ABSTRACT

The government invests so much in population census. With the rapid

increment in population growth, population census in not getting any easier.

Economic meltdown is threatening the nations and yet more is spent on

census. Worse yet is the corrupt mind of census agent. These ones do not carry

out this population task thoroughly. They mess around the census exercise and

make away with the remaining money. What do we do? How can we improve

this situation? What can we do to get a complete and accurate population

statistics? How do we curb this mischief?

Determined to solve the above problem is the project ‘design and

implementation of a population calculator.’ This calculator calculates the

number of humans in a given place (be it local government, state or country)

and outputs the answer as a figure. The calculator does this with only two

information or parameters from the user. The application need the initial size

of the nation (or the sample space) and the rate of increment or decrement.

The proper procedures for carrying out a research were followed. Various data

were gathered during the research. Structured system analysis and design

methodology (SSADM) was used to achieve the proposed objectives.

 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

A population is all the organisms that both belong to the same group or species

and live in the same geographical area. In ecology the population of a certain

species in a certain area is estimated using the Lincoln Index. The area that is

used to define a sexual population is such that inter-breeding is possible

between any pair within the area and more probable than cross-breeding with

individuals from other areas. Normally breeding is substantially more common

within the area than across the border. In sociology, population refers to a

collection of human beings. Demography is a social science which entails the

statistical study of human populations. This project refers mainly to human

population. That is For the purpose of this project, we regard population as the

sum total of all human beings and not any other organisms or species.

A statistical population is a set of entities concerning which statistical

inferences are to be drawn, often based on a random sample taken from the

population. For example, if we were interested in generalizations about crows,

then we would describe the set of crows that is of interest. Notice that if we

choose a population like all crows, we will be limited to observing crows that

exist now or will exist in the future. In addition, geography will also constitute a

limitation in that our resources for studying crows are also limited.
2
The term statistical population is also used to refer to a set of potential

measurements or values, including not only cases actually observed but those

that are potentially observable. Suppose, for example, we are interested in the

set of all adult crows now alive in the county of Cambridgeshire, and we want

to know the mean weight of these birds. For each bird in the population of

crows there is a weight, and the set of these weights is called the population of

weights.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Population growth increased significantly as the Industrial Revolution gathered

pace from 1700 onwards. The last 50 years have seen a yet more rapid

increase in the rate of population growth due to medical advances and

substantial increases in agricultural productivity, particularly beginning in the

1960s, made by the Green Revolution. In 2007 the United Nations Population

Division projected that the world's population will likely surpass 10 billion in

2055.

In the future, world population has been expected to reach a peak of growth,

there it will decline due to economic reasons, health concerns, land exhaustion

and environmental hazards. According to one report, it is very likely that the

world's population will stop growing before the end of the 21st century.

Further, there is some likelihood that population will actually decline before
3
2100. Population has already declined in the last decade or two in Eastern

Europe, the Baltics and in the Commonwealth of Independent States.

The population pattern of less-developed regions of the world in recent years

has been marked by gradually declining birth rates following an earlier sharp

reduction in death rates. This transition from high birth and death rates to low

birth and death rates is often referred to as the demographic transition. As the

population increases like this, it is hard to keep on counting humans so we

have to device something that will be calculation the population for us anytime

we want.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The population of human changes rapidly. Known population of human in a

nation or a particular time is only correct at the moment. Thereafter, the

population out grows the number. To maintain accurate statistical information

at any point in time, there is need for update. Updating of population

information implies having the nearest correct sum total of human beings in

the sample space. This is hard to know by guess work and it is not feasible to

conducting census every now and then.

4
Furthermore there is no guarantee that the personnel chosen for the service

will do it well. In view of all these we set out to develop a system that will solve

the following problems:

 Inaccuracy due to human error

 Time wasted during population census exercise.

 Inaccuracy due to corruption and fraud

 Rapid outdating of information due to rapid growth of population.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

The existing system has been thoroughly investigated and the problems

identified. The next is to set out the objectives that will lessen the problem

found in the existing system. The objectives of the existing system are

numbered below:

To produce a system that will produce statistical data to the governmental

authorities.

To produce a system that will provide a fast and timely service.

To provide a system that will calculate the sum total of the population of the

given nation or sample space.

5
To produce a system that is cheap to operate thereby reducing cost of

management for governments.

To develop a system that is free from redundancy and corruption.

To produce a system that will generate information for journalist and new

broadcasters for the enlightening of the nation.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Participating in the census is in everyone's best interest, because the

information on the forms is used by decision-makers to determine which

communities, schools, hospitals and roads need federal funding. Filling out

your census form is also the best way to make sure people like you are

represented in the census.

Here are just a few examples of significance of population calculation:

 The federal government uses census numbers to allocate over N100

billion in federal funds annually for community programs and services,

such as education programs, housing and community development,

health-care services for the elderly, job training and many more.

 State, local and tribal governments use census information for planning

and allocating funds for new school construction, libraries and other

public buildings, highway safety and public transportation systems, new

6
 roads and bridges, location of police and fire departments and many

other projects.

 Community organizations use census information to develop social

service programs, community action projects, senior lunch programs and

child-care centers.

 Businesses use the numbers to decide where to locate factories,

shopping centers, movie theaters, banks and offices -- activities that

often lead to new jobs.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The project has a wide scope in the society. The project is not limited to a

particular national group. The program can be adopted by virtually every group

because the necessary thing there is the population growth and the increment

rate.

The project thus has a limited scope when it comes to gender. The project

takes not of the sum total of the population as a whole regardless of whether

they are male or female. The program does not output the ratio of male to

female. That is beyond the scope of this work.

1.6 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

7
There are some uncontrollable factors that affected the quality of my research.

Diverse problems were encountered during gathering data from population

experts. The calculation took several equipment and time. There was also

financial set back or constraints during my research which was caused by the

political and economic state of the nation. Some professional were reluctant to

give me the formula for the population calculation.

The problem of power is the paramount limitation encountered. The work

would have assumed a wider scope if I had a constant power supply.

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

This section contains the definition of terms found kin this work.

Household –

A social unit consisting of a person living alone or a group of persons who: a)

sleep in the same housing unit; and b) have a common arrangement for the

preparation and consumption of food.

Household Population –

The aggregate of private household population. Compared to total

population, this excludes population enumerated in institutional households

such as national/provincial/municipal/city jails/detention centers, military

8
camps, tuberculosis pavilions, mental hospitals, leprosaria/leper colonies or

drug rehabilitation centers.

Migration Rate, Net –

The ratio of the difference between the in-migrants and out-migrants in a

population to the mid-year population during the same period.

Population –

Covers both nationals and aliens, native and foreign-born persons, intemees,

refugees and any other group physically present within the borders of a

country at a specified time. In assembling national demographic statistics for

publication, the basic aim has been to obtain data for the physically present (or

de facto) population rather than for the legally established resident (or de jure)

inhabitants.

Sex Ratio –

The ratio between males and females in a population expressed in number of

males per 100 females.

9
1.8 ORGANIZATION OF WORK

In this chapter, attention has been given to population. This chapter contains

also the statement of problem, objectives and scope of the project.

In chapter two, I made a review of population census and the related works.

In chapter three I have the research methodology, the step followed. Analysis

of the existing system.

In chapter four, I showed the design and implementation of the system, the

data dictionary, input-output specification, table format/structure, hardware

and software requirement.

In chapter five I have recommendation and future development; Summary,

conclusion and references.

10
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 INTRODUCTION

A population census is the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording

information about the members of a given population. It is a regularly

occurring and official count of a particular population. The term is used mostly

in connection with national population and housing censuses; other common

censuses include agriculture, business, and traffic censuses. In the latter cases

the elements of the 'population' are farms, businesses, and so forth, rather

than people. In connection with the ongoing project, the population calculator

is the proposed system that we developed to help us do the population census

since it is a re-occurring thing with the aim of minimizing cost. Sadly population

calculator is a new venture. So the review is rare. Hence in this chapter we

shall review the related reports on population and census instead.

2.1 WHY IS THE CENSUS IMPORTANT?

According to Ian L. (2001), participating in the census is in everyone's best

interest, because the information on the forms is used by decision-makers to

determine which communities, schools, hospitals and roads need federal

11
funding. Filling out your census form is also the best way to make sure people

like you are represented in the census.

Here are just a few examples of important uses for census numbers:

The federal government uses census numbers to allocate over $100 billion in

federal funds annually for community programs and services, such as

education programs, housing and community development, health-care

services for the elderly, job training and many more.

State, local and tribal governments use census information for planning and

allocating funds for new school construction, libraries and other public

buildings, highway safety and public transportation systems, new roads and

bridges, location of police and fire departments and many other projects.

Community organizations use census information to develop social service

programs, community action projects, senior lunch programs and child-care

centers.

Businesses use the numbers to decide where to locate factories, shopping

centers, movie theaters, banks and offices -- activities that often lead to new

jobs.

The U.S. Congress uses the census totals to determine how many seats your

state will have in the U.S. House of Representatives. In addition, states use the

12
numbers to allocate seats in their law-making bodies. President Clinton will

deliver the apportionment counts to the 107th Congress during the first week

of its regular session in January 2000. The reapportioned Congress, which will

be the 108th, will convene in January 2003. This reapportionment of the 435

seats in the House of Representatives could have important political

implications.

All that we learn about ourselves through the census will help the United

States succeed over the next millennium. It's also a great way to tell our

leaders who we are and what we need. If you need a closer-to-home reason

for completing your census form, the Census Bureau suggests that you

consider the following:

You can help your community thrive. Does your neighborhood have a lot of

traffic congestion, elderly people living alone or over-crowded schools? Census

numbers can help your community work out public improvement strategies.

Non-profit organizations use census numbers to estimate the number of

potential volunteers in communities across the nation.

You can make your government work for you. The hundreds of billions of

dollars in federal and state funds allocated each year mean important things to

you -- things such as school lunch programs, hospitals and highways! (Using

census numbers to support their request for a new community center, senior
13
citizens in one New England community successfully argued their case before

county commissioners.)

You can get help when you need it. Many 911 emergency systems are based

on maps developed for the last census. Census information helps health

providers predict the spread of diseases through communities with children or

elderly people. And when floods, tornadoes or earthquakes hit, the census tells

rescuers how many people will need their help.

You can help American businesses. Census numbers help industry reduce

financial risk and locate potential markets. This means that businesses are able

to determine the marketability of potential products and come up products

you want.

You can get information you and your family need. Although individual records

are held confidential for 72 years (more about that coming up!), you can

request a certificate from past censuses that can be used to establish your age,

residence or relationship -- information that could help you qualify for a

pension, establish citizenship or obtain an inheritance. (In 2072, your great-

grandchildren may want to use census information to research family history.

Right now, your children may be using census information to do their

homework.) Gordon, Ian L. (2000)

14
2.2 Population Enumeration strategies

Historical censuses used crude enumeration assuming absolute accuracy.

Modern approaches take into account the problems of over count and

undercount, and the coherence of census enumerations with other official

sources of data. This reflects a realist approach to measurement,

acknowledging that under any definition of residence there is a true value of

the population but this can never be measured with complete accuracy. An

important aspect of the census process is to evaluate the quality of the data.

Fisher, R. A. (1999) showed that many countries use a post-enumeration

survey to adjust the raw census counts. This works in a similar manner to

capture-recapture estimation for animal populations. In census circles this

method is called dual system enumeration (DSE). A sample of households are

visited by interviewers who record the details of the household as at census

day. These data are then matched to census records and the number of people

missed can be estimated by considering the number missed in the census or

survey but counted in the other. This way counts can be adjusted for non-

response varying between different demographic groups. An explanation using

a fishing analogy can be found in Trout, Catfish and Roach which won an award

from the Royal Statistical Society for excellence in official statistics in 2011.

15
Triple system enumeration has been proposed as an improvement as it would

allow evaluation of the statistical dependence of pairs of sources. However, as

the matching process is the most difficult aspect of census estimation this has

never been implemented for a national enumeration. It would also be difficult

to identify three different sources that were sufficiently different to make the

triple system effort worthwhile. The DSE approach has another weakness in

that it assumes there is no person counted twice (over count). In de facto

residence definitions this would not be a problem but in de jure definitions

individuals risk being recorded on more than one form leading to double

counting. A particular problem here are students who often have a term time

and family address.

Several countries have used a system which is known as short form/long form.

This is a sampling strategy which randomly chooses a proportion of people to

send a more detailed questionnaire to (the long form). Everyone receives the

short form questions. Thereby more data is collected but not imposing a

burden on the whole population. This also reduces the burden on the

statistical office. Indeed in the UK all residents were required to fill in the

whole form but only a 10% sample were coded and analysed in detail, until

2001. New technology means that all data is now scanned and processed.

16
Recently there has been controversy in Canada about the cessation of the long

form with the head, Munir Sheikh resigning.

The use of alternative enumeration strategies is increasing but these are not so

simple as many people assume. The Netherlands has been most advanced in

adopting a census using administrative data. This allows a simulated census to

be conducted by linking several different administrative databases at an

agreed time. Data can be matched and an overall enumeration established

accounting for where the different sources are discrepant. A validation survey

is still conducted in a similar way to the post enumeration survey employed in

a traditional census.

According to Hartl and Daniel (2007), other countries which have a population

register use this as a basis for all the census statistics needed by users. This is

most common amongst Nordic countries but requires a large number of

different registers to be combined including population, housing, employment

and education. These registers are then combined and brought up to the

standard of a statistical register by comparing the data in different sources and

ensuring the quality is sufficient for official statistics to be produced.

A recent innovation is the French instigation of a rolling census programme

with different regions enumerated each year such that the whole country is

completely enumerated every 5 years.

17
In Europe, in connection with the 2010 census round, a large number of

countries adopted alternative census methodologies, often based on the

combination of data from registers, surveys and other sources.

2.3 Technology in census

Censuses have evolved in their use of technology with the latest censuses, the

2010 round, using many new types of computing. In Brazil, handheld devices

were used by enumerators to locate residences on the ground. In many

countries, census returns could be made via the Internet as well as in paper

form. DSE is facilitated by computer matching techniques which can be

automated, such as propensity score matching. In the UK, all census formats

are scanned and stored electronically before being destroyed, replacing the

need for physical archives. The record linking to perform an administrative

census would not be possible without large databases being stored on

computer systems. (Lara, 2006).

New technology is not without problems in its introduction. The US census had

intended to use the handheld computers but cost escalated and this was

abandoned, with the contract being sold to Brazil. Online response is a good

idea but one of the functions of census is to make sure everyone is counted

accurately. A system which allowed people to enter their address without

verification would be open to abuse. Therefore households have to be verified

18
on the ground, typically by an enumerator visit or post out. Paper forms are

still necessary for those without access to Internet connections. It is also

plausible that the hidden nature of an administrative census means that users

are not engaged with the importance of contributing their data to official

statistics.

We have seen the reason why any nation needs to conduct census. The

enumeration strategies were also noted. This strategies help them to get the

nearest accurate number and that is one of the objectives of the proposed

system. In the review, we noted also the technology of census. In the next

chapter, we will pay attention to the methodology used and the analysis to the

existing system.

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY AND ANNALYSIS OF PRESENT SYSYTEM

Methodology can be defined as anything that can be used to give a clear cut

idea on what the researcher is carrying out. In order to plan in a right point of

time and to advance the research work, methodology makes the right platform

to the researcher by helping him to make a relevant direction in his research.

A methodology is usually a guideline system for solving a problem, with

specific components such as phases, tasks, methods, techniques and tools. It

can be defined also as follows:

1. "the analysis of the principles of methods, rules, and postulates

employed by a discipline";

2. "the systematic study of methods that are, can be, or have been applied

within a discipline";

3. "The study or description of methods".

A methodology can be considered to include multiple methods, each as

applied to various facets of the whole scope of the methodology.

The research methodology adopted will include the investigation process of

gathering data. A set of combination and related techniques that influences

20
how the system is developed is known as methodology. The following

techniques are involved in gathering information:

i. Interview: the interview was conducted with a population statistician. I

met with some individuals too to get some certain information on how the

how population number is determined. I investigated on what is to be done to

get what the nearest accurate number.

ii. Research on the internet: I explored the web in search of information

and materials which aided in making this work a reality. Therefore, information

was gathered from the internet for the development of the proposed system.

iii. Library research: journals, books (textbooks), and magazines available in

the school library and other libraries was also of a great help to documenting

and analyzing the proposed system

iv. Direct observation: using this method, I tried some experiment on

myself.

Research methodologies are generally used in academic research to test

hypotheses or theories. A good design should ensure the research is valid, i.e.

it clearly tests the hypothesis and not extraneous variables, and that the

research is reliable, i.e. it yields consistent results every time.

21
In this research, the approach used here is SSADM. One may ask, what is

SSADM? This is an acronym for Structured Systems Analysis and Design

Method.

Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method (SSADM) is a systems

approach to the analysis and design of management systems. The techniques

will employ the following concepts:

i. Data store structure (based on relational mode of data) which shows

how each data store is accessed and organized.

ii. Process logic representations (algorithms) which may include program

design language and decision tables.

In order to efficiently design an efficient system the data type to model has to

be discovered and recorded. This is achieved using structural system and

design methodology (SSADM).

The steps taken are:

 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION: The present system was critically observed

to identify the major problems, these are:

a. Inaccuracy of census statistics

b. Slow means of information access and retrieval.

22
c. Insecurity of information

 FEASIBILITY STUDY: After the problem identification, conduct

further observation on the system with a view of proposal problem

identified.

 SYSTEM ANALYSIS: The existing system is manually operated and fully

dependent of individual operating it at that particular time without any

form of suppression. The proposed system adopts a good and reliable

means of calculating census and storing of the information retrieved.

 SYSTEM DESIGN: The new system is designed to be fast and effective.

This means that the system is will be designed to give a correct output

that can be used without errors.

 PROGRAM CODING: The work is designed to automatically store data in

a specific order and to display any information required when queried.

 PROGRAM TESTING: This work is to be tested with random sample

figures before being fully put to use.

 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION: when the system has been tested for

correctness, the system will be used in all facets of census exercise. The

work is flown to full operation.

23
  PROGRAM MAINTENACE: This work is reviewed and maintained after

their months in order to update the system and remove any flaw

detected during this operation.

3.1 THE ANALYSIS OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM

The existing procedure involves systematically acquiring and recording

information about the members of a given population. It is a regularly

occurring and official count of a particular population.

Individuals are normally counted within households and information is typically

collected about the household structure and the housing. Normally the census

response is made by a household, indicating details of individuals residing

there. An important aspect of census enumerations is determining which

individuals can be counted from which cannot be counted. Broadly, three

definitions can be used: de facto residence; de jure residence; and, permanent

residence. This is important to consider individuals who have multiple or

temporary addresses. Every person should be identified uniquely as resident in

one place but where they happen to be on census day, their de facto

residence, may not be the best place to count them. Where an individual uses

services may be more useful and this is at their usual, or de jure, residence. An

individual may be represented at a permanent address, perhaps a family home

for students or long term migrants.

24
It is necessary to have a precise definition of residence to decide whether

visitors to a country should be included in the population count. This is

becoming more important as students travel abroad for education for a period

of several years. Other groups causing problems of enumeration are new born

babies, refugees, people away on holiday, people moving home around census

day, and people without a fixed address.

WEAKNESSES OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM

1. People having second homes because of working in another part of the

country or retaining a holiday cottage are difficult to fix at a particular

address sometimes causing double counting or houses being mistakenly

identified as vacant.

2. Another problem is where people use a different address at different

times e.g. students living at their place of education in term time but

returning to a family home during vacations

3. Children whose parents have separated who effectively have two family

homes.

4. Census enumeration has always been based on finding people where

they live as there is no systematic alternative - any list you could use to

find people is derived from census activities in the first place.

25
3.6 ANALYSIS OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM

The proposed system is a system that calculates the population with much

stress. The system allows the user to calculate the population in the future

years to come. It can calculate from the current year or the year specified by

the user to the year the user wants. To use the system, simply enter a Starting

Population size (digits only, no commas) for a given Starting Year. Growth Rate

is a percentage expressed as a fraction (i.e. 1% growth is 0.01, 10% is 0.1, etc.)

This calculator attempts to show the power of human numbers to grow

exponentially, like the proverbial penny in a savings account that yields

millions in interest after a thousand years. Culture, infant mortality, quality of

health care, life expectancy, availability of birth control, illiteracy, education,

war and pestilence all affect growth, but for the sake of simplicity this

calculator assumes consistent growth.

Here are a few milestones in world population:

1600's - 500,000,000

1800's - 1,000,000,000

1930's - 2,000,000,000

1970's - 4,000,000,000

26
2000 - 6,000,000,000

3.8 HIGH LEVEL MODEL OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM

This proposes a top down design method which illustrates the decomposition

process of the proposed system. Menus and submenus are incorporated in the

top down design. These are illustrated below:

Population
calculator

Login

Calculate population Retrieve information

Enter start and Enter rate View all Search Year

end year

3.9 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM

User

Display via
Documents VDU

27
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 SYSTEM DESIGN

System design is the process of applying various techniques and

principles for the purpose of translating requirement into the system by means

of programming or other appropriate means. It is aimed at producing a model

of the software to be built.

4.1 OBJECTIVE OF DESIGN

This section shows the objective of designing a population calculator. They are

as follows:

 The objective of the proposed system is to help the user predict or

monitor the rate of population increment. This system shows the total

population of any given year.

 Enumeration of the population and households in the country.

 Acquisition of demographic information used for calculating population

estimates.

 Data collection and production of information for government ministries

and local authorities, for budgeting purposes.

28
  Collection of socio-economic information on a large sample of people in

the population, which makes it possible to acquire data and

information on small, unique groups in the population.

 Production of information which serves bodies, organizations and

various other elements in the fields of education, the economy,

business, research, etc.

MAIN MENU

The main menu is the center, from which the submenus in the program are

being called. After login, the user is presented with a main menu which gives

him access to other parts of the program. It is a complex approach to regard

the system as a whole; definitely it will look complex to design. Main menu

approach allows the designer to divide the system into parts that can be easily

coded.

DATABASE SPECIFICATION

A database is an organized collection of data. The data is typically organized to

model relevant aspects of reality (for example, the number of humans on earth

according to years), in a way that supports processes requiring this information

(for example, finding the number of human population in a particular year).

29
The term database is correctly applied to the data and their supporting data

structures, and not to the database management system (DBMS). The

database data collection with DBMS is called a database system. Some of the

fields in the database are:

PERSONAL DETAILS

Field name Data type Filed size

Serial number Auto number Long integer

Starting year Number 60

Ending year Number 60

Growth rate Number 255

Initial size Number 30

30
ROGRAM FLOWCHART

Start

Enter starting
year

Enter ending
year

Enter growth
rate

Enter initial
size

Calculate population

Stop

INPUT AND OUTPUT DESIGN FORMAT

INPUT FORMAT FOR THE PROGRAM

Input are various element needed for the processing operation of the

system. This includes data type (such as variables, constants and so on). At the

end of the input, all data are confirmed and stored before the form is removed

from the screen.

31
 Such files have facilities for deleting an old file, adding a new file, moving

to the next or previous record. Input file among them is the password file

which allows access only to those users that supply the correct password.

1.2.1 OUPUT FORMAT FOR THE PROGRAM

The output format will contain data that has been listed in the input

design together with the result of the input and recommendation. The

information is arranged accordingly in a specific format and then displayed on

the screen.

4.6 CHOICE OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

The language used for the program is Microsoft visual basic. Net and

Microsoft access is used for the data base. It is a high level programming

language that has a lot of advantages. It is an object oriented language

meaning you do not have to start from the beginning each time to write a

program. It has a lot of debugging facilities making it easy to trace and correct

errors in the program.

4.7 HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

The computer on which the system will run should have at least the

following requirements:

32
 1. High definition graphics monitor

2. A compliant keyboard

3. Control unit with 2GHZ Intel Pentium processor 2

4. 2 gigabyte of RAM

5. 10GB of hard disk space,

6. stabilize

7. air conditioner

8. Uninterruptible power supply (UPS).

4.8 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

It should have the following software install on it. They include:

 Microsoft windows vista or windows 7 operating system

 Microsoft .net framework 3.5 or later,

 Microsoft access

 Registered Antivirus software.

4.9 INSTALLATION OF SOFTWARE

The software is installed by the following steps:

i. Click on the start button if in window environment

ii. Click on run

33
 iii. Click on the browser button

iv. Change the directory by selecting the CD Rom

v. Select all files and click on setup

vi. Run setup by clicking on the next till it complete the installation.

4.10 TRIANING OF OPERATORS

The training and retraining of staffs and operators, who will be

responsible for the operation of the program, cannot be over emphasized as it

prevent abuse either in form of under use.

The training can be done anywhere beginning from the testing phase of the

software. This achieved using the following document and modules.

Procedural manual: this shows points, steps and tools employed in the design

of the software, the trainees can then learn from these steps and procedures.

The file maintenance module: this is used to update the back files if

modifications are made, they have to be indicated in the data base file and

make appropriate adjustment. The trainees should take note of these modules

in case of future maintenance.

The help module: this issue an interactive help on various issues concerning

the software usage and troubleshooting suggestions.

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User manual: this is a manual which the users can refer to whenever they are

confused. This manual should contain a vital description of what the system

does including loading of the program into memory, manipulating the

program, getting the required output from the program and closing the

program.

4.11 IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS

Prior to the file update and maintenance, it is necessary to get the

program file into a suitable form and storage. Therefore implementation

details include processes such as file conversion and change over procedures.

File conversion deals with converting computer readable file from

the input medium (e.g. Diskette or C.D) to storage medium e.g. magnetic tape

or disk e.g. (hard disk); this is done so that the information will be stored in the

system.

Change over procedures is the process of moving from an existing

system, which probably may be manual system, to a computerized system

using the following methods;

Direct change over: in this change over method the old system is changed

immediately with new one, though some disadvantages may arise using this

method. One of such is possible loss of data information due to abuse.

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However the advantages of removing the cost of running two methods come

up as well.

Phase change over: in this change over method the entire system is broken

down to units, which are converted in phase and the output evaluated. Most

organization appreciates this method because in the replacement of the

manual system a unit or department moves ahead at a time to adopt the

computerized system and if errors are encountered, its affects are not

devastating.

Parallel change over: both systems are used simultaneously for a reasonable

time and their output compared. This change over is highly reliable and less

risky but very costly.

Pilot change over: it allows you to make use of sections of the new system

designed while the old one is still running so you compare their output. The

pilot method deals with a smaller unit when compared to phase.

4.12 COMMISSIONING OF THE SYSTEM

The commissioning of the proposal system simply involves demonstration

by the researcher of the functionality, of the developed system. This is done

with a view to highlighting its advantage over the present manual system and

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subsequent acceptance of the software and its various documents by the

management of the establishment.

4.13 MAINTENANCE OF THE SYSTEM

Maintenance involves the constant modification and enhancement of the

software so as to improve functionality and prevent break down. It is geared

out completely satisfying the management needs.

The design system is to be reviewed at intervals of six months in other

to remove the residual flaws and creates more room for information

interaction.

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 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY RECOMDATION AND CONCLUSION

SUMMARY

This study was directed towards designing a system that can be used to

calculate the total number of human beings on any sample space. This can be a

country or the entire earth. The system calculates the population of future

years if it will be provided with the starting year and the ending year.

Before the system was designed, a detailed review of related works was made.

This review provided the researcher with information to apply in the

development of the system. Several methodologies were also used; this

exposed the depth and breadth of the proposed system.

The system was design with a high level programming language and an object

oriented database for storing of information. It also ensures faster retrieval of

information.

5.3 CONCLUSION

This study has really displayed most of the constraint been faced by the

statistical sector in determining the number of humans in a given area. I hope

that this system will help in the reduction of cost in population census. Proper

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research was made on this regard and the findings were incorporated in the

design and implementation of the system. The system provides information

that is needed by the following group of people:

 State, local and tribal governments use census information for planning

and allocating funds for new school construction, libraries and other

public buildings, highway safety and public transportation systems, new

roads and bridges, location of police and fire departments and many

other projects.

 Community organizations use census information to develop social

service programs, community action projects, senior lunch programs and

child-care centers.

 Businesses use the numbers to decide where to locate factories,

shopping centers, movie theaters, banks and offices -- activities that

often lead to new jobs.

RECOMMENDATION

After testing the system, I observed that the objectives of embarking on

the system were accomplished. For further research involving this research

area I make the following recommendations:

I recommend narrowing the population calculation down to months even days.

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I recommend that the user of the calculator ensures that the system date and

time is correct before proceeding with the calculation.

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