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    Grounding Design (Tolerable Step & Touch Voltages)

    Uploaded by

    Zafar Ahmad
    This document discusses formulas for calculating tolerable step voltage (Es) and touch voltage (Et) at substations. It provides the formulas: Et = (Rb + Rf/2) * IB Es = (Rb + 2Rf) * IB It also discusses how to calculate the ground resistance of a foot (Rf) using properties of any protective surface material at the substation, and how such material can lower the contact resistance and thereby reduce the step and touch voltages. An analytical expression is also provided for calculating Rf based on the thickness of the protective surface layer.

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    Grounding Design (Tolerable Step & Touch Voltages)

    Uploaded by

    Zafar Ahmad
    103 views15 pages
    This document discusses formulas for calculating tolerable step voltage (Es) and touch voltage (Et) at substations. It provides the formulas: Et = (Rb + Rf/2) * IB Es = (Rb + 2Rf) * IB It also discusses how to calculate the ground resistance of a foot (Rf) using properties of any protective surface material at the substation, and how such material can lower the contact resistance and thereby reduce the step and touch voltages. An analytical expression is also provided for calculating Rf based on the thickness of the protective surface layer.

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    This document discusses formulas for calculating tolerable step voltage (Es) and touch voltage (Et) at substations. It provides the formulas: Et = (Rb + Rf/2) * IB Es = (Rb + 2Rf) * IB It also discusses how to calculate the ground resistance of a foot (Rf) using properties of any protective surface material at the substation, and how such material can lower the contact resistance and thereby reduce the step and touch voltages. An analytical expression is also provided for calculating Rf based on the thickness of the protective surface layer.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    103 views15 pages

    Grounding Design (Tolerable Step & Touch Voltages)

    Uploaded by

    Zafar Ahmad
    This document discusses formulas for calculating tolerable step voltage (Es) and touch voltage (Et) at substations. It provides the formulas: Et = (Rb + Rf/2) * IB Es = (Rb + 2Rf) * IB It also discusses how to calculate the ground resistance of a foot (Rf) using properties of any protective surface material at the substation, and how such material can lower the contact resistance and thereby reduce the step and touch voltages. An analytical expression is also provided for calculating Rf based on the thickness of the protective surface layer.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 15

    eng_ahmadhussein@yahoo.

    com Ahmad Hussein, +962795103071

    Tolerable Step & Touch Voltage

    Jan-08 ETC ٤١
    [email protected] Ahmad Hussein, +962795103071

    Tolerable Step & Touch Voltage

    Jan-08 ETC ٤٢
    [email protected] Ahmad Hussein, +962795103071

    Tolerable Step & Touch Voltage

    Jan-08 ETC ٤٣
    [email protected] Ahmad Hussein, +962795103071

    Tolerable Step & Touch Voltage

    Jan-08 ETC ٤٤
    [email protected] Ahmad Hussein, +962795103071

    Tolerable Step & Touch Voltage

    „ Touch Voltage Derive:

    ⎛ R ⎞
    Et = ⎜ Rb + ⎟⋅
    f
    ⎜ 2 ⎟ IB
    ⎝ ⎠

    Jan-08 ETC ٤٥
    [email protected] Ahmad Hussein, +962795103071

    Tolerable Step & Touch Voltage

    Jan-08 ETC ٤٦
    [email protected] Ahmad Hussein, +962795103071

    Tolerable Step & Touch Voltage

    Jan-08 ETC ٤٧
    [email protected] Ahmad Hussein, +962795103071

    Tolerable Step & Touch Voltage

    „ Step Voltage Derive:

    Es = (R + 2 ⋅ R )⋅ I
    b f B

    Jan-08 ETC ٤٨
    [email protected] Ahmad Hussein, +962795103071

    Tolerable Step & Touch Voltage

    ⎛ R ⎞
    Et = ⎜ Rb + ⎟⋅
    f
    ⎜ 2 ⎟ IB
    ⎝ ⎠

    Es = (R + 2 ⋅ R )⋅ I
    b f B

    „ Estep: Step Voltage.


    „ Etouch:Touch Voltage.
    „ Rb: Resistance of human body to electric current
    current,
    Rb is generally assumed to be 1000Ω.
    „ Rf:Ground resistance of one foot.
    Jan-08 ETC ٤٩
    [email protected] Ahmad Hussein, +962795103071

    Tolerable Step & Touch Voltage

    R = 3 ⋅C ⋅ ρ
    f s s

    „ Cs: is the surface layer derating factor based on the


    thickness of the protective surface layer spread
    above the earth grade at a substation. If no
    protecti e la
    protective layer
    er is used,
    sed then Cs=1. 1
    „ ρs: Is the resistivity of the protective surface layer
    used at the substation in Ω-m. if no p protective layer
    y
    is used then ρs= ρ; resistivity of homogenous earth
    as calculated previously

    Jan-08 ETC ٥٠
    [email protected] Ahmad Hussein, +962795103071

    Tolerable Step & Touch Voltage

    „ Substitute IB, Rf and Rb in the touch and step


    voltage equations:

    „ ts: is the clearing time of fault, the faster the clearing time, the
    less risk to personal in SS.
    „ To ensure a high margin of safety use the backup clearance
    time in the design.

    Jan-08 ETC ٥١
    [email protected] Ahmad Hussein, +962795103071

    Tolerable Step & Touch Voltage

    P t ti Surface
    Protective S f Material
    M t i l & Reduction
    R d ti Factor
    F t Cs.
    ƒ A thin layer of highly resistive protective surface material such
    as ggravel spread
    p above the earth ggrade at a substation can
    greatly reduce the available shock current at a substation. The
    surface material increases the contact resistance between the
    soil and the feet of people in the substation.

    ƒ generally 0.08 to 0.15 meter (3 to 6 inches) in depth and


    extends 0.91 to 1.22 meters (3 to 4 feet) outside the substation
    fence. If the surface material does not extend outside the
    substation fence, then the touch voltage may become
    dangerously high.

    Jan-08 ETC ٥٢
    [email protected] Ahmad Hussein, +962795103071

    Tolerable Step & Touch Voltage

    Jan-08 ETC ٥٣
    [email protected] Ahmad Hussein, +962795103071

    Tolerable Step & Touch Voltage

    An analytical
    y expression
    p for the g
    ground resistance of the foot on a
    thin layer of surface material can be obtained from following
    equation

    Jan-08 ETC ٥٤
    [email protected] Ahmad Hussein, +962795103071

    Tolerable Step & Touch Voltage

    ¾ For b=0.08 here is the Cs Factor is obtained in the following


    gggraph
    p :

    Jan-08 ETC ٥٥

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