sub Total 2,380,000
M20 300,000
M21 100,000
M22 150,000
M23 25,000
M24 70,000
M25 150,000
M26 10,000
Sub Total 805,000
Laboratory Equipments 200,000
Total 3,385,000
Packaging, Forwarding, Transport and Insurance
Add @11% 372350
Add Installation, Erection and Commissioning @ 6% 203100
Add Duty and Taxes @ 10% 338500
Add Spare Parts @ 5% 169250
Total Cost 4,468,200
44

Cost of Machinery and Equipments
Cost of Machinery
Packaging to Insurance
Installation to Commissioning
Duty and Taxes
Spare Parts
10.5 Construction Cost

Construction Cost
(In Rs.)
Constructed Area (208 Sq mtr @ 6000per Sq mtr)
For offices, godown and laboratory 1248000
Shed (900 Sq mtr @ 3500 per Sq mtr) 3150000
Curing Tanks 115000
Total 4513000
Cost of Construction
Constructed Area
Shed
Curing Tanks
45

10.6 Cost Break up

Particulars Amount
(in Rs. lacs)
Raw Material & Consumables 152.33
Utilities & Fuel 1.85
Wages & Salaries 33.95
Indirect Expenses 38.26
Cost Breakup
Raw Material & Consumables

Utilities & Fueles
Wages & Salaries
Indirect Expenses
46

10.7 Expenses incurred
Expenses (in Rs.)

1 Salary and Wages
Type of Employees No. of Employees Per month Per Annum Total

Manager 1 25000 300000 3
Office's Staffs 2 12000 144000 2.88
Plant Supervisor 2 15000 180000 3.6
Laboratory Technician 1 12000 144000 1.44
Lab Assistant 1 10000 120000 1.2
Machine Operator 4 10000 120000 4.8
Unskilled Workers 15 7000 84000 12.6
Total 29.52
Perks at 15% 4.43
Total 33.95
2 Training and Development Cost ( 1% of Machinery) 0.45
Power ( 60HP @ .75per hour,80% utilisation,
3 8hrs/day,25days/month) Rate=1.45/unit 10440 1.25
4 Diesel, Water 5000 0.6
5 Selling Expenses ( Publicity and Marketing Expense) 5% of Sales 12.23
Total 18.95

10.8 Cost of raw materials
Raw Material Cost (Per Unit)
Particulars Quantity (MT) Rate / (MT) Amount

Portland Cement 1596 5000 79.8
White Cement 192 9000 17.28
Sand / stone Dust 6000 250 15
Stone aggregate 5424 550 29.832
Marble Chips 252 900 2.268
Mineral Colors 18 5000 0.9
Sub Total 145.08
Handling Loses @ 5% 7.25
Total 152.33
Break of the cost of Raw Materials
Portland cement
White cement
Sand / stone dust
Stone aggregate
Marble chips
Mineral colors

10.9 Annual Turnover
Particulars Units Rate (in Rs.) Total (in lacs)

Solid Blocks 200,000 29.0 58.0
Hollow blocks 200,000 29.0 58.0
Paver blocks 600,000 9.0 54.0
Grey mosaic tiles (Large) 300,000 8.50 25.5
Grey mosaic tiles (Small) 300,000 8.0 24.0
Color tiles 250,000 12.0 30.0
Less 2% wastage 4.99
1,850,000 245

10.10 Income Statement
Income Statement
Operating years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Capacity
Installed Capacity (Litres) 2055556 2055556 2055556 2055556 2055556 2055556 2055556 2055556 2055556 2055556
Capacity Utilisation 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90%
PRODUCTION 1850000 1850000 1850000 1850000 1850000 1850000 1850000 1850000 1850000 1850000
Sales Revenue 244.51 244.51 244.51 244.51 244.51 244.51 244.51 244.51 244.51 244.51
Raw Material & Consumables 152.33 152.33 152.33 152.33 152.33 152.33 152.33 152.33 152.33 152.33
Utilities & Fueles
Power 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25
Water, Diesel, etc 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
Sub Total 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85
Wages & Salaries 33.95 33.95 33.95 33.95 33.95 33.95 33.95 33.95 33.95 33.95
Factory Overheads 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
General Overheads 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
Lease
Land 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
Estimated Cost of Production 196.73 196.73 196.73 196.73 196.73 196.73 196.73 196.73 196.73 196.73
Selling Expenses 12.23 12.23 12.23 12.23 12.23 12.23 12.23 12.23 12.23 12.23
Cost of Sales 208.96 208.96 208.96 208.96 208.96 208.96 208.96 208.96 208.96 208.96
EBITDA 35.55 35.55 35.55 35.55 35.55 35.55 35.55 35.55 35.55 35.55
Interest 10.71 9.37 8.03 6.69 5.35 4.02 2.68 1.34 0.00 0.00
Depreciation 6.72 6.72 6.72 6.72 6.72 6.72 6.72 6.72 6.72 6.72
PBT 18.12 19.46 20.79 22.13 23.47 24.81 26.15 27.49 28.83 28.83
Taxation 5.44 5.84 6.24 6.64 7.04 7.44 7.84 8.25 8.65 8.65
PAT 12.68 13.62 14.56 15.49 16.43 17.37 18.30 19.24 20.18 20.18
It would be seen from table above that the PBT in the 1st year of operation in Rs. 18.12 lacs which works out to be 7% of the total sales. In the
10 th year, the %age of PBT would be 12%. Similarly PAT in the 1st year is Rs. 12.68 lacs accounting for 5% of total turnover. PAT in 10th would rise
to 8%. These figures could vary depending upon change in tax structure.

10.11 Repayment of Interest Schedule on loans
Repayment and Interest Schedule for Loans
Operating Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Rate of Interest 12%
Loan
(Outstanding) 89.22 78.07 66.92 55.77 44.61 33.46 22.31 11.15 0.00 0.00
Interest 10.71 9.37 8.03 6.69 5.35 4.02 2.68 1.34 0.00 0.00
Moratorium
Repayment 11.15 11.15 11.15 11.15 11.15 11.15 11.15 11.15 0.00 0.00
Closing Balance 78.07 66.92 55.77 44.61 33.46 22.31 11.15 0.00 0.00 0.00
10.12 Depreciation
Depreciation
Operating Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Machinery @ 10% 4.47 4.47 4.47 4.47 4.47 4.47 4.47 4.47 4.47 4.47
Construction Cost @ 5% 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26
Total 6.72 6.72 6.72 6.72 6.72 6.72 6.72 6.72 6.72 6.72

10.13 Projected fund flow
Projected Funds Flow Statement
Construction Period Operation period

Years 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
SOURCES OF FUNDS
Equity 38.24
Debt 89.22
PBDIT 35.55 35.55 35.55 35.55 35.55 35.55 35.55 35.55 35.55 35.55
Total Sources A 127.46 35.55 35.55 35.55 35.55 35.55 35.55 35.55 35.55 35.55 35.55
APPLICATION OF FUNDS
Fixed Assets Purchase 107.05
Miscellaneous Fixed Assets 3.00
Increase in Current Assets 17.41
Repayment of Loan Payment 11.15 11.15 11.15 11.15 11.15 11.15 11.15 11.15 0.00 0.00
Payment of Interest on Term Loan 10.71 9.37 8.03 6.69 5.35 4.02 2.68 1.34 0.00 0.00
Taxation 5.44 5.84 6.24 6.64 7.04 7.44 7.84 8.25 8.65 8.65
Total Application B 127.46 27.30 26.36 25.42 24.48 23.55 22.61 21.67 20.74 8.65 8.65
SURPLUS/(DEFICIT) A-B 0.00 8.25 9.19 10.13 11.06 12.00 12.94 13.88 14.81 26.90 26.90
OPENING CASH & BANK BALANCES 0.00 8.25 17.45 27.57 38.64 50.64 63.58 77.45 92.27 119.17
CLOSING CASH & BANK BALANCES 0.00 8.25 17.45 27.57 38.64 50.64 63.58 77.45 92.27 119.17 146.07

10.14 Projected Balance Sheet
Projected Balance Sheet
Construction
Sn Description Period Operati0on Period
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1.1 Equity 38.24 38.24 38.24 38.24 38.24 38.24 38.24 38.24 38.24 38.24 38.24
1.2 General Reserves 12.68 26.30 40.86 56.35 72.78 90.15 108.45 127.69 147.87 168.05
1.3 Debt 89.22 78.07 66.92 55.77 44.61 33.46 22.31 11.15 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total Liabilities 127.46 128.99 131.46 134.86 139.20 144.48 150.69 157.84 165.93 186.11 206.29
2 Assets
2.1 Gross Fixed Assets 110.05 110.05 110.05 110.05 110.05 110.05 110.05 110.05 110.05 110.05 110.05
2.2 Accumulated Depreciation 6.72 13.45 20.17 26.90 33.62 40.35 47.07 53.80 60.52 67.25
2.3 Net Fixed Assets 110.05 103.33 96.60 89.88 83.15 76.43 69.70 62.98 56.25 49.53 42.80
2.4 Working Capital Assets 17.41 17.41 17.41 17.41 17.41 17.41 17.41 17.41 17.41 17.41 17.41
2.5 Cash & Bank Balances 0 8.25 17.45 27.57 38.64 50.64 63.58 77.45 92.27 119.17 146.07
Total Assets 127.46 128.99 131.46 134.86 139.20 144.48 150.69 157.84 165.93 186.11 206.29

10.15 Discounted Cash flow
Discounted Cash flow statement (Total Investment)
Construction Period Operation Period

Years t=0 t=1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Inflows
Net Cash Accruals After Interest &
Tax 19.41 20.34 21.28 22.22 23.15 24.09 25.03 25.97 26.90 26.90
Less: Change in Working Capital 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Add back financial Expenses 10.71 9.37 8.03 6.69 5.35 4.02 2.68 1.34 0.00 0.00
Terminal value 98
Total inflow 30.11 29.71 29.31 28.91 28.51 28.11 27.71 27.30 26.90 124.90
Outflows
Investment 110.05 17.41
Bridge Loan 0 0
Total outflow 110.05 17.41
Net Cashflow -110.05 -17.41 30.11 29.71 29.31 28.91 28.51 28.11 27.71 27.30 26.90 124.90
IRR on Investment (%) 18%
NPV (12% Discount Rate) Rs. 42.28
Pay Back Period 4 years 6 month
Discounted Cashflow Statement (Equity)
Years t=o t=1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Inflows
Net Cash Accruals After Interest &
Tax 19.41 20.34 21.28 22.22 23.15 24.09 25.03 25.97 26.90 26.90
Less: Change in Working Capital 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Less: Loan Repayment 11.15 11.15 11.15 11.15 11.15 11.15 11.15 11.15 0.00 0.00
Terminal Value 82
Total Inflow 8.25 9.19 10.13 11.06 12.00 12.94 13.88 14.81 26.90 108.90
Outflows
Equity 33.01 5.22
Total Outflow 33.01 5.22
Net Cash Flow -33.01 -5.22 8.25 9.19 10.13 11.06 12.00 12.94 13.88 14.81 26.90 108.90
IRR on Equity 27%
The IRR on investment is 18% which is quite a positive indication about the financial health of the project because the cost of borrowing is 12%.
Similarly IRR on Equity is 27% which again is a positive indicator. The NPV @ of 12% on investment is Rs. 42.28 lacs which is quite good for any
investment.

10.16 Break even point and sensitivity analysis
B r e a k E v e n P o in t A n d S e n s t iv ity A n a ly s is
N o rm a l C ase 1 C ase 2 C ase3 C ase4

V a r ia b le C o s t (R s . L a c s )
R a w m a t e r ia l & C o n s u m a b le S t o r e s 1 5 2 .3 3 1 6 7 .5 7 1 5 2 .3 3 1 5 2 .3 3 1 6 7 .5 7
U t ilit ie s 1 .8 5 2 .0 4 1 .8 5 1 .8 5 2 .0 4
T o t a l V a r ia b le C o s t 1 5 4 .1 9 1 6 9 .6 1 1 5 4 .1 9 1 5 4 .1 9 1 6 9 .6 1
A v e r a g e V a r ia b le C o s t (R s . / T h o u s a n d L it r e s ) 8 .3 3 9 .1 7 8 .3 3 8 .3 3 9 .1 7
F ix e d C o s t (R s . L a c s )
W a g e s & S a l a r ie s 3 3 .9 5 3 3 .9 5 3 7 .3 4 3 3 .9 5 3 5 .6 5
R e p a i r s & M a in t e n a n c e 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .5 0 5 .0 0 5 .2 5
G e n e ra l O v e rh e a d s 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .3 0 3 .0 0 3 .1 5
L e a se c h a rg e s 0 .6 0 0 .6 0 0 .6 6 0 .6 0 0 .6 3
F i n a n c ia l E x p e n s e s 1 0 .7 1 1 0 .7 1 1 1 .7 8 1 1 .7 8 1 2 .3 7
D e p r e c ia t i o n 6 .7 2 6 .7 2 7 .4 0 7 .4 0 7 .7 7
T o t a l F ix e d C o s t (R s . L a c s ) 5 9 .9 8 5 9 .9 8 6 5 .9 8 6 1 .7 2 6 4 .8 1
A v e r a g e F ix e d C o s t (R s . p e r T h o u s a n d s L itr e s ) 3 .2 4 3 .2 4 3 .5 7 3 .3 4 3 .5 0
A v e r a g e S e llin g P r ic e 1 3 .2 2 1 3 .2 2 1 3 .2 2 1 3 .2 2 1 2 .5 6
P r o je c t B r e a k E v e n P o in t ( t ) 1228503 1481383 1351353 1264206 1912865
P r o je c t B r e a k E v e n 66% 80% 73% 68% 103%
C a s h B r e a k E v e n P o in t 1090767 1315296 1199844 1112697 1683617
C a s h B re a k E v e n 59% 71% 65% 60% 91%
Case 1 - 10% I n c r e a s e in V a r ia b le C o s t
Case 2 - 10% I n c r e a s e in f ix e d C o s t
Case 3 - 10% I n c r e a s e in P r o j e c t C o s t
Case 4 - 10% I n c r e a s e in V a r ia b le C o s t a n d F i x e d C o s t
5% I n c r e a s e in F i x e d C o s t
5% D c r e a s e in S e lli n g P r i c e
The project break even in normal case is 66% i.e. after achieving 66% of the Projected Turn Over the unit would be in be in the profit zone.

10.17 Ratio Analysis
Ratio Analysis
1 Return on Assets 10%
2 Return on Equity 33%
3 Debt-Equity Ratio 2.3%
4 Interest coverage Ratio 3
10.18 Foreign exchange implications

The foreign exchange requirement for the project would be only for the import of
machines, equipments and accessories for a value of Rs. 45 lacs, during the setting up
of the project. Approximately, Rs. 5 lacs worth of foreign exchange would be required
for incidental expenses such as training, travel, etc. There would be no requirement of
foreign exchange for raw materials as the project is based on indigenous raw materials.
56

CHAPTER 11 – ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
11.1 Economic Rate of Return (ERR)

Economic Rate of Return is the interest rate at which the cost and benefits of a
project, discounted over its life, and equal. ERR differs from Financial Rate of Return in
that it takes into account the effects of factors such as Price Controls, Subsidies and Tax
breaks from local government, to compute the actual cost of the project to the economy.
The economic rate of return also includes indirect benefits to the economy that
are likely to be ploughed back to the investors, people, government and other
government or non-government agencies, over a longer period of time.
11.2 Relevance of ERR to the project

This concept of ERR is more relevant for big projects involving large capital
deployment. For small projects, like the project under consideration, there may not be
significant difference between Financial Rate of Return and Economic Rate of Return,
as, while formulating the project, factors like Price Controls, Subsidies and Tax breaks
from local government and also socio-economic benefits have not been taken into
account.
11.3 Socio-economic impact of the project

As state above, the concept of ERR is not quite relevant for this project and the
impact of the proposed unit would not be quite significant on the overall economic
scenario of Bhutan. However, over a long time horizon and setting up of a number of
similar units would result into following socio-economic benefits for the country.
 Indigenous production of cement based products would lead to self-

reliance for these items in the field of construction materials sector and
would provide a fillip to construction industry.
 Local production of cement based products would lead to import
substitution which would result in saving in the cost of construction raw
materials. Setting up of more units to meet the requirement of
construction materials would have a multiplier effect on the growth of
construction industry in Bhutan.
 There are possibilities of export of the value added cement based
products to eastern and north-eastern parts of India and other
neighboring markets. This would lead to earning to foreign exchange for
the country.
 There are not many medium and small scale units manufacturing units in
Bhutan. Setting up of this unit would have a catalytic effect on growth of
entrepreneurship in medium and small scale sector.
57

 The setting up of the project would lead to generation of direct and

indirect employment, both for skilled and unskilled workers which would
result into economic upliftment of local population. This would also lead
to upgradation of skills.
 There are employment opportunities in the project for persons with
managerial, technical, financial and marketing capabilities. The
employment of such people in the local industry would provide them an
option to have an employment in private sector in Bhutan and also reduce
the migration of qualified manpower.
 There would be revenue generation for the local government by way of
excise, sales tax/VAT and income tax from the unit as well as from its
promoters.
 Finally, the project would lead to enhancement of economic activities in
the field of construction, transport of raw materials and finished goods,
marketing and trade, repairs and maintenance, etc.
It is important here to mention that above benefits can only be listed but these
cannot be quantified based on a single unit with small investment. However, as
mentioned above, if a number of such units in construction material sector or any other
sector of economy are setup, these would have a significant impact on overall economy
of Bhutan.
58

Annexures
59

Annexure I
List of Machinery & Equipment Supplier

1. M/s Engineers Enterprises,
189, Bharathiyar Road, Ganapathy
Coimbatore – 641006, India
Phone: 0422 – 2530639, 2530788, 2532260
Fax: 0422 – 2531893, 2533716
Web site: www.eng-ent.com
E-mail: [email protected]
2. M/s Victor Electrical & Machinery Manufacture,

2613 Netaji Subhash Marg, Darya Ganj
New Delhi – 110002, India
Phone: +91 (011) 23263118
Fax: +91 (011) 23265823
3. M/s Columbia Machine, INC,

22 – D, Wadia Charites Bldg., S.A. Brelvi Road Fort
Mumbai – 400023, India
Phone: 2285 4138/2282 6751/2204 8660
4. M/s Buildtech Engineers Co.

Shree Ashadweep Complex
16 – Civil Lines, Roorkee – 247667
Phone: 01332 – 273443, (M) 09837045478, 09837137029
5. M/s Karthik Industries

36, J.C. Road, Bangalore – 560002
Phone: 91-80-2224825/2235218/2233739
6. M/s Susanji Udyog Pvt. Ltd.

C-47, Industrial Estate, Sanathnagar
Hyderabad – 500018
Phone: 3704194, 3711464
7. M/s Hydro Engineering Works,

K-1/116, CIDC, Morvi, Gujarat
8. M/s Apco Concrete Blocks & Allied Products

7th Mile Kanakpura Road
Doddasndra Post, Bangalore
60

9. M/s Global Impex

D-1 Madani complex, 2nd Floor, 100 Feet Road
Gandhipuram, Coimbatore – 641012
Phone: (0422) 4372010 / Fax: (0422) 4373340
10. M/s S.P. Moress & Hydraulics

52/3, Maruti Nagar, Old Mundhwa Bypass
Vadagaon, Sheri, Pune – 411014
Phone: (020) 32305157
11. M/s Quangong Machinery Co. Ltd.

Fengzhou Taoyuan Industrial Area
Quanzhou Fujjan – 326333, China
Phone: 86-0595-86799299
12. M/s Hubei Export Corj

365 Luoyu Road, Wohan Hubel – 430079
China
Phone: 86-27-62824939
13. M/s Great Wall (Zhengzhou) Heavy Industries Co. Ltd.

Room 080, 10/F, Onighua Business
No. 170, Nanjang Road, Zhengzhou
China Zhengzhou, Henen – 450012 China
Phone: 86-0371-63769782
14. M/s Fujian Fufan Machinery Co. Ltd.

A-1/7, Hutain, Bldg. No. 249
Jiahe Road, Quanzhua
Fujjan – 361000, China
Phone: 86-0592-5587850
15. M/s Shandong Shengya Machinery Co. Ltd.

Nanxinwang Shengli
Tacheng Linyi Shandong – 276131, China
Phone: 86-539-6732888
16. M/s Shanghai Zenith Company

No. 877, Dongfang Road
Pudong New Area Shanghai
Shanghai – 200122, China
Phone: 86-121-50583966
17. M/s Build – Tech Engineers Co.

Shree Ashadweep Complex
16 Civil Lines, Roorkee – 247667
Phone: +91-01332-273443 (M) 09837045478
Fax: +91 01223-274619
61

18. M/s MASA Concrete Plants India Pvt. Ltd.

HO 446, 2nd Cross 9th Main, HAL 3rd Stage
Indira Nagar, Bangalore – 560075, India
Phone: +91-080-41153708 / Fax: +91-080-41485888
(M) 09980944201
E-mail: [email protected] / [email protected]
Web site: www.masa-ag.com
19. M/s Wirtgen India Pvt. Ltd.

22-B, Kunbalgodu Industrial Area
Phase-I, Mysore Road, Bangalore – 560074
Fax: 080-2843-7579
Web site: www.wirtgenindia.com
20. M/s Taurian Engineering Pvt. Ltd.

302 A, Poonam Chambers
3rd Floor, Dr. Anni Besant Road
Wora, Mumbai – 400018, India
Fax: +91-022-66698010/20
Web site: www.taurianengg.com
21. M/s Shri Engineers Enterprises

13, Sukhanivas Apts., S. No. 102/2/A/1
Senapati Bapat Road (Behind Shivaji Housing Society)
Near Asha Nagar, Shivaji Nagar
Pune – 411016, Maharashtra, India
Phone: 91-020-25631611, 32663054, Works: 020-32662980
Fax: 91-020-27271889 (M) 09822011041
E-mail: [email protected] / [email protected]
Web site: www.shriengineering.com
62

Annexure II
List of raw material suppliers:
1. M/s Penden Cement Authority Ltd.

Gomtu
Pagli Gewog
Samtse Dzongkhag
Tel: 00975-5-371013/371014
Fax 00975-5-371015/371070
Email: [email protected]
2. M/s Druk Cement Co. Pvt Ltd.

Post Box No. 408
Phuntsholing, Bhutan
Tel: +975-5-252136/253581
Fax: +975-5-254112
3. M/s Lhaki Cement

Gomtu, Bhutan
Tel: +975-5-371042
Fax: +975-5- 371020
4. M/s Yangzom Cement Industry

Post Box No. 131
Samtse, Bhutan
Tel: +975-5-365341/365559
Fax: +975-5-365383
5. M/s Singye Stone and Sand Factory

Bjemina Industrial Estate
Thimphu
Bhutan
6. M/s Colour Chem Ltd.

Fort House
Dadabhai naroji Road
Mumbai 400001
63

7. M/s Travencore Titanium Products Ltd.

14, netaji subhash road
Kolkata 700001
8. M/s Sudarshan Chemicals

162, Wellsely Road
Pune 311001
9. M/s Associated Pigments Ltd.

14, Netaji Subhash Road
Kolkata 700001
10. M/s Amar Dye Chemicals Ltd.

Rangh Udyog, Shetala Devi Temple Road
Mumbai 400 001
64

Annexure III
List of testing equipment suppliers
1. M/s ETS Intarlaken Technologies
Contact Person: Mr. T. K. Basu
Address : 5th Floor, 117 B T Road, Kolkata - 700 108
West Bengal (India)
Tel: +(91)-(033)-25770637 / 25772260
Fax: +(91)-(033)-25772260 / 25770637
E-mail : [email protected], [email protected]
2. M/s Prolific Engineers

D-91, Sector 2, Noida - 201 301, India
Tel: +(91)-(120)-4334481-82-83 / 4264881 / 3053325 / 2558838
Fax: +(91)-(120)-2522648
Email : [email protected], [email protected]
3. M/s Imperial Lab Equipment

Address: 109, Vardhman Plaza Tower, H-3, Netaji Subhash Place
District Center, PitamPura, New Delhi, Delhi
Phone(s): 91-11-65154406 / 42470203
Fax(s): 91-11-27352924
4. M/s Scientific Engineering Corp

Address: 3280, Arya Pura Old Subzi Mandi, Delhi – 110007
Phone(s): 91-011-23829918 / 23823794
Mobile: 9811569035
Fax(s): 91-011-23829918 / 23823794
5. M/s Toshniwal Brother Pvt. Ltd.

388 Udyog Vihar Phase 3
Gurgaon – 122006
Haryana
Ph +91-124-4003629 / 4003985
Fax no +91-124-4003986
6. M/s Techno Testing Equipment Pvt Ltd.
403, Marigold Building
Neeo Garden, Viman Nagar
Pune – 411014
Ph: 020-40036219 / 419
7. M/s Blue Star Ltd.

E/44/12, Okhla Industrial Area
Phase II, New Delhi – 110020
8. M/s Associate Instrument Mfg India Ltd.
Gillander House
8 MS Road
Kolkata – 700 001
65

Brick Construction PART 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Brick Construction PART 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Brick Construction PART 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DETAILED FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS

OF CEMENT BASED PRODUCTS

CHAPTER 1 – PROJECT AT A GLANCE……………………………………………………3

CHAPTER 2 – JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT……………………………………….6

CHAPTER 3 – MARKET ANALYSIS………………………………………………………….8

CHAPTER 5 – THE PLANT…………………………………………………………………...20

CHAPTER 6 – PLANT LOCATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE…………………………...31

CHAPTER 7 – ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT……………………………………………….33

CHAPTER 8 – PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION……………………………………………..35

CHAPTER 9 – COST PRESENTATION……………………………………………………..37

CHAPTER 10 – FINANCIAL ANALYSIS…………………………………………………….42

CHAPTER 11 – ECONOMIC ANALYSIS……………………………………………………57

Annexure I – List of machine suppliers

Annexure II – List of raw material suppliers

Annexure III – List of Lab equipment suppliers

1. Project concept – Detailed feasibility analysis on cement based products. The

2. Location - Location of the proposed unit should preferably in the vicinity of

Location Overall rating

It is recommended that to begin with a project be setup at Punakha. Similar,

3. Markets - Cement based products proposed to be manufactured by the unit

cost, there exists a good market for cement bricks. There is

4. Annual production Items Capacity (in numbers)

7. Main machinery Hydraulic system

8. Man power Manager –1

Register eDocPrinter PDF Pro Online Now!!

11. Means of Debt - Rs. 89.22 lacs (70%)

12. Break up of Machinery - Rs. 44.68 lacs

13. Annual sales Rs. 250 lacs

14. Financial IRR – 27% on equity

Register eDocPrinter PDF Pro Online Now!!

CHAPTER 2 – JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT

2.1 Project Concept

2.2 Project Justification

Bhutan is passing through fast growing phase of development. Starting in early

A society becomes functional and productive only when it is empowered by

Register eDocPrinter PDF Pro Online Now!!

The construction sector as such contributes to 25% of Bhutan GDP which is

Register eDocPrinter PDF Pro Online Now!!

CHAPTER 3 – MARKET ANALYSIS

3.1 Demand and supply scenario

Further, an ambitious power project Punatshangchhu- Hydroelectric Power

As mentioned in the part I of the report, hydro-electric power projects, road

Register eDocPrinter PDF Pro Online Now!!

3.2 Competitive Advantages

 Production of tailor made goods in terms of design and quality as per

Register eDocPrinter PDF Pro Online Now!!

3.3 Target market and Marketing Strategy

3.4 Product range and product description

Register eDocPrinter PDF Pro Online Now!!

3.5 Cement Concrete blocks and hollow blocks

Bricks - 230 x 115 x 75 (mm)

The hollow concrete blocks are required to conform to be following requirement:

Register eDocPrinter PDF Pro Online Now!!

Solid Concrete Block Specifications: Hollow Concrete Block Specifications:

3.5.1 Paver Blocks

Register eDocPrinter PDF Pro Online Now!!

Medium Usage: Hotel-driveways, restaurant, shopping mall/plazas, amusement parks,

Register eDocPrinter PDF Pro Online Now!!

Grade Specific Traffic Recommended Application